variationtotheirordinaryfoliage。Thistendency,however,differsmuchinthevarietiesofeventhesamespecies;forinstance,thegolden—stripedvarietyofEuonymusjaponicus"isveryliabletorunbacktothegreen—
leaved,whilethesilver—stripedvarietyhardlyeverchanges。"(11/67。
’Gardener’sChron。’1844page86。)Ihaveseenavarietyoftheholly,withitsleaveshavingacentralyellowpatch,whichhadeverywherepartiallyrevertedtotheordinaryfoliage,sothatonthesamesmallbranchthereweremanytwigsofbothkinds。Inthepelargonium,andinsomeotherplants,variegationisgenerallyaccompaniedbysomedegreeofdwarfing,asiswellexemplifiedinthe"Dandy"pelargonium。Whensuchdwarfvarietiessportbackbybudsorsuckerstotheordinaryfoliage,thedwarfedstaturestillremains。(11/68。Ibid1861page963。)Itisremarkablethatplantspropagatedfrombrancheswhichhaverevertedfromvariegatedtoplainleaves(11/69。Ibid1861page433;’CottageGardener’1860page2。)donotalways(ornever,asoneobserverasserts)perfectlyresembletheoriginalplain—leavedplantfromwhichthevariegatedbrancharose:itseemsthataplant,inpassingbybud—variationfromplainleavestovariegated,andbackagainfromvariegatedtoplain,isgenerallyinsomedegreeaffectedsoastoassumeaslightlydifferentaspect。
BUD—VARIATIONBYSUCKERS,TUBERS,ANDBULBS。
Allthecaseshithertogivenofbud—variationinfruits,flowers,leaves,andshoots,havebeenconfinedtobudsonthestemsorbranches,withtheexceptionofafewcasesincidentallynoticedofvaryingsuckersintherose,pelargonium,andchrysanthemum。Iwillnowgiveafewinstancesofvariationinsubterraneanbuds,thatis,bysuckers,tubers,andbulbs;notthatthereisanyessentialdifferencebetweenbudsaboveandbeneaththeground。Mr。SalterinformsmethattwovariegatedvarietiesofPhloxoriginatedassuckers;butIshouldnothavethoughttheseworthmentioning,hadnotMr。Salterfound,afterrepeatedtrials,thathecouldnotpropagatethemby"root—joints,"whereas,thevariegatedTussilagofarfaracanthusbesafelypropagated(11/70。M。Lemoinequotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1867page74haslatelyobservedthattheSymphytumwithvariegatedleavescannotbepropagatedbydivisionoftheroots。Healsofoundthatoutof500plantsofaPhloxwithstripedflowers,whichhadbeenpropagatedbyroot—division,onlysevenoreightproducedstripedflowers。SeealsoonstripedPelargoniums’Gardener’sChronicle’1867page1000。);butthislatterplantmayhaveoriginatedasavariegatedseedling,whichwouldaccountforitsgreaterfixednessofcharacter。TheBarberry(Berberisvulgaris)offersananalogouscase;thereisawell—knownvarietywithseedlessfruit,whichcanbepropagatedbycuttingsorlayers;butsuckersalwaysreverttothecommonform,whichproducesfruitcontainingseeds。(11/71。Anderson’RecreationsinAgriculture’volume5page152。)Myfatherrepeatedlytriedthisexperiment,andalwayswiththesameresult。I
mayherementionthatmaizeandwheatsometimesproducenewvarietiesfromthestockorroot,asdoesthesugar—cane。(11/72。Forwheatsee’ImprovementoftheCereals’byP。Shirreff1873page47。Formaizeandsugar—caneCarriereibidpages40,42。Withrespecttothesugar—caneMr。
J。CaldwellofMauritiussays(’Gardener’sChronicle’1874page316)theRibboncanehashere"sportedintoaperfectlygreencaneandaperfectlyredcanefromthesamehead。Iverifiedthismyself,andsawatleast200
instancesinthesameplantation,andthefacthascompletelyupsetallourpreconceivedideasofthedifferenceofcolourbeingpermanent。Theconversionofastripedcaneintoagreencanewasnotuncommon,butthechangeintoaredcaneuniversallydisbelieved,andthatbotheventsshouldoccurinthesameplantincredible。Ifind,however,inFleischman’s’ReportonSugarCultivationinLouisianafor1848bytheAmericanPatentOffice,thecircumstanceismentioned,buthesaysheneversawithimself。")
Turningnowtotubers:inthecommonPotato(Solanumtuberosum)asinglebudoreyesometimesvariesandproducesanewvariety;or,occasionally,andthisisamuchmoreremarkablecircumstance,alltheeyesinatubervaryinthesamemannerandatthesametime,sothatthewholetuberassumesanewcharacter。Forinstance,asingleeyeinatuberoftheoldFORTY—FOLDPOTATO,whichisapurplevariety,wasobserved(11/73。
’Gardener’sChronicle’1857page662。)tobecomewhite;thiseyewascutoutandplantedseparately,andthekindhassincebeenlargelypropagated。
KEMP’SPOTATOisproperlywhite,butaplantinLancashireproducedtwotuberswhichwerered,andtwowhichwerewhite;theredkindwaspropagatedintheusualmannerbyeyes,andkepttruetoitsnewcolour,and,beingfoundamoreproductivevariety,soonbecamewidelyknownunderthenameofTAYLOR’SFORTY—FOLD。(11/74。’Gard。Chronicle’1841page814。)
TheoldFORTY—FOLDPOTATO,asalreadystated,isapurplevariety;butaplantlongcultivatedonthesamegroundproduced,not,asinthecaseabovegiven,asinglewhiteeye,butawholewhitetuber,whichhassincebeenpropagatedandkeepstrue。(11/75。Ibid1857page613。)Severalcaseshavebeenrecordedoflargeportionsofwholerowsofpotatoesslightlychangingtheircharacter。(11/76。Ibid1857page679。SeealsoPhilips’Hist。ofVegetables’volume2page91forotherandsimilaraccounts。)
DahliaspropagatedbytubersunderthehotclimateofSt。Domingovarymuch;SirR。Schomburgkgivesthecaseofthe"Butterflyvariety,"whichthesecondyearproducedonthesameplant"doubleandsingleflowers;herewhitepetalsedgedwithmaroon;thereofauniformdeepmaroon。"(11/77。
’JournalofProc。Linn。Soc。’volume2Botanypage132。)Mr。Breealsomentionsaplant"whichboretwodifferentkindsofself—colouredflowers,aswellasathirdkindwhichpartookofbothcoloursbeautifullyintermixed。"(11/78。Loudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume81832page94。)
Anothercaseisdescribedofadahliawithpurpleflowerswhichboreawhiteflowerstreakedwithpurple。(11/79。’Gard。Chronicle’1850page536;
and1842page729。)
ConsideringhowlongandextensivelymanyBulbousplantshavebeencultivated,andhownumerousarethevarietiesproducedfromseed,theseplantshavenotperhapsvariedsomuchbyoffsets,——thatis,bytheproductionofnewbulbs,——asmighthavebeenexpected。WiththeHyacinth,however,severalinstanceshavebeengivenbyM。Carriere。Acasealsohasbeenrecordedofabluevarietywhichforthreesuccessiveyearsgaveoffsetsproducingwhiteflowerswitharedcentre。(11/80。’DesJacinthes’
etc。Amsterdam1768page122。)Anotherhyacinthbore(11/81。’Gardener’sChronicle’1845page212。)onthesametrussaperfectlypinkandaperfectlyblueflower。Ihaveseenabulbproducingatthesametimeonestalkortrusswithfineblueflowers,anotherwithfineredflowers,andathirdwithblueflowersononesideandredontheother;severaloftheflowersbeingalsolongitudinallystripedredandblue。
Mr。JohnScottinformsmethatin1862Imatophyllumminiatum,intheBotanicGardensofEdinburgh,threwupasuckerwhichdifferedfromthenormalform,intheleavesbeingtwo—rankedinsteadoffour—ranked。Theleaveswerealsosmaller,withtheuppersurfaceraisedinsteadofbeingchannelled。
InthepropagationofTULIPS,seedlingsareraised,calledselfsorbreeders,which,"consistofoneplaincolouronawhiteoryellowbottom。
These,beingcultivatedonadryandratherpoorsoil,becomebrokenorvariegatedandproducenewvarieties。Thetimethatelapsesbeforetheybreakvariesfromonetotwentyyearsormore,andsometimesthischangenevertakesplace。"(11/82。Loudon’s’EncyclopaediaofGardening’page1024。)Thebrokenorvariegatedcolourswhichgivevaluetoalltulipsareduetobud—variation;foralthoughtheBybloemensandsomeotherkindshavebeenraisedfromseveraldistinctbreeders,yetalltheBaguetsaresaidtohavecomefromasinglebreederorseedling。Thisbud—variation,inaccordancewiththeviewsofMM。VilmorinandVerlot(11/83。’ProductiondesVarietes’1865p。63。)isprobablyanattempttoreverttothatuniformcolourwhichisnaturaltothespecies。Atulip,however,whichhasalreadybecomebroken,whentreatedwithtoostrongmanure,isliabletoflushorlosebyasecondactofreversionitsvariegatedcolours。Somekinds,asImperatrixFlorum,aremuchmoreliablethanotherstoflushing;andMr。
Dicksonmaintains(11/84。’Gardener’sChronicle’1841page782;1842page55。)thatthiscannomorebeaccountedforthanthevariationofanyotherplant。HebelievesthatEnglishgrowers,fromcareinchoosingseedfrombrokenflowersinsteadoffromplainflowers,havetoacertainextentdiminishedthetendencyinflowersalreadybrokentoflushingorsecondaryreversion。Irisxiphium,accordingtoM。Carriere(page65),behavesinnearlythesamemanner,asdosomanytulips。
DuringtwoconsecutiveyearsalltheearlyflowersinabedofTigridiaconchiflora(11/85。’Gardener’sChron。’1849page565。)resembledthoseoftheoldT。pavonia;butthelaterflowersassumedtheirpropercolouroffineyellow,spottedwithcrimson。Anapparentlyauthenticaccounthasbeenpublished(11/86。’Transact。Lin。Soc。’volume2page354。)oftwoformsofHemerocallis,whichhavebeenuniversallyconsideredasdistinctspecies,changingintoeachother;fortherootsofthelarge—floweredtawnyH。
fulva,beingdividedandplantedinadifferentsoilandplace,producedthesmall—floweredH。flava,aswellassomeintermediateforms。Itisdoubtfulwhethersuchcasesastheselatter,aswellasthe"flushing"ofbrokentulipsandthe"running"ofparticolouredcarnations,——thatis,theirmoreorlesscompletereturntoauniformtint,——oughttobeclassedunderbud—variation,oroughttoberetainedforthechapterinwhichI
treatofthedirectactionoftheconditionsoflifeonorganicbeings。
Thesecases,however,havethismuchinbud—variation,thatthechangeiseffectedthroughbudsandnotthroughseminalreproduction。But,ontheotherhand,thereisthisdifference——thatinordinarycasesofbud—
variation,onebudalonechanges,whilstintheforegoingcasesallthebudsonthesameplantweremodifiedtogether。Withthepotato,wehaveseenanintermediatecase,foralltheeyesinonetubersimultaneouslychangedtheircharacter。
Iwillconcludewithafewalliedcases,whichmayberankedeitherunderbud—variation,orunderthedirectactionoftheconditionsoflife。WhenthecommonHepaticaistransplantedfromitsnativewoods,theflowerschangecolour,evenduringthefirstyear。(11/87。Godron’Del’Espece’
tome2page84。)ItisnotoriousthattheimprovedvarietiesoftheHeartsease(Violatricolor),whentransplanted,oftenproduceflowerswidelydifferentinsize,form,andcolour:forinstance,Itransplantedalargeuniformly—coloureddarkpurplevariety,whilstinfullflower,anditthenproducedmuchsmaller,moreelongatedflowers,withthelowerpetalsyellow;theseweresucceededbyflowersmarkedwithlargepurplespots,andultimately,towardstheendofthesamesummer,bytheoriginallargedarkpurpleflowers。Theslightchangeswhichsomefruit—treesundergofrombeinggraftedandregraftedonvariousstocks(11/88。M。Carrierehaslatelydescribedinthe’RevueHorticole’December1,1866page457,anextraordinarycase。HetwiceinsertedgraftsoftheAriavestitaonthorn—
trees(epines)growinginpots;andthegrafts,astheygrew,producedshootswithbark,buds,leaves,petioles,petals,andflower—stalks,allwidelydifferentfromthoseoftheAria。Thegraftedshootswerealsomuchhardier,andfloweredearlier,thanthoseontheungraftedAria。)wereconsideredbyAndrewKnight(11/89。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume2page160。)ascloselyalliedto"sportingbranches,"orbud—variations。Again,wehavethecaseofyoungfruit—treeschangingtheircharacterastheygrowold;seedlingpears,forinstance,losewithagetheirspinesandimproveintheflavouroftheirfruit。Weepingbirch—trees,whengraftedonthecommonvariety,donotacquireaperfectpenduloushabituntiltheygrowold:ontheotherhand,Ishallhereaftergivethecaseofsomeweepingasheswhichslowlyandgraduallyassumedanuprighthabitofgrowth。Allsuchchanges,dependentonage,maybecomparedwiththechanges,alludedtointhelastchapter,whichmanytreesnaturallyundergo;asinthecaseoftheDeodarandCedarofLebanon,whichareunlikeinyouth,whilsttheycloselyresembleeachotherinoldage;andaswithcertainoaks,andwithsomevarietiesofthelimeandhawthorn。(11/90。ForthecasesofoaksseeAlph。DeCandollein’Bibl。Univers。’GenevaNovember1862;forlimesetc。
Loudon’s’Gard。Mag。’volume111835page503。)]
GRAFT—HYBRIDS。
BeforegivingasummaryonBud—variationIwilldiscusssomesingularandanomalouscases,whicharemoreorlesscloselyrelatedtothissamesubject。IwillbeginwiththefamouscaseofAdam’slaburnumorCytisusadami,aformorhybridintermediatebetweentwoverydistinctspecies,namely,C。laburnumandpurpureus,thecommonandpurplelaburnum;butasthistreehasoftenbeendescribed,IwillbeasbriefasIcan。
[ThroughoutEurope,indifferentsoilsandunderdifferentclimates,branchesonthistreehaverepeatedlyandsuddenlyrevertedtothetwoparentspeciesintheirflowersandleaves。Tobeholdmingledonthesametreetuftsofdingy—red,brightyellow,andpurpleflowers,borneonbrancheshavingwidelydifferentleavesandmannerofgrowth,isasurprisingsight。Thesameracemesometimesbearstwokindsofflowers;andIhaveseenasingleflowerexactlydividedintohalves,onesidebeingbrightyellowandtheotherpurple;sothatonehalfofthestandard—petalwasyellowandoflargersize,andtheotherhalfpurpleandsmaller。Inanotherflowerthewholecorollawasbrightyellow,butexactlyhalfthecalyxwaspurple。Inanother,oneofthedingy—redwing—petalshadanarrowbrightyellowstripeonit;andlastly,inanotherflower,oneofthestamens,whichhadbecomeslightlyfoliaceous,washalfyellowandhalfpurple;sothatthetendencytosegregationofcharacterorreversionaffectsevensinglepartsandorgans。(11/91。ForanalogousfactsseeBraun’Rejuvenescence’in’RaySoc。Bot。Mem。’1853page320;and’Gardener’sChronicle’1842page397;alsoBraunin’SitzungsberichtederGes。
naturforschenderFreunde’June1873page63。)Themostremarkablefactaboutthistreeisthatinitsintermediatestate,evenwhengrowingnearbothparent—species,itisquitesterile;butwhentheflowersbecomepureyelloworpurepurpletheyyieldseed。Ibelievethatthepodsfromtheyellowflowersyieldafullcomplementofseed;theycertainlyyieldalargernumber。TwoseedlingsraisedbyMr。Herbertfromsuchseed(11/92。
’JournalofHort。Soc。’volume21847page100。)exhibitedapurpletingeonthestalksoftheirflowers;butseveralseedlingsraisedbymyselfresembledineverycharacterthecommonlaburnum,withtheexceptionthatsomeofthemhadremarkablylongracemes:theseseedlingswereperfectlyfertile。Thatsuchpurityofcharacterandfertilityshouldbesuddenlyreacquiredfromsohybridisedandsterileaformisanastonishingphenomenon。ThebrancheswithpurpleflowersappearatfirstsightexactlytoresemblethoseofC。purpureus;butoncarefulcomparisonIfoundthattheydifferedfromthepurespeciesintheshootsbeingthicker,theleavesalittlebroader,andtheflowersslightlyshorter,withthecorollaandcalyxlessbrightlypurple:thebasalpartofthestandard—petalalsoplainlyshowedatraceoftheyellowstain。Sothattheflowers,atleastinthisinstance,hadnotperfectlyrecoveredtheirtruecharacter;andinaccordancewiththis,theywerenotperfectlyfertile,formanyofthepodscontainednoseed,someproducedone,andveryfewcontainedasmanyastwoseeds;whilstnumerouspodsonatreeofthepureC。purpureusinmygardencontainedthree,four,andfivefineseeds。Thepollen,moreover,wasveryimperfect,amultitudeofgrainsbeingsmallandshrivelled;andthisisasingularfact;for,asweshallimmediatelysee,thepollen—grainsinthedingy—redandsterileflowersontheparent—tree,were,inexternalappearance,inamuchbetterstate,andincludedveryfewshrivelledgrains。Althoughthepollenoftherevertedpurpleflowerswasinsopooracondition,theovuleswerewellformed,andtheseeds,whenmature,germinatedfreelywithme。Mr。Herbertraisedplantsfromseedsoftherevertedpurpleflowers,andtheydifferedaVERYLITTLEfromtheusualstateofC。purpureus。SomewhichIraisedinthesamemannerdidnotdifferatall,eitherinthecharacteroftheirflowersorofthewholebush,fromthepureC。purpureus。Prof。Casparyhasexaminedtheovulesofthedingy—redandsterileflowersinseveralplantsofC。adamiontheContinent(11/93。See’Transact。ofHort。CongressofAmsterdam’1865;butIowemostofthefollowinginformationtoProf。Caspary’sletters。)andfindsthemgenerallymonstrous。InthreeplantsexaminedbymeinEngland,theovuleswerelikewisemonstrous,thenucleusvaryingmuchinshape,andprojectingirregularlybeyondthepropercoats。Thepollengrains,ontheotherhand,judgingfromtheirexternalappearance,wereremarkablygood,andreadilyprotrudedtheirtubes。Byrepeatedlycounting,underthemicroscope,theproportionalnumberofbadgrains,Prof。Casparyascertainedthatonly2。5percentwerebad,whichisalessproportionthaninthepollenofthreepurespeciesofCytisusintheircultivatedstate,viz。,C。purpureus,laburnum,andalpinus。AlthoughthepollenofC。
adamiisthusinappearancegood,itdoesnotfollow,accordingtoM。
Naudin’sobservation(11/94。’NouvellesArchivesduMuseum’tome1page143。)onMirabilis,thatitwouldbefunctionallyeffective。ThefactoftheovulesofC。adamibeingmonstrous,andthepollenapparentlysound,isallthemoreremarkable,becauseitisopposedtowhatusuallyoccursnotonlywithmosthybrids(11/95。SeeonthisheadNaudinibidpage141。),butwithtwohybridsinthesamegenus,namelyinC。purpureo—elongatus,andC。
alpino—laburnum。Inboththesehybrids,theovules,asobservedbyProf。
Casparyandmyself,werewell—formed,whilstmanyofthepollen—grainswereill—formed;inthelatterhybrid20。3percent,andintheformernolessthan84。8percentofthegrainswereascertainedbyProf。Casparytobebad。ThisunusualconditionofthemaleandfemalereproductiveelementsinC。adamihasbeenusedbyProf。Casparyasanargumentagainstthisplantbeingconsideredasanordinaryhybridproducedfromseed;butweshouldrememberthatwithhybridstheovuleshavenotbeenexaminednearlysofrequentlyasthepollen,andtheymaybemuchoftenerimperfectthanisgenerallysupposed。Dr。E。Bornet,ofAntibes,informsme(throughMr。J。
TraherneMoggridge)thatwithhybridCistitheovariumisfrequentlydeformed,theovulesbeinginsomecasesquiteabsent,andinothercasesincapableoffertilisation。
SeveraltheorieshavebeenpropoundedtoaccountfortheoriginofC。
adami,andforthetransformationswhichitundergoes。Thewholecasehasbeenattributedbysomeauthorstobud—variation;butconsideringthewidedifferencebetweenC。laburnumandpurpureus,bothofwhicharenaturalspecies,andconsideringthesterilityoftheintermediateform,thisviewmaybesummarilyrejected。Weshallpresentlyseethat,withhybridplants,twoembryosdifferingintheircharactersmaybedevelopedwithinthesameseedandcohere;andithasbeensupposedthatC。adamithusoriginated。
ManybotanistsmaintainthatC。adamiisahybridproducedinthecommonwaybyseed,andthatithasrevertedbybudstoitstwoparent—forms。
Negativeresultsarenotofmuchvalue;butReisseck,Caspary,andmyself,triedinvaintocrossC。laburnumandpurpureus;whenIfertilisedtheformerwithpollenofthelatter,Ihadthenearestapproachtosuccess,forpodswereformed,butinsixteendaysafterthewitheringoftheflowers,theyfelloff。Nevertheless,thebeliefthatC。adamiisaspontaneouslyproducedhybridbetweenthesetwospeciesissupportedbythefactthatsuchhybridshaveariseninthisgenus。InabedofseedlingsfromC。elongatus,whichgrewneartoC。purpureus,andwasprobablyfertilisedbyitthroughtheagencyofinsects(forthese,asIknowbyexperiment,playanimportantpartinthefertilisationofthelaburnum),thesterilehybridC。purpureo—elongatusappeared。(11/96。Braunin’Bot。
Mem。Ray。Soc。’1853page23。)Thus,also,Waterer’slaburnum,theC。
alpino—laburnum(11/97。Thishybridhasneverbeendescribed。Itisexactlyintermediateinfoliage,timeofflowering,darkstriaeatthebaseofthestandardpetal,hairinessoftheovarium,andinalmosteveryothercharacter,betweenC。laburnumandalpinus;butitapproachestheformerspeciesmorenearlyincolour,andexceedsitinthelengthoftheracemes。
Wehavebeforeseenthat20。3percentofitspollen—grainsareill—formedandworthless。Myplant,thoughgrowingnotabovethirtyorfortyyardsfrombothparent—species,duringsomeseasonsyieldednogoodseeds;butin1866itwasunusuallyfertile,anditslongracemesproducedfromonetooccasionallyevenfourpods。Manyofthepodscontainednogoodseeds,butgenerallytheycontainedasingleapparentlygoodseed,sometimestwo,andinonecasethreeseeds。Someoftheseseedsgerminated,andIraisedtwotreesfromthem;oneresemblesthepresentform;theotherhasaremarkabledwarfcharacterwithsmallleaves,buthasnotyetflowered。)spontaneouslyappeared,asIaminformedbyMr。Waterer,inabedofseedlings。
Ontheotherhand,wehaveaclearanddistinctaccountgiventoPoiteau(11/98。’AnnalesdelaSoc。del’Hort。deParis’tome71830page93。)byM。Adam,whoraisedtheplant,showingthatC。adamiisnotanordinaryhybrid;butiswhatmaybecalledagraft—hybrid,thatis,oneproducedfromtheunitedcellulartissueoftwodistinctspecies。M。AdaminsertedintheusualmannerashieldofthebarkofC。purpureusintoastockofC。
laburnum;andthebudlaydormant,asoftenhappens,forayear;theshieldthenproducedmanybudsandshoots,oneofwhichgrewmoreuprightandvigorouswithlargerleavesthantheshootsofC。purpureus,andwasconsequentlypropagated。NowitdeservesespecialnoticethattheseplantsweresoldbyM。Adam,asavarietyofC。purpureus,beforetheyhadflowered;andtheaccountwaspublishedbyPoiteauaftertheplantshadflowered,butbeforetheyhadexhibitedtheirremarkabletendencytorevertintothetwoparentspecies。Sothattherewasnoconceivablemotiveforfalsification,anditisdifficulttoseehowtherecouldhavebeenanyerror。(11/99。Anaccountwasgiveninthe’Gardener’sChronicle’1857
pages382,400,ofacommonlaburnumonwhichgraftsofC。purpureushadbeeninserted,andwhichgraduallyassumedthecharacterofC。adami;butI
havelittledoubtthatC。adamihadbeensoldtothepurchaser,whowasnotabotanist,intheplaceofC。purpureus。Ihaveascertainedthatthisoccurredinanotherinstance。)IfweadmitastrueM。Adam’saccount,wemustadmittheextraordinaryfactthattwodistinctspeciescanunitebytheircellulartissue,andsubsequentlyproduceaplantbearingleavesandsterileflowersintermediateincharacterbetweenthescionandstock,andproducingbudsliabletoreversion;inshort,resemblingineveryimportantrespectahybridformedintheordinarywaybyseminalreproduction。]
IwillthereforegiveallthefactswhichIhavebeenabletocollectontheformationofhybridsbetweendistinctspeciesorvarieties,withouttheinterventionofthesexualorgans。Forif,asIamnowconvinced,thisispossible,itisamostimportantfact,whichwillsoonerorlaterchangetheviewsheldbyphysiologistswithrespecttosexualreproduction。A
sufficientbodyoffactswillafterwardsbeadduced,showingthatthesegregationorseparationofthecharactersofthetwoparent—formsbybud—
variation,asinthecaseofCytisusadami,isnotanunusualthoughastrikingphenomenon。Weshallfurtherseethatawholebudmaythusrevert,oronlyhalf,orsomesmallersegment。
[ThefamousbizzarriaOrangeoffersastrictlyparallelcasetothatofCytisusadami。Thegardenerwhoin1644inFlorenceraisedthistree,declaredthatitwasaseedlingwhichhadbeengrafted;andafterthegrafthadperished,thestocksproutedandproducedthebizzarria。Gallesio,whocarefullyexaminedseverallivingspecimensandcomparedthemwiththedescriptiongivenbytheoriginaldescriber,P。Nato(11/100。Gallesio’GliAgrumideiGiard。Bot。Agrar。di。Firenze’1839page11。Inhis’TraiteduCitrus’1811page146,hespeaksasifthecompoundfruitconsistedinpartofalemon,butthisapparentlywasamistake。),statesthatthetreeproducesatthesametimeleaves,flowers,andfruitidenticalwiththebitterorangeandwiththecitronofFlorence,andlikewisecompoundfruit,withthetwokindseitherblendedtogether,bothexternallyandinternally,orsegregatedinvariousways。Thistreecanbepropagatedbycuttings,andretainsitsdiversifiedcharacter。Theso—calledtrifacialorangeofAlexandriaandSmyrna(11/101。’Gardener’sChron。’1855page628。SeealsoProf。Casparyin’Transact。Hort。CongressofAmsterdam’1865。)resemblesinitsgeneralnaturethebizzarria,anddiffersonlyintheorangebeingofthesweetkind;thisandthecitronareblendedtogetherinthesamefruit,orareseparatelyproducedonthesametree;nothingisknownofitsorigin。Inregardtothebizzarria,manyauthorsbelievethatitisagraft—hybrid;Gallesio,ontheotherhand,thinksthatitisanordinaryhybrid,withthehabitofpartiallyrevertingbybudstothetwoparent—
forms;andwehaveseenthatthespeciesinthisgenusoftencrossspontaneously。
ItisnotoriousthatwhenthevariegatedJessamineisbuddedonthecommonkind,thestocksometimesproducesbudsbearingvariegatedleaves:Mr。
Rivers,asheinformsme,hasseeninstancesofthis。ThesamethingoccurswiththeOleander。(11/102。Gartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。611givesmanyreferencesonthissubject。)Mr。Rivers,ontheauthorityofatrustworthyfriend,statesthatsomebudsofagolden—variegatedash,whichwereinsertedintocommonashes,alldiedexceptone;buttheash—stockswereaffected(11/103。AnearlysimilaraccountwasgivenbyBrableyin1724inhis’TreatiseonHusbandry’volume1page199。)andproduced,bothaboveandbelowthepointsofinsertionoftheplatesofbarkbearingthedeadbuds,shootswhichborevariegatedleaves。Mr。J。AndersonHenryhascommunicatedtomeanearlysimilarcase:Mr。Brown,ofPerth,observedmanyyearsago,inaHighlandglen,anash—treewithyellowleaves;andbudstakenfromthistreewereinsertedintocommonashes,whichinconsequencewereaffected,andproducedtheBlotchedBreadalbaneAsh。Thisvarietyhasbeenpropagated,andhaspreserveditscharacterduringthelastfiftyyears。Weepingashes,also,werebuddedontheaffectedstocks,andbecamesimilarlyvariegated。IthasbeenrepeatedlyprovedthatseveralspeciesofAbutilon,onwhichthevariegatedA。thompsoniihasbeengrafted,becomevariegated。(11/104。Morren’Bull。del’Acad。R。desSciencesdeBelgique’2deseriestome281869page434。AlsoMagnus’GesellschaftnaturforschenderFreunde,Berlin’February21,1871page13;
ibidJune21,1870andOctober17,1871。Also’Bot。Zeitung’February24,1871。)
Manyauthorsconsidervariegationastheresultofdisease;andtheforegoingcasesmaybelookedatasthedirectresultoftheinoculationofadiseaseorsomeweakness。ThishasbeenalmostprovedtobethecasebyMorrenintheexcellentpaperjustreferredto,whoshowsthatevenaleafinsertedbyitsfootstalkintothebarkofthestockissufficienttocommunicatevariegationtoit,thoughtheleafsoonperishes。EvenfullyformedleavesonthestockofAbutilonaresometimesaffectedbythegraftandbecomevariegated。Variegationismuchinfluenced,asweshallhereaftersee,bythenatureofthesoilinwhichtheplantsaregrown;anditdoesnotseemimprobablethatwhateverchangeinthesaportissuescertainsoilsinduce,whetherornotcalledadisease,mightspreadfromtheinsertedpieceofbarktothestock。Butachangeofthiskindcannotbeconsideredtobeofthenatureofagraft—hybrid。
Thereisavarietyofthehazelwithdark—purpleleaves,likethoseofthecopper—beech:noonehasattributedthiscolourtodisease,anditapparentlyisonlyanexaggerationofatintwhichmayoftenbeseenontheleavesofthecommonhazel。Whenthisvarietyisgraftedonthecommonhazel(11/105。Loudon’s’Arboretum’volume4page2595。),itsometimescolours,ashasbeenasserted,theleavesbelowthegraft;althoughnegativeevidenceisnotofmuchvalue,ImayaddthatMr。Rivers,whohaspossessedhundredsofsuchgraftedtrees,hasneverseenaninstance。
Gartner(11/106。’Bastarderzeugung’s。619。)quotestwoseparateaccountsofbranchesofdarkandwhite—fruitedvineswhichhadbeenunitedinvariousways,suchasbeingsplitlongitudinally,andthenjoined,etc。;
andthesebranchesproduceddistinctbunchesofgrapesofthetwocolours,andotherbuncheswithberries,eitherstriped,orofanintermediateandnewtint。Eventheleavesinonecasewerevariegated。ThesefactsarethemoreremarkablebecauseAndrewKnightneversucceededinraisingvariegatedgrapesbyfertilisingwhitekindsbypollenofdarkkinds;though,aswehaveseen,heobtainedseedlingswithvariegatedfruitsandleaves,byfertilisingawhitevarietybythealreadyvariegateddarkAleppogrape。
Gartnerattributestheabove—quotedcasesmerelytobud—variation;butitisastrangecoincidencethatthebrancheswhichhadbeengraftedinapeculiarmannershouldalonethushavevaried;andH。AdornedeTscharnerpositivelyassertsthatheproducedthedescribedresultmorethanonce,andcoulddosoatwill,bysplittingandunitingthebranchesinthemannerdescribedbyhim。
Ishouldnothavequotedthefollowingcasehadnottheauthorof’DesJacinthes’(11/107。Amsterdam1768page124。)impressedmewiththebeliefnotonlyofhisextensiveknowledge,butofhistruthfulness:hesaysthatbulbsofblueandredhyacinthsmaybecutintwo,andthattheywillgrowtogetherandthrowupaunitedstem(andthisIhavemyselfseen)withflowersofthetwocoloursontheoppositesides。Buttheremarkablepointis,thatflowersaresometimesproducedwiththetwocoloursblendedtogether,whichmakesthecasecloselyanalogouswiththatoftheblendedcoloursofthegrapesontheunitedvinebranches。
Inthecaseofrosesitissupposedthatseveralgraft—hybridshavebeenformed,butthereismuchdoubtaboutthesecases,owingtothefrequencyofordinarybud—variations。Themosttrustworthyinstanceknowntomeisone,recordedbyMr。Poynter(11/108。’Gardener’sChron。’1860page672
withawoodcut。)whoassuresmeinaletteroftheentireaccuracyofthestatement。RosadevoniensishadbeenbuddedsomeyearspreviouslyonawhiteBanksianrose;andfromthemuchenlargedpointofjunction,whencetheDevoniensisandBanksianstillcontinuedtogrow,athirdbranchissued,whichwasneitherpureBanksiannorpureDevoniensis,butpartookofthecharacterofboth;theflowersresembled,butweresuperiorincharactertothoseofthevarietycalledLamarque(oneoftheNoisettes),whiletheshootsweresimilarintheirmannerofgrowthtothoseoftheBanksianrose,withtheexceptionthatthelongerandmorerobustshootswerefurnishedwithprickles。ThisrosewasexhibitedbeforetheFloralCommitteeoftheHorticulturalSocietyofLondon。Dr。LindleyexamineditandconcludedthatithadcertainlybeenproducedbytheminglingofR。
banksiaewithsomeroselikeR。devoniensis,"forwhileitwasverygreatlyincreasedinvigourandinsizeofalltheparts,theleaveswerehalf—waybetweenaBanksianandTea—scentedrose。"Itappearsthatrose—growerswerepreviouslyawarethattheBanksianrosesometimesaffectsotherroses。AsMr。Poynter’snewvarietyisintermediateinitsfruitandfoliagebetweenthestockandscion,andasitarosefromthepointofjunctionbetweenthetwo,itisveryimprobablethatitowesitsorigintomerebud—variation,independentlyofthemutualinfluenceofthestockandscion。
Lastly,withrespecttopotatoes。Mr。R。Trailstatedin1867beforetheBotanicalSocietyofEdinburgh(andhassincegivenmefullerinformation),thatseveralyearsagohecutaboutsixtyblueandwhitepotatoesintohalvesthroughtheeyesorbuds,andthencarefullyjoinedthem,destroyingatthesametimetheothereyes。Someoftheseunitedtubersproducedwhite,andothersbluetubers;some,however,producedtuberspartlywhiteandpartlyblue;andthetubersfromaboutfourorfivewereregularlymottledwiththetwocolours。Intheselattercaseswemayconcludethatastemhadbeenformedbytheunionofthebisectedbuds,thatis,bygraft—
hybridisation。
Inthe’BotanischeZeitung’(May16,1868),ProfessorHildebrandgivesanaccountwithacolouredfigure,ofhisexperimentsontwovarietieswhichwerefoundduringthesameseasontobeconstantincharacter,namely,asomewhatelongatedrough—skinnedredpotatoandaroundedsmoothwhiteone。
Heinsertedbudsreciprocallyintobothkinds,destroyingtheotherbuds。
Hethusraisedtwoplants,andeachoftheseproducedatuberintermediateincharacterbetweenthetwoparent—forms。Thatfromtheredbudgraftedintothewhitetuber,wasatoneendredandrough,asthewholetuberoughttohavebeenifnotaffected;inthemiddleitwassmoothwithredstripes,andattheotherendsmoothandaltogetherwhitelikethatofthestock。
Mr。Taylor,whohadreceivedseveralaccountsofpotatoeshavingbeengraftedbywedge—shapedpiecesofonevarietyinsertedintoanother,thoughscepticalonthesubject,madetwenty—fourexperimentswhichhedescribedindetailbeforetheHorticulturalSociety。(11/109。’Gardener’sChronicle’
1869page220。)Hethusraisedmanynewvarieties,somelikethegraftorlikethestock;othershavinganintermediatecharacter。Severalpersonswitnessedthediggingupofthetubersfromthesegraft—hybrids;andoneofthem,Mr。Jameson,alargedealerinpotatoes,writesthus,"Theyweresuchamixedlot,asIhaveneverbeforeorsinceseen。Theywereofallcoloursandshapes,someveryuglyandsomeveryhandsome。"Anotherwitnesssays"somewereround,somekidney,pink—eyedkidney,piebald,andmottledredandpurple,ofallshapesandsizes。"Someofthesevarietieshavebeenfoundvaluable,andhavebeenextensivelypropagated。Mr。Jamesontookawayalargepiebaldpotatowhichhecutintofivesetsandpropagated;theseyieldedround,white,red,andpiebaldpotatoes。
Mr。Fitzpatrickfollowedadifferentplan(11/110。’Gard。Chronicle’1869
page335。);hegraftedtogethernotthetubersbuttheyoungstemsofvarietiesproducingblack,white,andredpotatoes。Thetubersbornebythreeofthesetwinorunitedplantswerecolouredinanextraordinarymanner;onewasalmostexactlyhalfblackandhalfwhite,sothatsomepersonsonseeingitthoughtthattwopotatoeshadbeendividedandrejoined;othertuberswerehalfredandhalfwhite,orcuriouslymottledwithredandwhite,orwithredandblack,accordingtothecoloursofthegraftandstock。
ThetestimonyofMr。Fennisofmuchvalue,asheis"awellknownpotato—
grower"whohasraisedmanynewvarietiesbycrossingdifferentkindsintheordinarymanner。Heconsidersit"demonstrated"thatnew,intermediatevarietiescanbeproducedbygraftingthetubers,thoughhedoubtswhethersuchwillprovevaluable。(11/111。’Gardener’sChronicle’1869page1018
withremarksbyDr。Mastersontheadhesionoftheunitedwedges。Seealsoibid1870pages1277,1283。)Hemademanytrialsandlaidtheresults,exhibitingspecimens,beforetheHorticulturalSociety。Notonlywerethetubersaffected,somebeingsmoothandwhiteatoneendandroughandredattheother,butthestemsandleavesweremodifiedintheirmannerofgrowth,colourandprecocity。Someofthesegraft—hybridsafterbeingpropagatedforthreeyearsstillshowedintheirhaulmstheirnewcharacter,differentfromthatofthekindfromwhichtheeyeshadbeentaken。Mr。FenngavetwelveofthetubersofthethirdgenerationtoMr。
Alex。Dean,whogrewthem,andwasthusconvertedintoabelieveringraft—
hybridisation,havingpreviouslybeenacompletesceptic。Forcomparisonheplantedthepureparent—formsalongsidethetwelvetubers;andfoundthatmanyoftheplantsfromthelatter(11/112。’Gard。Chronicle’1871page837。)wereintermediatebetweenthetwoparent—formsinprecocity,inthetallness,uprightness,jointing,androbustnessofthestems,andinthesizeandcolouroftheleaves。
Anotherexperimentalist,Mr。Rintoul,graftednolessthanfifty—ninetubers,whichdifferedinshape(somebeingkidneys)insmoothnessandcolour(11/113。’Gardener’sChronicle’1870page1506。)andmanyoftheplantsthusraised"wereintermediateinthetubersaswellasinthehaulms。"Hedescribesthemorestrikingcases。
In1871IreceivedaletterfromMr。Merrick,ofBoston,U。S。A。,whostatesthat,"Mr。FearingBurr,averycarefulexperimenterandauthorofamuchvaluedbook,’TheGardenVegetablesofAmerica’hassucceededinproducingdistinctlymottledandmostcuriouspotatoes——evidentlygraft—hybrids,byinsertingeyesfromblueorredpotatoesintothesubstanceofwhiteones,afterremovingtheeyesofthelatter。Ihaveseenthepotatoes,andtheyareverycurious。"
WewillnowturntotheexperimentsmadeinGermany,sincethepublicationofProf。Hildebrand’spaper。HerrMagnusrelates(11/114。’SitzungsberichtederGesellschaftnaturforschenderFreundezuBerlin’October17,1871。)theresultsofnumeroustrialsmadebyHerrenReuterandLindemuth,bothattachedtotheRoyalGardensofBerlin。Theyinsertedtheeyesofredpotatoesintowhiteones,andviceversa。Manydifferentformspartakingofthecharactersoftheinsertedbudandofthestockwerethusobtained;forinstance,someofthetuberswerewhitewithredeyes。
HerrMagnusalsoexhibitedinthefollowingyearbeforethesameSociety(November19,1872),theproduceofgraftsbetweenblack,white,andredpotatoes,madebyDr。Neubert。Theseweremadebyunitingnotthetubersbuttheyoungstems,aswasdonebyMr。Fitzpatrick。Theresultwasremarkable,inasmuchasallthetubersthusproducedwereintermediateincharacter,thoughinavariabledegree。Thosebetweentheblackandthewhiteortheredwerethemoststrikinginappearance。Somefrombetweenthewhiteandredhadonehalfofonecolourandtheotherhalfoftheothercolour。
AtthenextmeetingofthesocietyHerrMagnuscommunicatedtheresultsofDr。Heimann’sexperimentsingraftingtogetherthetubersofredSaxon,blue,andelongatedwhitepotatoes。Theeyeswereremovedbyacylindricalinstrument,andinsertedintocorrespondingholesinothervarieties。Theplantsthusproducedyieldedagreatnumberoftubers,whichwereintermediatebetweenthetwoparent—formsinshape,andinthecolourbothofthefleshandskin。
HerrReuterexperimented(11/115。IbidNovember17,1874。SeealsoexcellentremarksbyHerrMagnus。)byinsertingwedgesoftheelongatedWhiteMexicanpotatointoaBlackKidneypotato。Bothsortsareknowntobeveryconstant,anddiffermuchnotonlyinformandcolour,butintheeyesoftheBlackKidneybeingdeeplysunk,whereasthoseoftheWhiteMexicanaresuperficialandofadifferentshape。Thetubersproducedbythesehybridswereintermediateincolourandform;andsomewhichresembledinformthegraft,i。e。theMexican,hadeyesdeeplysunkandofthesameshapeasinthestockorBlackKidney。]
Anyonewhowillattentivelyconsidertheabstractnowgiven,oftheexperimentsmadebymanyobserversinseveralcountries,will,Ithink,beconvincedthatbygraftingtwovarietiesofthepotatotogetherinvariousways,hybridisedplantscanbeproduced。Itshouldbeobservedthatseveraloftheexperimentalistsarescientifichorticulturists,andsomeofthempotato—growersonalargescale,who,thoughbeforehandsceptical,havebeenfullyconvincedofthepossibility,evenoftheease,ofmakinggraft—
hybrids。Theonlywayofescapingfromthisconclusionistoattributeallthemanyrecordedcasestosimplebud—variation。Undoubtedlythepotato,aswehaveseeninthischapter,doessometimes,thoughnotoften,varybybuds;butitshouldbeespeciallynotedthatitisexperiencedpotato—
growers,whosebusinessitistolookoutfornewvarieties,whohaveexpressedunboundedastonishmentatthenumberofnewformsproducedbygraft—hybridisation。Itmaybearguedthatitismerelytheoperationofgrafting,andnottheunionoftwokinds,whichcausessoextraordinaryanamountofbud—variation;butthisobjectionisatonceansweredbythefactthatpotatoesarehabituallypropagatedbythetubersbeingcutintopieces,andthesoledifferenceinthecaseofgraft—hybridsisthateitherahalforasmallersegmentoracylinderisplacedincloseoppositionwiththetissueofanothervariety。Moreover,intwocases,theyoungstemsweregraftedtogether,andtheplantsthusunitedyieldedthesameresultsaswhenthetuberswereunited。Itisanargumentofthegreatestweightthatwhenvarietiesareproducedbysimplebud—variation,theyfrequentlypresentquitenewcharacters;whereasinallthenumerouscasesabovegiven,asHerrMagnuslikewiseinsists,thegraft—hybridsareintermediateincharacterbetweenthetwoformsemployed。Thatsucharesultshouldfollowiftheonekinddidnotaffecttheotherisincredible。
Charactersofallkindsareaffectedbygrafthybridisation,inwhateverwaythegraftingmayhavebeeneffected。Theplantsthusraisedyieldtuberswhichpartakeofthewidelydifferentcolours,form,stateofsurface,positionandshapeoftheeyeoftheparents;andaccordingtotwocarefulobserverstheyarealsointermediateincertainconstitutionalpeculiarities。Butweshouldbearinmindthatinallthevarietiesofthepotato,thetubersdiffermuchmorethananyotherpart。
Thepotatoaffordsthebestevidenceofthepossibilityoftheformationofgraft—hybrids,butwemustnotoverlooktheaccountgivenoftheoriginofthefamousCytisusadamibyM。Adam,whohadnoconceivablemotivefordeception,andtheexactlyparallelaccountoftheoriginoftheBizzarriaorange,namelybygraft—hybridisation。Normustthecasesbeundervaluedinwhichdifferentvarietiesorspeciesofvines,hyacinthsandroses,havebeengraftedtogether,andhaveyieldedintermediateforms。Itisevidentthatgraft—hybridscanbemademuchmoreeasilywithsomeplants,asthepotato,thanwithothers,forinstanceourcommonfruittrees;fortheselatterhavebeengraftedbythemillionduringmanycenturies,andthoughthegraftisoftenslightlyaffected,itisverydoubtfulwhetherthismaynotbeaccountedfor,merelybyamoreorlessfreesupplyofnutriment。
Nevertheless,thecasesabovegivenseemtometoprovethatundercertainunknownconditionsgraft—hybridisationcanbeeffected。
HerrMagnusassertswithmuchtruththatgraft—hybridsresembleinallrespectsseminalhybrids,includingtheirgreatdiversityofcharacter。
Thereis,however,apartialexception,inasmuchasthecharactersofthetwoparentformsarenotoftenhomogeneouslyblendedtogetheringraft—
hybrids。Theymuchmorecommonlyappearinasegregatedcondition,——thatis,insegmentseitheratfirst,orsubsequentlythroughreversion。Itwouldseemthatthereproductiveelementsarenotsocompletelyblendedbygraftingasbysexualgeneration。Butsegregationofthiskindoccursbynomeansrarely,aswillbeimmediatelyshown,inseminalhybrids。Finallyitmust,Ithink,beadmittedthatwelearnfromtheforegoingcasesahighlyimportantphysiologicalfact,namely,thattheelementsthatgototheproductionofanewbeing,arenotnecessarilyformedbythemaleandfemaleorgans。Theyarepresentinthecellulartissueinsuchastatethattheycanunitewithouttheaidofthesexualorgans,andthusgiverisetoanewbudpartakingofthecharactersofthetwoparent—forms。
ONTHESEGREGATIONOFTHEPARENTALCHARACTERSINSEMINALHYBRIDSBYBUD—
VARIATION。
Iwillnowgiveasufficientnumberofcasestoshowthatsegregationofthiskind,namely,bybuds,mayoccurinordinaryhybridsraisedfromseed。
[HybridswereraisedbyGartnerbetweenTropaeolumminusandmajus(11/116。
’Bastarderzeugung’s。549。Itis,however,doubtfulwhethertheseplantsshouldberankedasspeciesorvarieties。)whichatfirstproducedflowersintermediateinsize,colour,andstructurebetweentheirtwoparents;butlaterintheseasonsomeoftheseplantsproducedflowersinallrespectslikethoseofthemother—form,mingledwithflowersstillretainingtheusualintermediatecondition。AhybridCereusbetweenC。speciosissimusandphyllanthus(11/117。Gartneribids。550。)plantswhicharewidelydifferentinappearance,producedforthefirstthreeyearsangular,five—
sidedstems,andthensomeflatstemslikethoseofC。phyllanthus。
KolreuteralsogivescasesofhybridLobeliasandVerbascums,whichatfirstproducedflowersofonecolour,andlaterintheseason,flowersofadifferentcolour。(11/118。’JournaldePhysique’tome231873page100。
’Act。Acad。St。Petersburgh’1781part1page249。)Naudin(11/119。
’NouvellesArchivesduMuseum’tome1page49。)raisedfortyhybridsfromDaturalaevisfertilisedbyD。stramonium;andthreeofthesehybridsproducedmanycapsules,ofwhichahalf,orquarter,orlessersegmentwassmoothandofsmallsize,likethecapsuleofthepureD。laevis,theremainingpartbeingspinoseandoflargersize,likethecapsuleofthepureD。stramonium:fromoneofthesecompositecapsules,plantsperfectlyresemblingbothparent—formswereraised。
Turningnowtovarieties。ASEEDLINGapple,conjecturedtobeofcrossedparentage,hasbeendescribedinFrance(11/120。L’HermesJanuary14,1837
quotedinLoudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume13page230。)whichbearsfruitwithonehalflargerthantheother,ofaredcolour,acidtaste,andpeculiarodour;theothersidebeinggreenish—yellowandverysweet:itissaidscarcelyevertoincludeperfectlydevelopedseed。IsupposethatthisisnotthesametreeasthatwhichGaudichaud(11/121。’ComptesRendus’
tome341852page746。)exhibitedbeforetheFrenchinstitute,bearingonthesamebranchtwodistinctkindsofapples,oneareinetterouge,andtheotherlikeareinettecanadajaunatre:thisdouble—bearingvarietycanbepropagatedbygrafts,andcontinuestoproducebothkinds;itsoriginisunknown。TheRev。J。D。LaTouchesentmeacoloureddrawingofanapplewhichhebroughtfromCanada,ofwhichhalf,surroundingandincludingthewholeofthecalyxandtheinsertionofthefoot—stalk,isgreen,theotherhalfbeingbrownandofthenatureofthepommegrisapple,withthelineofseparationbetweenthetwohalvesexactlydefined。Thetreewasagraftedone,andMr。LaTouchethinksthatthebrancheswhichborethiscuriousapplesprungfromthepointofjunctionofthegraftandstock:hadthisfactbeenascertained,thecasewouldprobablyhavecomeintotheclassofgraft—hybridsalreadygiven。Butthebranchmayhavesprungfromthestock,whichnodoubtwasaseedling。