[BIRDS。
　　InthecaseoftheFOWLawholearrayofauthoritiescouldbegivenagainsttoocloseinterbreeding。SirJ。Sebrightpositivelyassertsthathemademanytrials，andthathisfowls，whenthustreated，becamelonginthelegs，smallinthebody，andbadbreeders。（17/31。’TheArtofImprovingtheBreed’page13。）HeproducedthefamousSebrightBantamsbycomplicatedcrosses，andbybreedingin—and—in;andsincehistimetherehasbeenmuchcloseinterbreedingwiththeseanimals;andtheyarenownotoriouslybadbreeders。IhaveseenSilverBantams，directlydescendedfromhisstock，whichhadbecomealmostasbarrenashybrids;fornotasinglechickenhadbeenthatyearhatchedfromtwofullnestsofeggs。Mr。HewittsaysthatwiththeseBantamsthesterilityofthemalestands，withrareexceptions，intheclosestrelationwiththeirlossofcertainsecondarymalecharacters:headds，"Ihavenoticed，asageneralrule，thateventheslightestdeviationfromfemininecharacterinthetailofthemaleSebright——saytheelongationbyonlyhalfaninchofthetwoprincipaltailfeathers——bringswithitimprovedprobabilityofincreasedfertility。"（17/32。’ThePoultryBook’byW。B。Tegetmeier1866page245。）
　　Mr。Wrightstates（17/33。’JournalRoyalAgricult。Soc。’1846volume7page205;seealsoFergusonontheFowlpages83，317;seealso’ThePoultryBook’
　　byTegetmeier1866page135withrespecttotheextenttowhichcock—fightersfoundthattheycouldventuretobreedin—and—in，viz。，occasionallyahenwithherownson;"buttheywerecautiousnottorepeatthein—and—inbreeding。"）thatMr。Clark，"whosefighting—cocksweresonotorious，continuedtobreedfromhisownkindtilltheylosttheirdispositiontofight，butstoodtobecutupwithoutmakinganyresistance，andweresoreducedinsizeastobeunderthoseweightsrequiredforthebestprizes;butonobtainingacrossfromMr。Leighton，theyagainresumedtheirformercourageandweight。"
　　Itshouldbeborneinmindthatgame—cocksbeforetheyfoughtwerealwaysweighed，sothatnothingwaslefttotheimaginationaboutanyreductionorincreaseofweight。Mr。Clarkdoesnotseemtohavebredfrombrothersandsisters，whichisthemostinjuriouskindofunion;andhefound，afterrepeatedtrials，thattherewasagreaterreductioninweightintheyoungfromafatherpairedwithhisdaughter，thanfromamotherwithherson。ImayaddthatMr。EytonofEyton，thewell—knownornithologist，whoisalargebreederofGreyDorkings，informsmethattheycertainlydiminishinsize，andbecomelessprolific，unlessacrosswithanotherstrainisoccasionallyobtained。SoitiswithMalays，accordingtoMr。Hewitt，asfarassizeisconcerned。（17/34。’ThePoultryBook’byW。B。Tegetmeier1866page79。）
　　Anexperiencedwriter（17/35。’ThePoultryChronicle’1854volume1page43。）
　　remarksthatthesameamateur，asiswellknown，seldomlongmaintainsthesuperiorityofhisbirds;andthis，headds，undoubtedlyisduetoallhisstock"beingofthesameblood;"henceitisindispensablethatheshouldoccasionallyprocureabirdofanotherstrain。Butthisisnotnecessarywiththosewhokeepastockoffowlsatdifferentstations。Thus，Mr。Ballance，whohasbredMalaysforthirtyyears，andhaswonmoreprizeswiththesebirdsthananyotherfancierinEngland，saysthatbreedingin—and—indoesnotnecessarilycausedeterioration;"butalldependsuponhowthisismanaged。Myplanhasbeentokeepaboutfiveorsixdistinctruns，andtorearabouttwohundredorthreehundredchickenseachyear，andselectthebestbirdsfromeachrunforcrossing。Ithussecuresufficientcrossingtopreventdeterioration。"（17/36。’ThePoultryBook’byW。B。Tegetmeier1866page79。）
　　Wethusseethatthereisalmostcompleteunanimitywithpoultry—breedersthat，whenfowlsarekeptatthesameplace，evilquicklyfollowsfrominterbreedingcarriedontoanextentwhichwouldbedisregardedinthecaseofmostquadrupeds。Moreover，itisagenerallyreceivedopinionthatcross—
　　bredchickensarethehardiestandmosteasilyreared。（17/37。’ThePoultryChronicle’volume1page89。）Mr。Tegetmeier，whohascarefullyattendedtopoultryofallbreeds，says（17/38。’ThePoultryBook’1866page210。）thatDorkinghens，allowedtorunwithHoudanorCreve—coeurcocks，"produceintheearlyspringchickensthatforsize，hardihood，earlymaturity，andfitnessforthemarket，surpassthoseofanypurebreedthatwehaveeverraised。"Mr。
　　Hewittgivesitasageneralrulewithfowls，thatcrossingthebreedincreasestheirsize。Hemakesthisremarkafterstatingthathybridsfromthepheasantandfowlareconsiderablylargerthaneitherprogenitor:soagain，hybridsfromthemalegoldenpheasantandfemalecommonpheasant"areoffarlargersizethaneitherparent—bird。"（17/39。Ibid1866page167;and’PoultryChronicle’volume31855page15。）TothissubjectoftheincreasedsizeofhybridsIshallpresentlyreturn。
　　WithPIGEONS，breedersareunanimous，aspreviouslystated，thatitisabsolutelyindispensable，notwithstandingthetroubleandexpensethuscaused，occasionallytocrosstheirmuch—prizedbirdswithindividualsofanotherstrain，butbelonging，ofcourse，tothesamevariety。Itdeservesnoticethat，whensizeisoneofthedesiredcharacters，aswithpouters（17/40。’A
　　TreatiseonFancyPigeons’byJ。M。Eatonpage56。）theevileffectsofcloseinterbreedingaremuchsoonerperceivedthanwhensmallbirds，suchasshort—
　　facedtumblers，arevalued。Theextremedelicacyofthehighfancybreeds，suchasthesetumblersandimprovedEnglishcarriers，isremarkable;theyareliabletomanydiseases，andoftendieintheeggorduringthefirstmoult;
　　andtheireggshavegenerallytobehatchedunderfoster—mothers。Althoughthesehighly—prizedbirdshaveinvariablybeensubjectedtomuchcloseinterbreeding，yettheirextremedelicacyofconstitutioncannotperhapsbethusfullyexplained。Mr。YarrellinformedmethatSirJ。Sebrightcontinuedcloselyinterbreedingsomeowl—pigeons，untilfromtheirextremesterilityheasnearlyaspossiblelostthewholefamily。Mr。Brent（17/41。’ThePigeonBook’page46。）triedtoraiseabreedoftrumpeters，bycrossingacommonpigeon，andrecrossingthedaughter，granddaughter，great—granddaughter，andgreat—great—granddaughter，withthesamemaletrumpeter，untilheobtainedabirdwith15/16oftrumpeter’sblood;butthentheexperimentfailed，for"breedingsoclosestoppedreproduction。"TheexperiencedNeumeister（17/42。
　　’DasGanzederTaubenzucht’1837s。18。）alsoassertsthattheoffspringfromdovecotesandvariousotherbreedsare"generallyveryfertileandhardybirds:"soagainMM。BoitardandCorbie（17/43。’LesPigeons’1824page35。），afterforty—fiveyears’experience，recommendpersonstocrosstheirbreedsforamusement;for，iftheyfailtomakeinterestingbirds，theywillsucceedunderaneconomicalpointofview，"asitisfoundthatmongrelsaremorefertilethanpigeonsofpurerace。"
　　Iwillreferonlytooneotheranimal，namely，theHive—bee，becauseadistinguishedentomologisthasadvancedthisasacaseofinevitablecloseinterbreeding。Asthehiveistenantedbyasinglefemale，itmighthavebeenthoughtthathermaleandfemaleoffspringwouldalwayshavebredtogether，moreespeciallyasbeesofdifferenthivesarehostiletoeachother;astrangeworkerbeingalmostalwaysattackedwhentryingtoenteranotherhive。
　　ButMr。Tegetmeierhasshown（17/44。’Proc。Entomolog。Soc。’August6，1860
　　page126。）thatthisinstinctdoesnotapplytodrones，whicharepermittedtoenteranyhive;sothatthereisnoaprioriimprobabilityofaqueenreceivingaforeigndrone。Thefactoftheunioninvariablyandnecessarilytakingplaceonthewing，duringthequeen’snuptialflight，seemstobeaspecialprovisionagainstcontinuedinterbreeding。Howeverthismaybe，experiencehasshown，sincetheintroductionoftheyellow—bandedLigurianraceintoGermanyandEngland，thatbeesfreelycross:Mr。Woodbury，whointroducedLigurianbeesintoDevonshire，foundduringasingleseasonthatthreestocks，atdistancesoffromonetotwomilesfromhishives，werecrossedbyhisdrones。InonecasetheLiguriandronesmusthaveflownoverthecityofExeter，andoverseveralintermediatehives。OnanotheroccasionseveralcommonblackqueenswerecrossedbyLiguriandronesatadistanceoffromonetothreeandahalfmiles。（17/45。’JournalofHorticulture’1861
　　pages39，77，158;and1864page206。）
　　PLANTS。
　　Whenasingleplantofanewspeciesisintroducedintoanycountry，ifpropagatedbyseed，manyindividualswillsoonberaised，sothatiftheproperinsectsbepresenttherewillbecrossing。Withnewly—introducedtreesorotherplantsnotpropagatedbyseedwearenothereconcerned。Withold—
　　establishedplantsitisanalmostuniversalpracticeoccasionallytomakeexchangesofseed，bywhichmeansindividualswhichhavebeenexposedtodifferentconditionsoflife，——andthis，aswehaveseenwithanimals，diminishestheevilfromcloseinterbreeding，——willoccasionallybeintroducedintoeachdistrict。
　　Withrespecttoindividualsbelongingtothesamesub—variety，Gartner，whoseaccuracyandexperienceexceededthatofallotherobservers，states（17/46。
　　’BeitragezurKenntnissderBefruchtung’1844s。366。）thathehasmanytimesobservedgoodeffectsfromthisstep，especiallywithexoticgenera，ofwhichthefertilityissomewhatimpaired，suchasPassiflora，Lobelia，Fuchsia。
　　Herbertalsosays（17/47。’Amaryllidaceae’page371。），"IaminclinedtothinkthatIhavederivedadvantagefromimpregnatingtheflowerfromwhichIwishedtoobtainseedwithpollenfromanotherindividualofthesamevariety，oratleastfromanotherflower，ratherthanwithitsown。"Again，ProfessorLecoqascertainedthatcrossedoffspringaremorevigorousandrobustthantheirparents。（17/48。’DelaFecondation’2ndedition1862page79。）
　　Generalstatementsofthiskind，however，canseldombefullytrusted:I
　　thereforebeganalongseriesofexperiments，continuedforabouttenyears，whichwillIthinkconclusivelyshowthegoodeffectsofcrossingtwodistinctplantsofthesamevariety，andtheevileffectsoflong—continuedself—
　　fertilisation。Aclearlightwillthusbethrownonsuchquestions，aswhyflowersarealmostinvariablyconstructedsoastopermit，orfavour，ornecessitatetheunionoftwoindividuals。Weshallclearlyunderstandwhymonoeciousanddioecious，——whydichogamous，dimorphicandtrimorphicplantsexist，andmanyothersuchcases。Iintendsoontopublishanaccountoftheseexperiments，andIcanheregiveonlyafewcasesinillustration。TheplanwhichIfollowedwastogrowplantsinthesamepot，orinpotsofthesamesize，orclosetogetherintheopenground;carefullytoexcludeinsects;andthentofertilisesomeoftheflowerswithpollenfromthesameflower，andothersonthesameplantwithpollenfromadistinctbutadjoiningplant。Inmanyoftheseexperiments，thecrossedplantsyieldedmuchmoreseedthantheself—fertilisedplants;andIhaveneverseenthereversedcase。Theself—
　　fertilisedandcrossedseedsthusobtainedwereallowedtogerminateinthesameglassvesselondampsand;andastheseedsgerminated，theywereplantedinpairsonoppositesidesofthesamepot，withasuperficialpartitionbetweenthem，andwereplacedsoastobeequallyexposedtothelight。Inothercasestheself—fertilisedandcrossedseedsweresimplysownonoppositesidesofthesamesmallpot。Ihave，inshort，followeddifferentplans，butineverycasehavetakenalltheprecautionswhichIcouldthinkof，sothatthetwolotsshouldbeequallyfavoured。Thegrowthoftheplantsraisedfromthecrossedandself—fertilisedseed，werecarefullyobservedfromtheirgerminationtomaturity，inspeciesbelongingtofifty—twogenera;andthedifferenceintheirgrowth，andinwithstandingunfavourableconditions，wasinmostcasesmanifestandstronglymarked。Itisofimportancethatthetwolotsofseedshouldbesownorplantedonoppositesidesofthesamepot，sothattheseedlingsmaystruggleagainsteachother;forifsownseparatelyinampleandgoodsoil，thereisoftenbutlittledifferenceintheirgrowth。
　　Iwillbrieflydescribetwoofthefirstcasesobservedbyme。Sixcrossedandsixself—fertilisedseedsofIpomoeapurpurea，fromplantstreatedinthemannerabovedescribed，wereplantedassoonastheyhadgerminated，inpairsonoppositesidesoftwopots，androdsofequalthicknessweregiventhemtotwineup。Fiveofthecrossedplantsgrewfromthefirstmorequicklythantheopposedself—fertilisedplants;thesixth，however，wasweaklyandwasforatimebeaten，butatlastitssounderconstitutionprevailedanditshotaheadofitsantagonist。Assoonaseachcrossedplantreachedthetopofitsseven—
　　footroditsfellowwasmeasured，andtheresultwasthat，whenthecrossedplantsweresevenfeethightheself—fertilisedhadattainedtheaverageheightofonlyfivefeetfourandahalfinches。Thecrossedplantsfloweredalittlebefore，andmoreprofuselythantheself—fertilisedplants。OnoppositesidesofanotherSMALLpotalargenumberofcrossedandself—fertilisedseedsweresown，sothattheyhadtostruggleforbareexistence;asinglerodwasgiventoeachlot:hereagainthecrossedplantsshowedfromthefirsttheiradvantage;theyneverquitereachedthesummitoftheseven—footrod，butrelativelytotheself—fertilisedplantstheiraverageheightwasassevenfeettofivefeettwoinches。Theexperimentwasrepeatedduringseveralsucceedinggenerations，treatedinexactlythesamemanner，andwithnearlythesameresult。Inthesecondgeneration，thecrossedplants，whichwereagaincrossed，produced121seed—capsules，whilsttheself—fertilised，againself—fertilised，producedonly84capsules。
　　SomeflowersoftheMimulusluteuswerefertilisedwiththeirownpollen，andotherswerecrossedwithpollenfromdistinctplantsgrowinginthesamepot。
　　Theseedswerethicklysownonoppositesidesofapot。Theseedlingswereatfirstequalinheight;butwhentheyoungcrossedplantswerehalfaninch，theself—fertilisedplantswereonlyaquarterofaninchhigh。Butthisdegreeofinequalitydidnotlast，for，whenthecrossedplantswerefourandahalfincheshigh，theself—fertilisedwerethreeinches，andtheyretainedthesamerelativedifferencetilltheirgrowthwascomplete。Thecrossedplantslookedfarmorevigorousthantheuncrossed，andfloweredbeforethem;
　　theyproducedalsoafargreaternumberofcapsules。Asintheformercase，theexperimentwasrepeatedduringseveralsucceedinggenerations。HadInotwatchedtheseplantsofMimulusandIpomoeaduringtheirwholegrowth，Icouldnothavebelieveditpossible，thatadifferenceapparentlysoslightasthatofthepollenbeingtakenfromthesameflower，orfromadistinctplantgrowinginthesamepot，couldhavemadesowonderfuladifferenceinthegrowthandvigouroftheplantsthusproduced。This，underaphysiologicalpointofview，isamostremarkablephenomenon。
　　Withrespecttothebenefitderivedfromcrossingdistinctvarieties，plentyofevidencehasbeenpublished。Sageret（17/49。’MemoiresurlesCucurbitacees’pages36，28，30。）repeatedlyspeaksinstrongtermsofthevigourofmelonsraisedbycrossingdifferentvarieties，andaddsthattheyaremoreeasilyfertilisedthancommonmelons，andproducenumerousgoodseed。
　　HerefollowstheevidenceofanEnglishgardener（17/50。Loudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume81832page52。）:"Ihavethissummermetwithbettersuccessinmycultivationofmelons，inanunprotectedstate，fromtheseedsofhybrids（i。e。mongrels）obtainedbycrossimpregnation，thanwitholdvarieties。Theoffspringofthreedifferenthybridisations（onemoreespecially，ofwhichtheparentswerethetwomostdissimilarvarietiesIcouldselect）eachyieldedmoreampleandfinerproducethananyoneofbetweentwentyandthirtyestablishedvarieties。"
　　AndrewKnight（17/51。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume1page25。）believedthathisseedlingsfromcrossedvarietiesoftheappleexhibitedincreasedvigourandluxuriance;andM。Chevreul（17/52。’Annal。desSc。Nat。’3rdseries，Bot。
　　tome6page189。）alludestotheextremevigourofsomeofthecrossedfruit—
　　treesraisedbySageret。
　　Bycrossingreciprocallythetallestandshortestpeas，Knight（17/53。
　　’PhilosophicalTransactions’1799page200。）says:"Ihadinthisexperimentastrikinginstanceofthestimulativeeffectsofcrossingthebreeds;forthesmallestvariety，whoseheightrarelyexceededtwofeet，wasincreasedtosixfeet:whilsttheheightofthelargeandluxuriantkindwasverylittlediminished。"Mr。Laxtongavemeseed—peasproducedfromcrossesbetweenfourdistinctkinds;andtheplantsthusraisedwereextraordinarilyvigorous，beingineachcasefromonetotwoorthreefeettallerthantheparent—formsgrowingclosealongsidethem。
　　Wiegmann（17/54。’UeberdieBastarderzeugung’1828s。32，33。ForMr。
　　Chaundy’scaseseeLoudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume71831page696。）mademanycrossesbetweenseveralvarietiesofcabbage;andhespeakswithastonishmentofthevigourandheightofthemongrels，whichexcitedtheamazementofallthegardenerswhobeheldthem。Mr。Chaundyraisedagreatnumberofmongrelsbyplantingtogethersixdistinctvarietiesofcabbage。
　　Thesemongrelsdisplayedaninfinitediversityofcharacter;"Butthemostremarkablecircumstancewas，that，whilealltheothercabbagesandborecolesinthenurseryweredestroyedbyaseverewinter，thesehybridswerelittleinjured，andsuppliedthekitchenwhentherewasnoothercabbagetobehad。"
　　Mr。MaundexhibitedbeforetheRoyalAgriculturalSociety（17/55。’Gardener’sChronicle’1846page601。）specimensofcrossedwheat，togetherwiththeirparentvarieties;andtheeditorstatesthattheywereintermediateincharacter，"unitedwiththatgreatervigourofgrowth，whichitappears，inthevegetableasintheanimalworld，istheresultofafirstcross。"Knightalsocrossedseveralvarietiesofwheat（17/56。’Philosoph。Transact。’1799
　　page201。），andhesays"thatintheyears1795and1796，whenalmostthewholecropofcornintheislandwasblighted，thevarietiesthusobtained，andtheseonly，escapedinthisneighbourhood，thoughsowninseveraldifferentsoilsandsituations。"
　　Hereisaremarkablecase:M。Clotzsch（17/57。Quotedin’Bull。Bot。Soc。
　　France’volume21855page327。）crossedPinussylvestrisandnigricans，Quercusroburandpedunculata，Alnusglutinosaandincana，Ulmuscampestrisandeffusa;andthecross—fertilisedseeds，aswellasseedsofthepureparent—trees，wereallsownatthesametimeandinthesameplace。Theresultwas，thatafteranintervalofeightyears，thehybridswereone—thirdtallerthanthepuretrees！
　　Thefactsabovegivenrefertoundoubtedvarieties，exceptingthetreescrossedbyClotzsch，whicharerankedbyvariousbotanistsasstrongly—markedraces，sub—species，orspecies。Thattruehybridsraisedfromentirelydistinctspecies，thoughtheyloseinfertility，oftengaininsizeandconstitutionalvigour，iscertain。Itwouldbesuperfluoustoquoteanyfacts;
　　forallexperimenters，Kolreuter，Gartner，Herbert，Sageret，Lecoq，andNaudin，havebeenstruckwiththewonderfulvigour，height，size，tenacityoflife，precocity，andhardinessoftheirhybridproductions。Gartner（17/58。
　　Gartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。259，518，526etseq。）sumsuphisconvictiononthisheadinthestrongestterms。Kolreuter（17/59。’Fortsetzung’1763s。29;
　　’DritteFortsetzung’s。44，96;’Act。Acad。St。Petersburg’1782part2page251;’NovaActa’1793pages391，394;’NovaActa’1795pages316，323。）givesnumerousprecisemeasurementsoftheweightandheightofhishybridsinhiscomparisonwithmeasurementsofbothparent—forms;andspeakswithastonishmentoftheir"staturaportentosa，"their"ambitusvastissimusacaltitudovaldeconspicua。"Someexceptionstotheruleinthecaseofverysterilehybridshave，however，beennoticedbyGartnerandHerbert;butthemoststrikingexceptionsaregivenbyMaxWichura（17/60。’DieBastardbefruchtung’etc。1865s。31，41，42。）whofoundthathybridwillowsweregenerallytenderinconstitution，dwarf，andshort—lived。
　　Kolreuterexplainsthevastincreaseinthesizeoftheroots，stems，etc。，ofhishybrids，astheresultofasortofcompensationduetotheirsterility，inthesamewayasmanyemasculatedanimalsarelargerthantheperfectmales。
　　Thisviewseemsatfirstsightextremelyprobable，andhasbeenacceptedbyvariousauthors（17/61。MaxWichurafullyacceptsthisview（’Bastardbefruchtung’s。43），asdoestheRev。M。J。Berkeleyin’JournalofHort。Soc。’January1866page70。）;butGartner（17/62。’Bastarderzeugung’s。
　　394，526，528。）haswellremarkedthatthereismuchdifficultyinfullyadmittingit;forwithmanyhybridsthereisnoparallelismbetweenthedegreeoftheirsterilityandtheirincreasedsizeandvigour。Themoststrikinginstancesofluxuriantgrowthhavebeenobservedwithhybridswhichwerenotsterileinanyextremedegree。InthegenusMirabilis，certainhybridsareunusuallyfertile，andtheirextraordinaryluxurianceofgrowth，togetherwiththeirenormousroots（17/63。Kolreuter’NovaActa’1795page316。）havebeentransmittedtotheirprogeny。Theresultinallcasesisprobablyinpartduetothesavingofnutrimentandvitalforcethroughthesexualorgansactingimperfectlyornotatall，butmoreespeciallytothegenerallawofgoodbeingderivedfromacross。Foritdeservesespecialattentionthatmongrelanimalsandplants，whicharesofarfrombeingsterilethattheirfertilityisoftenactuallyaugmented，have，aspreviouslyshown，theirsize，hardiness，andconstitutionalvigourgenerallyincreased。Itisnotalittleremarkablethatanaccessionofvigourandsizeshouldthusariseundertheoppositecontingenciesofincreasedanddiminishedfertility。
　　Itisaperfectlywellascertainedfact（17/64。Gartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。
　　430。）thathybridsinvariablybreedwitheitherpureparent，andnotrarelywithadistinctspecies，morereadilythanwithoneanother。Herbertisinclinedtoexplaineventhisfactbytheadvantagederivedfromacross;butGartnermorejustlyaccountsforitbythepollenofthehybrid，andprobablyitsovules，beinginsomedegreevitiated，whereasthepollenandovulesofbothpureparentsandofanythirdspeciesaresound。Nevertheless，therearesomewell—ascertainedandremarkablefacts，which，asweshallpresentlysee，showthatacrossbyitselfundoubtedlytendstoincreaseorre—establishthefertilityofhybrids。
　　Thesamelaw，namely，thatthecrossedoffspringbothofvarietiesandspeciesarelargerthantheparent—forms，holdsgoodinthemoststrikingmannerwithhybridanimalsaswellaswithmongrels。Mr。Bartlett，whohashadsuchlargeexperiencesays，"Amongallhybridsofvertebratedanimalsthereisamarkedincreaseofsize。"Hethenenumeratesmanycaseswithmammals，includingmonkeys，andwithvariousfamiliesofbirds。（17/65。QuotedbyDr。Muriein’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’1870page40。）]
　　ONCERTAINHERMAPHRODITEPLANTSWHICH，EITHERNORMALLYORABNORMALLY，REQUIRE
　　TOBEFERTILISEDBYPOLLENFROMADISTINCTINDIVIDUALORSPECIES。
　　Thefactsnowtobegivendifferfromtheforegoing，asself—sterilityisnotheretheresultoflong—continuedcloseinterbreeding。Thesefactsare，however，connectedwithourpresentsubject，becauseacrosswithadistinctindividualisshowntobeeithernecessaryoradvantageous。Dimorphicandtrimorphicplants，thoughtheyarehermaphrodites，mustbereciprocallycrossed，onesetofformsbytheother，inordertobefullyfertile，andinsomecasestobefertileinanydegree。ButIshouldnothavenoticedtheseplants，haditnotbeenforthefollowingcasesgivenbyDr。Hildebrand（17/66。’BotanischeZeitung’January1864s。3。）:——
　　[Primulasinensisisareciprocallydimorphicspecies:Dr。Hildebrandfertilisedtwenty—eightflowersofbothforms，eachbypollenoftheotherform，andobtainedthefullnumberofcapsulescontainingonanaverage42。7
　　seedpercapsule;herewehavecompleteandnormalfertility。Hethenfertilisedforty—twoflowersofbothformswithpollenofthesameform，buttakenfromadistinctplant，andallproducedcapsulescontainingonanaverageonly19。6seed。Lastly，andherewecometoourmoreimmediatepoint，hefertilisedforty—eightflowersofbothformswithpollenofthesameformandtakenfromthesameflower，andnowheobtainedonlythirty—twocapsules，andthesecontainedonanaverage18。6seed，oronelesspercapsulethanintheformercase。Sothat，withtheseillegitimateunions，theactofimpregnationislessassured，andthefertilityslightlyless，whenthepollenandovulesbelongtothesameflower，thanwhenbelongingtotwodistinctindividualsofthesameform。Dr。Hildebrandhasrecentlymadeanalogousexperimentsonthelong—styledformofOxalisrosea，withthesameresult。
　　（17/67。’MonatsberichtAkad。Wissen。’Berlin1866s。372。）]
　　Ithasrecentlybeendiscoveredthatcertainplants，whilstgrowingintheirnativecountryundernaturalconditions，cannotbefertilisedwithpollenfromthesameplant。Theyaresometimessoutterlyself—impotent，that，thoughtheycanreadilybefertilisedbythepollenofadistinctspeciesorevendistinctgenus，yet，wonderfulasisthefact，theyneverproduceasingleseedbytheirownpollen。Insomecases，moreover，theplant’sownpollenandstigmamutuallyactoneachotherinadeleteriousmanner。Mostofthefactstobegivenrelatetoorchids，butIwillcommencewithaplantbelongingtoawidelydifferentfamily。
　　[Sixty—threeflowersofCorydaliscava，borneondistinctplants，werefertilisedbyDr。Hildebrand（17/68。InternationalHort。Congress，London1866。）withpollenfromotherplantsofthesamespecies;andfifty—eightcapsuleswereobtained，includingonanaverage4。5seedineach。Hethenfertilisedsixteenflowersproducedbythesameraceme，onewithanother，butobtainedonlythreecapsules，oneofwhichalonecontainedanygoodseeds，namely，twoinnumber。Lastly，hefertilisedtwenty—sevenflowers，eachwithitsownpollen;heleftalsofifty—sevenflowerstobespontaneouslyfertilised，andthiswouldcertainlyhaveensuedifithadbeenpossible，fortheanthersnotonlytouchthestigma，butthepollen—tubeswereseenbyDr。
　　Hildebrandtopenetrateit;neverthelesstheseeighty—fourflowersdidnotproduceasingleseed—capsule！Thiswholecaseishighlyinstructive，asitshowshowwidelydifferenttheactionofthesamepollenis，accordingasitisplacedonthestigmaofthesameflower，oronthatofanotherfloweronthesameraceme，oronthatofadistinctplant。
　　WithexoticOrchidsseveralanalogouscaseshavebeenobserved，chieflybyMr。
　　JohnScott。（17/69。’Proc。Bot。Soc。ofEdinburgh’May1863:theseobservationsaregiveninabstract，andothersareadded，inthe’JournalofProc。ofLinn。Soc。’volume8Bot。1864page162。）Oncidiumsphacelatumhaseffectivepollen，forMr。Scottfertilisedtwodistinctspecieswithit;theovulesarelikewisecapableofimpregnation，fortheywerereadilyfertilisedbythepollenofO。divaricatum;nevertheless，betweenoneandtwohundredflowersfertilisedbytheirownpollendidnotproduceasinglecapsule，thoughthestigmaswerepenetratedbythepollen—tubes。Mr。RobertsonMunro，oftheRoyalBotanicGardensofEdinburgh，alsoinformsme（1864）thatahundredandtwentyflowersofthissamespecieswerefertilisedbyhimwiththeirownpollen，anddidnotproduceacapsule，buteightflowers，fertilisedbythepollenofO。divaricatum，producedfourfinecapsules:again，betweentwoandthreehundredflowersofO。divaricatum，fertilisedbytheirownpollen，didnotsetacapsule，buttwelveflowersfertilisedbyO。flexuosumproducedeightfinecapsules:sothatherewehavethreeutterlyself—impotentspecies，withtheirmaleandfemaleorgansperfect，asshownbytheirmutualfertilisation。Inthesecasesfertilisationwaseffectedonlybytheaidofadistinctspecies。But，asweshallpresentlysee，distinctplants，raisedfromseed，ofOncidiumflexuosum，andprobablyoftheotherspecies，wouldhavebeenperfectlycapableoffertilisingeachother，forthisisthenaturalprocess。Again，Mr。ScottfoundthatthepollenofaplantofO。microchilumwaseffective，forwithithefertilisedtwodistinctspecies;hefounditsovulesgood，fortheycouldbefertilisedbythepollenofoneofthesespecies，andbythepollenofadistinctplantofO。microchilum;buttheycouldnotbefertilisedbypollenofthesameplant，thoughthepollen—tubespenetratedthestigma。AnanalogouscasehasbeenrecordedbyM。Riviere（17/70。Prof。Lecoq’DelaFecondation’2ndedition1862page76。）withtwoplantsofO。cavendishianum，whichwerebothself—sterile，butreciprocallyfertilisedeachother。AllthesecasesrefertothegenusOncidium，butMr。
　　ScottfoundthatMaxillariaatro—rubenswas"totallyinsusceptibleoffertilisationwithitsownpollen，"butfertilised，andwasfertilisedby，awidelydistinctspecies，viz。M。squalens。
　　Astheseorchidshadbeengrownunderunnaturalconditionsinhot—houses，I
　　concludedthattheirself—sterilitywasduetothiscause。ButFritzMullerinformsmethatatDesterro，inBrazil，hefertilisedaboveonehundredflowersoftheabove—mentionedOncidiumflexuosum，whichisthereendemic，withitsownpollen，andwiththattakenfromdistinctplants:alltheformerweresterile，whilstthosefertilisedbypollenfromanyOTHERPLANTofthesamespecieswerefertile。Duringthefirstthreedaystherewasnodifferenceintheactionofthetwokindsofpollen:thatplacedonstigmaofthesameplantseparatedintheusualmannerintograins，andemittedtubeswhichpenetratedthecolumn，andthestigmaticchambershutitself;butonlythoseflowerswhichhadbeenfertilisedbypollentakenfromadistinctplantproducedseed—capsules。Onasubsequentoccasiontheseexperimentswererepeatedonalargescalewiththesameresult。FritzMullerfoundthatfourotherendemicspeciesofOncidiumwereinlikemannerutterlysterilewiththeirownpollen，butfertilewiththatfromanyotherplant:someofthemlikewiseproducedseed—capsuleswhenimpregnatedwithpollenofwidelydistinctgenera，suchasCyrtopodium，andRodriguezia。Oncidiumcrispum，however，differsfromtheforegoingspeciesinvaryingmuchinitsself—
　　sterility;someplantsproducingfinepodswiththeirownpollen，othersfailingtodosointwoorthreeinstances，FritzMullerobservedthatthepodsproducedbypollentakenfromadistinctfloweronthesameplant，werelargerthanthoseproducedbytheflower’sownpollen。InEpidendrumcinnabarinum，anorchidbelongingtoanotherdivisionofthefamily，finepodswereproducedbytheplant’sownpollen，buttheycontainedbyweightonlyabouthalfasmuchseedasthecapsuleswhichhadbeenfertilisedbypollenfromadistinctplant，andinoneinstancefromadistinctspecies;moreover，averylargeproportion，andinsomecasesnearlyalltheseedsproducedbytheplant’sownpollen，weredestituteofanembryo。Someself—fertilisedcapsulesofaMaxillariawereinasimilarstate。
　　AnotherobservationmadebyFritzMullerishighlyremarkable，namely，thatwithvariousorchidstheplant’sownpollennotonlyfailstoimpregnatetheflower，butactsonthestigma，andisactedon，inaninjuriousorpoisonousmanner。Thisisshownbythesurfaceofthestigmaincontactwiththepollen，andbythepollenitselfbecominginfromthreetofivedaysdarkbrown，andthendecaying。Thediscolorationanddecayarenotcausedbyparasiticcryptograms，whichwereobservedbyFritzMullerinonlyasingleinstance。
　　Thesechangesarewellshownbyplacingonthesamestigma，atthesametime，theplant’sownpollenandthatfromadistinctplantofthesamespecies，orofanotherspecies，orevenofanotherandwidelyremotegenus。Thus，onthestigmaofOncidiumflexuosum，theplant’sownpollenandthatfromadistinctplantwereplacedsidebyside，andinfivedays’timethelatterwasperfectlyfresh，whilsttheplant’sownpollenwasbrown。Ontheotherhand，whenthepollenofadistinctplantoftheOncidiumflexuosumandoftheEpidendrumzebra（nov。spec。？）wereplacedtogetheronthesamestigma，theybehavedinexactlythesamemanner，thegrainsseparating，emittingtubes，andpenetratingthestigma，sothatthetwopollen—masses，afteranintervalofelevendays，couldnotbedistinguishedexceptbythedifferenceoftheircaudicles，which，ofcourse，undergonochange。FritzMullerhas，moreover，madealargenumberofcrossesbetweenorchidsbelongingtodistinctspeciesandgenera，andhefindsthatinallcaseswhentheflowersarenotfertilisedtheirfootstalksfirstbegintowither;andthewitheringslowlyspreadsupwardsuntilthegermensfalloff，afteranintervalofoneortwoweeks，andinoneinstanceofbetweensixandsevenweeks;buteveninthislattercase，andinmostothercases，thepollenandstigmaremainedinappearancefresh。
　　Occasionally，however，thepollenbecomesbrownish，generallyontheexternalsurface，andnotincontactwiththestigma，asisinvariablythecasewhentheplant’sownpollenisapplied。
　　FritzMullerobservedthepoisonousactionoftheplant’sownpollenintheabove—mentionedOncidiumflexuosum，O。unicorne，pubes（？），andintwootherunnamedspecies。AlsointwospeciesofRodriguezia，intwoofNotylia，inoneofBurlingtonia，andofafourthgenusinthesamegroup。Inallthesecases，exceptthelast，itwasprovedthattheflowerswere，asmighthavebeenexpected，fertilewithpollenfromadistinctplantofthesamespecies。
　　NumerousflowersofonespeciesofNotyliawerefertilisedwithpollenfromthesameraceme;intwodays’timetheyallwithered，thegermensbegantoshrink，thepollen—massesbecamedarkbrown，andnotonepollen—grainemittedatube。Sothatinthisorchidtheinjuriousactionoftheplant’sownpollenismorerapidthanwithOncidiumflexuosum。Eightotherflowersonthesameracemewerefertilisedwithpollenfromadistinctplantofthesamespecies:
　　twooftheseweredissected，andtheirstigmaswerefoundtobepenetratedbynumberlesspollen—tubes;andthegermensoftheothersixflowersbecamewelldeveloped。Onasubsequentoccasionmanyotherflowerswerefertilisedwiththeirownpollen，andallfelloffdeadinafewdays;whilstsomeflowersonthesameracemewhichhadbeenleftsimplyunfertilisedadheredandlongremainedfresh。Wehaveseenthatincross—unionsbetweenextremelydistinctorchidsthepollenlongremainsundecayed;butNotyliabehavedinthisrespectdifferently;forwhenitspollenwasplacedonthestigmaofOncidiumflexuosum，boththestigmaandpollenquicklybecamedarkbrown，inthesamemannerasiftheplant’sownpollenhadbeenapplied。
　　FritzMullersuggeststhat，asinallthesecasestheplant’sownpollenisnotonlyimpotent（thuseffectuallypreventingself—fertilisation），butlikewiseprevents，aswasascertainedinthecaseoftheNotyliaandOncidiumflexuosum，theactionofsubsequentlyappliedpollenfromadistinctindividual，itwouldbeanadvantagetotheplanttohaveitsownpollenrenderedmoreandmoredeleterious;forthegermenswouldthusquicklybekilled，anddroppingoff，therewouldbenofurtherwasteinnourishingapartwhichultimatelycouldbeofnoavail。
　　ThesamenaturalistfoundinBrazilthreeplantsofaBignoniagrowingneartogether。Hefertilisedtwenty—ninefloweretsononeofthemwiththeirownpollen，andtheydidnotsetasinglecapsule。Thirtyflowerswerethenfertilisedwithpollenfromadistinctplant，oneofthethree，andtheyyieldedonlytwocapsules。Lastly，fiveflowerswerefertilisedwithpollenfromafourthplantgrowingatadistance，andallfiveproducedcapsules。
　　FritzMullerthinksthatthethreeplantswhichgrewnearoneanotherwereprobablyseedlingsfromthesameparent，andthatfrombeingcloselyrelated，theyactedveryfeeblyononeanother。Thisviewisextremelyprobable，forhehassinceshowninaremarkablepaper（17/71。’JenaischeZeitschriftfurNaturwiss。’b。7page221872andpage4411873。Alargepartofthispaperhasbeentranslatedinthe’AmericanNaturalist’1874page223。），thatinthecaseofsomeBrazilianspeciesofAbutilon，whichareself—sterile，andbetweenwhichheraisedsomecomplexhybrids，thatthese，ifnearrelatives，weremuchlessfertileinterse，thanwhennotcloselyrelated。]
　　Wenowcometocasescloselyanalogouswiththosejustgiven，butdifferentinsofarthatonlycertainindividualsofthespeciesareself—sterile。Thisself—impotencedoesnotdependonthepollenorovulesbeinginanunfitstateforfertilisation，forbothhavebeenfoundeffectiveinunionwithotherplantsofthesameorofadistinctspecies。Thefactofplantshavingacquiredsopeculiaraconstitution，thattheycanbefertilisedmorereadilybythepollenofadistinctspeciesthanbytheirown，isexactlythereverseofwhatoccurswithallordinaryspecies。Forinthelatterthetwosexualelementsofthesameindividualplantareofcoursecapableoffreelyactingoneachother;butaresoconstitutedthattheyaremoreorlessimpotentwhenbroughtintounionwiththesexualelementsofadistinctspecies，andproducemoreorlesssterilehybrids。
　　[GartnerexperimentedontwoplantsofLobeliafulgens，broughtfromseparateplaces，andfound（17/72。’Bastarderzeugung’s。64，357。）thattheirpollenwasgood，forhefertilisedwithitL。cardinalisandsyphilitica;theirovuleswerelikewisegood，fortheywerefertilisedbythepollenofthesesametwospecies;butthesetwoplantsofL。fulgenscouldnotbefertilisedbytheirownpollen，ascangenerallybeeffectedwithperfecteasewiththisspecies。Again，thepollenofaplantofVerbascumnigrumgrowninapotwasfoundbyGartner（17/73。Ibids。357。）capableoffertilisingV。lychnitisandV。austriacum;theovulescouldbefertilisedbythepollenofV。thapsus;buttheflowerscouldnotbefertilisedbytheirownpollen。Kolreuter，also（17/74。’ZweiteFortsetzung’s。10;’DritteForts。’s。40。Mr。Scottlikewisefertilisedfifty—fourflowersofVerbascumphoeniceum，includingtwovarieties，withtheirownpollen，andnotasinglecapsulewasproduced。Manyofthepollen—grainsemittedtheirtubes，butonlyafewofthempenetratedthestigmas;someslighteffecthoweverwasproduced，asmanyoftheovariesbecamesomewhatdeveloped:’JournalAsiaticSoc。Bengal’1867page150。），givesthecaseofthreegardenplantsofVerbascumphoeniceum，whichboreduringtwoyearsmanyflowers;thesehefertilisedsuccessfullywiththepollenofnolessthanfourdistinctspecies，buttheyproducednotaseedwiththeirownapparentlygoodpollen;subsequentlythesesameplants，andothersraisedfromseed，assumedastrangelyfluctuatingcondition，beingtemporarilysterileonthemaleorfemaleside，oronbothsides，andsometimesfertileonbothsides;buttwooftheplantswereperfectlyfertilethroughoutthesummer。
　　WithResedaodorataIhavefoundcertainindividualsquitesterilewiththeirownpollen，andsoitiswiththeindigenousResedalutea。Theself—sterileplantsofbothspecieswereperfectlyfertilewhencrossedwithpollenfromanyotherindividualofthesamespecies。Theseobservationswillhereafterbepublishedinanotherwork，inwhichIshallalsoshowthatseedssenttomebyFritzMullerproducedbyplantsofEschscholtziacalifornicawhichwerequiteself—sterileinBrazil，yieldedinthiscountryplantswhichwereonlyslightlyself—sterile。
　　Itappears（17/75。DuvernoyquotedbyGartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。334）thatcertainflowersoncertainplantsofLiliumcandidumcanbefertilisedmorefreelybypollenfromadistinctindividualthanbytheirown。So，again，withthevarietiesofthepotato。Tinzmann（17/76。’Gardener’sChronicle’1846page183。），whomademanytrialswiththisplant，saysthatpollenfromanothervarietysometimes"exertsapowerfulinfluence，andIhavefoundsortsofpotatoeswhichwouldnotbearseedfromimpregnationwiththepollenoftheirownflowerswouldbearitwhenimpregnatedwithotherpollen。"Itdoesnot，however，appeartohavebeenprovedthatthepollenwhichfailedtoactontheflower’sownstigmawasinitselfgood。
　　InthegenusPassifloraithaslongbeenknownthatseveralspeciesdonotproducefruit，unlessfertilisedbypollentakenfromdistinctspecies:thus，Mr。Mowbray（17/77。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume71830page95。）foundthathecouldnotgetfruitfromP。alataandracemosaexceptbyreciprocallyfertilisingthemwitheachother’spollen;andsimilarfactshavebeenobservedinGermanyandFrance。（17/78。Prof。Lecoq’DelaFecondation’1845
　　page70;Gartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。64。）IhavereceivedtwoaccountsofP。
　　quadrangularisneverproducingfruitfromitsownpollen，butdoingsofreelywhenfertilisedinonecasewiththepollenofP。coerulea，andinanothercasewiththatofP。edulis。Butinthreeothercasesthisspeciesfruitedfreelywhenfertilisedwithitsownpollen;andthewriterinonecaseattributedthefavourableresulttothetemperatureofthehousehavingbeenraisedfrom5degto10degFahr。abovetheformertemperature，aftertheflowerswerefertilised。（17/79。’Gardener’sChronicle’1868page1341。）WithrespecttoP。laurifolia，acultivatorofmuchexperiencehasrecentlyremarked（17/80。’Gardener’sChronicle’1866page1068。）thattheflowers"mustbefertilisedwiththepollenofP。coerulea，orofsomeothercommonkind，astheirownpollenwillnotfertilisethem。"ButthefullestdetailsonthissubjecthavebeengivenbyMessrs。ScottandRobertsonMunro（17/81。
　　’JournalofProc。ofLinn。Soc。’volume81864page1168。Mr。RobertsonMunroin’Trans。Bot。Soc。’ofEdinburghvolume9page399。）:plantsofPassifloraracemosa，coerulea，andalatafloweredprofuselyduringmanyyearsintheBotanicGardensofEdinburgh，and，thoughrepeatedlyfertilisedwiththeirownpollen，neverproducedanyseed;yetthisoccurredatoncewithallthreespecieswhentheywerecrossedtogetherinvariousways。InthecaseofP。
　　coeruleathreeplants，twoofwhichgrewintheBotanicGardens，wereallrenderedfertile，merelybyimpregnatingeachwithpollenofoneoftheothers。ThesameresultwasattainedinthesamemannerwithP。alata，butwithonlyoneplantoutofthree。Assomanyself—sterilespeciesofPassiflorahavebeenmentioned，itshouldbestatedthattheflowersoftheannualP。gracilisarenearlyasfertilewiththeirownpollenaswiththatfromadistinctplant;thussixteenflowersspontaneouslyself—fertilisedproducedfruit，eachcontainingonanaverage21。3seed，whilstfruitfromfourteencrossedflowerscontained24。1seed。
　　ReturningtoP。alata，Ihavereceived（1866）someinterestingdetailsfromMr。RobertsonMunro。Threeplants，includingoneinEngland，havealreadybeenmentionedwhichwereinveteratelyself—sterile，andMr。Munroinformsmeofseveralotherswhich，afterrepeatedtrialsduringmanyyears，havebeenfoundinthesamepredicament。Atsomeotherplaces，however，thisspeciesfruitsreadilywhenfertilisedwithitsownpollen。AtTaymouthCastlethereisaplantwhichwasformerlygraftedbyMr。Donaldsononadistinctspecies，nameunknown，andeversincetheoperationithasproducedfruitinabundancebyitsownpollen;sothatthissmallandunnaturalchangeinthestateofthisplanthasrestoreditsself—fertility！SomeoftheseedlingsfromtheTaymouthCastleplantwerefoundtobenotonlysterilewiththeirownpollen，butwitheachother’spollen，andwiththepollenofdistinctspecies。PollenfromtheTaymouthplantfailedtofertilisecertainplantsofthesamespecies，butwassuccessfulononeplantintheEdinburghBotanicGardens。Seedlingswereraisedfromthislatterunion，andsomeoftheirflowerswerefertilisedbyMr。Munrowiththeirownpollen;buttheywerefoundtobeasself—impotentasthemother—planthadalwaysproved，exceptwhenfertilisedbythegraftedTaymouthplant，andexcept，asweshallsee，whenfertilisedbyherownseedlings。ForMr。Munrofertilisedeighteenflowersontheself—impotentmother—plantwithpollenfromtheseherownself—impotentseedlings，andobtained，remarkableasthefactis，eighteenfinecapsulesfullofexcellentseed！IhavemetwithnocaseinregardtoplantswhichshowssowellasthisofP。alata，onwhatsmallandmysteriouscausescompletefertilityorcompletesterilitydepends。]
　　Thefactshithertogivenrelatetothemuch—lessenedorcompletelydestroyedfertilityofpurespecieswhenimpregnatedwiththeirownpollen，incomparisonwiththeirfertilitywhenimpregnatedbydistinctindividualsordistinctspecies;butcloselyanalogousfactshavebeenobservedwithhybrids。
　　[Herbertstates（17/82。’Amaryllidaceae’1837page371;’JournalofHort。
　　Soc。’volume21847page19。）thathavinginfloweratthesametimeninehybridHippeastrums，ofcomplicatedorigin，descendedfromseveralspecies，hefoundthat"almosteveryflowertouchedwithpollenfromanothercrossproducedseedabundantly，andthosewhichweretouchedwiththeirownpolleneitherfailedentirely，orformedslowlyapodofinferiorsize，withfewerseeds。"Inthe’HorticulturalJournal’headdsthat"theadmissionofthepollenofanothercross—bredHippeastrum（howevercomplicatedthecross）toanyoneflowerofthenumber，isalmostsuretocheckthefructificationoftheothers。"Inaletterwrittentomein1839，Dr。Herbertsaysthathehadalreadytriedtheseexperimentsduringfiveconsecutiveyears，andhesubsequentlyrepeatedthem，withthesameinvariableresult。Hewasthusledtomakeananalogoustrialonapurespecies，namely，ontheHippeastrumaulicum，whichhehadlatelyimportedfromBrazil:thisbulbproducedfourflowers，threeofwhichwerefertilisedbytheirownpollen，andthefourthbythepollenofatriplecrossbetweenH。bulbulosum，reginae，andvittatum;theresultwas，that"theovariesofthethreefirstflowerssoonceasedtogrow，andafterafewdaysperishedentirely:whereasthepodimpregnatedbythehybridmadevigorousandrapidprogresstomaturity，andboregoodseed，whichvegetatedfreely。"Thisis，indeed，asHerbertremarks，"astrangetruth，"butnotsostrangeasitthenappeared。
　　Asaconfirmationofthesestatements，ImayaddthatMr。M。Mayes（17/83。
　　Loudon’s’Gardener’sMagazine’volume111835page260。）aftermuchexperienceincrossingthespeciesofAmaryllis（Hippeastrum），says，"neitherthespeciesnorthehybridswill，wearewellaware，produceseedsoabundantlyfromtheirownpollenasfromthatofothers。"So，again，Mr。Bidwell，inNewSouthWales（17/84。’Gardener’sChronicle’1850page470。）assertsthatAmaryllisbelladonnabearsmanymoreseedswhenfertilisedbythepollenofBrunswigia（Amaryllisofsomeauthors）josephinaeorofB。multiflora，thanwhenfertilisedbyitsownpollen。Mr。BeatondustedfourflowersofaCyrtanthuswiththeirownpollen，andfourwiththepollenofVallota（Amaryllis）
　　purpurea;ontheseventhday"thosewhichreceivedtheirownpollenslackenedtheirgrowth，andultimatelyperished;thosewhichwerecrossedwiththeVallotaheldon。"（17/85。’JournalHort。Soc。’volume5page135。TheseedlingsthusraisedweregiventotheHort。Soc。;butIfind，oninquiry，thattheyunfortunatelydiedthefollowingwinter。）Theselattercases，however，relatetouncrossedspecies，likethosebeforegivenwithrespecttoPassiflora，Orchids，etc。，andareherereferredtoonlybecausetheplantsbelongtothesamegroupofAmaryllidaceae。