Indomitablepatience，thefinestpowersofdiscrimination，andsoundjudgmentmustbeexercisedduringmanyyears。Aclearlypredeterminedobjectmustbekeptsteadilyinview。Fewmenareendowedwithallthesequalities，especiallywiththatofdiscriminatingveryslightdifferences;judgmentcanbeacquiredonlybylongexperience;butifanyofthesequalitiesbewanting，thelabourofalifemaybethrownaway。Ihavebeenastonishedwhencelebratedbreeders，whoseskillandjudgmenthavebeenprovedbytheirsuccessatexhibitions，haveshownmetheiranimals，whichappearedallalike，andhaveassignedtheirreasonsformatchingthisandthatindividual。TheimportanceofthegreatprincipleofSelectionmainlyliesinthispowerofselectingscarcelyappreciabledifferences，whichneverthelessarefoundtobetransmissible，andwhichcanbeaccumulateduntiltheresultismademanifesttotheeyesofeverybeholder。
Theprincipleofselectionmaybeconvenientlydividedintothreekinds。
METHODICALSELECTIONisthatwhichguidesamanwhosystematicallyendeavourstomodifyabreedaccordingtosomepredeterminedstandard。UNCONSCIOUS
SELECTIONisthatwhichfollowsfrommennaturallypreservingthemostvaluedanddestroyingthelessvaluedindividuals，withoutanythoughtofalteringthebreed;andundoubtedlythisprocessslowlyworksgreatchanges。
Unconsciousselectiongraduatesintomethodical，andonlyextremecasescanbedistinctlyseparated;forhewhopreservesausefulorperfectanimalwillgenerallybreedfromitwiththehopeofgettingoffspringofthesamecharacter;butaslongashehasnotapredeterminedpurposetoimprovethebreed，hemaybesaidtobeselectingunconsciously。（20/1。Theterm"unconsciousselection"hasbeenobjectedtoasacontradiction;butseesomeexcellentobservationsonthisheadbyProf。Huxley（’Nat。Hist。Review’
October1864page578）whoremarksthatwhenthewindheapsupsand—dunesitsiftsandUNCONSCIOUSLYSELECTSfromthegravelonthebeachgrainsofsandofequalsize。）Lastly，wehaveNATURALSELECTION，whichimpliesthattheindividualswhicharebestfittedforthecomplex，andinthecourseofageschangingconditionstowhichtheyareexposed，generallysurviveandprocreatetheirkind。Withdomesticproductions，naturalselectioncomestoacertainextentintoaction，independentlyof，andeveninoppositionto，thewillofman。
METHODICALSELECTION。
WhatmanhaseffectedwithinrecenttimesinEnglandbymethodicalselectionisclearlyshownbyourexhibitionsofimprovedquadrupedsandfancybirds。
Withrespecttocattle，sheep，andpigs，weowetheirgreatimprovementtoalongseriesofwell—knownnames——Bakewell，Coiling，Ellman，Bates，JonasWebb，LordsLeicesterandWestern，FisherHobbs，andothers。Agriculturalwritersareunanimousonthepowerofselection:anynumberofstatementstothiseffectcouldbequoted;afewwillsuffice。Youatt，asagaciousandexperiencedobserver，writes（20/2。’OnSheep’1838page60。）theprincipleofselectionis"thatwhichenablestheagriculturist，notonlytomodifythecharacterofhisflock，buttochangeitaltogether。"AgreatbreederofShorthorns（20/3。Mr。J。WrightonShorthornCattlein’JournalofRoyalAgricult。Soc。’volume7pages208，209。）says，"IntheanatomyoftheshouldermodernbreedershavemadegreatimprovementontheKettonshorthornsbycorrectingthedefectintheknuckleorshoulder—joint，andbylayingthetopoftheshouldermoresnuglyinthecrop，andtherebyfillingupthehollowbehindit……Theeyehasitsfashionatdifferentperiods:atonetimetheeyehighandoutstandingfromthehead，andatanothertimethesleepyeyesunkintothehead;buttheseextremeshavemergedintothemediumofafull，clearandprominenteyewithaplacidlook。"
Again，hearwhatanexcellentjudgeofpigs（20/4。H。D。Richardson’OnPigs’
1847page44。）says:"Thelegsshouldbenolongerthanjusttopreventtheanimal’sbellyfromtrailingontheground。Thelegistheleastprofitableportionofthehog，andwethereforerequirenomoreofitthanisabsolutelynecessaryforthesupportoftherest。"Letanyonecomparethewild—boarwithanyimprovedbreed，andhewillseehoweffectuallythelegshavebeenshortened。
Fewpersons，exceptbreeders，areawareofthesystematiccaretakeninselectinganimals，andofthenecessityofhavingaclearandalmostpropheticvisionintofuturity。LordSpencer’sskillandjudgmentwerewellknown;andhewrites（20/5。’JournalofRoyalAgricult。Soc。’volume1page24。），"Itisthereforeverydesirable，beforeanymancommencestobreedeithercattleorsheep，thatheshouldmakeuphismindtotheshapeandqualitieshewishestoobtain，andsteadilypursuethisobject。"LordSomerville，inspeakingofthemarvellousimprovementoftheNewLeicestersheep，effectedbyBakewellandhissuccessors，says，"Itwouldseemasiftheyhadfirstdrawnaperfectform，andthengivenitlife。"Youatt（20/6。’OnSheep’pages520，319。）urgesthenecessityofannuallydraftingeachflock，asmanyanimalswillcertainlydegenerate"fromthestandardofexcellencewhichthebreederhasestablishedinhisownmind。"Evenwithabirdofsuchlittleimportanceasthecanary，longago（1780—1790）ruleswereestablished，andastandardofperfectionwasfixedaccordingtowhichtheLondonfancierstriedtobreedtheseveralsub—
varieties。（20/7。Loudon’s’Mag。ofNat。Hist。’volume81835page618。）A
greatwinnerofprizesatthePigeon—shows（20/8。’AtreatiseontheArtofBreedingtheAlmondTumbler’1851page9。），indescribingtheshort—facedAlmondTumbler，says，"Therearemanyfirst—ratefancierswhoareparticularlypartialtowhatiscalledthegoldfinch—beak，whichisverybeautiful;otherssay，takeafull—sizeroundcherrythentakeabarleycorn，andjudiciouslyplacingandthrustingitintothecherry，formasitwereyourbeak;andthatisnotall，foritwillformagoodheadandbeak，provided，asIsaidbefore，itisjudiciouslydone;otherstakeanoat;butasIthinkthegoldfinch—beakthehandsomest，Iwouldadvisetheinexperiencedfanciertogettheheadofagoldfinch，andkeepitbyhimforhisobservation。"Wonderfullydifferentasarethebeaksoftherockpigeonandgoldfinch，theendhasundoubtedlybeennearlygained，asfarasexternalshapeandproportionsareconcerned。
Notonlyshouldouranimalsbeexaminedwiththegreatestcarewhilstalive，but，asAndersonremarks（20/9。’RecreationsinAgriculture’volume2page409。）theircarcasesshouldbescrutinised，"soastobreedfromthedescendantsofsuchonlyas，inthelanguageofthebutcher，cutupwell。"The"grainofthemeat"incattle，anditsbeingwellmarbledwithfat（20/10。
’YouattonCattle’pages191，227。），andthegreaterorlessaccumulationoffatintheabdomenofoursheep，havebeenattendedtowithsuccess。Sowithpoultry，awriter（20/11。Ferguson’PrizePoultry’1854page208。），speakingofCochin—Chinafowls，whicharesaidtodiffermuchinthequalityoftheirflesh，says，"thebestmodeistopurchasetwoyoungbrother—cocks，kill，dress，andserveupone;ifhebeindifferent，similarlydisposeoftheother，andtryagain;if，however，hebefineandwell—flavoured，hisbrotherwillnotbeamissforbreedingpurposesforthetable。"
Thegreatprincipleofthedivisionoflabourhasbeenbroughttobearonselection。Incertaindistricts（20/12。Wilsonin’Transact。HighlandAgricult。Soc。’quotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1844page29。）"thebreedingofbullsisconfinedtoaverylimitednumberofpersons，whobydevotingtheirwholeattentiontothisdepartment，areablefromyeartoyeartofurnishaclassofbullswhicharesteadilyimprovingthegeneralbreedofthedistrict。"Therearingandlettingofchoiceramshaslongbeen，asiswellknown，achiefsourceofprofittoseveraleminentbreeders。InpartsofGermanythisprincipleiscarriedwithmerinosheeptoanextremepoint。
（20/13。Simmondsquotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1855page637。Andforthesecondquotationsee’YouattonSheep’page171。）So"importantistheproperselectionofbreedinganimalsconsidered，thatthebestflock—mastersdonottrusttotheirownjudgmentortothatoftheirshepherds，butemploypersonscalled’sheep—classifiers’whomakeittheirspecialbusinesstoattendtothispartofthemanagementofseveralflocks，andthustopreserve，orifpossibletoimprove，thebestqualitiesofbothparentsinthelambs。"InSaxony，"whenthelambsareweaned，eachinhisturnisplaceduponatablethathiswoolandformmaybeminutelyobserved。Thefinestareselectedforbreedingandreceiveafirstmark。Whentheyareoneyearold，andpriortoshearingthem，anothercloseexaminationofthosepreviouslymarkedtakesplace:thoseinwhichnodefectcanbefoundreceiveasecondmark，andtherestarecondemned。Afewmonthsafterwardsathirdandlastscrutinyismade;
theprimeramsandewesreceiveathirdandfinalmark，buttheslightestblemishissufficienttocausetherejectionoftheanimal。"Thesesheeparebredandvaluedalmostexclusivelyforthefinenessoftheirwool;andtheresultcorrespondswiththelabourbestowedontheirselection。Instrumentshavebeeninventedtomeasureaccuratelythethicknessofthefibres;and"anAustrianfleecehasbeenproducedofwhichtwelvehairsequalledinthicknessonefromaLeicestersheep。"
Throughouttheworld，whereversilkisproduced，thegreatestcareisbestowedonselectingthecocoonsfromwhichthemothsforbreedingaretobereared。A
carefulcultivator（20/14。Robinet’VersaSoie’1848page271。）likewiseexaminesthemothsthemselves，anddestroysthosethatarenotperfect。ButwhatmoreimmediatelyconcernsusisthatcertainfamiliesinFrancedevotethemselvestoraisingeggsforsale。（20/15。Quatrefages’LesMaladiesduVeraSoie’1859page101。）InChina，nearShanghai，theinhabitantsoftwosmalldistrictshavetheprivilegeofraisingeggsforthewholesurroundingcountry，andthattheymaygiveuptheirwholetimetothisbusiness，theyareinterdictedbylawfromproducingsilk。（20/16。M。Simonin’Bull。delaSoc。
d’Acclimat。’tome91862page221。）
Thecarewhichsuccessfulbreederstakeinmatchingtheirbirdsissurprising。
SirJohnSebright，whosefameisperpetuatedbythe"SebrightBantam，"usedtospend"twoandthreedaysinexamining，consulting，anddisputingwithafriendwhichwerethebestoffiveorsixbirds。"（20/17。’ThePoultryChronicle’volume11854page607。）Mr。Bult，whosepouter—pigeonswonsomanyprizes，andwereexportedtoNorthAmericaunderthechargeofamansentonpurpose，toldmethathealwaysdeliberatedforseveraldaysbeforehematchedeachpair。Hencewecanunderstandtheadviceofaneminentfancier，whowrites（20/18。J。M。Eaton’ATreatiseonFancyPigeons’1852page14and’A
TreatiseontheAlmondTumbler’1851page11。）"Iwouldhereparticularlyguardyouagainsthavingtoogreatavarietyofpigeons，otherwiseyouwillknowalittleofall，butnothingaboutoneasitoughttobeknown。"
Apparentlyittranscendsthepowerofthehumanintellecttobreedallkinds:
"itispossiblethattheremaybeafewfanciersthathaveagoodgeneralknowledgeoffancypigeons;buttherearemanymorewholabourunderthedelusionofsupposingtheyknowwhattheydonot。"Theexcellenceofonesub—
variety，theAlmondTumbler，liesintheplumage，carriage，head，beak，andeye;butitistoopresumptuousinthebeginnertotryforallthesepoints。
Thegreatjudgeabovequotedsays，"Therearesomeyoungfancierswhoareover—covetous，whogoforalltheabovefivepropertiesatonce;theyhavetheirrewardbygettingnothing。"Wethusseethatbreedingevenfancypigeonsisnosimpleart:wemaysmileatthesolemnityoftheseprecepts，buthewholaughswillwinnoprizes。
Whatmethodicalselectionhaseffectedforouranimalsissufficientlyproved，asalreadyremarked，byourExhibitions。Sogreatlywerethesheepbelongingtosomeoftheearlierbreeders，suchasBakewellandLordWestern，changed，thatmanypersonscouldnotbepersuadedthattheyhadnotbeencrossed。Ourpigs，asMr。Corringhamremarks（20/19。’JournalRoyalAgriculturalSoc。’
volume6page22。）duringthelasttwentyyearshaveundergone，throughrigorousselectiontogetherwithcrossing，acompletemetamorphosis。ThefirstexhibitionforpoultrywasheldintheZoologicalGardensin1845;andtheimprovementeffectedsincethattimehasbeengreat。AsMr。Bailey，thegreatjudge，remarkedtome，itwasformerlyorderedthatthecomboftheSpanishcockshouldbeupright，andinfourorfiveyearsallgoodbirdshaduprightcombs;itwasorderedthatthePolishcockshouldhavenocomborwattles，andnowabirdthusfurnishedwouldbeatoncedisqualified;beardswereordered，andoutoffifty—sevenpenslately（1860）exhibitedattheCrystalPalace，allhadbeards。Soithasbeeninmanyothercases。Butinallcasesthejudgesorderonlywhatisoccasionallyproducedandwhatcanbeimprovedandrenderedconstantbyselection。Thesteadyincreaseinweightduringthelastfewyearsinourfowls，turkeys，ducks，andgeeseisnotorious;"six—poundducksarenowcommon，whereasfourpoundswasformerlytheaverage。"Asthetimerequiredtomakeachangehasnotoftenbeenrecorded，itmaybeworthmentioningthatittookMr。Wickingthirteenyearstoputacleanwhiteheadonanalmondtumbler’sbody，"atriumph，"saysanotherfancier，"ofwhichhemaybejustlyproud。"（20/20。’PoultryChronicle’volume21855page596。）
Mr。Tollet，ofBetleyHall，selectedcows，andespeciallybulls，descendedfromgoodmilkers，forthesolepurposeofimprovinghiscattlefortheproductionofcheese;hesteadilytestedthemilkwiththelactometer，andineightyearsheincreased，asIwasinformedbyhim，theproductinproportionoffourtothree。Hereisacuriouscase（20/21。Isid。GeoffroySt。—Hilaire’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page254。）ofsteadybutslowprogress，withtheendnotasyetfullyattained:in1784araceofsilkwormswasintroducedintoFrance，inwhichonehundredinthethousandfailedtoproducewhitecocoons;
butnowaftercarefulselectionduringsixty—fivegenerations，theproportionofyellowcocoonshasbeenreducedtothirty—fiveinthethousand。
Withplantsselectionhasbeenfollowedwiththesamegoodresultaswithanimals。Buttheprocessissimpler，forplantsinthegreatmajorityofcasesbearbothsexes。Nevertheless，withmostkindsitisnecessarytotakeasmuchcaretopreventcrossesaswithanimalsorunisexualplants;butwithsomeplants，suchaspeas，thiscareisnotnecessary。Withallimprovedplants，exceptingofcoursethosewhicharepropagatedbybuds，cuttings，etc。，itisalmostindispensabletoexaminetheseedlingsanddestroythosewhichdepartfromthepropertype。Thisiscalled"roguing，"andis，infact，aformofselection，liketherejectionofinferioranimals。Experiencedhorticulturistsandagriculturistsincessantlyurgeeveryonetopreservethefinestplantsfortheproductionofseed。
Althoughplantsoftenpresentmuchmoreconspicuousvariationsthananimals，yettheclosestattentionisgenerallyrequisitetodetecteachslightandfavourablechange。Mr。Mastersrelates（20/22。’Gardener’sChronicle’1850
page198。）how"manyapatienthourwasdevoted，"whilsthewasyoung，tothedetectionofdifferencesinpeasintendedforseed。Mr。Barnet（20/23。
’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume6page152。）remarksthattheoldscarletAmericanstrawberrywascultivatedformorethanacenturywithoutproducingasinglevariety;andanotherwriterobserveshowsingularitwasthatwhengardenersfirstbegantoattendtothisfruititbegantovary;thetruthnodoubtbeingthatithadalwaysvaried，butthat，untilslightvariationswereselectedandpropagatedbyseed，noconspicuousresultwasobtained。Thefinestshadesofdifferenceinwheathavebeendiscriminatedandselectedwithalmostasmuchcareas，inthecaseofthehigheranimals，forinstancebyCol。LeCouteurandmoreespeciallybyMajorHallett。
Itmaybeworthwhiletogiveafewexamplesofmethodicalselectionwithplants;butinfactthegreatimprovementofallourancientlycultivatedplantsmaybeattributedtoselectionlongcarriedon，inpartmethodically，andinpartunconsciously。Ihaveshowninaformerchapterhowtheweightofthegooseberryhasbeenincreasedbysystematicselectionandculture。TheflowersoftheHeartseasehavebeensimilarlyincreasedinsizeandregularityofoutline。WiththeCineraria，Mr。Glenny（20/24。’JournalofHorticulture’
1862page369。）"wasboldenoughwhentheflowerswereraggedandstarryandilldefinedincolour，tofixastandardwhichwasthenconsideredoutrageouslyhighandimpossible，andwhich，evenifreached，itwassaid，weshouldbenogainersby，asitwouldspoilthebeautyoftheflowers。Hemaintainedthathewasright;andtheeventhasprovedittobeso。"Thedoublingofflowershasseveraltimesbeeneffectedbycarefulselection:theRev。W。Williamson（20/25’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume4page381。），aftersowingduringseveralyearsseedofAnemonecoronaria，foundaplantwithoneadditionalpetal;hesowedtheseedofthis，andbyperseveranceinthesamecourseobtainedseveralvarietieswithsixorsevenrowsofpetals。ThesingleScotchrosewasdoubled，andyieldedeightgoodvarietiesinnineortenyears。（20/26。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume4page285。）TheCanterburybell（Campanulamedium）wasdoubledbycarefulselectioninfourgenerations。
（20/27。Rev。W。Bromeheadin’Gardener’sChronicle’1857page550。）InfouryearsMr。Buckman（20/28。’Gardener’sChronicle’1862page721。），bycultureandcarefulselection，convertedparsnips，raisedfromwildseed，intoanewandgoodvariety。Byselectionduringalongcourseofyears，theearlymaturityofpeashasbeenhastenedbybetweentenandtwenty—onedays。（20/29。
Dr。Andersonin’TheBee’volume6page96;Mr。Barnesin’Gardener’sChronicle’1844page476。）Amorecuriouscaseisofferedbythebeetplant，whichsinceitscultivationinFrance，hasalmostexactlydoubleditsyieldofsugar。Thishasbeeneffectedbythemostcarefulselection;thespecificgravityoftherootsbeingregularlytested，andthebestrootssavedfortheproductionofseed。（20/30。Godron’Del’Espece’1859tome2page69;
’Gardener’sChronicle’1854page258。）
SELECTIONBYANCIENTANDSEMI—CIVILISEDPEOPLE。
Inattributingsomuchimportancetotheselectionofanimalsandplants，itmaybeobjected，thatmethodicalselectionwouldnothavebeencarriedonduringancienttimes。Adistinguishednaturalistconsidersitasabsurdtosupposethatsemi—civilisedpeopleshouldhavepractisedselectionofanykind。Undoubtedlytheprinciplehasbeensystematicallyacknowledgedandfollowedtoafargreaterextentwithinthelasthundredyearsthanatanyformerperiod，andacorrespondingresulthasbeengained;butitwouldbeagreatererrortosuppose，asweshallimmediatelysee，thatitsimportancewasnotrecognisedandactedonduringthemostancienttimes，andbysemi—
civilisedpeople。Ishouldpremisethatmanyfactsnowtobegivenonlyshowthatcarewastakeninbreeding;butwhenthisisthecase，selectionisalmostsuretobepractisedtoacertainextent。Weshallhereafterbeenabledbettertojudgehowfarselection，whenonlyoccasionallycarriedon，byafewoftheinhabitantsofacountry，willslowlyproduceagreateffect。
Inawell—knownpassageinthethirtiethchapterofGenesis，rulesaregivenforinfluencing，aswasthenthoughtpossible，thecolourofsheep;andspeckledanddarkbreedsarespokenofasbeingkeptseparate。BythetimeofDavidthefleecewaslikenedtosnow。Youatt（20/31。’OnSheep’page18。），whohasdiscussedallthepassagesinrelationtobreedingintheOldTestament，concludesthatatthisearlyperiod"someofthebestprinciplesofbreedingmusthavebeensteadilyandlongpursued。"Itwasordered，accordingtoMoses，that"Thoushaltnotletthycattlegenderwithadiversekind;"butmuleswerepurchased（20/32。Volz’BeitragezurKulturgeschichte’1852s。47。）sothatatthisearlyperiodothernationsmusthavecrossedthehorseandass。
Itissaid（20/33。Mitford’HistoryofGreece’volume1page73。）thatErichthonius，somegenerationsbeforetheTrojanwar，hadmanybrood—mares，"whichbyhiscareandjudgmentinthechoiceofstallionsproducedabreedofhorsessuperiortoanyinthesurroundingcountries。"Homer（Book5）speaksofAeneas’horsesasbredfrommareswhichwereputtothesteedsofLaomedon。
Plato，inhis’Republic’saystoGlaucus，"Iseethatyouraiseatyourhouseagreatmanydogsforthechase。Doyoutakecareaboutbreedingandpairingthem？Amonganimalsofgoodblood，aretherenotalwayssomewhicharesuperiortotherest？"TowhichGlaucusanswersintheaffirmative。（20/34。
Dr。Dallytranslatedin’AnthropologicalReview’May1864page101。）AlexandertheGreatselectedthefinestIndiancattletosendtoMacedoniatoimprovethebreed。（20/35。Volz’Beitrage’etc。1852s。80。）AccordingtoPliny（20/36
’HistoryoftheWorld’chapter45。），KingPyrrhushadanespeciallyvaluablebreedofoxen:andhedidnotsufferthebullsandcowstocometogethertillfouryearsold，thatthebreedmightnotdegenerate。Virgil，inhisGeorgics（lib。3），givesasstrongadviceasanymodernagriculturistcoulddo，carefullytoselectthebreedingstock;"tonotethetribe，thelineage，andthesire;whomtoreserveforhusbandoftheherd;"——tobrandtheprogeny;——toselectsheepofthepurestwhite，andtoexamineiftheirtonguesareswarthy。
WehaveseenthattheRomanskeptpedigreesoftheirpigeons，andthiswouldhavebeenasenselessproceedinghadnotgreatcarebeentakeninbreedingthem。Columellagivesdetailedinstructionsaboutbreedingfowls:"Letthebreedinghensthereforebeofachoicecolour，arobustbody，square—built，full—breasted，withlargeheads，withuprightandbright—redcombs。Thosearebelievedtobethebestbredwhichhavefivetoes。"（20/37。’Gardener’sChronicle’1848page323。）AccordingtoTacitus，theCeltsattendedtotheracesoftheirdomesticanimals;andCaesarstatesthattheypaidhighpricestomerchantsforfineimportedhorses。（20/38。Reynier’Del’EconomiedesCeltes’1818pages487，503。）Inregardtoplants，Virgilspeaksofyearlycullingthelargestseeds;andCelsussays，"wherethecornandcropisbutsmall，wemustpickoutthebestearsofcorn，andofthemlayupourseedseparatelybyitself。"（20/39。LeCouteuron’Wheat’page15。）
Comingdownthestreamoftime，wemaybebrief。AtaboutthebeginningoftheninthcenturyCharlemagneexpresslyorderedhisofficerstotakegreatcareofhisstallions;andifanyprovedbadorold，toforewarnhimingoodtimebeforetheywereputtothemares。（20/40。Michel’DesHaras’1861page84。）
EveninacountrysolittlecivilisedasIrelandduringtheninthcentury，itwouldappearfromsomeancientverses（20/41。SirW。Wildean’EssayonUnmanufacturedAnimalRemains’etc。1860page11。），describingaransomdemandedbyCormac，thatanimalsfromparticularplaces，orhavingaparticularcharacter，werevalued。Thusitissaid，——
TwopigsofthepigsofMacLir，Aramandewebothroundandred，IbroughtwithmefromAengus。
IbroughtwithmeastallionandamareFromthebeautifulstudofManannan，AbullandawhitecowfromDruimCain。
Athelstan，in930，receivedrunning—horsesasapresentfromGermany;andheprohibitedtheexportationofEnglishhorses。KingJohnimported"onehundredchosenstallionsfromFlanders。"（20/42。Col。HamiltonSmith’Nat。Library’
volume12Horses，pages135，140。）OnJune16th，1305，thePrinceofWaleswrotetotheArchbishopofCanterbury，beggingfortheloanofanychoicestallion，andpromisingitsreturnattheendoftheseason。（20/43。Michel’DesHaras’page90。）TherearenumerousrecordsatancientperiodsinEnglishhistoryoftheimportationofchoiceanimalsofvariouskinds，andoffoolishlawsagainsttheirexportation。InthereignsofHenryVII。andVIII。itwasorderedthatthemagistrates，atMichaelmas，shouldscourtheheathsandcommons，anddestroyallmaresbeneathacertainsize。（20/44。Mr。Baker’HistoryoftheHorse’’Veterinary’volume13page423。）Someofourearlierkingspassedlawsagainsttheslaughteringramsofanygoodbreedbeforetheyweresevenyearsold，sothattheymighthavetimetobreed。InSpainCardinalXimenesissued，in1509，regulationsontheSELECTIONofgoodramsforbreeding。（20/45。M。l’AbbeCarlierin’JournaldePhysique’volume241784
page181;thismemoircontainsmuchinformationontheancientselectionofsheep;andismyauthorityforramsnotbeingkilledyounginEngland。）
TheEmperorAkbarKhanbeforetheyearl600issaidtohave"wonderfullyimproved"hispigeonsbycrossingthebreeds;andthisnecessarilyimpliescarefulselection。AboutthesameperiodtheDutchattendedwiththegreatestcaretothebreedingofthesebirds。Belonin1555saysthatgoodmanagersinFranceexaminedthecolouroftheirgoslingsinordertogetgeeseofawhitecolourandbetterkinds。Markhamin1631tellsthebreeder"toelectthelargestandgoodliestconies，"andentersintominutedetails。Evenwithrespecttoseedsofplantsfortheflower—garden，SirJ。Hanmerwritingabouttheyear1660（20/46。’Gardener’sChronicle’1843page389。）says，in"choosingseed，thebestseedisthemostweighty，andishadfromthelustiestandmostvigorousstems;"andhethengivesrulesaboutleavingonlyafewflowersonplantsforseed;sothatevensuchdetailswereattendedtoinourflower—gardenstwohundredyearsago。Inordertoshowthatselectionhasbeensilentlycarriedoninplaceswhereitwouldnothavebeenexpected，Imayaddthatinthemiddleofthelastcentury，inaremotepartofNorthAmerica，Mr。Cooperimprovedbycarefulselectionallhisvegetables，"sothattheyweregreatlysuperiortothoseofanyotherperson。Whenhisradishes，forinstance，arefitforuse，hetakestenortwelvethathemostapproves，andplantsthematleast100yardsfromothersthatblossomatthesametime。
Inthesamemannerhetreatsallhisotherplants，varyingthecircumstancesaccordingtotheirnature。"（20/47。’CommunicationstoBoardofAgriculture’
quotedinDr。Darwin’Phytologia’1800page451。）
InthegreatworkonChinapublishedinthelastcenturybytheJesuits，andwhichischieflycompiledfromancientChineseencyclopaedias，itissaidthatwithsheep"improvingthebreedconsistsinchoosingwithparticularcarethelambswhicharedestinedforpropagation，innourishingthemwell，andinkeepingtheflocksseparate。"ThesameprincipleswereappliedbytheChinesetovariousplantsandfruit—trees。（20/48。’MemoiresurlesChinois’1786tome11page55;tome5page507。）Animperialedictrecommendsthechoiceofseedofremarkablesize;andselectionwaspractisedevenbyimperialhands，foritissaidthattheYa—mi，orimperialrice，wasnoticedatanancientperiodinafieldbytheEmperorKhang—hi，wassavedandcultivatedinhisgarden，andhassincebecomevaluablefrombeingtheonlykindwhichwillgrownorthoftheGreatWall。（20/49。’Recherchessurl’AgriculturedesChinois’parL。
D’HerveySaint—Denys1850page229。WithrespecttoKhang—hiseeHuc’s’ChineseEmpire’page311。）Evenwithflowers，thetreepaeony（P。moutan）hasbeencultivated，accordingtoChinesetraditions，for1400years;between200
and300varietieshavebeenraised，whicharecherishedliketulipsformerlywerebytheDutch。（20/50。Andersonin’Linn。Transact。’volume12page253。）
Turningnowtosemi—civilisedpeopleandtosavages:itoccurredtome，fromwhatIhadseenofseveralpartsofSouthAmerica，wherefencesdonotexist，andwheretheanimalsareoflittlevalue，thattherewouldbeabsolutelynocareinbreedingorselectingthem;andthistoalargeextentistrue。Roulin（20/51。’Mem。del’Acad。’（diverssavants），tome61835page333。），however，describesinColumbiaanakedraceofcattle，whicharenotallowedtoincrease，onaccountoftheirdelicateconstitution。AccordingtoAzara（20/52。’DesQuadrupedesduParaguay’1801tome2pages333，371。）horsesareoftenborninParaguaywithcurlyhair;but，asthenativesdonotlikethem，theyaredestroyed。Ontheotherhand，Azarastatesthatahornlessbull，bornin1770，waspreservedandpropagateditsrace。IwasinformedoftheexistenceinBandaOrientalofabreedwithreversedhair;andtheextraordinaryniatacattlefirstappearedandhavesincebeenkeptdistinctinLaPlata。Hencecertainconspicuousvariationshavebeenpreserved，andothershavebeenhabituallydestroyed，inthesecountries，whicharesolittlefavourableforcarefulselection。Wehavealsoseenthattheinhabitantssometimesintroducefreshcattleontheirestatestopreventtheevileffectsofcloseinterbreeding。Ontheotherhand，IhaveheardonreliableauthoritythattheGauchosofthePampasnevertakeanypainsinselectingthebestbullsorstallionsforbreeding;andthisprobablyaccountsforthecattleandhorsesbeingremarkablyuniformincharacterthroughouttheimmenserangeoftheArgentinerepublic。
LookingtotheOldWorld，intheSaharaDesert"TheTouaregisascarefulintheselectionofhisbreedingMahari（afineraceofthedromedary）astheArabisinthatofhishorse。Thepedigreesarehandeddown，andmanyadromedarycanboastagenealogyfarlongerthanthedescendantsoftheDarleyArabian。"（20/53。’TheGreatSahara’bytheRev。H。B。Tristram1860page238。）
AccordingtoPallastheMongoliansendeavourtobreedtheYaksorhorse—tailedbuffaloeswithwhitetails，forthesearesoldtotheChinesemandarinsasfly—flappers;andMoorcroft，aboutseventyyearsafterPallas，foundthatwhite—tailedanimalswerestillselectedforbreeding。（20/54。Pallas’Act。
Acad。St。Petersburg’1777page249。MoorcroftandTrebeck’TravelsintheHimalayanProvinces’1841。）
WehaveseeninthechapterontheDogthatsavagesindifferentpartsofNorthAmericaandinGuianacrosstheirdogswithwildCanidae，asdidtheancientGauls，accordingtoPliny。Thiswasdonetogivetheirdogsstrengthandvigour，inthesamewayasthekeepersinlargewarrensnowsometimescrosstheirferrets（asIhavebeeninformedbyMr。Yarrell）withthewildpolecat，"togivethemmoredevil。"AccordingtoVarro，thewildasswasformerlycaughtandcrossedwiththetameanimaltoimprovethebreed，inthesamemannerasatthepresentdaythenativesofJavasometimesdrivetheircattleintotheforeststocrosswiththewildBanteng（Bossondaicus）。
（20/55。QuotedfromRafflesinthe’IndianField’1859page196:forVarroseePallasutsupra。）InNorthernSiberia，amongtheOstyaks，thedogsvaryinmarkingsindifferentdistricts，butineachplacetheyarespottedblackandwhiteinaremarkablyuniformmanner（20/56。Erman’TravelsinSiberia’
Englishtranslationvolume1page453。）;andfromthisfactalonewemayinfercarefulbreeding，moreespeciallyasthedogsofonelocalityarefamedthroughoutthecountryfortheirsuperiority。IhaveheardofcertaintribesofEsquimauxwhotakeprideintheirteamsofdogsbeinguniformlycoloured。
InGuiana，asSirH。Schomburgkinformsme（20/57。Seealso’JournalofR。
Geograph。Soc。’volume13part1page65。），thedogsoftheTurumaIndiansarehighlyvaluedandextensivelybartered:thepriceofagoodoneisthesameasthatgivenforawife:theyarekeptinasortofcage，andtheIndians"takegreatcarewhenthefemaleisinseasontopreventherunitingwithadogofaninferiordescription。"TheIndianstoldSirRobertthat，ifadogprovedbadoruseless，hewasnotkilled，butwaslefttodiefromsheerneglect。
HardlyanynationismorebarbarousthantheFuegians，butIhearfromMr。
Bridges，theCatechisttotheMission，that，"whenthesesavageshavealarge，strong，andactivebitch，theytakecaretoputhertoafinedog，andeventakecaretofeedherwell，thatheryoungmaybestrongandwellfavoured。"
IntheinteriorofAfrica，negroes，whohavenotassociatedwithwhitemen，showgreatanxietytoimprovetheiranimals;they"alwayschoosethelargerandstrongermalesforstock;"theMalakoloweremuchpleasedatLivingstone’spromisetosendthemabull，andsomeBakalolocarriedalivecockallthewayfromLoandaintotheinterior。（20/58。Livingstone’FirstTravels’pages191，439，565;seealso’ExpeditiontotheZambesi’1865page495，forananalogouscaserespectingagoodbreedofgoats。）AtFalabaMr。WinwoodReadenoticedanunusuallyfinehorse，andthenegroKinginformedhimthat"theownerwasnotedforhisskillinbreedinghorses。"Furthersouthonthesamecontinent，AnderssonstatesthathehasknownaDamaragivetwofineoxenforadogwhichstruckhisfancy。TheDamarastakegreatdelightinhavingwholedrovesofcattleofthesamecolour，andtheyprizetheiroxeninproportiontothesizeoftheirhorns。"TheNamaquashaveaperfectmaniaforauniformteam;andalmostallthepeopleofSouthernAfricavaluetheircattlenexttotheirwomen，andtakeaprideinpossessinganimalsthatlookhigh—bred。Theyrarelyornevermakeuseofahandsomeanimalasabeastofburden。"（20/59。
Andersson’TravelsinSouthAfrica’pages232，318，319。）Thepowerofdiscriminationwhichthesesavagespossessiswonderful，andtheycanrecognisetowhichtribeanycattlebelong。Mr。Anderssonfurtherinformsmethatthenativesfrequentlymatchaparticularbullwithaparticularcow。
Themostcuriouscaseofselectionbysemi—civilisedpeople，orindeedbyanypeople，whichIhavefoundrecorded，isthatgivenbyGarcilazodelaVega，adescendantoftheIncas，ashavingbeenpractisedinPerubeforethecountrywassubjugatedbytheSpaniards。（20/60。Dr。Vavasseurin’Bull。deLaSoc。
d’Acclimat。’tome81861page136。）TheIncasannuallyheldgreathunts，whenallthewildanimalsweredrivenfromanimmensecircuittoacentralpoint。
Thebeastsofpreywerefirstdestroyedasinjurious。ThewildGuanacosandVicunasweresheared;theoldmalesandfemaleskilled，andtheotherssetatliberty。Thevariouskindsofdeerwereexamined;theoldmalesandfemaleswerelikewisekilled，"buttheyoungfemales，withacertainnumberofmales，selectedfromthemostbeautifulandstrong，"weregiventheirfreedom。Here，then，wehaveselectionbymanaidingnaturalselection。SothattheIncasfollowedexactlythereversesystemofthatwhichourScottishsportsmanareaccusedoffollowing，namely，ofsteadilykillingthefineststags，thuscausingthewholeracetodegenerate。（20/61。’TheNaturalHistoryofDeeSide’1855page476。）Inregardtothedomesticatedllamasandalpacas，theywereseparatedinthetimeoftheIncasaccordingtocolour:andifbychanceoneinaflockwasbornofthewrongcolour，itwaseventuallyputintoanotherflock。
InthegenusAucheniatherearefourforms，——theGuanacoandVicuna，foundwildandundoubtedlydistinctspecies;theLlamaandAlpaca，knownonlyinadomesticatedcondition。Thesefouranimalsappearsodifferent，thatmostnaturalists，especiallythosewhohavestudiedtheseanimalsintheirnativecountry，maintainthattheyarespecificallydistinct，notwithstandingthatnoonepretendstohaveseenawildllamaoralpaca。Mr。Ledger，however，whohascloselystudiedtheseanimalsbothinPeruandduringtheirexportationtoAustralia，andwhohasmademanyexperimentsontheirpropagation，adducesarguments（20/62。’Bull。delaSoc。d’Acclimat。’tome71860page457。）whichseemtomeconclusive，thatthellamaisthedomesticateddescendantoftheguanaco，andthealpacaofthevicuna。Andnowthatweknowthattheseanimalsweresystematicallybredandselectedmanycenturiesago，thereisnothingsurprisinginthegreatamountofchangewhichtheyhaveundergone。
Itappearedtomeatonetimeprobablethat，thoughancientandsemi—civilisedpeoplemighthaveattendedtotheimprovementoftheirmoreusefulanimalsinessentialpoints，yetthattheywouldhavedisregardedunimportantcharacters。
Buthumannatureisthesamethroughouttheworld:fashioneverywherereignssupreme，andmanisapttovaluewhateverhemaychancetopossess。WehaveseenthatinSouthAmericatheniatacattle，whichcertainlyarenotmadeusefulbytheirshortenedfacesandupturnednostrils，havebeenpreserved。
TheDamarasofSouthAfricavaluetheircattleforuniformityofcolourandenormouslylonghorns。AndIwillnowshowthatthereishardlyanypeculiarityinourmostusefulanimalswhich，fromfashion，superstition，orsomeothermotive，hasnotbeenvalued，andconsequentlypreserved。Withrespecttocattle，"anearlyrecord，"accordingtoYouatt（20/63。’Cattle’
page48。）"speaksofahundredwhitecowswithredearsbeingdemandedasacompensationbytheprincesofNorthandSouthWales。Ifthecattlewereofadarkorblackcolour，150weretobepresented。"SothatcolourwasattendedtoinWalesbeforeitssubjugationbyEngland。InCentralAfrica，anoxthatbeatsthegroundwithitstailiskilled;andinSouthAfricasomeoftheDamaraswillnoteatthefleshofaspottedox。TheKaffirsvalueananimalwithamusicalvoice;and"atasaleinBritishKaffrariathelow"ofaheiferexcitedsomuchadmirationthatasharpcompetitionsprungupforherpossession，andsherealisedaconsiderableprice。"（20/64。Livingstone’Travels’page576;Andersson’LakeNgami’1856page222。WithrespecttothesaleinKaffrariasee’QuarterlyReview’1860page139。）Withrespecttosheep，theChinesepreferramswithouthorns;theTartarspreferthemwithspirallywoundhorns，becausethehornlessarethoughttolosecourage。
（20/65。’MemoiresurlesChinois’bytheJesuits1786tome11page57。）SomeoftheDamaraswillnoteatthefleshofhornlesssheep。Inregardtohorses，attheendofthefifteenthcenturyanimalsofthecolourdescribedasliartpommeweremostvaluedinFrance。TheArabshaveaproverb，"Neverbuyahorsewithfourwhitefeet，forhecarrieshisshroudwithhim"（20/66。F。Michel’DesHaras’pages47，50。）;theArabsalso，aswehaveseen，despisedun—
colouredhorses。Sowithdogs，Xenophonandothersatanancientperiodwereprejudicedinfavourofcertaincolours;and"whiteorslate—colouredhuntingdogswerenotesteemed。"（20/67。Col。HamiltonSmith’Dogs’in’Nat。Lib。’
volume10page103。）
Turningtopoultry，theoldRomangourmandsthoughtthattheliverofawhitegoosewasthemostsavoury。InParaguayblack—skinnedfowlsarekeptbecausetheyarethoughttobemoreproductive，andtheirfleshthemostproperforinvalids。（20/68。Azara’QuadrupedesduParaguay’tome2page324。）InGuiana，asIaminformedbySirR。Schomburgk，theaborigineswillnoteatthefleshoreggsofthefowl，buttworacesarekeptdistinctmerelyforornament。InthePhilippines，nolessthanninesub—varietiesofthegame—cockarekeptandnamed，sothattheymustbeseparatelybred。
AtthepresenttimeinEurope，thesmallestpeculiaritiesarecarefullyattendedtoinourmostusefulanimals，eitherfromfashion，orasamarkofpurityofblood。Manyexamplescouldbegiven;twowillsuffice。"IntheWesterncountiesofEnglandtheprejudiceagainstawhitepigisnearlyasstrongasagainstablackoneinYorkshire。"InoneoftheBerkshiresub—
breeds，itissaid，"thewhiteshouldbeconfinedtofourwhitefeet，awhitespotbetweentheeyes，andafewwhitehairsbehindeachshoulder。"Mr。
Saddlerpossessedthreehundredpigs，everyoneofwhichwasmarkedinthismanner。"（20/69。Sidney’seditionofYouatt1860pages24，25。）Marshall，towardsthecloseofthelastcentury，inspeakingofachangeinoneoftheYorkshirebreedsofcattle，saysthehornshavebeenconsiderablymodified，as"aclean，small，sharphornhasbeenFASHIONABLEforthelasttwentyyears。"
（20/70。’RuralEconomyofYorkshire’volume2page182。）InapartofGermanythecattleoftheRacedeGfoehlarevaluedformanygoodqualities，buttheymusthavehornsofaparticularcurvatureandtint，somuchsothatmechanicalmeansareappliediftheytakeawrongdirection;buttheinhabitants"consideritofthehighestimportancethatthenostrilsofthebullshouldbeflesh—coloured，andtheeyelasheslight;thisisanindispensablecondition。A
calfwithbluenostrilswouldnotbepurchased，orpurchasedataverylowprice。"（20/71。MolletGayot’DuBoeuf’1860page547。）Thereforeletnomansaythatanypointorcharacteristootriflingtobemethodicallyattendedtoandselectedbybreeders。
UNCONSCIOUSSELECTION。
BythistermImean，asalreadymorethanonceexplained，thepreservationbymanofthemostvalued，andthedestructionoftheleastvaluedindividuals，withoutanyconsciousintentiononhispartofalteringthebreed。Itisdifficulttoofferdirectproofsoftheresultswhichfollowfromthiskindofselection;buttheindirectevidenceisabundant。Infact，exceptthatintheonecasemanactsintentionally，andintheotherunintentionally，thereislittledifferencebetweenmethodicalandunconsciousselection。Inbothcasesmanpreservestheanimalswhicharemostusefulorpleasingtohim，anddestroysorneglectstheothers。Butnodoubtafarmorerapidresultfollowsfrommethodicalthanfromunconsciousselection。The"roguing"ofplantsbygardeners，andthedestructionbylawinHenryVIII。’sreignofallunder—
sizedmares，areinstancesofaprocessthereverseofselectionintheordinarysenseoftheword，butleadingtothesamegeneralresult。Theinfluenceofthedestructionofindividualshavingaparticularcharacteriswellshownbythenecessityofkillingeverylambwithatraceofblackaboutit，inordertokeeptheflockwhite;oragain，bytheeffectsontheaverageheightofthemenofFranceofthedestructivewarsofNapoleon，bywhichmanytallmenwerekilled，theshortonesbeinglefttobethefathersoffamilies。
Thisatleastistheconclusionofsomeofthosewhohavecloselystudiedtheeffectsoftheconscription;anditiscertainthatsinceNapoleon’stimethestandardforthearmyhasbeenloweredtwoorthreetimes。
Unconsciousselectionblendswithmethodical，sothatitisscarcelypossibletoseparatethem。Whenafancierlongagofirsthappenedtonoticeapigeonwithanunusuallyshortbeak，oronewiththetail—feathersunusuallydeveloped，althoughhebredfromthesebirdswiththedistinctintentionofpropagatingthevariety，yethecouldnothaveintendedtomakeashort—facedtumblerorafantail，andwasfarfromknowingthathehadmadethefirststeptowardsthisend。Ifhecouldhaveseenthefinalresult，hewouldhavebeenstruckwithastonishment，but，fromwhatweknowofthehabitsoffanciers，probablynotwithadmiration。OurEnglishcarriers，barbs，andshort—facedtumblershavebeengreatlymodifiedinthesamemanner，aswemayinferbothfromthehistoricalevidencegiveninthechaptersonthePigeon，andfromthecomparisonofbirdsbroughtfromdistantcountries。
Soithasbeenwithdogs;ourpresentfox—houndsdifferfromtheoldEnglishhound;ourgreyhoundshavebecomelighter:theScotchdeer—houndhasbeenmodified，andisnowrare。Ourbulldogsdifferfromthosewhichwereformerlyusedforbaitingbulls。OurpointersandNewfoundlandsdonotcloselyresembleanynativedognowfoundinthecountrieswhencetheywerebrought。Thesechangeshavebeeneffectedpartlybycrosses;butineverycasetheresulthasbeengovernedbythestrictestselection。Nevertheless，thereisnoreasontosupposethatmanintentionallyandmethodicallymadethebreedsexactlywhattheynoware。Asourhorsesbecamefleeter，andthecountrymorecultivatedandsmoother，fleeterfox—houndsweredesiredandproduced，butprobablywithoutanyonedistinctlyforeseeingwhattheywouldbecome。Ourpointersandsetters，thelatteralmostcertainlydescendedfromlargespaniels，havebeengreatlymodifiedinaccordancewithfashionandthedesireforincreasedspeed。Wolveshavebecomeextinct，andsohasthewolf—dog;deerhavebecomerarer，bullsarenolongerbaited，andthecorrespondingbreedsofthedoghaveansweredtothechange。Butwemayfeelalmostsurethatwhen，forinstance，bullswerenolongerbaited，nomansaidtohimself，Iwillnowbreedmydogsofsmallersize，andthuscreatethepresentrace。Ascircumstanceschanged，menunconsciouslyandslowlymodifiedtheircourseofselection。
Withracehorsesselectionforswiftnesshasbeenfollowedmethodically，andourhorsesnoweasilysurpasstheirprogenitors。TheincreasedsizeanddifferentappearanceoftheEnglishracehorseledagoodobserverinIndiatoask，"Couldanyoneinthisyearof1856，lookingatourracehorses，conceivethattheyweretheresultoftheunionoftheArabhorseandtheAfricanmare？"（20/72。’TheIndiaSportingReview’volume2page181;’TheStudFarm’
byCecilpage58。）Thischangehas，itisprobable，beenlargelyeffectedthroughunconsciousselection，thatis，bythegeneralwishtobreedasfinehorsesaspossibleineachgeneration，combinedwithtrainingandhighfeeding，butwithoutanyintentiontogivetothemtheirpresentappearance。
AccordingtoYouatt（20/73。’TheHorse’page22。），theintroductioninOliverCromwell’stimeofthreecelebratedEasternstallionsspeedilyaffectedtheEnglishbreed;"sothatLordHarleigh，oneoftheoldschool，complainedthatthegreathorsewasfastdisappearing。"Thisisanexcellentproofhowcarefullyselectionmusthavebeenattendedto;forwithoutsuchcare，alltracesofsosmallaninfusionofEasternbloodwouldsoonhavebeenabsorbedandlost。NotwithstandingthattheclimateofEnglandhasneverbeenesteemedparticularlyfavourabletothehorse，yetlong—continuedselection，bothmethodicalandunconscious，togetherwiththatpractisedbytheArabsduringastilllongerandearlierperiod，hasendedingivingusthebestbreedofhorsesintheworld。Macaulay（20/74。’HistoryofEngland’volume1page316。）
remarks，"Twomenwhoseauthorityonsuchsubjectswasheldingreatesteem，theDukeofNewcastleandSirJohnFenwick，pronouncedthatthemeanesthackeverimportedfromTangierwouldproduceafinerprogenythancouldbeexpectedfromthebestsireofournativebreed。TheywouldnotreadilyhavebelievedthatatimewouldcomewhentheprincesandnoblesofneighbouringlandswouldbeaseagertoobtainhorsesfromEnglandasevertheEnglishhadbeentoobtainhorsesfromBarbary。"
TheLondondray—horse，whichdifferssomuchinappearancefromanynaturalspecies，andwhichfromitssizehassoastonishedmanyEasternprinces，wasprobablyformedbytheheaviestandmostpowerfulanimalshavingbeenselectedduringmanygenerationsinFlandersandEngland，butwithouttheleastintentionorexpectationofcreatingahorsesuchaswenowsee。Ifwegobacktoanearlyperiodofhistory，webeholdintheantiqueGreekstatues，asSchaaffhausenhasremarked（20/75。’UeberBestandigkeitderArten。’），ahorseequallyunlikearaceordrayhorse，anddifferingfromanyexistingbreed。
Theresultsofunconsciousselection，inanearlystage，arewellshowninthedifferencebetweentheflocksdescendedfromthesamestock，butseparatelyrearedbycarefulbreeders。YouattgivesanexcellentinstanceofthisfactinthesheepbelongingtoMessrs。BuckleyandBurgess，which"havebeenpurelybredfromtheoriginalstockofMr。Bakewellforupwardsoffiftyyears。ThereisnotasuspicionexistinginthemindofanyoneatallacquaintedwiththesubjectthattheownerofeitherflockhasdeviatedinanyoneinstancefromthepurebloodofMr。Bakewell’sflock;yetthedifferencebetweenthesheeppossessedbythesetwogentlemenissogreat，thattheyhavetheappearanceofbeingquitedifferentvarieties。"（20/76。’YouattonSheep’page315。）Ihaveseenseveralanalogousandwellmarkedcaseswithpigeons:forinstance，IhadafamilyofbarbsdescendedfromthoselongbredbySirJ。Sebright，andanotherfamilylongbredbyanotherfancier，andthetwofamiliesplainlydifferedfromeachother。Nathusius——andamorecompetentwitnesscouldnotbecited——observesthat，thoughtheShorthornsareremarkablyuniforminappearance（exceptincolour），yettheindividualcharacterandwishesofeachbreederbecomeimpressedonhiscattle，sothatdifferentherdsdifferslightlyfromoneanother。（20/77。’UeberShorthornRindvieh’1857s。51。）TheHerefordcattleassumedtheirpresentwell—markedcharactersoonaftertheyear1769，throughcarefulselectionbyMr。Tomkins（20/78。Low’DomesticatedAnimals’1845page363。）andthebreedhaslatelysplitintotwostrains——onestrainhavingawhiteface，anddifferingslightly，itissaid（20/79。