The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestic_第5章

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　　1847page30。Nathusius’DieRacendesSchweines’1863s。54。）Asnowildpigsareknowntohaveanalogousappendages，wehaveatpresentnoreasontosupposethattheirappearanceisduetoreversion;andifthisbeso，weareforcedtoadmitthatasomewhatcomplex，thoughapparentlyuseless，structuremaybesuddenlydevelopedwithouttheaidofselection。
　　Itisaremarkablefactthattheboarsofalldomesticatedbreedshavemuchshortertusksthanwildboars。Manyfactsshowthatwithmanyanimalsthestateofthehairismuchaffectedbyexposureto，orprotectionfrom，climate;andasweseethatthestateofthehairandteetharecorrelatedinTurkishdogs（otheranalogousfactswillbehereaftergiven），maywenotventuretosurmisethatthereductionofthetusksinthedomesticboarisrelatedtohiscoatofbristlesbeingdiminishedfromlivingundershelter？
　　Ontheotherhand，asweshallimmediatelysee，thetusksandbristlesreappearwithferalboars，whicharenolongerprotectedfromtheweather。
　　Itisnotsurprisingthatthetusksshouldbemoreaffectedthantheotherteeth;aspartsdevelopedtoserveassecondarysexualcharactersarealwaysliabletomuchvariation。
　　Itisawell—knownfactthattheyoungofwildEuropeanandIndianpigs（3/26。D。Johnson’SketchesofIndianFieldSports’page272。Mr。CrawfurdinformsmethatthesamefactholdsgoodwiththewildpigsoftheMalaypeninsula。），forthefirstsixmonths，arelongitudinallybandedwithlight—colouredstripes。Thischaractergenerallydisappearsunderdomestication。TheTurkishdomesticpigs，however，havestripedyoung，ashavethoseofWestphalia，"whatevermaybetheirhue"（3/27。ForTurkishpigsseeDesmarest’Mammalogie’1820page391。ForthoseofWestphaliaseeRichardson’Pigs，theirOrigin，etc。’1847page41。）;whethertheselatterpigsbelongtothesamecurly—hairedraceastheTurkishswine，Idonotknow。ThepigswhichhaverunwildinJamaicaandthesemi—feralpigsofNewGranada，boththosewhichareblackandthosewhichareblackwithawhitebandacrossthestomach，oftenextendingovertheback，haveresumedthisaboriginalcharacterandproducelongitudinally—stripedyoung。Thisislikewisethecase，atleastoccasionally，withtheneglectedpigsintheZambesisettlementonthecoastofAfrica。（3/28。WithrespecttotheseveralforegoingandfollowingstatementsonferalpigsseeRoulinin’Mem。presentespardiversSavansal’Acad。’etc。Paristome61835page326。Itshouldbeobservedthathisaccountdoesnotapplytotrulyferalpigs;buttopigslongintroducedintothecountryandlivinginahalf—
　　wildstate。ForthetrulyferalpigsofJamaicaseeGosse’SojourninJamaica’1851page386;andColHamiltonSmithin’Nat。Library’volume9
　　page93。WithrespecttoAfricaseeLivingstone’ExpeditiontotheZambesi’
　　1865page153。ThemostprecisestatementwithrespecttothetusksoftheWestIndianferalboarsisbyP。LabatquotedbyRoulin;butthisauthorattributesthestateofthesepigstodescentfromadomesticstockwhichhesawinSpain。AdmiralSulivan，R。N。，hadampleopportunitiesofobservingthewildpigsonEagleIsletintheFalklands;andheinformsmethattheyresembledwildboarswithbristlyridgedbacksandlargetusks。
　　ThepigswhichhaverunwildintheprovinceofBuenosAyres（Rengger’Saugethiere’s。331）havenotrevertedtothewildtype。DeBlainville’Osteographie’page132referstotwoskullsofdomesticpigssentfromPatagoniabyAl。d’Orbigny，andhestatesthattheyhavetheoccipitalelevationofthewildEuropeanboar，butthattheheadaltogetheris"pluscourteetplusramassee。"HerefersalsototheskinofaferalpigfromNorthAmerica，andsays"ilressembletoutafaitaunpetitsanglier，maisilestpresquetoutnoir，etpeut—etreunpeuplusramassedanssesformes。"
　　Thecommonbeliefthatalldomesticatedanimals，whentheyrunwild，revertcompletelytothecharacteroftheirparent—stock，ischieflyfounded，asfarasIcandiscover，onferalpigs。Buteveninthiscasethebeliefisnotgroundedonsufficientevidence;forthetwomaintypes，namely，S。
　　scrofaandindicus，havenotbeendistinguished。Theyoung，aswehavejustseen，reacquiretheirlongitudinalstripes，andtheboarsinvariablyreassumetheirtusks。Theyrevertalsointhegeneralshapeoftheirbodies，andinthelengthoftheirlegsandmuzzles，tothestateofthewildanimal，asmighthavebeenexpectedfromtheamountofexercisewhichtheyarecompelledtotakeinsearchoffood。InJamaicatheferalpigsdonotacquirethefullsizeoftheEuropeanwildboar，"neverattainingagreaterheightthan20inchesattheshoulder。"Invariouscountriestheyreassumetheiroriginalbristlycovering，butindifferentdegrees，dependentontheclimate;thus，accordingtoRoulin，thesemi—feralpigsinthehotvalleysofNewGranadaareveryscantilyclothed;whereas，ontheParamos，attheheightof7000to8000feet，theyacquireathickcoveringofwoollyingunderthebristles，likethatonthetrulywildpigsofFrance。ThesepigsontheParamosaresmallandstunted。ThewildboarofIndiaissaidtohavethebristlesattheendofitstailarrangedliketheplumesofanarrow，whilsttheEuropeanboarhasasimpletuft;anditisacuriousfactthatmany，butnotall，oftheferalpigsinJamaica，derivedfromaSpanishstock，haveaplumedtail。（3/29。Gosse’Jamaica’page386
　　withaquotationfromWilliamson’OrientalFieldSports。’AlsoCol。
　　HamiltonSmithin’NaturalistLibrary’volume9page94。）Withrespecttocolour，feralpigsgenerallyreverttothatofthewildboar;butincertainpartsofS。America，aswehaveseen，someofthesemi—feralpigshaveacuriouswhitebandacrosstheirstomachs;andincertainotherhotplacesthepigsarered，andthiscolourhaslikewiseoccasionallybeenobservedintheferalpigsofJamaica。Fromtheseseveralfactsweseethatwithpigswhenferalthereisastrongtendencytoreverttothewildtype;
　　butthatthistendencyislargelygovernedbythenatureoftheclimate，amountofexercise，andothercausesofchangetowhichtheyhavebeensubjected。
　　Thelastpointworthnoticeisthatwehaveunusuallygoodevidenceofbreedsofpigsnowkeepingperfectlytrue，whichhavebeenformedbythecrossingofseveraldistinctbreeds。TheImprovedEssexpigs，forinstance，breedverytrue;butthereisnodoubtthattheylargelyowetheirpresentexcellentqualitiestocrossesoriginallymadebyLordWesternwiththeNeapolitanrace，andtosubsequentcrosseswiththeBerkshirebreed（thisalsohavingbeenimprovedbyNeapolitancrosses），andlikewise，probably，withtheSussexbreed。（3/30。S。Sidney’seditionof’YouattonthePig’
　　1860pages7，26，27，29，30。）Inbreedsthusformedbycomplexcrosses，themostcarefulandunremittingselectionduringmanygenerationshasbeenfoundtobeindispensable。Chieflyinconsequenceofsomuchcrossing，somewell—knownbreedshaveundergonerapidchanges;thus，accordingtoNathusius（3/31。’Schweineschadel’s140。），theBerkshirebreedof1780isquitedifferentfromthatof1810;and，sincethislatterperiod，atleasttwodistinctformshavebornethesamename。
　　CATTLE。
　　Domesticcattlearecertainlythedescendantsofmorethanonewildform，inthesamemannerashasbeenshowntobethecasewithourdogsandpigs。
　　Naturalistshavegenerallymadetwomaindivisionsofcattle:thehumpedkindsinhabitingtropicalcountries，calledinIndiaZebus，towhichthespecificnameofBosindicushasbeengiven;andthecommonnon—humpedcattle，generallyincludedunderthenameofBostaurus。Thehumpedcattleweredomesticated，asmaybeseenontheEgyptianmonuments，atleastasearlyasthetwelfthdynasty，thatis2100B。C。Theydifferfromcommoncattleinvariousosteologicalcharacters，eveninagreaterdegree，accordingtoRutimeyer（3/32。’DieFaunaderPfahlbauten’1861s。109，149，222。SeealsoGeoffroySaint—Hilairein’Mem。duMus。d’Hist。Nat。’tome10
　　page172;andhissonIsidorein’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page69。Vaseyinhis’DelineationsoftheOxTribe’1851page127，saysthezebuhasfour，andcommonoxfive，sacralvertebrae。Mr。Hodgsonfoundtheribseitherthirteenorfourteeninnumber;seeanotein’IndianField’1858page62。）
　　thandothefossilandprehistoricEuropeanspecies，namely，Bosprimigeniusandlongifrons，fromeachother。Theydiffer，also，asMr。
　　Blyth（3/33。’TheIndianField’1858page74whereMr。Blythgiveshisauthoritieswithrespecttotheferalhumpedcattle。Pickeringalsoinhis’RacesofMan’1850page274noticesthepeculiargrunt—likecharacterofthevoiceofthehumpedcattle。），whohasparticularlyattendedtothissubject，remarks，ingeneralconfiguration，intheshapeoftheirears，inthepointwherethedewlapcommences，inthetypicalcurvatureoftheirhorns，intheirmannerofcarryingtheirheadswhenatrest，intheirordinaryvariationsofcolour，especiallyinthefrequentpresenceof"nilgau—likemarkingsontheirfeet，"and"intheonebeingbornwithteethprotrudingthroughthejaws，andtheothernotso。"Theyhavedifferenthabits，andtheirvoiceisentirelydifferent。ThehumpedcattleinIndia"seldomseekshade，andnevergointothewaterandtherestandknee—deep，likethecattleofEurope。"TheyhaverunwildinpartsofOudeandRohilcund，andcanmaintainthemselvesinaregioninfestedbytigers。Theyhavegivenrisetomanyracesdifferinggreatlyinsize，inthepresenceofoneortwohumps，inlengthofhorns，andotherrespects。Mr。Blythsumsupemphaticallythatthehumpedandhumplesscattlemustbeconsideredasdistinctspecies。Whenweconsiderthenumberofpointsinexternalstructureandhabits，independentlyofimportantosteologicaldifferences，inwhichtheydifferfromeachother;andthatmanyofthesepointsarenotlikelytohavebeenaffectedbydomestication，therecanhardlybeadoubt，notwithstandingtheadverseopinionofsomenaturalists，thatthehumpedandnon—humpedcattlemustberankedasspecificallydistinct。
　　TheEuropeanbreedsofhumplesscattlearenumerous。ProfessorLowenumerates19Britishbreeds，onlyafewofwhichareidenticalwiththoseontheContinent。EventhesmallChannelislandsofGuernsey，Jersey，andAlderneypossesstheirownsub—breeds（3/34。Mr。H。E。Marquandin’TheTimes’June23，1856。）;andtheseagaindifferfromthecattleoftheotherBritishislands，suchasAnglesea，andthewesternislesofScotland。
　　Desmarest，whopaidattentiontothesubject，describes15Frenchraces，excludingsub—varietiesandthoseimportedfromothercountries。InotherpartsofEuropethereareseveraldistinctraces，suchasthepale—colouredHungariancattle，withtheirlightandfreestep，andenormoushornssometimesmeasuringabovefivefeetfromtiptotip（3/35。Vasey’DelineationsoftheOx—Tribe’page124。Brace’Hungary’1851page94。TheHungariancattledescendaccordingtoRutimeyer’ZahmenEurop。Rindes’1866
　　s。13fromBosprimigenius。）:thePodoliancattlealsoareremarkablefromtheheightoftheirfore—quarters。InthemostrecentworkonCattle（3/36。
　　MollandGayot’LaConnaissanceGen。duBoeuf’Paris1860。Fig。82isthatofthePodolianbreed。），engravingsaregivenoffifty—fiveEuropeanbreeds;itis，however，probablethatseveralofthesedifferverylittlefromeachother，oraremerelysynonyms。Itmustnotbesupposedthatnumerousbreedsofcattleexistonlyinlong—civilisedcountries，forweshallpresentlyseethatseveralkindsarekeptbythesavagesofSouthernAfrica。
　　[WithrespecttotheparentageoftheseveralEuropeanbreeds，wealreadyknowmuchfromNilsson’sMemoir（3/37。Atranslationappearedinthreepartsinthe’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。Hist。’2ndseriesvolume41849。），andmoreespeciallyfromRutimeyer’sworksandthoseofBoydDawkins。TwoorthreespeciesorformsofBos，closelyalliedtostilllivingdomesticraces，havebeenfoundinthemorerecenttertiarydepositsoramongstprehistoricremainsinEurope。FollowingRutimeyer，wehave:—
　　Bosprimigenius。
　　Thismagnificent，wellknownspecieswasdomesticatedinSwitzerlandduringtheNeolithicperiod;evenatthisearlyperioditvariedalittle，havingapparentlybeencrossedwithotherraces。SomeofthelargerracesontheContinent，astheFriesland，etc。，andthePembrokeraceinEngland，closelyresembleinessentialstructureB。primigenius，andnodoubtareitsdescendants。ThisislikewisetheopinionofNilsson。BosprimigeniusexistedasawildanimalinCaesar’stime，andisnowsemi—wild，thoughmuchdegeneratedinsize，intheparkofChillingham;forIaminformedbyProfessorRutimeyer，towhomLordTankervillesentaskull，thattheChillinghamcattlearelessalteredfromthetrueprimigeniustypethananyotherknownbreed。（3/38。SeealsoRutimeyer’Beitragepal。Gesch。derWiederkauer’Basel1865s。54。）
　　Bostrochoceros。
　　Thisformisnotincludedinthethreespeciesabovementioned，foritisnowconsideredbyRutimeyertobethefemaleofanearlydomesticatedformofB。primigenius，andastheprogenitorofhisfrontosusrace。Imayaddthatspecificnameshavebeengiventofourotherfossiloxen，nowbelievedtobeidenticalwithB。primigenius。（3/39。Pictet’Palaeontologie’tome1
　　page3652ndedition。WithrespecttoB。trochocerosseeRutimeyer’ZahmenEurop。Rindes’1866s。26。）
　　Boslongifrons（orbrachyceros）ofOwen。
　　Thisverydistinctspecieswasofsmallsize，andhadashortbodywithfinelegs。AccordingtoBoydDawkins（3/40。W。BoydDawkinsontheBritishFossilOxen’JournaloftheGeolog。Soc。’August1867page182。Also’Proc。
　　Phil。Soc。ofManchester’November14，1871and’CaveHunting’1875page27，138。）itwasintroducedasadomesticatedanimalintoBritainataveryearlyperiod，andsuppliedfoodtotheRomanlegionaries。（3/41。’BritishPleistoceneMammalia’byW。B。DawkinsandW。A。Sandford1866page15。）SomeremainshavebeenfoundinIrelandincertaincrannoges，ofwhichthedatesarebelievedtobefrom843—933A。D。（3/42。W。R。Wilde’AnEssayontheAnimalRemains，etc。RoyalIrishAcademy’1860page29。Also’Proc。ofR。
　　IrishAcademy’1858page48。）ItwasalsothecommonestforminadomesticatedconditioninSwitzerlandduringtheearliestpartoftheNeolithicperiod。ProfessorOwen（3/43。’Lecture:RoyalInstitutionofG。
　　Britain’May2，1856page4。’BritishFossilMammals’page513。）thinksitprobablethattheWelshandHighlandcattlearedescendedfromthisform;
　　aslikewiseisthecase，accordingtoRutimeyer，withsomeoftheexistingSwissbreeds。Theselatterareofdifferentshadesofcolourfromlight—
　　greytoblackish—brown，withalighterstripealongthespine，buttheyhavenopurewhitemarks。ThecattleofNorthWalesandtheHighlands，ontheotherhand，aregenerallyblackordark—coloured。
　　BosfrontosusofNilsson。
　　ThisspeciesisalliedtoB。longifrons，and，accordingtothehighauthorityofMr。BoydDawkins，isidenticalwithit，butintheopinionofsomejudgesisdistinct。Bothco—existedinScaniaduringthesamelategeologicalperiod（3/44。Nilssonin’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。Hist。’1849
　　volume4page354。），andbothhavebeenfoundintheIrishcrannoges。
　　（3/45。SeeW。R。Wildeutsupra;andMr。Blythin’Proc。IrishAcademy’
　　March5，1864。）NilssonbelievesthathisB。frontosusmaybetheparentofthemountaincattleofNorway，whichhaveahighprotuberanceontheskullbetweenthebaseofthehorns。AsProfessorOwenandothersbelievethattheScotchHighlandcattlearedescendedfromhisB。longifrons，itisworthnoticethatacapablejudge（3/46。Laing’TourinNorway’page110。）
　　hasremarkedthathesawnocattleinNorwayliketheHighlandbreed，butthattheymorenearlyresembledtheDevonshirebreed。]
　　Onthewholewemayconclude，moreespeciallyfromtheresearchesofBoydDawkins，thatEuropeancattlearedescendedfromtwospecies;andthereisnoimprobabilityinthisfact，forthegenusBosreadilyyieldstodomestication。Besidesthesetwospeciesandthezebu，theyak，thegayal，andthearni（3/47。Isid。GeoffroySaint—Hilaire’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3，96。）（nottomentionthebuffaloorgenusBubalus）havebeendomesticated;
　　makingaltogethersixspeciesofBos。ThezebuandthetwoEuropeanspeciesarenowextinctinawildstate。AlthoughcertainracesofcattleweredomesticatedataveryancientperiodinEurope，itdoesnotfollowthattheywerefirstdomesticatedhere。ThosewhoplacemuchrelianceonphilologyarguethattheywereimportedfromtheEast。（3/48。Idemtome3
　　pages82，91。）Itisprobablethattheyoriginallyinhabitedatemperateorcoldclimate，butnotalandlongcoveredwithsnow;forourcattle，aswehaveseeninthechapteronHorses，havenottheinstinctofscrapingawaythesnowtogetattheherbagebeneath。NoonecouldbeholdthemagnificentwildbullsonthebleakFalklandIslandsinthesouthernhemisphere，anddoubtabouttheclimatebeingadmirablysuitedtothem。AzarahasremarkedthatinthetemperateregionsofLaPlatathecowsconceivewhentwoyearsold，whilstinthemuchhottercountryofParaguaytheydonotconceivetillthreeyearsold;"fromwhichfact，"asheadds，"onemayconcludethatcattledonotsucceedsowellinwarmcountries。"（3/49。’QuadrupedesduParaguay’tome2page360。）
　　Bosprimigeniusandlongifronshavebeenrankedbynearlyallpalaeontologistsasdistinctspecies;anditwouldnotbereasonabletotakeadifferentviewsimplybecausetheirdomesticateddescendantsnowintercrosswiththeutmostfreedom。AlltheEuropeanbreedshavesooftenbeencrossedbothintentionallyandunintentionally，that，ifanysterilityhadensuedfromsuchunions，itwouldcertainlyhavebeendetected。Aszebusinhabitadistantandmuchhotterregion，andastheydifferinsomanycharactersfromourEuropeancattle，Ihavetakenpainstoascertainwhetherthetwoformsarefertilewhencrossed。ThelateLordPowisimportedsomezebusandcrossedthemwithcommoncattleinShropshire;andIwasassuredbyhisstewardthatthecross—bredanimalswereperfectlyfertilewithbothparent—stocks。Mr。BlythinformsmethatinIndiahybrids，withvariousproportionsofeitherblood，arequitefertile;andthiscanhardlyfailtobeknown，forinsomedistricts（3/50。Walther’DasRindvieh’1817s。30。）thetwospeciesareallowedtobreedfreelytogether。MostofthecattlewhichwerefirstintroducedintoTasmaniawerehumped，sothatatonetimethousandsofcrossedanimalsexistedthere;andMr。B。O’NeileWilson，M。A。，writestomefromTasmaniathathehasneverheardofanysterilityhavingbeenobserved。Hehimselfformerlypossessedaherdofsuchcrossedcattle，andallwereperfectlyfertile;somuchso，thathecannotrememberevenasinglecowfailingtocalve。TheseseveralfactsaffordanimportantconfirmationofthePallasiandoctrinethatthedescendantsofspecieswhichwhenfirstdomesticatedwouldifcrossedhavebeeninallprobabilityinsomedegreesterile，becomeperfectlyfertileafteralongcourseofdomestication。InafuturechapterweshallseethatthisdoctrinethrowssomelightonthedifficultsubjectofHybridism。
　　IhavealludedtothecattleinChillinghamPark，which，accordingtoRutimeyer，havebeenverylittlechangedfromtheBosprimigeniustype。
　　Thisparkissoancientthatitisreferredtoinarecordoftheyear1220。Thecattleintheirinstinctsandhabitsaretrulywild。Theyarewhite，withtheinsideoftheearsreddish—brown，eyesrimmedwithblack，muzzlesbrown，hoofsblack，andhornswhitetippedwithblack。Withinaperiodofthirty—threeyearsaboutadozencalveswerebornwith"brownandbluespotsuponthecheeksornecks;butthese，togetherwithanydefectiveanimals，werealwaysdestroyed。"AccordingtoBewick，abouttheyear1770
　　somecalvesappearedwithblackears;butthesewerealsodestroyedbythekeeper，andblackearshavenotsincereappeared。ThewildwhitecattleintheDukeofHamilton’spark，whereIhaveheardofthebirthofablackcalf，aresaidbyLordTankervilletobeinferiortothoseatChillingham。
　　Thecattlekeptuntiltheyear1780bytheDukeofQueensberry，butnowextinct，hadtheirears，muzzle，andorbitsoftheeyesblack。ThosewhichhaveexistedfromtimeimmemorialatChartley，closelyresemblethecattleatChillingham，butarelarger，"withsomesmalldifferenceinthecolouroftheears。""Theyfrequentlytendtobecomeentirelyblack;andasingularsuperstitionprevailsinthevicinitythat，whenablackcalfisborn，somecalamityimpendsoverthenoblehouseofFerrers。Alltheblackcalvesaredestroyed。"ThecattleatBurtonConstableinYorkshire，nowextinct，hadears，muzzle，andthetipofthetailblack。ThoseatGisburne，alsoinYorkshire，aresaidbyBewicktohavebeensometimeswithoutdarkmuzzles，withtheinsidealoneoftheearsbrown;andtheyareelsewheresaidtohavebeenlowinstatureandhornless。（3/51。IammuchindebtedtothepresentEarlofTankervilleforinformationabouthiswildcattle;andfortheskullwhichwassenttoProf。Rutimeyer。ThefullestaccountoftheChillinghamcattleisgivenbyMr。Hindmarsh，togetherwithaletterbythelateLordTankerville，in’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。Hist。’
　　volume21839page274。SeeBewick’Quadrupeds’2ndedition1791page35
　　note。WithrespecttothoseoftheDukeofQueensberryseePennant’TourinScotland’page109。ForthoseofChartley，seeLow’DomesticatedAnimalsofBritain’1845page238。ForthoseofGisburneseeBewick’Quadrupeds’and’Encyclop。ofRuralSports’page101。）
　　Theseveralabove—specifieddifferencesinthepark—cattle，slightthoughtheybe，areworthrecording，astheyshowthatanimalslivingnearlyinastateofnature，andexposedtonearlyuniformconditions，ifnotallowedtoroamfreelyandtocrosswithotherherds，donotkeepasuniformastrulywildanimals。Forthepreservationofauniformcharacter，evenwithinthesamepark，acertaindegreeofselection——thatis，thedestructionofthedark—colouredcalves——isapparentlynecessary。
　　BoydDawkinsbelievesthatthepark—cattlearedescendedfromancientlydomesticated，andnottrulywildanimals;andfromtheoccasionalappearanceofdark—colouredcalves，itisimprobablethattheaboriginalBosprimigeniuswaswhite。Itiscuriouswhatastrong，thoughnotinvariable，tendencythereisinwildorescapedcattletobecomewhitewithcolouredears，underwidelydifferentconditionsoflife。IftheoldwritersBoethiusandLeslie（3/52。Boethiuswasbornin1470;’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。Hist。’volume21839page281;andvolume41849page424。）
　　canbetrusted，thewildcattleofScotlandwerewhiteandfurnishedwithagreatmane;butthecolouroftheirearsisnotmentioned。InWales（3/53。
　　’YouattonCattle’1834page48:Seealsopage242，onshorthorncattle。
　　Bellinhis’BritishQuadrupeds’page423statesthat，afterlongattendingtothesubject，hehasfoundthatwhitecattleinvariablyhavecolouredears。），duringthetenthcentury，someofthecattlearedescribedasbeingwhitewithredears。FourhundredcattlethuscolouredweresenttoKingJohn;andanearlyrecordspeaksofahundredcattlewithredearshavingbeendemandedasacompensationforsomeoffence，but，ifthecattlewereofadarkorblackcolour，150weretobepresented。TheblackcattleofNorthWalesapparentlybelong，aswehaveseen，tothesmalllongifronstype:andasthealternativewasofferedofeither150darkcattle，or100
　　whitecattlewithredears，wemaypresumethatthelatterwerethelargerbeasts，andprobablybelongedtotheprimigeniustype。Youatthasremarkedthatatthepresentday，whenevercattleoftheshorthornbreedarewhite，theextremitiesoftheirearsaremoreorlesstingedwithred。
　　ThecattlewhichhaverunwildonthePampas，inTexas，andintwopartsofAfrica，havebecomeofanearlyuniformdarkbrownish—red。（3/54。Azara’QuadrupedesduParaguay’tome2page361。AzaraquotesBuffonfortheferalcattleofAfrica。ForTexassee’Times’February18，1846。）OntheLadroneIslands，inthePacificOcean，immenseherdsofcattle，whichwerewildintheyear1741，aredescribedas"milk—white，excepttheirears，whicharegenerallyblack。"（3/55。Anson’sVoyage。SeeKerrandPorter’Collection’volume12page103。）TheFalklandIslands，situatedfarsouth，withalltheconditionsoflifeasdifferentasitispossibletoconceivefromthoseoftheLadrones，offeramoreinterestingcase。Cattlehaverunwildthereduringeightyorninetyyears;andinthesoutherndistrictstheanimalsaremostlywhite，withtheirfeet，orwholeheads，oronlytheirearsblack;butmyinformant，AdmiralSulivan（3/56。SeealsoMr。
　　Mackinnon’spamphletontheFalklandIslands，page24。），wholongresidedontheseislands，doesnotbelievethattheyareeverpurelywhite。Sothatinthesetwoarchipelagosweseethatthecattletendtobecomewhitewithcolouredears。InotherpartsoftheFalklandIslandsothercoloursprevail:nearPortPleasantbrownisthecommontint;roundMountUsborn，abouthalftheanimalsinsomeoftheherdswerelead—ormouse—coloured，whichelsewhereisanunusualtint。Theselattercattle，thoughgenerallyinhabitinghighland，breedaboutamonthearlierthantheothercattle;
　　andthiscircumstancewouldaidinkeepingthemdistinctandinperpetuatingapeculiarcolour。Itisworthrecallingtomindthatblueorlead—colouredmarkshaveoccasionallyappearedonthewhitecattleofChillingham。SoplainlydifferentwerethecoloursofthewildherdsindifferentpartsoftheFalklandIslands，thatinhuntingthem，asAdmiralSulivaninformsme，whitespotsinonedistrict，anddarkspotsinanotherdistrict，werealwayslookedoutforonthedistanthills。Intheintermediatedistricts，intermediatecoloursprevailed。Whateverthecausemaybe，thistendencyinthewildcattleoftheFalklandIslands，whicharealldescendedfromafewbroughtfromLaPlata，tobreakupintoherdsofthreedifferentcolours，isaninterestingfact。
　　ReturningtotheseveralBritishbreeds，theconspicuousdifferenceingeneralappearancebetweenShorthorns，Longhorns（nowrarelyseen），Herefords，Highlandcattle，Alderneys，etc。，mustbefamiliartoeveryone。
　　Apartofthisdifferencemaybeattributedtodescentfromprimordiallydistinctspecies;butwemayfeelsurethattherehasbeenaconsiderableamountofvariation。EvenduringtheNeolithicperiod，thedomesticcattleweretoacertainextentvariable。Withinrecenttimesmostofthebreedshavebeenmodifiedbycarefulandmethodicalselection。Howstronglythecharactersthusacquiredareinherited，maybeinferredfromthepricesrealisedbytheimprovedbreeds;evenatthefirstsaleofColling’sShorthorns，elevenbullsreachedanaverageof214pounds，andlatelyShorthornbullshavebeensoldforathousandguineas，andhavebeenexportedtoallquartersoftheworld。
　　Someconstitutionaldifferencesmaybeherenoticed。TheShorthornsarriveatmaturityfarearlierthanthewilderbreeds，suchasthoseofWalesortheHighlands。ThisfacthasbeenshowninaninterestingmannerbyMr。
　　Simonds（3/57。’TheAgeoftheOx，Sheep，Pig’etc。byProf。JamesSimonds，publishedbyorderoftheRoyalAgricult。Soc。）whohasgivenatableoftheaverageperiodoftheirdentition，whichprovesthatthereisadifferenceofnolessthansixmonthsintheappearanceofthepermanentincisors。Theperiodofgestation，fromobservationsmadebyTessieron1131cows，variestotheextentofeighty—onedays;andwhatismoreinteresting，M。Lefouraffirms"thattheperiodofgestationislongerinthelargeGermancattlethaninthesmallerbreeds。"（3/58。’Ann。Agricult。
　　France’April1837asquotedin’TheVeterinary’volume12page725。I
　　quoteTessier’sobservationsfrom’YouattonCattle’page527。）Withrespecttotheperiodofconception，itseemscertainthatAlderneyandZetlandcowsoftenbecomepregnantearlierthanotherbreeds。（3/59。’TheVeterinary’volume8page681andvolume10page268。Low’Domest。Animals，etc。’page297。）Lastly，asfourfullydevelopedmammaeisagenericcharacterinthegenusBos（3/60。Mr。Oglebyin’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’1836
　　page138，and1840page4。QuatrefagesquotesPhilippi’RevuedesCoursScientifiques’February12，1688page657，thatthecattleofPiacentinohavethirteendorsalvertebraeandribsintheplaceoftheordinarynumberoftwelve。），itisworthnoticethatwithourdomesticcowsthetworudimentarymammaeoftenbecomefairlywelldevelopedandyieldmilk。
　　Asnumerousbreedsaregenerallyfoundonlyinlong—civilisedcountries，itmaybewelltoshowthatinsomecountriesinhabitedbybarbarousraces，whoarefrequentlyatwarwitheachother，andthereforehavelittlefreecommunication，severaldistinctbreedsofcattlenowexistorformerlyexisted。AttheCapeofGoodHopeLeguatobserved，intheyear1720，threekinds。（3/61。Leguat’sVoyagequotedbyVaseyinhis’DelineationsoftheOx—tribe’page132。）AtthepresentdayvarioustravellershavenoticedthedifferencesinthebreedsinSouthernAfrica。SirAndrewSmithseveralyearsagoremarkedtomethatthecattlepossessedbythedifferenttribesofCaffres，thoughlivingneareachotherunderthesamelatitudeandinthesamekindofcountry，yetdiffered，andheexpressedmuchsurpriseatthefact。Mr。Anderssonhasdescribed（3/62。’TravelsinSouthAfrica’
　　pages317，336。）theDamara，Bechuana，andNamaquacattle;andheinformsmeinaletterthatthecattlenorthofLakeNgamiarelikewisedifferent，asMr。GaltonhasheardisalsothecasewiththecattleofBenguela。TheNamaquacattleinsizeandshapenearlyresembleEuropeancattle，andhaveshortstouthornsandlargehoofs。TheDamaracattleareverypeculiar，beingbig—boned，withslenderlegs，andsmallhardfeet;theirtailsareadornedwithatuftoflongbushyhairnearlytouchingtheground，andtheirhornsareextraordinarilylarge。TheBechuanacattlehaveevenlargerhorns，andthereisnowaskullinLondonwiththetwohorns8ft。81/4
　　in。long，asmeasuredinastraightlinefromtiptotip，andnolessthan13ft。5in。asmeasuredalongtheircurvature！Mr。Anderssoninhislettertomesaysthat，thoughhewillnotventuretodescribethedifferencesbetweenthebreedsbelongingtothemanydifferentsub—tribes，yetsuchcertainlyexist，asshownbythewonderfulfacilitywithwhichthenativesdiscriminatethem。
　　Thatmanybreedsofcattlehaveoriginatedthroughvariation，independentlyofdescentfromdistinctspecies，wemayinferfromwhatweseeinSouthAmerica，wherethegenusBoswasnotendemic，andwherethecattlewhichnowexistinsuchvastnumbersarethedescendantsofafewimportedfromSpainandPortugal。InColumbia，Roulin（3/63。’Mem。de1’Institutpresent。
　　pardiversSavans’tome61835page333。ForBrazilsee’ComptesRendus’
　　June15，1846。SeeAzara’QuadrupedesduParaguay’tome2pages359，361。）
　　describestwopeculiarbreeds，namely，pelones，withextremelythinandfinehair，andcalongos，absolutelynaked。AccordingtoCastelnautherearetworacesinBrazil，onelikeEuropeancattle，theotherdifferent，withremarkablehorns。InParaguay，AzaradescribesabreedwhichcertainlyoriginatedinS。America，calledchivos，"becausetheyhavestraightverticalhorns，conical，andverylargeatthebase。"HelikewisedescribesadwarfraceinCorrientes，withshortlegsandabodylargerthanusual。
　　Cattlewithouthorns，andotherswithreversedhair，havealsooriginatedinParaguay。
　　Anothermonstrousbreed，calledniatasornatas，ofwhichIsawtwosmallherdsonthenorthernbankofthePlata，issoremarkableastodeserveafullerdescription。Thisbreedbearsthesamerelationtootherbreeds，asbullorpugdogsdotootherdogs，orasimprovedpigs，accordingtoH。vonNathusius，dotocommonpigs。（3/64。’Schweineschadel’1864s。104。
　　NathusiusstatesthattheformofskullcharacteristicintheniatacattleoccasionallyappearsinEuropeancattle;butheismistaken，asweshallhereaftersee，insupposingthatthesecattledonotformadistinctrace。
　　Prof。Wyman，ofCambridge，UnitedStates，informsmethatthecommoncod—
　　fishpresentsasimilarmonstrosity，calledbythefishermen"bull—dogcod。"Prof。Wymanalsoconcluded，aftermakingnumerousinquiriesinLaPlata，thattheniatacattletransmittheirpeculiaritiesorformarace。）
　　Rutimeyerbelievesthatthesecattlebelongtotheprimigeniustype。（3/65
　　’UeberArtdeszahmenEurop。Rindes’1866s。28。）Theforeheadisveryshortandbroad，withthenasalendoftheskull，togetherwiththewholeplaneoftheuppermolar—teeth，curvedupwards。Thelowerjawprojectsbeyondtheupper，andhasacorrespondingupwardcurvature。Itisaninterestingfactthatanalmostsimilarconfirmationcharacterizes，asIaminformedbyDr。Falconer，theextinctandgiganticSivatheriumofIndia，andisnotknowninanyotherruminant。Theupperlipismuchdrawnback，thenostrilsareseatedhighupandarewidelyopen，theeyesprojectoutwards，andthehornsarelarge。Inwalkingtheheadiscarriedlow，andtheneckisshort。Thehindlegsappeartobelonger，comparedwiththefrontlegs，thanisusual。Theexposedincisorteeth，theshortheadandupturnednostrils，givethesecattlethemostludicrous，self—confidentairofdefiance。TheskullwhichIpresentedtotheCollegeofSurgeonshasbeenthusdescribedbyProfessorOwen（3/66。’DescriptiveCat。ofOst。
　　Collect。ofCollegeofSurgeons’1853page624。Vaseyinhis’DelineationsoftheOx—tribe’hasgivenafigureofthisskull;andIsentaphotographofittoProf。Rutimeyer。）"Itisremarkablefromthestunteddevelopmentofthenasals，premaxillaries，andfore—partofthelowerjaw，whichisunusuallycurvedupwardstocomeintocontactwiththepremaxillaries。Thenasalbonesareaboutone—thirdtheordinarylength，butretainalmosttheirnormalbreadth。Thetriangularvacuityisleftbetweenthem，thefrontalandlachrymal，whichlatterbonearticulateswiththepremaxillary，andthusexcludesthemaxillaryfromanyjunctionwiththenasal。"Sothateventheconnexionofsomeofthebonesischanged。Otherdifferencesmightbeadded:thustheplaneofthecondylesissomewhatmodified，andtheterminaledgeofthepremaxillariesformsanarch。Infact，oncomparisonwiththeskullofacommonox，scarcelyasinglebonepresentsthesameexactshape，andthewholeskullhasawonderfullydifferentappearance。
　　ThefirstbriefpublishednoticeofthisracewasbyAzara，betweentheyears1783—96;butDonF。Muniz，ofLuxan，whohaskindlycollectedinformationforme，statesthatabout1760thesecattlewerekeptascuriositiesnearBuenosAyres。Theiroriginisnotpositivelyknown，buttheymusthaveoriginatedsubsequentlytotheyear1552，whencattlewerefirstintroduced。SenorMunizinformsmethatthebreedisbelievedtohaveoriginatedwiththeIndianssouthwardofthePlata。EventothisdaythoserearednearthePlatashowtheirlesscivilisednatureinbeingfiercerthancommoncattle，andinthecow，ifvisitedtoooften，easilydesertingherfirstcalf。Thebreedisverytrue，andaniatabullandcowinvariablyproduceniatacalves。Thebreedhasalreadylastedatleastacentury。A
　　niatabullcrossedwithacommoncow，andthereversecross，yieldoffspringhavinganintermediatecharacter，butwiththeniatacharacterstronglydisplayed。AccordingtoSenorMuniz，thereistheclearestevidence，contrarytothecommonbeliefofagriculturistsinanalogouscases，thattheniatacowwhencrossedwithacommonbulltransmitsherpeculiaritiesmorestronglythandoestheniatabullwhencrossedwithacommoncow。Whenthepastureistolerablylong，thesecattlefeedaswellascommoncattlewiththeirtongueandpalate;butduringthegreatdroughts，whensomanyanimalsperishonthePampas，theniatabreedliesunderagreatdisadvantage，andwould，ifnotattendedto，becomeextinct;
　　forthecommoncattle，likehorses，areabletokeepalivebybrowsingwiththeirlipsonthetwigsoftreesandonreeds:thistheniatascannotsowelldo，astheirlipsdonotjoin，andhencetheyarefoundtoperishbeforethecommoncattle。Thisstrikesmeasagoodillustrationofhowlittleweareabletojudgefromtheordinaryhabitsofananimal，onwhatcircumstances，occurringonlyatlongintervalsoftime，itsrarityorextinctionmaydepend。Itshowsus，also，hownaturalselectionwouldhavedeterminedtherejectionoftheniatamodificationhaditariseninastateofnature。
　　Havingdescribedthesemi—monstrousniatabreed，Imayalludetoawhitebull，saidtohavebeenbroughtfromAfrica，whichwasexhibitedinLondonin1829，andwhichhasbeenwellfiguredbyMr。Harvey。（3/67。Loudon’s’MagazineofNat。Hist。’volume11829page113。Separatefiguresaregivenoftheanimal，itshoofs，eye，anddewlap。）Ithadahump，andwasfurnishedwithamane。Thedewlapwaspeculiar，beingdividedbetweenitsfore—legsintoparalleldivisions。Itslateralhoofswereannuallyshed，andgrewtothelengthoffiveorsixinches。Theeyewasverypeculiar，beingremarkablyprominent，and"resembledacupandball，thusenablingtheanimaltoseeonallsideswithequalease;thepupilwassmallandoval，orratheraparallelogramwiththeendscutoff，andlyingtransverselyacrosstheball。"Anewandstrangebreedmightprobablyhavebeenformedbycarefulbreedingandselectionfromthisanimal。
　　IhaveoftenspeculatedontheprobablecausesthroughwhicheachseparatedistrictinGreatBritaincametopossessinformertimesitsownpeculiarbreedofcattle;andthequestionis，perhaps，evenmoreperplexinginthecaseofSouthernAfrica。Wenowknowthatthedifferencesmaybeinpartattributedtodescentfromdistinctspecies;butthiscauseisfarfromsufficient。Havetheslightdifferencesinclimateandinthenatureofthepasture，inthedifferentdistrictsofBritain，directlyinducedcorrespondingdifferencesinthecattle？Wehaveseenthatthesemi—wildcattleintheseveralBritishparksarenotidenticalincolouringorsize，andthatsomedegreeofselectionhasbeenrequisitetokeepthemtrue。Itisalmostcertainthatabundantfoodgivenduringmanygenerationsdirectlyaffectsthesizeofabreed。（3/68。Low’DomesticatedAnimalsoftheBritishIsles’page264。）Thatclimatedirectlyaffectsthethicknessoftheskinandthehairislikewisecertain:thusRoulinasserts（69’Mem。del’Institutpresent。PardiversSavans’tome61835page332。）thatthehidesoftheferalcattleonthehotLlanos"arealwaysmuchlessheavythanthoseofthecattleraisedonthehighplatformofBogota;andthatthesehidesyieldinweightandinthicknessofhairtothoseofthecattlewhichhaverunwildontheloftyParamos。"ThesamedifferencehasbeenobservedinthehidesofthecattlerearedonthebleakFalklandIslandsandonthetemperatePampas。Lowhasremarked（3/70。Idempages304，368
　　etc。）thatthecattlewhichinhabitthemorehumidpartsofBritainhavelongerhairandthickerskinsthanotherBritishcattle。Whenwecomparehighlyimprovedstall—fedcattlewiththewilderbreeds，orcomparemountainandlowlandbreeds，wecannotdoubtthatanactivelife，leadingtothefreeuseofthelimbsandlungs，affectstheshapeandproportionsofthewholebody。Itisprobablethatsomebreeds，suchasthesemi—
　　monstrousniatacattle，andsomepeculiarities，suchasbeinghornless，etc。，haveappearedsuddenlyowingtowhatwemaycallinourignorancespontaneousvariation;buteveninthiscasearudekindofselectionisnecessary，andtheanimalsthuscharacterisedmustbeatleastpartiallyseparatedfromothers。Thisdegreeofcare，however，hassometimesbeentakeneveninlittle—civiliseddistricts，whereweshouldleasthaveexpectedit，asinthecaseoftheniata，chivo，andhornlesscattleinS。
　　America。
　　Thatmethodicalselectionhasdonewonderswithinarecentperiodinmodifyingourcattle，noonedoubts。Duringtheprocessofmethodicalselectionithasoccasionallyhappenedthatdeviationsofstructure，morestronglypronouncedthanmereindividualdifferences，yetbynomeansdeservingtobecalledmonstrosities，havebeentakenadvantageof:thusthefamousLonghornBull，Shakespeare，thoughofthepureCanleystock，"scarcelyinheritedasinglepointofthelong—hornedbreed，hishornsexcepted（3/71。’YouattonCattle’page193。AfullaccountofthisbullistakenfromMarshall。）;yetinthehandsofMr。Fowler，thisbullgreatlyimprovedhisrace。Wehavealsoreasontobelievethatselection，carriedonsofarunconsciouslythattherewasatnoonetimeanydistinctintentiontoimproveorchangethebreed，hasinthecourseoftimemodifiedmostofourcattle;forbythisprocess，aidedbymoreabundantfood，allthelowlandBritishbreedshaveincreasedgreatlyinsizeandinearlymaturitysincethereignofHenryVII。（3/72。’YouattonCattle’page116。LordSpencerhaswrittenonthissamesubject。）Itshouldneverbeforgottenthatmanyanimalshavetobeannuallyslaughtered;sothateachownermustdeterminewhichshallbekilledandwhichpreservedforbreeding。Ineverydistrict，asYouatthasremarked，thereisaprejudiceinfavourofthenativebreed;sothatanimalspossessingqualities，whatevertheymaybe，whicharemostvaluedineachdistrict，willbeoftenestpreserved;andthisunmethodicalselectionassuredlywillinthelongrunaffectthecharacterofthewholebreed。Butitmaybeasked，canthisrudekindofselectionhavebeenpractisedbybarbarianssuchasthoseofsouthernAfrica？InafuturechapteronSelectionweshallseethatthishascertainlyoccurredtosomeextent。Therefore，lookingtotheoriginofthemanybreedsofcattlewhichformerlyinhabitedtheseveraldistrictsofBritain，Iconcludethat，althoughslightdifferencesinthenatureoftheclimate，food，etc。，aswellaschangedhabitsoflife，aidedbycorrelationofgrowth，andtheoccasionalappearancefromunknowncausesofconsiderabledeviationsofstructure，haveallprobablyplayedtheirparts;
　　yetthattheoccasionalpreservationineachdistrictofthoseindividualanimalswhichweremostvaluedbyeachownerhasperhapsbeenevenmoreeffectiveintheproductionoftheseveralBritishbreeds。Assoonastwoormorebreedswereformedinanydistrict，orwhennewbreedsdescendedfromdistinctspecieswereintroduced，theircrossing，especiallyifaidedbysomeselection，willhavemultipliedthenumberandmodifiedthecharactersoftheolderbreeds。
　　SHEEP。
　　Ishalltreatthissubjectbriefly。Mostauthorslookatourdomesticsheepasdescendedfromseveraldistinctspecies。Mr。Blyth，whohascarefullyattendedtothesubject，believesthatfourteenwildspeciesnowexist，but"thatnotoneofthemcanbeidentifiedastheprogenitorofanyoneoftheinterminabledomesticraces。"M。GervaisthinksthattherearesixspeciesofOvis（3/73。BlythonthegenusOvisin’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。History’
　　volume71841page261。WithrespecttotheparentageofthebreedsseeMr。
　　Blyth’sexcellentarticlesin’LandandWater’1867pages134，156。Gervais’Hist。Nat。desMammiferes’1855tome2page191。）butthatourdomesticsheepformadistinctgenus，nowcompletelyextinct。AGermannaturalist（3/74。Dr。L。Fitzinger’UeberdieRacendesZahmenSchafes’1860s。86。）
　　believesthatoursheepdescendfromtenaboriginallydistinctspecies，ofwhichonlyoneisstilllivinginawildstate！Anotheringeniousobserver（3/75。J。Anderson’RecreationsinAgricultureandNaturalHistory’volume2page264。），thoughnotanaturalist，withabolddefianceofeverythingknownongeographicaldistribution，infersthatthesheepofGreatBritainalonearethedescendantsofelevenendemicBritishforms！Undersuchahopelessstateofdoubtitwouldbeuselessformypurposetogiveadetailedaccountoftheseveralbreeds;butafewremarksmaybeadded。
　　Sheephavebeendomesticatedfromaveryancientperiod。Rutimeyer（3/76。
　　’Pfahlbauten’s。127，193。）foundintheSwisslake—dwellingstheremainsofasmallbreed，withthintalllegs，andhornslikethoseofagoat，thusdifferingsomewhatfromanykindnowknown。Almosteverycountryhasitsownpeculiarbreed;andmanycountrieshaveseveralbreedsdifferinggreatlyfromeachother。OneofthemoststronglymarkedracesisanEasternonewithalongtail，including，accordingtoPallas，twentyvertebrae，andsoloadedwithfatthatitissometimesplacedonatruck，whichisdraggedaboutbythelivinganimal。Thesesheep，thoughrankedbyFitzingerasadistinctaboriginalform，bearintheirdroopingearsthestampoflongdomestication。Thisislikewisethecasewiththosesheepwhichhavetwogreatmassesoffatontherump，withthetailinarudimentarycondition。TheAngolavarietyofthelong—tailedracehascuriousmassesoffatonthebackoftheheadandbeneaththejaws。（3/77。
　　’YouattonSheep’page120。）Mr。Hodgsoninanadmirablepaper（3/78。
　　’JournaloftheAsiaticSoc。ofBengal’volume16pages1007，1016。）onthesheepoftheHimalayainfersfromthedistributionoftheseveralraces，"thatthiscaudalaugmentationinmostofitsphasesisaninstanceofdegeneracyinthesepre—eminentlyAlpineanimals。"Thehornspresentanendlessdiversityincharacter;beingnotrarelyabsent，especiallyinthefemalesex，or，ontheotherhand，amountingtofouroreveneightinnumber。Thehorns，whennumerous，arisefromacrestonthefrontalbone，whichiselevatedinapeculiarmanner。Itisremarkablethatmultiplicityofhorns"isgenerallyaccompaniedbygreatlengthandcoarsenessofthefleece。"（3/79。’YouattonSheep’pages142—169。）Thiscorrelation，however，isfarfrombeinggeneral;forinstance，IaminformedbyMr。D。
　　Forbes，thattheSpanishsheepinChileresemble，infleeceandinallothercharacters，theirparentmerino—race，exceptthatinsteadofapairtheygenerallybearfourhorns。TheexistenceofapairofmammaeisagenericcharacterinthegenusOvisaswellasinseveralalliedforms;
　　nevertheless，asMr。Hodgsonhasremarked，"thischaracterisnotabsolutelyconstantevenamongthetrueandpropersheep:forIhavemorethanoncemetwithCagias（asub—Himalayandomesticrace）possessedoffourteats。"（3/80。’JournalAsiat。Soc。ofBengal’volume161847page1015。）
　　Thiscaseisthemoreremarkableas，whenanypartororganispresentinreducednumberincomparisonwiththesamepartinalliedgroups，itusuallyissubjecttolittlevariation。Thepresenceofinterdigitalpitshaslikewisebeenconsideredasagenericdistinctioninsheep;butIsidoreGeoffroy（3/81。’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page435。）hasshownthatthesepitsorpouchesareabsentinsomebreeds。

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