toshakethedustoffhisfeetagainstPrag，anddevotehimselftoconvertingthosePrussianHeathen，who，acrossthefrontiers，werelivinginsuchsavagery，andexpressbondagetotheDevil，worshippingmerestocksandstones。InthisenterprisehewasencouragedbytheChristianpotentateswholaycontiguous；
especiallybytheDukeofPoland，towhomsuchnext—neighbors，forallreasons，wereaneye—sorrow。
Adalbertwent，accordingly，withstaffandscrip，twomonksattendinghim，intothatdangerouscountry:notinfear，he；
adevouthigh—temperedman，vergingnowonfifty，hishairgettinggray，andfacemarredwithinnumerabletroublesandprovocationsofpasttime。Hepreachedzealously，almostfiercely，——thoughchieflywithhiseyesandgestures，Ishouldthink，havingnocommandofthelanguage。AtDantzig，amongtheSwedish—GothkindofHeathen，hehadsomesuccess，oraffluenceofattendance；
notelsewherethatwehearof。InthePillauregion，forexample，wherehenextlanded，anamphibiousHeathenlouthithimheavilyacrosstheshoulderswiththeflatofhisoar；sentthepoorPreachertotheground，faceforemost，andsuddenlyendedhissalutarydiscourseforthattime。However，hepressedforward，regardlessofresults，preachingtheEvangeltoallcreatureswhowerewillingorunwilling；——andpressedatlastintotheSacredCircuit，theROMOVA，orPlaceofOak—trees，andofWoodenorStoneIdols（Bangputtis，Patkullos，andIknownotwhatdiabolicdumbBlocks），whichitwasdeathtoenter。TheHeathenPriests，aswemayconceiveit，rushedout；beckonedhim，withloudunintelligiblebullyingsandfiercegestures，tobegone；
hustled，shookhim，shovedhim，ashedidnotgo；thentooktoconfusedstriking，struckfinallyadeath—strokeontheheadofpoorAdalbert:sothat"hestretchedoutbothhisarms（’Jesus，receivemethou！’）andfellwithhisfacetotheground，andlaydeadthere，——intheformofacrucifix，"sayhisBiographers:
onlytheattendantmonksescapingtotell。
Attendantmonks，orAdalbert，hadknownnothingoftheirbeingonforbiddenground。Theiraccountsofthephenomenonaccordinglyleaveitonlyhalfexplained:HowhewassurprisedbyarmedHeathenDevil’s—servantsinhissleep；wasviolentlysetupon，andhis"beautifulbowels（pulchraviscera）
wererunthroughwithsevenspears:"butthisoftheROMOVA，orSacredBangputtisChurchofOak—trees，perhapschiefROMOVAoftheCountry，rashlyintrudedinto，withconsequentstrokes，andfallintheformofacrucifix，appearsnowtobetheintelligibleaccount。[Baillet，ViesdesSaints（Paris，1739），iii。722。Bollandus，ActaSanetorum，Aprilistom。iii（DIE23；inEditionvenetiis，
1738），pp。174—205。Voigt，GeschichtePreussens（Konigsberg，1827—1839），i。266—270。]WewilltakeitfortherealmannerofAdalbert’sexit；——nodoubtoftheessentialtransaction，orthatitwasaveryflamingoneonbothsides。
Thedategivenis23dApril，997；datefamousintheRomishCalendarsince。
HewasaCzechbybirth，sonofaHeathenBohemianmanofrank:
hisname（Adalbert，A’lbert，BRIGHT—in—Nobleness）hegot"atMagdeburg，whitherhehadgonetostudy"andseekbaptism；where，asgenerallyelsewhere，hisferventdevoutwayswereadmirabletohisfellow—creatures。A"manofgenius，"wemaywellsay:oneofHeaven’sbrightsouls，bornintothemuddydarknessofthisworld；——laidholdofbyatranscendentMessage，intheduetranscendentdegree。HeenteredPrag，asBishop，notinacarriageandsix，but"walkingbarefoot；"hiscontemptforearthlyshadowsbeingalwaysextreme。Accordingly，hisquarrelswiththeSOECULUM
wereconstantandendless；hiswanderingsupanddown，andvehementarguings，inthisworld，tolittlevisibleeffect，lastedallhisdays。Wecanperceivehewasshort—tempered，thinofskin:
aviolentlysensitiveman。Forexample，onceintheBohemiansolitudes，onasummerafternoon，inoneofhisthousand—foldpilgrimingsandwayfarings，hehadlaindowntorest，hisoneortwomonksandhe，insomestillglade，"withastoneforhispillow"（aswasalwayshiscustomeveninPrag），andhadfallensoundasleep。ABohemianshepherdchancedtopassthatway，warblingsomethingonhispipe，ashewendedtowardslookingafterhisflock。Seeingthesleepersontheirstonepillows，thethoughtlessCzechmischievouslyblewlouder，——startedAdalbertbroadawakeuponhim；who，inthefuryofthefirstmoment，shrieked:"Deafnessonthee！Mancrueltothehumansenseofhearing！"orwordstothateffect。Whichcurse，likethemostofAdalbert’s，waspunctuallyfulfilled:theamazedCzechstooddeafasapost，andwentaboutsoallhisdaysafter；nay，forlongcenturies（perhapsdowntothepresenttime，inremoteparts），noCzechblowsintohispipeinthewoodlands，withoutcertainprecautions，andpreliminaryfuglingsofadevotionalnature。
[Bollandus，ubisupra。]——Fromwhichmiracle，asindeedfrommanyotherindications，Iinferanirritablenervous—systeminpoorAdalbert；andfindthisdeathintheRomovawasprobablyafuriousmixtureofEarthandHeaven。
Atallevents，heliesthere，beautifulthoughbloody，"intheformofacrucifix；"zealousAdalbert，thehotspiritofhimnowatlastcold；——andhasclapthismarkupontheHeathencountry，protestingtothelast。Thiswasintheyear997，thinkthebest@@@@@
Antiquaries。IthappenedataplacecalledFISCHHAUSEN，nearPillau，saythey；onthat，narrowstripofcountrywhichliesbetweentheBalticaadtheFrischeHaf（immenseLake，WASH，asweshouldsay，orleakageofshallowwater，oneoftwosuch，whichtheBaltichasspiltoutofitinthatquarter），——neartheFortandHavenofPillau；wheretherehasbeenmuchstirsince；whereNapoleon，foronething，hadsometoughfighting，priortotheTreatyofTilsit，fiftyyearsago。Theplace——orifnotthisplace，thenGneseninPoland，thefinalburial—placeofAdalbert，whichisbetterknown——haseversincehadakindofsacredness；
betterorworseexpressedbymankind:intheformofcanonization，endlesspilgrimages，rumoredmiracles，andsuchlike。Forshortlyafterwards，theneighboringPotentate，BoleslausDukeofPoland，heart—struckattheevent，drewswordontheseHeathens，andhaving（ifIremember）gainedsomevictory，bargainedtohavetheBodyofAdalbertdeliveredtohimatitsweightingold。Body，allcutinpieces，andnailedtopoles，hadlongignominiouslywitheredinthewind；perhapsitwasnowonlyburiedovernightforthenonce？Beingdugup，orbeingcutdown，andputintothebalance，itweighed——lessthanwasexpected。Itwasaslightasgossamer，saidpiousrumor，Hadsuchanexcellentodortoo；——andcameforamerenothingofgold！ThiswasAdalbert’sfirstmiracleafterdeath；inlifehehaddonemanyhundredsofthem，andhasdonemillionssince，——chieflyuponparalyticnervous—systems，andtheelementofpiousrumor；——whichanyDevil’s—Advocatethenextantmayexplainifhecan！KaiserOtto，WonderoftheWorld，whohadknownSt。Adalbertinlife，andmuchhonoredhim，"madeapilgrimagetohistombatGnesenintheyear1000；"——andkneltthere，wemaybelieve，withthoughtswondrousenough，greatandsadenough。
ThereisnohopeofconvertingPreussen，then？ItwillneverleaveoffitsdireworshipofSatan，then？Saynot，Never；thatisaweakword。St。Adalberthasstampedhislifeuponit，intheformofacrucifix，inlastingprotestagainstthat。
ChapterIII。
MARKGRAVESOFBRANDENBURG。
MeanwhileourfirstenigmaticsetofMarkgraves，orDeputy—
Markgraves，atBrandenburg，arelikewisefaringill。Whoeverthesevaliantsteel—graygentlemenmightbe（whichDryasdustdoesnottheleastknow，andonlymakesyoumoreuncertainthemorehepretendstotell），onethingisveryevident，theyhadnopeaceablepossessionoftheplace，norforaboveahundredyears，aconstantoneonanyterms。TheWendswerehighlydisinclinedtoconversionandobedience:onceandagain，andstillagain，theyburstup；gottemporaryholdofBrandenburg，hopingtokeepit；
anddidfrightfulheterodoxiesthere。Sothattoourdistressedimaginationthosepoor"MarkgravesofWitekinddescent，"ourfirstsetinBrandenburg，becomealtogethershadowy，intermittent，enigmatic，painfullyactualastheyoncewere。Takeoneinstance，omittingothers；whichhappilyprovestobethefinishofthatfirstshadowyline，andintroducesustoanewsetveryslightlymoresubstantial。
ENDOFTHEFIRSTSHADOWYLINE。
Intheyear1023，nearacenturyafterHenrytheFowler’sfeat，theWendsburstingupinnever—imaginedfury，getholdofBrandenburgagain，——forthethirdand，onewouldfainhope，thelasttime。Thereasonwas，wordsspokenbythethenMarkgrafofBrandenburg，DietrichorTheodoric，lastoftheWitekindMarkgraves；whohearingthataCousinofhis（MarkgraforDeputy—
Markgraflikehimself）wasaboutweddinghisdaughterto"MistevoiKingoftheWends，"saidtooearnestly:"Don’t！Willyougiveyourdaughtertoadog？"Word"dog"wasused，saysmyauthority。[SeeMichaelisChurundFurstlichenHauser，
i。257—259:Pauli，AllgemeinePreussischeStaats—
Geschichte（Halle，1760—1769），i。l—182（the"standardwork"onPrussianHistory；ineightwateryquartos，intolerabletohumannature）:Kloss，VuterlandischeGemalde（Berlin，1833），i。59—108（aBookseller’scompilation，withsomecuriousExcerpts）:——underwhichliemodernSagittarius，ancientAdamofBremen，DitmarusMerseburgensis，WitichindusCorbeiensis，ArnoldusLubecensis，&c。&c。toalllengthsandbreadths。]WhichthrewKingMistevoiintoaparoxysm，andraisedtheWends。TheirbutcheryoftheGermanpopulationinpoorBrandenburg，especiallyofthePriests；theirburningoftheCathedral，andofChurchandStategenerally，maybeconceived。TheHARLUNGSBERG，——inourtimeMARIENBERG，pleasantHillnearBrandenburg，withitsgardens，vines，andwhitenedcottages:——onthetopofthisHarlungshergtheWends"setuptheirgodTriglaph；"athree—headedMonsterofwhichIhaveseenprints，beyondmeasureugly。Somethinglikethreewhale’s—cubscombinedbyboiling，oratripleporpoisedead—
drunk（forthedulleyesareinexpressible，aswellastheamorphousshape）:ugliestandstupidestofallfalsegods。
ThisthesevictoriousWendssetupontheHarlungsberg，Year1023；
andworshippedaftertheirsort，benightedmortals，——withjoy，foratime。TheCathedralwasinashes，Priestsallslainorfled，shadowyMarkgravesthelike；ChurchandStatelayinashes；
andTriglaph，likeaTriplePorpoiseundertheinfluenceoflaudanum，stood（Iknownotwhetheronhisheadoronhistail）
aloftontheHarlungsberg，astheSupremeofthisUniverse，forthetimebeing。
SECONDSHADOWYLINE。
WhereupontheDITMARSCH—STADEMarkgrafs（assomedesignatethem）
hadtointerfere，theseshadowyDeputiesoftheWitekindbreedhavingvanishedinthatmanner。TheDitmarschersrecoveredtheplace；andwithsomefighting，didinthemainatleastkeepTriglaphandtheWendsoutofitintimecoming。TheWendswerefiercelytroublesome，andfoughtmuch；butIthinktheyneveractuallygotholdofBrandenburgagain。Theywerebeginningtogetnotionsofconversion:wellpreachedtoandwellbeatenupon，youcannotholdoutforever。EvenMistevoiatonetimeprofessedtendenciestoChristianity；perhapspartlyforhisBride’ssake，——
thedog，wemaycallhim，inamildersense！Butherelapseddreadfully，afterthatinsult；andhissonworse。Ontheotherhand，Mistevoi’sgrandsonwassozealoushewentaboutwiththeMissionaryPreachers，andinterpretedtheirGermanintoWendish:
"Oh，mypoorWends，willyouhear，then，willyouunderstand？
ThissolidEarthisbutashadow:HeavenforeverorelseHellforever，thatisthereality！"SUCH"differencebetweenrightandwrong"noWendhadheardofbefore:quitetremendously"importantiftrue！"——Anddoubtlessitimpressedmany。ThereareheavyDitmarschstrokesfortheunimpressible。Bydegreesallgotconverted，thoughmanywerekilledfirst；and，onewayorother，theWendsarepreparingtoeffacethemselvesasadistinctpeople。
ThisSTADE—AND—DITMARSCHfamily（ofAnglishorSaxonbreed，ifthatisanadvantage）seemgenerallytohavefurnishedtheSALZWEDELOfficeaswell，ofwhichBrandenburgwasanoffshoot，donebydeputy，usuallyalsooftheirkin。TheylastedinBrandenburgrathermorethanahundredyears；——withlittleornoBook—Historythatisgoodtoread；theirHistoryinarticulaterather，andstampedbeneficentlyonthefaceofthings。Ottoisacommonnameamongthem。Oneoftheirsisters，too，Adelheid（Adelaide，NOBLENESS）hadastrangeadventurewith"LudwigtheSpringer:"romanticmythicman，famousintheGermanworld，overwhommyreadersandImustnotpauseatthistime。
InSalzwedel，inDitmarsch，orwhereverstationed，theyhadatoilsomefightinglife:soredifficultieswiththeirDITMARSCHERS
too，withtheplunderingDanishpopulations；MarkgrafafterMarkgrafgettingkilledinthebusiness。"ERSCHLAGEN，slainfightingwiththeHeathen，"saytheoldBooks，andpassontoanother。Ofallwhichthereisnowsilenceforever。Somanyyearsmenfoughtandplannedandstruggledthere，allforgottennowexceptbythegods；andsilentlygaveawaytheirlife，beforethosecountriescouldbecomefencibleandhabitable！Nay，myfriend，itisourlottoo:andifwewouldwinhonorinthisUniverse，therumorofHistoriesandMorningNewspapers，——whichhavetobecomewhollyzero，oneday，andfalldumbasstones，andwhichwerenotperhapsverywiseevenwhilespeaking，——willhelpuslittle！——
SUBSTANTIALMARKGRAVES:GLIMPSEOFTHECONTEMPORARYKAISERS。
TheDitmarsch—Stadekindred，muchslaininbattlewiththeHeathen，andotherwisebeatenupon，diedout，abouttheyear1l30
（earlierperhaps，perhapslater，forallisshadowystill）；
andweresucceededintheSalzwedelpartoftheirfunctionbyakindredcalled"ofAscanienandBallenstadt；"theASCANIERorANALTMarkgraves；whoseHistory，andthatofBrandenburg，becomeshencefortharticulatetous；aHistorynotdoubtfulorshadowyanylonger；butascertainable，ifreckonedworthascertaining。
WhosucceededinDitmarsch，letusbynomeansinquire。TheEmpireitselfwasinsomedisorderatthistime，moreabstruseofaspectthanusual；andtheseNorthernMarkgrafs，alreadybecomeimportantpeople，anddeepingeneralpolitics，hadtheirownshareintheconfusionthatwasgoing。
ItwasaboutthissametimethatasecondlineofKaisershaddiedout:theFRANKISHorSALICline，whohadsucceededtotheSAXON，ofHenrytheFowler’sblood。FortheEmpiretoo，thoughelective，hadalwaysatendencytobecomehereditary，andgoinlines:
ifthelastKaiserleftasonnotunfit，whosolikelyastheson？
Butheneededtobefit，otherwiseitwouldnotanswer，——otherwiseitmightbeworseforhim！ThereweregreatlaborsintheEmpiretoo，aswellasontheSclavicfrontierofit:bravemenfightingagainstanarchy（actuallysetinpitchedfightagainstit，andnotalwaysstrongenough），——toilingsore，accordingtotheirfaculty，topulltheinnumerablecrookedthingsstraight。SomeagreedwellwiththePope，——asHenryII。，whofoundedBambergBishopric，andmuchelseofthelike；[Kohler，pp。102—104。See，forinstance，DescriptiondelaTabled’Aute1enorfin，donneealaCathedraledeBale，parl’EmpereurHenriII。en1019
（Porentruy，1838）。]"asoresaintforthecrown，"aswassaidofDavidI。，hisScotchcongener，byadescendant。Othersdisagreedverymuchindeed；——HenryIV。’ssceneatCanossa，withPopeHildebrandandthepiousCountess（year1077，KaiseroftheHolyRomanEmpirewaiting，threedays，inthesnow，tokissthefootofexcommunicativeHildebrand），hasimpresseditselfonallmemories！
PoorHenryralliedoutofthatabasement，anddealtastrokeortwoonHildebrand；butfellstilllowerbeforelong，hisverySongoingagainsthim；andcamealmosttoactualwantofbread，hadnottheBishopofLiegebeengoodtohim。Nay，afterdeath，helayfouryearswaitingvainlyevenforburial，——butindeedcaredlittleaboutthat。
CertainlythisSonofhis，KaiserHenryV。，doesnotshineinfilialpiety:butprobablythepoorladhimselfwashardbested。
Healsocametodie，A。D。1125，stilllittleoverforty，andwasthelastoftheFrankishKaisers。He"lefttheREICHS—INSIGNIEN
[Crown，SceptreandCoronationgear]tohisWidowandyoungFriedrichofHohenstauffen，"asister’ssonofhis，——hopingthesaidFriedrichmight，partlybythathelp，followasKaiser。
WhichFriedrichcouldnotdo；beingwheedled，boththeWidowandhe，outoftheirinsignia，underfalsepretences，andotherwiseleftinthelurch。NotFriedrich，butoneLothar，astirringmanwhohadgrownpotentintheSaxoncountries，waselectedKaiser。
Intheend，afterwaitingtillLotharwasdone，Friedrich’sracedidsucceed，andwithbrilliancy，——KaiserBarbarossabeingthatsameFriedrich’sson。Inregardtowhichdimcomplicacies，takethisExcerptfromtheimbroglioofManuscripts，beforetheygointothefire:——
"BynomeanstobeforgottenthattheWidowweherespeakof，KaiserHenryV。’sWidow，whobroughtnoheirtoHenryV。，wasourEnglishHenryBeauclerc’sdaughter，——granddaughterthereforeofWilliamConqueror，——thesamewho，having（in1127，thesecondyearofherwidowhood）marriedGodefroiCountofAnjou，producedourHenryII。andourPlantagenets；andthereby，throughhervictoriousControversieswithKingStephen（thatnoblepeerwhosebreechesstoodhimsocheap），becameverycelebratedas’theEmpressMaud，’inouroldHistory—Books。Mathildis，DowagerofKaiserHenryV。，towhomhegavehisReichs—Insigniaatdying:
sheisthe’EmpressMaud’ofEnglishBooks；andrelatesherselfinthismannertotheHohenstauffenDynasty，andintricateGermanvicissitudes。Bethankfulforanyhookwhateveronwhichtohanghalfanacreofthrumsinfixedposition，outofyourway；
thesmallestflint—spark，inaworldallblackandunrememberable，willbewelcome。"——
AndsowereturntoBrandenburgandthe"ASCANIENandBALLENSTADT"
seriesofMarkgraves。
ChapterIV。
ALBERTTHEBEAR。
ThisAscanien，happily，hasnothingtodowithBruteofTroyorthepiousAEneas’sson；itissimplythenameofamostancientCastle（etymologyunknowntome，ruinsstilldimlytraceable）onthenorthslopeoftheHartzMountains；shortwayfromAschersleben，——theCastleandTownofAscherslebenare，sotospeak，asecondeditionofAscanien。Ballenstadtisstillolder；
BallenstadtwasofageinCharlemagne’stime；andisstillarespectablelittleTowninthatuplandrangeofcountry。
Thekindred，calledGRAFSandultimatelyHERZOGS（Dukes）of"AscanienandBallenstadt，"areveryfamousinoldGermanHistory，especiallydownfromthisdate。SomereckonthattheyhadintermittentlybeenMarkgrafs，intheirregion，longbeforethis；
whichisconceivableenough:atalleventsitisveryplaintheydidnowattaintheOfficeinSALZWEDEL（straightwayshiftingittoBrandenburg）；andhelditcontinuously，itandmuchelsethatlayadjacent，forcenturies，inahighlyconspicuousmanner。
InBrandenburgtheylastedforabouttwohundredyears；intheirSaxondignities，theyoungerbranchofthemdidnotdieout（andgiveplacetotheWettinsthatnoware）forfivehundred。NaytheyhavestilltheirrepresentativesontheEarth:LeopoldofAnhalt—
Dessau，celebrated"OldDessauer，"comeofthejuniorbranches，islinealheadofthekininFriedrichWilhelm’stime（whileourlittleFritzchenliesasleepinhiscradleatBerlin）；andacertainPrinceofAnhalt—Zerbst，ColonelinthePrussianArmy，authenticPRINCE，butwithpursemuchshorterthanpedigree，willhaveaDaughterbyandby，whowillgotoRussia，andbecomealmosttooconspicuous，asCatharineII。，there！——
"Brandenburgnowasafterwards，"saysoneofmyoldPapers，"wasofficiallyreckonedSAXON；partofthebigDuchyofSaxony；
wherecertainfamedBILLUNGS，lineageofanold’CountBillung’
（connectedornotwithBILLINGS—gateinourcountry，Idonotknow）hadlongbornesway。OfwhichbigoldBillungsIwillsaynothingatall；——thisonly，thattheydiedout；andacertainAlbert，’CountofAscanienandBallenstadt’（say，ofANHALT，inmodernterms），whosemotherwasoneoftheirdaughters，cameinforthenorthernpartoftheirinheritance。HemadeaclutchattheSoutherntoo，butdidnotlongretainthat。Beingamanveryswiftandverysharp，atoncenimbleandstrong，inthehugescramblethattherethenwas，——UncleBillungdeadwithoutheirs，aSALIClineofemperorsgoingorgoneout，andaHOHENSTAUFFEN
notyetcomein，——hemadearichgameofitforhimself；theratherasLothar，theintermediateKaiser，washiscousin，andtherewereothergoodcardswhichheplayedwell。
"Thisishetheycall’AlberttheBear（AlbrechtderBar）；’firstoftheASCANIENMarkgravesofBrandenburg；
——firstwhollydefiniteMARKGRAFOFBRANDENBURGthatthereis；
onceaveryshiningfigureintheworld，thoughnowfallendimenoughagain。Itisevidenthehadaquickeye，aswellasastronghand；andcouldpickwhatwaywasstraightestamongcrookedthings。HegottheNorthernpartofwhatisstillcalledSaxony，andkeptitinhisfamily；gottheBrandenburgCountrieswithal，gottheLausitz；wastheshiningfigureandgreatmanoftheNorthinhisday。TheMarkgrafdomofSALZWEDEL（whichsoonbecameofBRANDENBURG）heverynaturallyacquired（A。D。1142orearlier）；
verynaturally，consideringwhatSaxonandotherhonorsandpossessionshehadalreadygotholdof。"——
Wecanonlysay，itwastheluckiestofeventsforBrandenburg，andthebeginningofallthebetterdestiniesithashad。
AconspicuousCountryeversinceintheworld，andwhichgrowsevermoresoinourlatetimes。
Hehadmanywars；inextricablecoilofclaimings，quarrellingsandagreeings:foughtmuch，——foughtinItaly，too，"againstthePagans"（Saracens，thatis）。CousintooneKaiser，theLotharabovenamed；thenachiefstayoftheHohenstauffen，ofthetwoHohenstauffenswhofollowed:arestless，much—managing，wide—
warringman。HestoodtruebythegreatBarbarossa，secondoftheHohenstauffen，greatestofalltheKaisers；whichwasaluckforhim，andperhapsamerit。HekeptwellwiththreeKaisersinhistime。Hadgreatquarrelswith"HenrytheLion"aboutthat"Billung"SaxonHeritage；HenrycarryingoffthebetterpartofitfromAlbert。ExceptthatsameHenry，headoftheGuelphsorWelfs，whohadnotAlbert’stalent，thoughwiderlandsthanAlbert，therewasnoGermanprincesoimportantinthattime。
HetransferredtheMarkgrafdomtoBRANDENBURG，probablyasmorecentralinhiswidelands；SALZWEDELishenceforththeledMarkgrafdomorMARCK，andsoonfallsoutofnoticeintheworld。
Salzwedeliscalledhencefortheversincethe"OldMarck（
AlteMarck，Altmarck）；"theBrandenburgcountriesgettingthenameof"NewMarck。"ModernNEUMARK，modern"Middle—
Marck"（inwhichstandsBrandenburgitselfinourtime），"UCKER—
Marck"（OUTSIDEMarck，——wordUCKERisstillseeninUKRAINE，forinstance）:theseareposteriorDivisions，fallenuponasBrandenburg（underAlbertchiefly）enlargeditself，andneedednewOfficialparcellingsintodepartments。
UnderAlberttheMarkgrafdomhadrisentobeanELECTORATEwithal。
TheMarkgrafofBrandenburgwasnowfurthermoretheKURFURSTofBrandenburg；officially"Arch—treasureroftheHolyRomanEmpire；
"andoneoftheSevenwhohavearight（whichbecameaboutthistimeanexclusiveoneforthoseSeven）tochoose，toKIERENtheRomishKaiser；andwhoarethereforecalledKURPrinces，KURFURSTE
orElectors，asthehighestdignityexcepttheKaiser’sown。
Inreferencetowhichabstrusematter，likelytoconcernussomewhat，willtheuninstructedEnglishreaderconsenttothefollowingExcerpt，slightlyelucidatoryofKURFURSTSandtheirfunction？
"FURST（Prince）Isupposeisequivalentoriginallytoournounofnumber，First。TheoldverbKIEREN（participleERKORENstillinuse，nottomention’Val—KYR’andotherinstances）isessentiallythesamewordasourCHOOSE，beingwrittenKIESENaswellasKIEREN。Nay，saytheetymologists，itisalsowrittenKUSSEN（toKISS，——toCHOOSEwithsuchemphasis！），andisnotlikelytofallobsoleteinthatform。——TheotherSixElectoralDignitarieswhogrewtoEightbydegrees，andmaybeworthnotingoncebythereadersofthisBook；are:——
"1。ThreeEcclesiastical，MAINZ，COLN，TRIER（Mentz，Cologne，Treves），Archbishopsall，withsovereigntyandterritorymoreorlessconsiderable；——whousedtobeelectedasPopesare，theoreticallybytheirrespectiveChaptersandtheHeavenlyInspirations，butpracticallybytheintriguesandpressuresoftheneighboringPotentates，especiallyFranceandAustria。
"2。ThreeSecular，SACHSEN，PFALZ，BOHMEN（Saxony，Palatinate，Bohemia）；ofwhichthelast，BOHMEN，sinceitfellfrombeingaKingdominitself，tobeingaProvinceofAustria，isnotveryvocalintheDiets。TheseSix，withBrandenburg，aretheSevenKurfurstsinoldtime；SEPTEMVIRSoftheCountry，sotospeak。
"ButnowPFALZ，intheThirty—YearsWar（underourPrinceRupert’sFather，whomtheGermanscallthe`Winter—King’），gotabrogated，puttotheban，sofarasanindignantKaisercould；andthevoteandKURofPfalzwasgiventohisCousinofBAIERN（Bavaria），——
sofarasanindignantKaisercould。However，atthePeaceofWestphalia（1648）itwasfoundincompetenttoanyKaisertoabrogatePFULZorthelikeofPfalz，aKurfurstoftheEmpire。
So，afterjargoninconceivable，itwassettled，ThatPFALZmustbereinstated，thoughwithterritoriesmuchclipped，andatthebottomofthelist，notthetopasformerly；andthatBAIERN，whocouldnotstandtobebalkedaftertwentyyears’possession，mustbemadeEIGHTHElector。TheNINTH，wesaw（Year1692），wasGentlemanErnstofHANOVER。ThereneverwasanyTenth；andtheHolyROMISCHEREICH，whichwasagrandobjectonce，buthadgoneaboutinasuperannuatedandplainlycrazystateforsomecenturiesback，wasatlastputoutofpain，byNapoleon，’6thAugust，1806，’andallowedtoceasefromthisworld。"
[Ms。penesme。]
NoneofAlbert’swarsaresocomfortabletoreflectonasthosehehadwiththeanarchicWends；whomhenowfairlybeattopowder，andeithersweptaway，orelsedampeddownintoChristianityandkeepingofthepeace。Sweptthemawayotherwise；"peoplingtheirlandsextensivelywithColonistsfromHolland，whomaninroadoftheseahadrenderedhomelessthere。"Whichsurelywasausefulexchange。NothingbetterisknowntomeofAlberttheBearthanthishisintroducinglargenumbersofDutchNetherlandersintothosecountries；menthrownoutofwork，whoalreadyknewhowtodealwithbogandsand，bymixinganddelving，andwhofirsttaughtBrandenburgwhatgreennessandcow—pasturewas。TheWends，inpresenceofsuchthings，couldnotbutconsentmoreandmoretoeffacethemselves，——eithertobecomeGerman，andgrowmilkandcheeseintheDutchmanner，ortodisappearfromtheworld。
TheWendishPrinceshadatasteforGermanwives；inwhichjusttastetheAlbertgenealogywasextremelywillingtoindulgethem。
Affinitiesproduceinheritances；bypropermarriage—contractsyoucansettleonwhatsidethemostcontingentinheritanceshallatlengthfall。DimbutprettycertainliesatimecomingwhentheWendishPrincesalsoshallhaveeffacedthemselves；andallshallbeGerman—Brandenburgish，notWendishanymore。——TheactualInhabitantsofBrandenburg，therefore，areeithercomeofDutchBog—farmers，oraresimpleLowerSAXONS（"Anglo—Saxon，"ifyoulikethatbetter），PLATT—TEUTSCHofthecommontype；anunexceptionablebreedofpeople。StreaksofWendishpopulation，extrudedgraduallyintotheremoterquagmires，andmoreinaccessible，lessvaluablesedgymoorsandsea—strands，arescatteredabout；Mecklenburg，whichstillsubsistsseparatelyafterasort，isreckonedpeculiarlyWendish。InMecklenburg，Pommern，Pommerellen（LittlePomerania），arestilltobeseenphysiognomiesofaWendishorVandalictype（moreofcheekthanthereoughttobe，andlessofbrow；otherwisegoodenoughphysiognomiesoftheirkind）:butthegeneralmass，temperedwithsuchadmixtures，isofthePlatt—Deutsch，SaxonorevenAnglishcharacterwearefamiliarwithhereathome。Apatientstoutpeople；meaningconsiderablethings，andveryincapableofspeakingwhatitmeans。
Albertwasafinetallfigurehimself；DERSCHONE，"AlberttheHandsome，"washisnameasoftenas"AlberttheBear。"Thatlatterepithethegot，notfromhislooksorqualities，butmerelyfromhisheraldiccognizance:aBearonhisshield。Aswasthenthemodeofnames；surnamesbeingscant，andnotyetfixedlyinexistence。Thustoohiscontemporaries，HenryTHELIONofSaxonyandWelfdom，WilliamTHELIONofScotland，werenot，eitherofthem，speciallyleoninemen:norhadthePLANTAGENETS，orGeoffreyofAnjou，anyconnectionwiththePLANTofBROOM，exceptwearingatwigofitintheircapsonoccasion。MenaregladtogetsomedesignationforagrandAlberttheyareoftenspeakingof，whichshalldistinguishhimfromthemanysmallones。Albert"theBear，DERBAR，"willdoaswellasanother。
ItwasthisonefirstthatmadeBrandenburgpeaceableandnotable。
WemightcallhimthesecondfounderofBrandenburg；he，inthemiddleoftheTwelfthCentury，completedforitwhatHenrytheFowlerhadbegunearlyintheTenth。Aftertwohundredandfiftyyearsofbarkingandworrying，theWendsarenowfinallyreducedtosilence；theiranarchywellburied，andwholesomeDutchcabbageplantedoverit:Albertdidseveralgreatthingsintheworld；
but，this，forposterity，remainshismemorablefeat。Notdonequiteeasily；but，done:bigdestiniesofNationsorofPersonsarenotfoundedGRATISinthisworld。Hehadasoretoilsometimeofit，coercing，warring，managingamonghisfellow—creatures，whilehisday’sworklasted，——fiftyyearsorso，foritbeganearly。HediedinhisCastleofBallenstadt，peaceablyamongtheHartzMountainsatlast，intheyear1170，ageaboutsixty—five。
ItwasinthetimewhileThomasaBecketwasrovingabouttheworld，cominghomeexcommunicative，andfinallygettingkilledinCanterburyCathedral；——whileAbbotSamson，stillapoorlittlebrownBoy，cameoverfromNorfolk，holdingbyhismother’shand，toSt。Edmundsbury；havingseen"SANTANASswithoutspreadwings"
fearfullybusyinthisworld。
ChapterV。
CONRADOFHOHENZOLLERN；ANDKAISERBARBAROSSA。
Itwasinthosesameyearsthatastoutyoungfellow，Conradbyname，faroffinthesouthernpartsofGermany，setoutfromtheoldCastleofHohenzollern，wherehewasbutjunior，andhadsmalloutlooks，uponaverygreaterrandintheworld。
>FromHohenzollern；boundnowtowardsGelnhausen，Kaiserslautern，orwhatevertemporarylodgingthegreatKaiserBarbarossamightbeknowntohave，whowasawanderingman，hisbusinesslyingeverywhereoverhalftheworld，andneedingthemaster’seye。
Conrad’spurposeistofindBarbarossa，andseekfortuneunderhim。
Thisisaveryindisputableeventofthosesameyears。Theexactdate，thefigure，circumstancesofitwere，mostlikely，neverwrittenanywherebutonConrad’sownbrain，andarenowrubbedoutforevermore；buttheeventitselfiscertain；andofthehighestconcernmenttothisNarrative。Somewhereabouttheyear1170，likeliestafewyearsbeforethat，[Rentsch，
BrandenburgischerCeder—Hein（Baireuth，l682），pp。273—276。——SeealsoJohannUlrichPregitzern，
TeutscherRegierungs—undEhren—Spiegel，vorbildend&c。desHausesHohenzollern（Berlin，1703），pp。90—93。AlearnedandpainfulBook:byaTubingenProfessor，whoisdeeplyreadintheoldHistories，andgivesPortraitsandotherEngravingsofsomevalue。]thisConrad，ridingdownfromHohenzoliern，probablywithnogreatstockofluggageabout，him，——littledreamsofbeingconnectedwithBrandenburgontheothersideoftheworld；butIS
unconsciouslymoresothananyotherofthethensonsofAdam。
Heisthelinealancestor，twentiethindirectascent，ofthelittleBoynowsleepinginhiscradleatBerlin；lethimwaittillnineteengenerations，valiantlylikeConrad，havedonetheirpart，andgoneout，Conradwillfindheiscometothis！Aman’sdestinyisstrangealways；andneverwantsformiracles，orwillwant，thoughitsometimesmayforeyestodiscernthem。
HohenzollernliesfarsouthinSCHWABEN（Suabia），onthesunwardslopeoftheRauhe—AlpCountry；nogreatwaynorthfromConstanceanditsLake；butwellaloft，nearthespringsoftheDanube；
itsbackleaningontheBlackForest；itisperhapsdefinableasthesouthernsummitofthatsamehugeoldHercynianWood，whichisstillcalledtheSCHWARZWALD（BlackForest），thoughnowcomparativelybareoftrees。["Therearestillconsiderablespottingsofwood（pinemainly，and’black’enough）；HOLZ—HANDEL
（timber—trade）stillaconsiderablebranchofbusinessthere；——andonthestreamsofthecountryarecunningcontrivancesnoticeable，forfloatingdownthearticleintotheNeckarriver，andthenceintotheRhineandtoHolland。"（Tourist’sNote。）]FancifulDryasdust，doingalittleetymology，willtellyouthenameZOLLERNisequivalenttoTOLLERYorPlaceofTolls。
WherebyHOHENZOLLERNcomestomeantheHIGHorUpperTOLLERY；——
andgivesonethenotionofantiquepedlersclimbingpainfully，outofItalyandtheSwissvalleys，thusfar；unstrappingtheirpack—horseshere，andchafferinginunknowndialectaboutTOLL。
Poorsouls；——itmaybeso，butwedonotknow，norshallitconcernus。Thisonlyisknown:Thatahumankindred，probablyofsometalentforcoercinganarchyandguidingmankind，had，centuriesago，builtitsBURGthere，anddonethatfunctioninasmallbutcreditablewayeversince；——kindredpossiblyenoughderivablefrom"Thassilo，"Charlemagne，KingDagobert，andotherKings，butcertainlyfromAdamandtheAlmightyMaker，whohadgivenitthosequalities；——andthatConrad，ajuniormemberofthesame，nowgoesforthfromitinthewaywesee。"Whyshouldayoungfellowthathascapabilities，"thoughtConrad，"stayathomeinhungryidleness，withnoestatebuthisjavelinandbuffjerkin，andnoemploymentbuthishawks，whenthereisawideopulentworldwaitingonlytobeconquered？"ThiswasConrad’sthought；anditprovedtobeaveryjustone。
Itwasnowtheflower—timeoftheRomishKaisershipofGermany；
aboutthemiddleornoonofBarbarossahimself，secondoftheHohenstauffens，andgreatestofalltheKaisersofthatoranyotherhouse。Kaiserfallenunintelligibletomostmodernreaders，andwhollyunknown，whichisapity。NoKingsofurnishedoutwithapparatusandarena，withpersonalfacultytoruleandscenetodoitin，hasappearedelsewhere。Amagnificentmagnanimousman；
holdingthereinsoftheworld，notquiteintheimaginarysense；
scourginganarchydown，andurgingnobleeffortup，reallyonagrandScale。Aterrortoevil—doersandapraisetowell—doersinthisworld，probablybeyondwhatwaseverseensince。Whomalsowesaluteacrossthecenturies，asachoiceBeneficenceofHeaven。
EncampedonthePlainofRoncaglia[whenheenteredItaly，ashetoooftenhadoccasiontodo]，hisshieldwashungoutonahighmastoverhistent；"anditmeantinthoseolddays，"Ho，everyonethathassufferedwrong；hereisaKaisercometojudgeyou，asheshallanswerittoHISMaster。"Andmengatheredroundhim；
andactuallyfoundsomejustice，——iftheycoulddiscernitwhenfound。Whichtheycouldnotalwaysdo；neitherwasthejusticecapableofbeingperfectalways。Afearfullydifficultfunction，thatofFriedrichRedbeard。Butaninexorablyindispensableoneinthisworld；——thoughsometimesdispensedwith（tothehugejoyofAnarchy，whichsingsHallelujahthroughallitsNewspapers）
foraseason！
KaiserFriedrichhadimmensedifficultieswithhisPopes，withhisMilanese，andthelike；——besiegedMilansixtimesover，amongotheranarchies；——hadindeedaheavy—ladenhardtimeofit，histaskbeinggreatandthegreatest。HemadeGebhardus，theanarchicGovernorofMilan，"liechainedunderhistable，likeadog，forthreedays。"Forthemanwasinearnest，inthatearnesttime:——
andletussay，theyarebutpaltrysham—menwhoarenotso，inanytime；paltry，andfarworsethanpaltry，howeverhightheirplumesmaybe。Ofwhomthesickworld（Anarchy，bothvocalandsilent，havingnowswolnratherhigh）iseverywheregettingweary。——Gebhardus，theanarchicGovernor，laythreedaysundertheKaiser’stable；asitwouldbewellifeveryanarchicGovernor，ofthesofttypeandofthehard，weremadetodoonoccasion；askinghimself，interribleearnest，"AmIadog，then；alas，amnotIadog？"Thosewereseriousoldtimes。
Ontheotherhand，KaiserFriedrichhadhisTourneys，hisgleamsofbrightjoyancesnowandthen；onegreatgatheringofallthechivalriesatMainz，whichlastedforthreeweekslong，thegrandestTourneyeverseeninthisworld。Gelnhausen，intheWetterau（ruinstillworthseeing，onitsIslandintheKinzigriver），isunderstoodtohavebeenoneofhisHouses；
Kaiserslautern（Kaiser’sLIMPID，fromitsclearspring—water）inthePfalz（whatwecallPALATINATE），another。HewentontheCrusadeinhisseventiethyear；[1189，A。D。；Saladinhaving，totheuniversalsorrow，takenJerusalem。]thinkingtohimself，"Letusendwithoneclearactofpiety:"——hecuthiswaythroughthedangerousGreekattorneyisms，throughthehungrymountainpasses，furiousTurkfanaticisms，likeagrayoldhero:"Woeisme，mysonhasperished，then？"saidheonce，tearswettingthebeardnowwhiteenough；"Mysonisslain！——ButChriststilllives；
letuson，mymen！"Andgainedgreatvictories，andevenfoundhisson；butneverreturnedhome；——died，someunknownsuddendeath，"intheriverCydnus，"saythemost。[Kohler（p。188），andtheAuthoritiescitedbyhim。Bunau’sDeutscheKaiser—undReichs—Historie（Leipzig，1728—1743），i。，istheexpressBookofBarbarossa:anelaborate，instructiveVolume。]
NayGermanTraditionthinksheisnotyetdead；butonlysleeping，tillthebadworldreachitsworst，whenhewillreappear。HesitswithintheHillnearSalzburgyonder，——saysGermanTradition，itsfancykindledbythestrangenoisesinthatHill（limestoneHill）
fromhiddenwaters，andbythegrandrockylookoftheplace:——
Apeasantonce，stumblingintotheinterior，sawtheKaiserinhisstonecavern；Kaisersatatamarbletable，leaningonhiselbow；
winking，onlyhalfasleep；beardhadgrownthroughthetable，andstreamedoutonthefloor；helookedatthepeasantonemoment；
askedhimsomethingaboutthetimeitwas；thendroppedhiseyelidsagain:Notyettime，butwillbesoon！[Riesebeck’sTravels（EnglishTranslation，London，1787），i。140，Busching，Volks—Sagen，&c。（Leipzig，1820），i。333，&c。&x。]Heiswinkingasiftoawake。Toawake，andsethisshieldaloftbytheRoncalicFieldsagain，with:
Ho，everyonethatissufferingwrong；——orthathasstrayedguideless，devil—ward，anddonewrong，whichisfarfataler！
CONRADHASBECOMEBURGGRAFOFNURNBERG（A。D。1170）。
ThiswastheKaisertowhomConradaddressedhimself；andhediditwithsuccess；whichmaybetakenasakindoftestimonialtotheworthoftheyoungman。Detailswehaveabsolutelynone:
butthereisnodoubtthatConradrecommendedhimselftoKaiserRedbeard，noranythattheKaiserwasajudgeofmen。Veryearnesttodiscernmen’sworthandcapabilities；havingunspeakableneedofworth，insteadofunworth，inthoseunderhim！WemayconcludehehadfoundcapabilitiesinConrad；foundthattheyoungfellowdideffectiveservicesastheoccasionrose，andknewhowtowork，inaswift，resolute，judiciousandexactmanner。Promotionwasnotlikelyonotherterms；stillless，highpromotion。
Onethingfartherisknown，significantforhissuccesses:Conradfoundfavorwith"theHeiressoftheVohburgFamily，"desirableyoungheiress，andgothertowife。TheVohburgFamily，nowmuchforgotteneverywhere，andneverheardofinEnglandbefore，hadlongbeenofsupremeimportance，ofimmensepossessions，andopulentinterritories，andweneednotadd，inhonorsandoffices，inthoseFranconianNurnbergregions；andwasnowgonetothisonegirl。Iknownotthatshehadmuchinheritanceafterall；
thevastVohburgpropertieslapsingalltotheKaiser，whenthemaleheirswereout。Butshehadpretensions，tacitclaims；
inparticular，theVohburgshadlongbeenhabitualorineffecthereditaryBurggrafsofNurnberg；andifConradhadthetalentforthatoffice；henow，inpreferencetoothers，mighthaveachanceforit。Sureenough，hegotit；tookrootinit，heandhis；and，inthecourseofcenturies，branchedupfromit，highandwide，overtheadjoiningcountries；waxingtowardsstillhigherdestinies。ThatistheepitomeofConrad’shistory；historynowbecomeverygreat，butthennobiggerthanitsneighbors，andverymeagrelyrecorded；ofwhichthereflectivereaderistomakewhathecan。
ThereisnothingclearlyknownofConradmorethanthesethreefacts:ThathewasacadetofHohenzollern（whosefather’sname，andsomeforefathers’namesaredefinitelyknowninthefamilyarchives，butdonotconcernus）；thathemarriedtheHeiressoftheVohburgs，whosehistoryisonrecordinlikemanner；andthathewasappointedBurggrafofNurnberg，yearnotpreciselyknown，——
butbefore1170，aswouldseem。"InaREICHSTAG（DietoftheEmpire）heldatRegensburginorabout1170，"heformallycomplains，heandcertainothers，allstanchKaiser’sfriends（forinfactitwaswiththeKaiser’sknowledge，orathisinstigation），ofHenrytheLion’shighproceduresandmalpractices；ofHenry’sLeaguewiththePope，LeaguewiththeKingofDenmark，andsoforth；thesaidHenryhavingindeedfallenintoopposition，toadangerousdegree；——andsignshimselfBURGGRAFOFNURNBERG，saytheoldChronicles。[Rentsch，p。276
（whocitesAventinus，Trittheim，&c。）。]
TheoldDocumentitselfhaslongsinceperished，Iconclude:buttheChroniclesmaybeacceptedasreportersofsoconspicuousathing；whichwasthebeginningoflongstrifeinGermany，andprovedtheruinofHenrytheLion，supremeWelfgrownover—big，——
andcostourEnglishHenryII。，whosedaughterhehadmarried，aworldoftroubleandexpense，wemayremarkwithal。ConradthereforeisalreadyBurggrafofNurnberg，andamanofmark，in1170:andhismarriage，stillmorehisfirstsallyfromthepaternalCastletoseekhisfortune，mustallbedatedearlier。
MoreisnotknownofConrad:exceptindeedthathedidnotperishinBarbarossa’sgrandfinalCrusade。Fortheantiquarieshaveagainfoundhimsignedtosomecontract，orotherwiseinsignificantdocument，A。D。1200。WhichisproofpositivethathedidnotdieintheCrusade；andproofprobablethathewasnotofit，——few，hardlyany，ofthosestalwart150，000championsoftheCrosshavingevergothomeagain。Conrad，bythistime，mighthavesonscometoage；fitterforarmsandfatiguesthanhe:andindeedatNurnberg，inDeutschlandgenerally，asOfficialPrinceoftheEmpire，andmanofweightandjudgment，Conrad’sservicesmightbestillmoreuseful，andtheKaiser’sinterestsmightrequirehimrathertostayathomeinthatjuncture。BurggrafofNurnberghecontinuedtobe；heandhisdescendants，firstinaselective，thenatlengthinadirectlyhereditaryway，centuryaftercentury；andsolongasthatofficelastedinNurnberg（whichitdidtheremuchlongerthaninotherImperialFree—Cities），aCOMESDEZOLREofConrad’sproducingwasalwaysthemanthenceforth。
Theiracts，inthatstationandcapacity，asBurggravesandPrincesoftheEmpire，wereonceconspicuousenoughinGermanHistory；andindeedareonlysodimnow，becausetheHistoryitselfis，andwasalways，dimtousonthissideofthesea。
Theydidstrenuousworkintheirday；andoccasionallytoweredup（thoughlittledrivenbythepoorwishof"towering，"or"shining"
withoutneed）intothehighplacesofPublicHistory。Theyrestnowfromtheirlabors，Conradandhissuccessors，inlongseries，intheoldMonasteryofHeilsbronn（betweenNurnbergandAnspach），withTombstomanyofthem，whichwereverylegibleforslightBiographicpurposesinmypoorfriendRentsch’stime，ahundredandfiftyyearsago；andmayperhapsstillhavesomequasi—use，as"sepulchralbrasses，"toanotherclassofpersons。OneortwoofthoseoldburiedFigures，morepeculiarlyimportantforourlittleFriendnowsleepinginhiscradleyonder，wemustendeavor，astheNarrativeproceeds，toresuscitatealittleandrendervisibleformoments。
OFTHEHOHENZOLLERNBURGGRAVESGENERALLY。
AstotheOffice，itwasmoreimportantthanperhapsthereaderimagines。WealreadysawConradfirstBurggraf，amongthemagnatesofthecountry，denouncingHenrytheLion。EveryBurggrafofNurnbergis，invirtueofhisofice，"PrinceoftheEmpire:"ifamanhappenedtohavetalentofhisown，andsolidresourcesofhisown（whicharealwaysonthegrowinghandwiththisfamily），hereisabasisfromwhichhemaygofarenough。BurggrafofNurnberg:
thatmeansagainGRAF（judge，defender，manager，G’REEVE）oftheKaiser’sBURGorCastle，——inawordKaiser’sRepresentativeandALTEREGO，——intheoldImperialFree—TownofNurnberg；withmuchadjacentverycomplexterritory，also，toadministerfortheKaiser。AflourishingextensiveCity，thisoldNurnberg，withvaluableadjacentterritory，civicandimperial，intricatelyintermixed；fullofcommercialindustries，opulences，notwithoutdemocratictendencies。Nayitisalmost，insomesenses，theLONDONANDMIDDLESEXoftheGermanythatthenwas，ifwewillconsiderit！
Thisisaplacetogiveamanchances，andtrywhatstuffisinhim。Theofficeinvolvesatalentforgoverning，aswellasforjudging；talentforfightingalso，incasesofextremity，andwhatisstillbetter，atalentforavoidingtofight。Nonebutamanofcompetentsuperiorpartscandothatfunction；Isuppose，noimbecilecouldhaveexistedmanymonthsinit，intheoldearnesttimes。ConradandhissucceedingHohenzollernsprovedverycapabletodoit，aswouldseem；andgrewandspreadinit，waxingbiggerandbigger，fromtheirfirstplantingtherebyKaiserBarbarossa，asuccessfuljudgeofmen。Andeversincethattime，from"abouttheyear1170，"downtotheyear1815，——whensomuchwaschanged，owingtoanother（temporary）"Kaiser"ofnewtype，Napoleonhisname，——theHohenzollernshavehadafootinginFrankedand；
anddonesovereigntyinandroundNurnberg，withanenlargingTerritoryinthatregion。Territoryatlastoflargecompass；
which，underthenamesMARGRAFDOMOFANSPACH，andofBAIREUTH，oringeneralMARGRAFDOMOFCULMBACH，whichincludesboth，hasbecomefamiliarinHistory。
FortheHousewentonsteadilyincreasing，asitwere，fromthefirstday；theHohenzollernsbeingalwaysofagrowing，gainingnature；——asmenarethatliveconformablytothelawsofthisUniverse，andoftheirplacetherein；which，aswillappearfromgoodstudyoftheiroldrecords，thoughidlerumor，groundedonnostudy，sometimessaysthecontrary，theseHohenzollernseminentlywere。Athrifty，steadfast，diligent，clear—sighted，stout—heartedlineofmen；ofloyalnaturewithal，andeventobecalledjustandpious，sometimestoanotabledegree。Mennotgiventofighting，whereitcouldbeavoided；yetwithagoodswiftstrokeinthem，whereitcouldnot:princelypeopleaftertheirsort，withahigh，notanostentatiousturnofmind。They，formostpart，gouponsolidprudence；ifpossible，areanxioustoreachthegoalwithouttreadingonanyone；arepeaceable，asIoftensay，andbynomeansquarrelsome，inaspectanddemeanor；
yetthereisgenerallyintheHohenzollernsaveryfierceflashofanger，capableofblazingoutincasesofurgency:thislatteralsoisoneofthemostconstantfeaturesIhavenotedinthelongseriesofthem。ThattheygrewinFrankenland，yearafteryear，andcenturyaftercentury，whileitwastheirfortunetolast，aliveandactivethere，isnomiracle，onsuchterms。
TheiroldbigCastleofPlassenburg（nowaPenitentiary，withtreadmillandtheotherfurnishings）stillstandsonitsHeight，nearCulmbach，lookingdownoverthepleasantmeetingoftheRedandWhiteMaynRiversandoftheirfruitfulvalleys；awakeningmanythoughtsinthetraveller。AnspachSchloss，andstillmoreBaireuthSchloss（Mansion，oneday，ofourlittleWilhelminaofBerlin，Fritzkin’ssister，nowprattlingthereinsooldaway；
wherenotabilitieshavebeen，oneandanother；whichJeanPaul，too，sawdailyinhiswalks，whilealiveandlookingskyward）:
these，andmanyothercastlesandthings，belongingnowwhollytoBavaria，willcontinuememorableforHohenzollernhistory。
TheFamilydiditsdueshare，sometimesanexcessiveone，inreligiousbeneficencesandfoundations；whichwasnotquiteleftoffinrecenttimes，thoughmuchalteringitsfigure。ErlangenUniversity，forexample，wasofWilhelmina’sdoing。ErlangenUniversity；——andalsoanOpera—HouseofexcessivesizeinBaireuth。SuchwaspoorWilhelmina’ssadfigureof"religion。"
Intheolddays，theirlargestbequestthatIrecollectwastotheTEUTSCHERITTER，OrderofTeutonicKnights，verycelebratedinthosedays。JuniorbranchesfromHohenzollern，asfromotherfamilies，soughtacareerinthatchivalrousdevoutBrotherhoodnowandthen；onepiousBurggrafhadthreesonsatonceinit；
he，averybequeathingHerrotherwise，settledoneofhismansions，Virnsperg，withrentsandincomings，ontheOrder。
WhichaccordinglyhadthenceforthaCOMTHUREI（Commandery）inthatcountry；ComthureiofVirnspergthenameofit:thedateofdonationisA。D。1294；andtwooftheoldHerr’sthreeRITTER
sons，wecanremark，weresuccessivelyCOMTHURS（Commanders，steward—prefects）ofVirnsperg，thefirsttwoithad。[Rentsch，p。288。]
Thiswasin1294；thepalmyperiod，orculminationtimeoftheTEUTSCHESRITTERTHUM。Concerningwhich，onwideraccounts，wemustnowsayaword。
ChapterVI。
THETEUTSCHRITTERSORTEUTONICORDER。
Barbarossa’sArmyofCrusadersdidnotcomehomeagain，anymorethanBarbarossa。TheywerestrongerthanTurkorSaracen，butnotthanHungerandDisease；Leadersdidnotknowthen，asourlittleFriendatBerlincametoknow，that"anArmy，likeaserpent，goesuponitsbelly。"Afterfinefightingandconsiderablevictories，theendofthisCrusadewas，ittookto"besiegingAcre，"andinrealitylayperishingasofmurrainonthebeachatAcre，withoutshelter，withoutmedicine，withoutfood。NotevenRichardCoeur—
de—Lion，andhisbestprowessandhelp，couldavertsuchissuefromit。
Richard’sCrusadefellinwiththefag—endofBarbarossa’s；anditwasRichardchieflythatmanagedtotakeAcre；——atleastsoRichardflatteredhimself，whenhepulledpoorLeopoldofAustria’sstandardfromthetowers，andtraileditthroughthegutters:"Yourstandard？YOUhavetakenAcre？"WhichturnedoutillforRichardafterwards。AndDukeLeopoldhasabadnameamongusinconsequence；muchworsethanhedeserves。Leopoldhadstuffinhimtoo。Hedied，forexample，inthismanner:fallingwithhishorse，Ithinkinsomesiegeorother，hehadgothisleghurt；
whichhinderedhiminfighting。Legcouldnotbecured:"Cutitoff，then！"saidLeopold。Thisalsotheleechcouldnotdo；
durstnot，andwouldnot；sothatLeopoldwascomequitetoahalt。Leopoldorderedouttwosquires；puthisthighuponablockthesharpedgeofanaxeattherightpointacrosshisthigh:
"Squirefirst，holdyouthataxe；steady！Squiresecond，smiteyouonitwithforge—hammer，withallyourstrength，heavyenough！"
Squiresecondstruck，heavyenough，andthelegflewoff；
butLeopoldtookinflammation，diedinadayortwo，astheleechhadpredicted。Thatisafacttobefoundincurrentauthors（quiteexactornotquite），thatsurgicaloperation:[Mentzel，GeschichtederDeutschen（StuttgardandTubingen，1837），p。309。]suchamancannothavehisflagtrailedthroughtheguttersbyanyCoeur—de—Lion。——ButwereturntothebeachatAcre，andthepoorCrusaders，dyingasofmurrainthere。
Itistheyear1190，Acrenotyettaken，northesequarrelsgottoaheight。
"TheveryTemplars，Hospitallers，neglectus，"murmuredthedyingGermans；"theyhaveperhapsenoughtodo，andmorethanenough，withtheirowncountrymen，whosespeechisintelligibletothem？
Forus，itwouldappear，thereisnohelp！"Notaltogethernone。
Acompanyofpioussouls——compassionateLubeckship—captainsdiligentlyforwardingit，andoneWalpotvonBassenheim，acitizenofBremen，takingthelead——formedthemselvesintoaunionforsuccorofthesickanddying；"setupcanvastents，"medicinalassuagements，fromtheLubeckship—stores；anddidwhatutmostwasinthem，silentlyinthenameofMercyandHeaven。"ThisWalpotasnotbybirthanobleman，"saysoneoftheoldChroniclers，"buthisdeedswerenoble。"Thispiouslittleunionprovedunconsciouslythebeginningofagreatthing。Findingitsworkprosperhere，andgainfavor，thelittleuniontookvowsonitself，strictchivalryforms，anddecidedtobecomepermanent。
"KnightsHospitallersofourdearLadyofMountZion，"thatorsomethingequivalentwastheirfirsttitle，underWalpottheirfirstGrand—Master；whichsoongrewtobe"GermanOrderofSt。
Mary"（TEUTSCHERITTERoftheMARIE—ORDEN），orforshortnessTEUTSCHESRITTERTHUM；underwhichnameitplayedagreatpartintheworldforabovethreecenturiestocome，andeclipsedinimportanceboththeTemplarsandHospitallersofSt。John。
ThiswastheeraofChivalryOrders，andGELUBDE；timeforBodiesofMenunitingthemselvesbyaSacredVow，"GELUBDE"——whichwordandthinghavepassedovertousinasingularlydwindledcondition:"CLUB"wenowcallit；andthevow，ifsacred，doesnotaimveryhigh！TemplarsandHospitallerswerealreadyfamousbodies；thelatternowalmostacenturyold。Walpot’snewGELUBDEwasofsimilarintent，onlyGermaninkind，——theprotection，defenceandsolacementofPilgrims，withwhateverthatmightinvolve。
HEADOFTEUTSCHORDERMOVESTOVENICE。
TheTeutschRittersearnedcharacterinPalestine，andbegantogetbequestsandrecognition；butdidnotlongcontinuethere，liketheirtworivalOrders。ItwasnotinPalestine，whethertheOrdersmightbeawareofitornot，thattheirworkcouldnowlie。
PiousPilgrimscertainlytherestillareingreatnumbers；
totheseyoushalldothesacredrites:butthese，underaSaladinboundbyhisword，needlittleprotectionbythesword。AndasforCrusadinginthearmedfashion，thathasfallenvisiblyintothedecline。AfterBarbarossa，Coeur—de—LionandPhilippeAugustehavetrieditwithsuchfailure，whatwisemanwillbeinhastetotryitagain？ZealousPopescontinuetostirupCrusades；buttheSecularPowersarenotinearnestasformerly；SecularPowers，whentheydogo，"takeConstantinople，""conquerSicily，"nevertakeorconqueranythinginPalestine。TheTeutschOrderhelpsvaliantlyinPalestine，orwouldhelp；butwhatistheuseofhelping？TheTeutschOrderhasalreadypossessionsinEurope，bypiousbequestandotherwise；allitsmaininterestsliethere；
infine，afterlessthanthirtyyears，HermannvonderSalza，anewsagaciousTEUTSCHMEISTERorHOCHMEISTER（sotheycalltheheadoftheOrder），fourthintheseries，afar—seeing，negotiatingman，findsthatVenicewillbeafitterplaceoflodgingforhimthanAcre:andaccordinglyduringhislongMastership（A。D。1210—1239），heismostlytobefoundthere，andnotatAcreorJerusalem。
HeisverygreatwiththebusyKaiser，FriedrichII。，Barbarossa’sgrandson；whohastheusualquarrelswiththePope，andisgladofsuchanegotiator，statesmanaswellasarmedmonk。TheusualquarrelsthisgreatKaiserhad，allalong，andsomeunusual。
NormansoustedfromSicily，whousedtobesoPapal:aKaiserNOT
goneontheCrusade，ashehadvowed；Kaiseratlastsuspectedoffreethinkingeven:——inwhichmattersHermannmuchservestheKaiser。SometimesheisappointedarbiterbetweenthePopeandKaiser；——doesnotgiveitintheKaiser’sfavor，butagainsthim，wherehethinkstheKaiseriswrong。HeisreckonedthefirstgreatHochmeister，thisHermannvonderSalza，aThuringerbybirth，whoisfourthintheseriesofMasters:perhapsthegreatesttobefoundthereatall，thoughmanywereconsiderable。
Itisevidentthatnomanofhistimewasbusierinimportantpublicaffairs，orwithbetteracceptance，thanHermann。
HisOrder，bothPopeandEmperorsofavoringtheMasterofit，wasinavigorousstateofgrowthallthiswhile；HermannwellprovingthathecouldhelpitbetteratVenicethanatAcre。
ButiftheCrusadesareended，——asindeeditturnedout，onlyoneotherworthspeakingof，St。Louis’s，havinginearnestcometoeffect，orrathertomiserablenon—effect，andthatnotyetforfiftyyears；——iftheCrusadesareended，andtheTeutschOrderincreasesalwaysinpossessions，andfindslessandlesswork，whatprobablywillbecomeoftheTeutschOrder？Growfat，becomeluxurious，incredulous，dissolute，insolent；andneedtobeburntoutoftheway？ThatwasthecourseoftheTemplars，andtheirsadend。Theybeganpoorestofthepoor，"twoKnightstooneHorse，"
astheirSealbore；andtheyatlasttookFIREonveryoppositeaccounts。"TocarouselikeaTemplar:"thathadbecomeaproverbamongmen；thatwasthewaytoproducecombustion，"spontaneous"
orother！WhereastheirfellowHospitallersofSt。John，chancinguponnewwork（Anti—Turkgarrison—duty，sowemaycallit，successivelyinCyprus，Rhodes，Malta，foraseriesofages），anddoingitwell，managedtoescapethelike。AsdidtheTeutschOrderinastillmoreconspicuousmanner。
TEUTSCHORDERITSELFGOESTOPREUSSEN。
EversinceSt。AdalbertfellmassacredinPrussia，stampinghimselfasaCrucifixonthatHeathensoil，therehavebeenattemptsatconversiongoingonbytheChristianneighbors，DukesofPolandandothers:intermittentfitsoffightingandpreachingforthelasttwohundredyears，withextremelysmallresult。
BodyofSt。Adalbertwasgotatlightweight，andthepoormancanonized；thereisevenaTitularBishopofPrussia；
andpilgrimageswandertotheShrineofAdalbertinPoland，remindingyouofPrussiainatragicmanner；butwhatavailsit？
Missionaries，whentheysetfootinthecountry，arekilledorflungoutagain。TheBishopofPrussiaistitularmerely；livesinLiefland（LIVONIA）properlyBishopofRIGA，amongtheBrementrading—settlersandconvertedLieflandersthere，whichistheonlysafeplace，——ifeventhatweresafewithoutaidofarmedmen，suchashehasthereevennow。HekeepshisSCHWERTBRUDER
（BrothersoftheSword），asmallOrderofKnights，recentlygotupbyhim，forexpressbehoofofLieflanditself；andthese，fightingtheirbest，aresometimestroublesometotheBishop，anddonotmuchprosperuponHeathendom，orgainpopularityandresourcesintheChristianworld。NohopeintheSCHWERTBRUDERforPrussia；——
andinmassacredMissionarieswhathope？ThePrussianpopulationcontinuesHeathen，untamabletoGospelandLaw；andaftertwocenturiesofeffort，littleornorealprogresshasbeenmade。
Butnow，inthesecircumstances，intheyear1226，theTitularBishopofPrussia，havingwellconsideredthematterandarrangeditwiththePolishAuthorities，opensacommunicationwithHermannvonderSalza，atVenice，onthesubject；"CrusadingisoverintheEast，illustriousHochmeister；nodutyforaTeutschOrderthereatpresent:whatistheuseofcrusadingfaroffintheEast，whenHeathenismandtheKingdomofSatanhangsonourownborders，closeathand，intheNorth？LettheTeutschOrdercometoPreussen；headaCrusadethere。Thelandisfruitful；flowsreallywithmilkandhoney，nottospeakofamber，andwasoncecalledtheTERRESTRIALPARADISE"——byIforgetwhom。[Voigt，（ifhehadanIndex！）knows。]Infact，itisclear，thelandshouldbelongtoChrist；andiftheChristianTeutschRitterdomcouldconqueritfromSatanasforthemselves，itwouldbewellforallparties。Hermann，amanofsagaciousclearhead，listensattentively。Thenotionisperhapsnotquitenewtohim:atallevents，hetakesupthenotion；negotiatesuponit，withTitularBishop，withPope，Kaiser，DukeofPoland，TeutschOrder；andinbrief，abouttwoyearsafterwards（A。D。1228），havingdonethenegotiatingstothelastitem，heproduceshisactualTeutschRitters，ready，onPrussianground。
Year1225，thinksDryasdust，afterastruggle。Placewhere，provesalsoatlengthdiscoverableinDryasdust，——nottoofaracrossthenorthPolishfrontier，alwayswith"Masovia"（thenowWarsawregion）tofallbackupon。Butinwhatnumber；how；nayalmostwhen，toayear，——donotaskpoorDryasdust，whooverwhelmshimselfwithidledetails，andbyreasonofthetreesisunabletoseethewood。[Voigt，ii。177，184，192。]——TheTeutschRittersstraightwaybuildaBurgforheadquarters，spreadthemselvesonthishandandthat；andbegintheirgreattask。InthenameofHeaven，wemaystillsayinatruesense；asthey，everyRitterofthemtotheheart，feltittobeinallmannerofsenses。
ThePrussianswereafiercefightingpeople，fanaticallyAnti—
Christian:theTeutschRittershadaperilousnever—restingtimeofit，especiallyforthefirstfiftyyears。Theybuiltandburntinnumerablestockadesforandagainst；builtwoodenFortswhicharenowstoneTowns。Theyfoughtmuchandprevalently；gallopeddesperatelytoandfro，everonthealert。Inpeaceablerulteriortimes，theyfencedintheNogatandtheWeichselwithdams，wherebyunlimitedquagmiremightbecomegrassymeadow，——asitcontinuestothisday。Marienburg（MARY’SBurg），stillatownofimportanceinthatsamegrassyregion，withitsgrandstoneSchlossstillvisibleandevenhabitable；thiswasatlengththeirHeadquarter。ButhowmanyBurgsofwoodandstonetheybuilt，indifferentparts；whatrevolts，surprisals，furiousfightsinwoodyboggyplaces，theyhad，nomanhascounted。Theirlife，readinDryasdust’snewestchaoticBooks（whichareofendlesslength，amongotherillqualities），islikeadimnightmareofunintelligiblemarchingandfighting:onefeelsasifthemereamountofgallopingtheyhadwouldhavecarriedtheOrderseveraltimesroundtheGlobe。WhatmultipleoftheEquatorwasit，then，ODryasdust？TheHerrProfessor，littlestudiousofabridgment，doesnotsay。
Butalwayssomepreaching，byzealousmonks，accompaniedthechivalrousfighting。AndcolonistscameinfromGermany；tricklingin，orattimesstreaming。VictoriousRitterdomofferstermstothebeatenHeathen；termsnotoftolerantnature，butwhichwillbepunctuallykeptbyRitterdom。Whentheflameofrevoltorgeneralconspiracyburntupagaintooextensively，therewasanewCrusadeproclaimedinGermanyandChristendom；andtheHochmeister，atMarburgorelsewhere，andallhismarshalsandministerswerebusy，——generallywitheffect。Highpersonagescameoncrusadetothem。OttocarKingofBohemia，DukeofAustriaandmuchelse，thegreatmanofhisday，cameonce（A。D。1255）；
JohannKingofBohemia，inthenextcentury，onceandagain。
ThemightyOttocar，[Voigt，iii。80—87。]withhisextensivefar—
shiningchivalry，"conqueredSamlandinamonth；"toreuptheRomovawhereAdalberthadbeenmassacred，andburntitfromthefaceoftheEarth。AcertainFortresswasfoundedatthattime，inOttocar’spresence；andinhonorofhimtheynameditKING’S
FORTRESS，"Konigsberg:"itisnowgrownabig—domedmetropolitanCity，——whereweofthisNarrativelatelysawaCoronationgoingon，andSophieCharlottefurtivelytakingapinchofsnuff。