FRIDAYMORNING，JUNE1st）"hisExcellencyandSuite"（VoltaireandCollini）havetheirhorsesharnessed，carriageout，andareabouttakingtheroadagain，——whenFreytag，escortedbyaDr。Rucker，"FrankfurtMagistrateDEMAUVAISEMINE，"[Collini，p。77。]andaPrussianrecruitingLieutenant，presentshimselfinVoltaire’sapartment！ReadersknowVoltaire’saccountandMonSIRCollini’s；
　　andmaynowhearFreytag’sown，whichispaintedfromfact:——
　　"Introductorycivilitiesdone（NACHGEMACHTENPOLITESSEN），ImadehimacquaintedwiththewillofyourmostAll—graciousMajesty。
　　Hewasmuchastonished（BESTURZT，"nowonder）；"heshuthiseyes，andflunghimselfbackinhischair。"[Varnhagen，p。16。]CallsinhisfriendCollini，whom，atfirst，Ihadrequestedtowithdraw。
　　Twocoffersareproduced，andopened，byCollini；visitation，punctual，longandpainful，lastedfromnineA。M。tillfiveP。M。
　　Packetsaremade，——agreatmanyPapers，"andonePoemwhichhewasunwillingtoquit"（perilousLAPUCELLE）；——inventoriesaredrawn，dulysigned。Packetsaresigneted，mutuallysealed，RuckerclapsontheTown—sealfirst，FreytagandVoltairefollowingwiththeirs。
　　"HemadethousandprotestationsofhisfidelitytoyourMajesty；
　　becameprettyweak[likefainting，thinkyou，HerrResident？]，andindeedhelookslikeaskeleton。——WethenmadedemandoftheBook，OEUVREDEPOESIES:That，hesaid，wasintheBigCase；andheknewnotwhetheratLeipzigorHamburg"（knewverywellwhereitwas）；
　　andfindingnothingelsewoulddo，wroteforit，showingFreytagtheLetter；andengaged，onhiswordofhonor，nottostirhencetillitarrived。
　　Uponwhich，——whatisfarthertobenoted，thoughallseemsnowsettled，——Freytag，atVoltaire’searnestentreaty，"forbehoofofMadameDenis，abelovedNiece，Monsieur，whoiswaitingformehourlyatStrasburg，whomsuchfrightmightbethedeathof！"——putsonpaperafewwords（thefewwhichVoltairehastwistedinto"MonSIR，""PoesHies"andsoforth），totheeffect，"ThatwhenevertheOEUVREcomes，Voltaireshallactuallyhaveleavetogo。"
　　Andso，aftereighthours，labor（nineA。M。tofiveP。M。），everythingishushedagain。Voltaire，muchshockedandastonished，poorsoul，"sitsquietlydowntohisANNALES"（saysCollini），——toworking，moreorless；aresourceheoftenfliesto，insuchcases。
　　MadameDenis，onreceivinghisbadnewsatStrasburg，setsofftowardshim:arrivessomedaysbeforetheOEUVREanditsBigCase。
　　KingFriedrichhadgone，May1st）forsomeweeks，tohisSilesianReviews；June1st（verydayofthisgreatsortingintheLiond’Or），heisoffagain，toutmostPrussiathistime；——andknows，hithertoandtillquitetheend，nothing，exceptthatVoltairehasnotturnedupanywhere……VoltairecannothavedonemuchathisANNALS，inthisinterimattheGoldenLion，"wherehehaslibertytowalkintheGarden。"
　　Hehasbeen，andis，secretlycorresponding，complainingandapplying，allround，atagreatrate:toCountStadiontheImperialExcellencyatMainz，toFrenchfriends，toPrincessWilhelmina，ultimatelytoFriedrichhimself。[InOEuvresdeVoltaire，lxxv。207—214，&c。，LetterstoStadion（ofstrangeenoughtenor:seeVarnhagen，pp。30，&c。）。InOEuvresdeFrederic，xxii。303，andinOEuvresdeVoltaire，lxxv。185，istheLettertoFriedrich（dateless，totallymisplaced，andrenderedunintelligible，inbothWorks）:LetterSENTthroughWilhelmina（seeherfineremarksinforwardingit，OEuvresdeFrederic，xxvii。
　　iii。234）。]Hehasbeenreceivingvisits，fromSereneHighnesses，"DukeofMeiningen"andthelike，whohappentobeinTown。
　　VisitfrominiquitousDutchBookseller，VanDuren（PrinteroftheANTI—MACHIAVEL）；withwhomwehadsuchcontroversyonce。
　　Iniquitous，nowopulentandprosperous，VanDuren，happeningtobehere，willhavethepleasureofcallingonanolddistinguishedfriend:distinguishedfriend，atsightofhimenteringtheGarden，stepshastilyup，giveshimaboxontheear，withoutwordsbutaninterjectionortwo；andvanisheswithindoors。Thatissomething！
　　"Monsieur，"saidCollini，strivingtoweep，butunable，"youhavehadablowfromthegreatestmanintheworld。"[Collini，p。182。]
　　Inshort，VoltairehasbeenexcitinggreatsensationinFrankfurt；
　　andkeepingFreytaginperpetualfearandtrouble。
　　MONDAY，18thJUNE，theBigCase，lumberingalong，doesarrive。
　　ItiscarriedstraighttoFreytag’s；andateleveninthemorning，Collinieagerlyattendstohaveitopened。Freytag，——towhomSchmidthasreturnedfromEmbden，butnoAnswerfromPotsdam，ortheleastlightaboutthoseSKRIPTUREN，——isinthedepthsofembarrassment；cannotopen，tillheknowcompletelywhatitemsandSKRIPTURENheistomakesureofonopening:"Icannot，tilltheKing’sanswercome！"——"ButyourwrittenpromisetoVoltaire？"
　　"Tush，thatwasmyownprivatepromise，Monsieur；myownprivatepredictionofwhatwouldhappen；athingPROFORMA"，andtosaveMadameDenis’slife。Patience；perhapsitwillarrivethisveryday。ComeagaintomeatthreeP。M。；——thereisBerlinposttoday；
　　thenagaininthreedays:——IsurelyexpecttheOrderwillcomebythispostornext；Godgrantitmaybebythis！"Colliniattendsatthree；thereisNotefromFredersdorf:King’sMajestyabsentinPreussenallthiswhile；expectednowintwodays。Freytag’sfacevisiblybrightens:"Waittillnextpost；threedaysmore，onlywait！"[Varnhagen，pp。39—41。]Andinfact，bynextpost，aswefind，theOPEN—SESAMEdidpunctuallycome。Voltaire，andallthisbigcawingrookeryofmiseriesandrages，wouldhaveatoncetakenwingagain，intothesereneblue，couldVoltairebuthavehadpatiencethreedaysmore！Butthatwasdifficultforhim，tooDifficult。
　　PARTII。VOLTAIRE，INSPITEOFHISEFFORTS，DOESGETAWAY
　　（June20th—July7th）。
　　WEDNESDAY，JUNE20th，VoltaireandCollini（"word。ofhonor"fallendubioustothem，dubiousormore），——havmglaidtheirplan，strivingtothinkitfairinthecircumstances，——walkoutfromtheLiond’Or，"Voltaireinblack—velvetcoat，"[Ib。p。46。]withtheirvaluablesteffects（LAPUCELLEandmoney—boxincluded）；leavingMadameDenistowaitthedisimprisonmentofOEUVREDEPOESIEandwindupthegeneralbusiness。Walkout，verygingerly，——duckintoahackney—coach；andattempttoescapebytheMainzGate！
　　Freytag’sspyrunsbreathlesswiththenews；neverwasaFreytaginsuchtaking。TerrifiedFreytaghasto"throwonhiscoat；"
　　orderoutthreementogallopbyvariousroutes；jumpintosomeExcellency’scoach（kindExcellencylentit），whichisluckilystandingyokednearby；andshootwiththevelocityoflifeanddeathtowardsMainzGate。Voltaire，whomthewell—affectedPorter，suspectingsomething，hasratherbeenretarding，isstillthere:
　　"Arrested，intheKing’sname！"——andthereissuchascene！
　　ForFreytag，too，isnowraging，ignitedbysuchpercussionoftheterrors；andspeaks，notlikewhattheycall"alearnedsergeant"，butlikeadrilledsergeantinheatofbattle:Vol—taire’stongue，also，andCollini’s，——"YourExcellenzneverheardsuchbrazen—facedliesthrownonaman；thatIhadoffered，for1，000thalers，toletthemgo；thatIhad"——Inshort，thethinghascaughtfire；brokenintoflamingchaosagain。
　　"Freytag[togiveonesnatchfromCollini’sside]gotintothecarriagealongwithus，andledus，inthisway，acrossthemobofpeopletoSchmidt’s[toseewhatwastobedonewithus]。
　　Sentrieswereputatthegatetokeepoutthemob；weareledintoakindofcounting—room；clerk，maid—andman—servantsareabout；
　　MadamSchmidtpassesbeforeVoltairewithadisdainfulair，tolistentoFreytag，recounting，"inthetonenotofaLEARNED
　　sergeant，whatthematteris。Theyseizeoureffects；underviolentprotest，worsethanvain。"Voltairedemandstohaveatleasthissnuffbox，cannotdowithoutsnuff；theyanswer，’Itisusualtotakeeverything。’
　　"His，"Voltaire’s，"eyesweresparklingwithfury；fromtimetotimeheliftedthemonmine，asiftointerrogateme。Allonasudden，noticingadoorhalfopen，hedashesthroughit，andisout。MadamSchmidtformshersquad，shopmenandthreemaid—
　　servants；and，attheirhead，rushesafter。’What？’crieshe，（cannotIbeallowedto——tovomit，then？’"Theyformcircleroundhim，tillhedoit；calloutCollini，whofindshim"bentdown，withhisfingersinhisthroat，attemptingtovomit；andisterrified；’MONDIEU，areyouill，then？’Heansweredinalowvoice，tearsinhiseyes，’FINGO，FINGO（Ipretend，’"andCollinileadshimback，REINFECTA。"TheAuthoroftheHENRIADEandMEROPE；
　　whataspectacle！[Collini，pp。81，86。]……Notfortwohourshadtheydonewiththeirwritingsandarrangings。OurportfoliosandCASSETTE（money—box）werethrownintoanemptytrunk[whatelsecouldtheybethrowninto？]——whichwaslockedwithapadlock，andsealedwithapaper，Voltaire’sarmsontheoneend，andSchmidt’scipherontheother。Dorn，Freytag’sClerk，wasbiddenleadusaway。SignoftheBOUC"（orBILLY—GOAT；therehenceforth；LIOND，OR
　　refusingtobeconcernedwithusfarther）；twelvesoldiers；
　　MadameDeniswithcurtainsofbayonets，——andotherwell—knownflagrancies……The7thofJuly，Voltairedidactuallygo；
　　andtheninanextremehurry，——byhisownblame，again。Thesefinalpassageswetouchonlyinthelump；Voltaire’sownNarrativeofthesebeingsocopious，flaminglyimpressive，andstillknowntoeverybody。HowmuchbetterforVoltaireandus，hadnobodyeverknownit；haditneverbeenwritten；hadthepoorhubbub，nobetterthanachancestreet—riotallofit，afteramusingoldFrankfurtforawhile，beenlefttodropintotheguttersforever！
　　ToVoltaireandvariousothers（meandmypoorreadersincluded），thatwasthedesirablething。
　　Hadtherebutbeen，amongone’sresources，alittlepatienceandpracticalcandor，insteadofallthatvituperativeeloquenceandpoweroftragi—comicdescription！Nay，inthatcase，thiswretchedstreet—riothubbubneednothavebeenatall。TrulyM。deVoltairehadatalentforspeech，butlamentablywantedthatofsilence！——
　　WehavenowonlythesaddutyofpointingouttheprincipalmendacitiescontainedinM。deVoltaire’sworld—famousAccount（fortheothersidehasbeenheardsincethat）；andsoofquittingapainfulbusiness。Theprincipalmendacities——deductingallthatabout"POE’ShIE"andthelike，whichwewilldefineaspoeticfiction——are:——
　　1。Thatoftheconsiderablefilesofsoldiers（almostaCompanyofMusketeers，onewouldthink）stuckuproundM。deVoltaireandParty，inTHEBILLY—GOAT；MadameDenis’sbed—curtainsbeingascreenofbayonets，andthelike。TheexactnumberofsoldiersI
　　cannotlearn:"aSCHILDWACHEoftheTown—guard[meansone；
　　surelydoesnotmeanFour？]foreachprisoner，"reportsthearithmeticalFreytag；which，intheextremecase，wouldhavebeentwelveinwhole（asCollinigivesit）；and"nextdaywereducedthemtotwo"，saysFreytag。
　　2。ThatoftheotherwisefrightfulnightMadameDenishad；
　　"thefellowDorn[Freytag’sClerk，apoor，hard—workedfrugalcreature，withfrugalwifeandfamilynotfaroff]insistingtositintheLady’sbedroom；thereemptyingbottleafterbottle；nayatlast[asVoltairebethinkshim，afterafewdays]threateningto"——
　　PlainlytoEXCELallbelief！Athingnottobespokenofpublicly:
　　indeed，whatLadycouldspeakofitatall，exceptinhintstoanUncleofadvancedyears？——Provedfactbeing，thatMadameDenis，allinaflutter，thatfirstnightatTHEBILLY—GOAT，hadengagedDorn，"foralouis—d’or，"tositinherbedroom；anddidactuallypayhimalouis—d’orfordoingso！Thisisverybadmendacity；
　　clearlyconsciousonM。deVoltaire’spart，andevenconstructedbydegrees。
　　3。VerybadalsoisthatofthemoneysstolenfromhimbythoseOfficialpeople。M。deVoltaireknowswellenoughhowhefailedtogethismoneys，andquittedFrankfurtinahurry！Here，inexorablycertainfromtheDocuments，andtestimoniesonbothparts，isthatfinalPassageofthelongFire—work:lastcrackleoftherocketbeforeitdroppedperpendicular:——
　　JULY6th，completeOPEN—SESAMEhavingcome，FreytagandSchmidtdulyinvitedVoltairetobepresentattheopeningofseals（hisandtheirs），andtohavehismoneysandeffectsreturnedfromthat"oldtrunk"hespeaksof。ButVoltairehadbythistimetakenahigherflight。July6th，VoltairewasprotestingbeforeNotaries，abouttheunheard—ofviolencedonehim，thesignalreparationsdue；
　　anddisdained，forthemoment，toconcernhimselfwithmoneysoropeningofseals:"Seals，moneys？YeatrociousHighwaymen！"
　　Uponwhich，theysentpoorDornwiththesealedtrunkinCORPORE，tohaveitopenedbyVoltairehimself。Collini，inTHEBILLY—GOAT，nextmorning（July7th））says，he（Collini）hadjustloadedtwojourney—pistols，partoftheusualcarriage—furniture，andtheylayonthetable。AtsightofpoorDorndarkeninghischamber—door，Voltaire，thepreyofvariousflurriesandhigh—flownvehemences，snatchedoneofthepistols（"pistolwithoutpowder，withoutflint，withoutlock，"saysVoltaire；"efficientpistoljustloaded"，testifiesCollini）；——snatchedsaidpistol；andclickingittothecock，plungedDorn—ward，withfuriousexclamations:notquiteunlikelytohaveshotDorn（inthefleshyparts），——hadnotCollinihurriedlystruckuphishand，"MONDIEU，MONSIEUR！"andDorn，withtrunk，instantlyvanished。Dorn，naturally，rantoaLawyer。
　　Voltaire，dreadingTrialforintendedHomicide，instantlygatheredhimself；andshotaway，selfandPucellewithCollini，clearoff；——
　　leavingNieceDenis，leavingmoneysandotherthings，towaittillto—morrow，andsettleastheycould。
　　Afterduelapseofdays，intheduelegalmanner，theTrunkwasopened；"the19poundsofexpenses"（19poundsandoddshillings，not100poundsormore，asVoltairevariouslygivesit）wasaccuratelytakenfromitbySchmidtandFreytag，tobepaidwheredue，——（inexactliquidation，"LandlordofTHEBILLY—GOAT"somuch，"Hackney—Coachmen，RidingConstablessentinchase，"somuch，asperbill）；——andtherest，76pounds10s。waspunctuallylockedupagain，tillVoltaireshouldapplyforit。"Senditafterhim，"
　　Friedrichanswered，wheninquiredof；"senditafterhim；butnot[reflectshe]unlessthereissomebodytotakehisReceiptforit，"——ourgentlemanbeingthemanheis。Whichcase，oranyapplicationfromVoltaire，neverturnedup。"RobbedbythosehighwaymenofPrussianAgents！"exclaimedVoltaireeverywhere，insteadofapplying。Neverapplied；noreverforgot。WouldfainhaveengagedCollinitoapply，——especiallywhentheFrenchArmieshadgotintoFrankfurt，——butCollinididnotseehisway。
　　[ThreeLetterstoCollinionthesubject（January—May，1759），Collini，pp。208—211。]
　　Sothat，exceptasconsolatoryscolding—stockfortherestofhislife，Voltairegotnothingofhis76pounds10s。，"withjewelsandsnuffbox，"alwayslyingreadyintheTrunkforhim。Andithad，I
　　suppose，atthelonglast，togobyRIGHTOFWINDFALLtosomebodyorother:——unless，perhaps，itstilllie，overwhelmedunderdustandlumber，inthegarretsoftheoldRathhausyonder，waitingforalegalowner？Whatbecameofit，nomanknows；butthatnodoitofiteverwentFreytag’sorKingFriedrich’sway，isabundantlyevident。Onthewhole，whatanentertainingNarrativeisthatofVoltaire’s；butwhatapityhehadeverwrittenit！
　　ThiswasthefinishingCatastrophe，tragicalexceedingly；
　　whichwentloud—soundingthroughtheworld，andstillgoes，——themoreisthepity。Catastropheduethroughouttothreecauses:
　　FIRST，ThatFredersdorf，notEichel，wrotetheOrder；
　　andintroducedtheindefinitephraseSKRIPTUREN，insteadofstickingbytheOEUVREDEPOESIES，theoneessentialpoint。
　　SECOND，ThatFreytagwasofheavypipe—claynature。THIRD，ThatVoltairewasofimpatientexplosrvenature；and，incalamities，waswont，nottobesilentandconsider，buttoliftuphisvoice（havingsuchavoice），andwithpassionatemelodyappealtotheUniverse，anddoworse，bywayofhelpinghimself！——
　　"ThepoorVoltaire，afterall！"ejaculatesSmelfungus。"Lean，ofnohealth，butmelodiousextremely（inashallowsense）；andtrulyverylonely，oldandweak，inthisworld。WhatanendtoVisitFifth；beganinOlympus，terminatesintheLock—up！Hisconduct，exceptintheJewCase，hasnothingofbad，atleastofunprovokedlybad。’Lostmyteeth，’saidhe，whenthingswereatzenith。’ThoughtIshouldneverweepagain，’——nowwhentheyareatnadir。Asoreblowtoone’sVanity，inpresenceofassembledmankind；andmadestillmorepoignantbynoisesofone’sownadding。Franceforbiddentohim[byexpressivesignallings]；
　　miraculousGoshenofPrussiashut:（theseoldeyes，whichIthoughtwouldcontinuedrytilltheyclosedforever，werestreamingintears；’"[Letterfrom"Mainz，9thJuly，"thirddayofroutorflight；ToNieceDenis，leftbehind（OEuvres，
　　lxxv。220）。]——butsoonbrightenedupagain:Courage！
　　HowVoltairenowwandersaboutforseveralyears，doinghisANNALES，andotherWorks；nowvisitingLyonCity（whichisallinGAUDEAMUSroundhim，thoughCardinalTencindoesdeclinehimasdinner—guest）；nowlodgingwithDomCalmetintheAbbeyofSenones（ultimatelyinone’sownfirst—floor，inColmarnearby），digging，inCalmet’sBenedictineLibraries，stuffforhisANNALES；——
　　wanderingabout（chieflyinElsass，latterlyontheSwissBorder），tillhefindrestforthesoleofhisfoot:[PurchasedLESDELICES
　　（TheDelights），ashenamedit，agloriousSummerResidence，ontheLake，nearGeneva（supplementedbyaWinterditto，MONRION，nearLausanne），"inFebrnary，1755"（OEuvres，
　　xvii。243n。）；——thenpurchasedFERNEY，notfaroff，"inOctober，1758；"andcontinuedthere，stillmoreglorious，foralmosttwentyyearsthenceforth（ib。lxxvii。398，xxxix。307:thanktheexact"Clog。"forboththeseNotes）。]allthismaybeknowntoreaders；
　　andwemustsaynothingofit。Exceptonlythat，nextyear，inhistent，orhiredlodgingsatColmar，theAngelsvisitedhim（Abraham—
　　like，afterasort）。Namely，thatoneevening（lateinOctober，1754），aknockcametohisdoor，"HerSereneHighnessofBaireuthwishestoseeyou，attheInnoverthere！""Inn，Baireuth，sayyou？
　　Heavens，what？"——Or，totakeitintheproseform:——
　　"January26th，1753，abouteightP。M。[whileVoltairesatdesolateinFrancheville’s，faraway]，thePalaceatBaireuth，——Margrafwithcandleatanopenwindow，andgauzecurtainsnear——hadcaughtfire；
　　inexorablyflamedup，andburntitselftoashes，itandotherfineedificesadjoining。[Holle，STADTBAYREUTH（Bayreuth，1833），p。178。]Wilhelminaisalwaysveryillinhealth；theyarenowrebuildingtheirPalace:Margrafhassuggested，’WhynottryMontpellier；letushaveawinterthere！’Onthaterrandtheyare（endofOctober，1754）gotthelengthofColmar；anddotheVoltairemiracleinpassing。Verycharmingtothepoorman，inhisrusticationhere。
　　"’Eighthoursinapiece，withtheSisteroftheKingofPrussia"
　　writeshe:thinkofthat，myfriends！’Sheloadedmewithbounties；
　　mademeamostbeautifulpresent。InsistedtoseemyNiece；
　　wouldhavemegowiththemtoMontpellier。’[Letters（in
　　OEuvres，lxxv。450，452），"Colmar，23dOctober，&c。
　　1754。"]Otherinterviewsandmeetingstheyhad，thereandfartheron:VoltairetriedfortheMontpellier；butcouldnot。[WrotetoFriedrichaboutit（oneofhisfirstLettersaftertheExplosion），applyingtoFriedrich"foraPassport"orLetterofProtection；
　　whichFriedrichanswersbyDePrades，openlylaughingatit（OEuvres，xxiii。6）。]WilhelminawinteredatMontpellier，withoutVoltaire"Thankyourstars！’writesFriedrichtoher。TheFriedrich—WilhelminaLETTERSareattheirbestduringthisJourney；hereunfortunatelyveryfew）。[OEuvresdeFrederic，xxvii。iii。248—273（September，1754，andonwards）。]Winterdone，WilhelminawentstillSouth，toItaly，toNaples，backbyVenice:——atNaples，undergoingtheGrottodelCaneandneighborhood，WilhelminapluckedaSprigofLaurelfromVirgil’sGrave，andsentittoherBrotherintheprettiestmanner；——ishomeatBaireuth，newPalaceready，August，1755。"
　　Thesepoints，hurriedlyputdown，carefulreaderswillmark，andperhapstrytokeepinmind。Wilhelmina’sTouringsarenotwithoutinteresttoherfriends。OfherVoltaireacquaintanceship，especially，weshallhearagain。WithVoltaire，FriedrichhimselfhadnofartherCorrespondence，orasgoodasnone，forfouryearsandmore。WhatVoltairewritestohim（withGiftsofBooksandthelike，inthetenderestregretfulpatheticallyCOOINGtone，enoughtomollifyrocks），FriedrichusuallyanswersbyDePrades，ifatall，——inaquitediscouragingmanner。Intheendof1757，onwhathintweshallsee，theCorrespondencerecommenced，anddidnotceaseagainsolongastheybothlived。
　　VoltaireatPotsdamisafailure，then。Nothingtobemadeofthat。
　　Lawisreformed；EmbdenhasitsShippingCompanies；
　　Industryflourishes:butastotheTrismegistusoftheMusescomingtoourHearth——！SomeEightofFriedrich’syearswerefilledbytheseThreegrandHeadsofEffort；perfectPeaceinallhisborders:andin1753weseehowthecelestialoneofthemhasgonetowreck。"Understandatlast，yourMajesty，thatthereisnoMuses’—HeavenpossibleonTelluricterms；andcastthatnotionoutofyourhead！"
　　Friedrichdoescastitout，moreandmore，henceforth，——"ACH，MEIN
　　LIEBERSULZER，whatwasyourknowledge，then，ofthatdamnedrace？"
　　Castsitout，weperceive，——andinahandsomesilentlystoicalway。
　　Cherishingnowrathinhisheartagainstanypoordevil；still，insomesort，lovingthisandtheotherofthem；Chasot，Algarotti，Voltaireeven，whohavegonefromhim，tooweakfortheplace:
　　"Tooweak，alas，yes；andI，wasIwisetotrythem，then？"Withafinehumanity，newhopeinextinguishablywellingup；reallywithaloyalty，amodesty，acheerybrothermanhoodunexpectedbyreaders。
　　EightoftheElevenPeaceYearsaregoneinthesecourses。Thenextthree，stillsilentandsmoothtotheoutwardeye，weredefacedbysubterraneanmutterings，electricheraldsofcomingstorm。
　　"Meaningbattleandwrestleagain？"thinksFriedrich，listeningintent。AfarotherthanwelcomemessagetoFriedrich。Amessageominous；thriceunwelcome，nottosayterrible。Requirestobescannedwithallone’sfaculty；tobeinterpreted；tobeobeyed，inspiteofone’sreluctancesandlazinesses。ToplungeagainintotheMahlstrom，intotheclashofChaos，anddiveforone’sSilesia，thethirdtime；——horribletolazyhumannature:butifthefactsareso）itmustbedone！——
　　ChapterXIII。
　　ROMISH—KINGQUESTION；ENGLISH—PRIVATEERQUESTION。
　　ThepublicEventssocalled，whichhavebeenoccupyingmankindduringthisVoltaireVisit，requirenowmainlytobeforgotten；——
　　andmay，forourpurposes，beconvenientlyriddleddowntoThree。
　　FIRST，King—of—the—RomansQuestion；SECOND，English—PrivateerQuestion；andthen，hangingcuriouslyrelatedtotheseTwo，aTHIRD，or"English—FrenchCanadaQuestion。"Ofsomeimportanceallofthem；extremelyimportanttoFriedrich，especiallythatThirdandleastexpectedofthem。
　　WittyHanburyWilliams，theEnglishExcellencyatBerlin，busyintriguinglittlecreature，becamedistastefulthere，longsince；
　　andtheyhadtotakehimaway:"recalled，"saytheDocuments，"22dJanuary，1751。"Uponwhich，nodoubt，hemadeanoiseinDowningStreet；andgot，itappears，"re—credentialstoBerlin，4thMarch，1751；"[ManuscriptLISTinState—PaperOffice。]butIthinkdidnotmuchreside，norintendtoreside；havingallmannerofwanderingContinentaldutiestodo；andaworldofpettybusinessesandwidespreadintrigues，Russian，Germanandother，onhand。
　　Robinson，too，isnowhome；returned，1748（TreatyofAixinhispocket）；andanExcellencyKeith，moreandmorefamoushenceforth，hassucceededhiminthatAustrianpost。Busypeople，theseandothers；nowlegationinginForeignparts:ableintheirway；
　　butwhoseworkprovedtobethatofspinningropesfromsand，andmustnotdetainusatthistime。
　　TheerrandofalltheseBritannicExcellenciesisuponanotablescheme，whichRoyalGeorgeandhisNewcastlehavedevised，Ofgettingallmadetight，andthePeaceofAixdouble—riveted，sotospeak，andrenderedsecureagainsteverycontingency，——byhavingArchdukeJosephatonceelected"KingoftheRomans。"KingoftheRomansstraightway；wherebyhefollowsatonceasKaiser，shouldhisFatherdie；andisliabletonoFrenchorotherintriguing；
　　andwehavetakenabondofFatethattheBalancecannotbecantedagain。Excellentscheme，thinkboththeseheads；andarestirringGermanywithalltheirmight，purseinhand，toco—operate，anddoit。Inconceivablewhattroubletheseprescientmindsareat，onthisuncertainmatter。ItwasBritannicMajesty’sandNewcastle’smainprobleminthisworld，forperhapsfouryears（1749—1753）:——
　　"Myownchild，"asafondNoodleofNewcastleusedtocallit；
　　thoughIratherthinkitwastheotherthatbegotthewretchedobject，buthadtiredsoonerofnursingitunderdifficulties。
　　UnhappilythereneedsunanimityofalltheNineElectors。
　　Thepooreryoucanbuy；"BavarianSubsidy，"orannualpension，isonly45，000pounds，forthisinvaluableobject；Kolnisonly——ameretrifle:[Debateon"BavarianSubsidy"（inWalpole，
　　GeorgetheSecond，i。49）:endlessCorrespondencebetweenNewcastleandhisBrother（curioustoread，thoughofthemostlong—eareddescriptionontheDuke’spart），inCoxe’s
　　Pelham，ii，338—465（"31stMay，1750—3dNovember，1752"）:preciseAccount（ifanybodynowwantedit），in
　　Adelung，vii。146，149，154，etseq。]triflesall，incomparisonofthesacredBalance，anddearHanoverkeptscathless。
　　ButunfortunatelyFriedrich，whomwemustnotthinkofbuying，isnotenthusiasticinthecause！Farfromit。ThenowKaiserhasneveryetgothim，accordingtobargain，aReichs—GuaranteeforthePeaceofDresden；andneedsendlessflagitatingtodoit。[Doesit，atlength，bywayoffurtherancetothisRomish—KingBusiness，"23dJanuary—14thMay，1751"（Adelung，vii。217）。]
　　ThechaseofsecurityandaggrandizementtotheHouseofAustriaisbynomeansFriedrich’schiefaim！ThisofKingoftheRomansnevercouldbemanagedbyBritannicMajestyandhisNewcastle。
　　Itwasverytriumphant，andIthinkatitshopefulest，in1750，soonafterstarting，——whenExcellencyHanburyfirstappearedatBerlinonbehalfofit。ThatwasExcellencyHanbury’sfirstjourneyonthiserrand；andhemadeagreatmanymore，nomanreadier；
　　astirring，intriguingcreature（andalwayswithsuchmoneystodistribute）；hadvictorioushopesnowandthen，——whichoneandallprovedfatuous。["June，1750，"HanburyforBerlin（BritannicMajestymuchanxiousHanburywerethere）:HanburytoWarsawnext（hiringPolishMajestythere）；atDresden，doesmakevictoriousTreaty，September，1751；atVienna，1753（stillontheaawequest）。
　　Coxe’sPelham，ii。339，196，469。]In1751
　　and1752，thedarlingProjectmetcrosstides，foulwinds，politicalwhirlpools（"SuchasetarethoseGermanPrinces！"）——andswam，indomitable，thoughneardesperate，asProjectseldomdid；
　　tillhappily，in1753，itsankdrowned:——andlefthisGraceofNewcastleasking，"Well—a—day！AndisnotEnglanddrownedtoo？"
　　Wehopenot。
　　"OwingmainlytoFriedrich’sopposition！"exclaimedNoodleandthePoliticalCircles。Which——（thoughitwasnotthefact；Friedrich’sopposition，oncethatReichs—Guaranteeofhisownwasgot，beingmostlypassive，"Pushitthroughthestolidelement，then，YOU
　　stolidfellows，ifyoucan！"）——awokeconsiderableoutcryinEngland。Livelysuspicionthere，oftreasonousintentionstotheCauseofLiberty，onhisPrussianMajesty’spart；and——coupledwithothercausesthathadrisen——agreatdealofill—nature，inverydarkcondition，againsthisPrussianMajesty。AnditwasnotFriedrich’sblame，chieflyoratall。IfindeedFriedrichwouldhaveforwardedtheEnterprise:——buthemerelydidnot；andtheelementwasviscous，stolid。Austriaitselfhadwishedthething；
　　butwithnothinglikesuchenthusiasmasKingGeorge；——towhomtherefusal，byFriedrichandFate，wasabitterdisappointment。
　　PoorBritannicMajesty:ArchdukeJosephcametobeKingoftheRomans，induecourse；rightenough。Andlongbeforethatevent（almostbeforeGeorgehadendedhisvainefforttohastenit），Austriaturnedonitspivot；andhadclasped，notEnglandtoitsbosom，butFrance（thankstothatexquisiteKaunitz）；andwasinarmsAGAINSTEngland，dearHanover，andtheCauseofLiberty！
　　Vaintolooktoofarahead，——especiallywiththosefish—eyes。
　　SmelfungushasaNoteonKaunitz；readable，thoughfartooirreverentofthatsuperlativeDiplomatist，andunjusttotherealhumanmeritshehad。
　　"ThestrugglesofBritannicGeorgetogetaKingoftheRomanselectedweremany。FriedrichneverwouldbiteatthissalutaryschemeforstrengtheningtheHouseofAustria:’Abadman，isnothe？’Andallthewhile，theCourtofAustriaseemedindifferent，incomparison；——andGrafvonKaunitz—Rietberg，AmbassadoratParis，wassecretlybusy，wheelingAustriaroundonitsaxis，Franceroundonits；andbringingthemtoembraceinpoliticalwedlock！
　　FeataccomplishedbyhisExcellencyKaunitz（Paris，1752—1753）；——
　　accomplished，notconsummated；leftreadyforconsummatingwhenhe，Kaunitz，nowhomeasPrimeMinister，orhelmsmanonthenewtack，shouldgivesignal。ThoughttobeoneofthecleverestfeatseverdonebyDiplomaticart。
　　"Admirablefeat，fortheDiplomaticartwhichitneeded；not，thatIcansee，foranyotherpropertyithad。Featwhichbrought，asitwasintendedtodo，aThirdSilesianWar；deathofaboutamillionfightingmen，andendlesswoestoFranceandAustriainparticular。
　　AnexquisiteDiplomatistthisKaunitz；cametobePrince，almosttobeGod—BrahmainAustria，andtoruletheHeavensandEarth（havingskillwithhisSovereignLady，too），inanexquisiteandtrulysurprisingmanner。Sitstheresublime，likeagiltcrockeryIdol，supremeoverthepopulations，fornearfortyyears。
　　"OnereadsallBiographiesandHistoriesofKaunitz:[Hormayr’s（inOEsterreichischerPlutarch，iv。3tes，231—283）；&c。&c。]onecatchesevidenceofhiswellknowinghisDiplomaticelement，andhowtoruleitandimposeonit。
　　Traitsthereareofhumancunning，shrewdnessofeye；——oftheloftiestsilenthumanpride，stoicism，perseveranceofdetermination，——butnot，tomyremembrance，ofanyconspicuoushumanwisdomwhatever，Oneasks，Whereishiswisdom？Enumerate，then，domethepleasureofenumerating，WhathecontrivedthattheHeavensansweredYesto，andnotNoto？Allsilent！Amantogiveonethoughts。SitslikeaGod—Brahma，humanidolofgiltcrockery，withnothinginthebellyofit（butaportionofboiledchickendaily，veryill—digested）；andsuchaprostrateworship，fromthosearoundhim，aswashardlyseenelsewhere。Grave，inwardlyunhappy—
　　looking；butimpenetrable，uncomplaining。SeemstohavepassedprivatelyanActofParliament:’Kaunitz—Rietberghere，asyouseehim，isthegreatestnowalive；he，Iprivatelyassureyou！’——and，bycontinuedprivatedetermination，tohavegotallmenabouthimtoratifythesame，andacceptitasvalid。Muchcanbedoneinthatwaywithstupidishpopulations；norisBeauBrummeltheonlyinstanceofit，amongourselves，inthelaterepochs。
　　"Kaunitzisamanoflonghollowface，nosenaturallyratherturnedintotheair，tillartificiallyitgotaltogetherturnedthither。
　　Rodebeautifully；butalwaysundercover；daybyday，underglassroofintheriding—school，somanyhoursorminutes，watchinhand。
　　Hated，ordreaded，freshairaboveeverything:sothattheKaiserinn，anobleloverofit，wouldalwaysgood—humoredlyhastentoshutherwindowswhenhemadeheravisit。Sumptuoussuppers，soirees，hehad；thepinkofNatureassemblinginhishouse；
　　galaxy，domesticandforeign，ofalltheViennaStars。Throughwhichhewouldwalkoneturn；glancingstoically，overhisnose，atthecircumambientwhirlpoolofnothings，——happythenothingtowhomhewoulddeignaword，andmakehimsomething。Omyfriends！——Inshort，itwashewhoturnedAustriaonitsaxis，andFranceonits，andbroughtthemtothekissingpitch。PompadourandMariaTheresakissingmutually，likeRighteousnessand——notPEACE，atanyrate！
　　’MACHERECOUSINE，’couldIhavebelievedit，atonetime？"
　　ASECONDPrussian—Englishcauseofoffencehadarisen，yearsago，andwasnotyetsettled；nayisnow（Spring，1753）atitsheightorcrisis:OffenceinregardtoEnglishPrivateering。
　　Friedrich，eversinceOst—Frieslandwashis，hasaconsiderableForeignTrade，——notasformerlyfromStettinalone，intotheBalticRussianports；butfromEmbdennow，whichlooksoutintotheAtlanticandthegeneralwatersofEuropeandtheWorld。
　　Aboutwhichheisabundantlycareful，aswehaveseen。Anxioustogoongoodgroundsinthismatter，andbeaccuratelyneutral，andobservantoftheMaritimeLaws，hehad，in1744，directlyaftercomingtopossessionofOst—Friesland，instructedExcellencyAndrie，hisMinisterinLondon，toapplyatthefountain—head，andexpresslyaskofmyLordCarteret:"Arehemp，flax，timbercontraband？""No，"answeredCarteret；Andriereported，No。Andonthisbasistheyacted，satisfactorily，foraboveayear。But，inOctober，1745，theEnglishbeganviolentlytotakePLANKSforcontraband；andwentonso，andeverworse，tilltheendoftheWar。[Adelung，vii。334。]ExcellencyAndriehasgonehome；andaSecretaryofLegation，HerrMichel，isnowhereinhisstead:——agoodfewdrearyoldPamphletsofMichel’spublishing（officialDeclaration，officialArguments，Documents，inFrenchandEnglish，4toand8vo，onthisextinctsubject），ifyougodeepintothedust—bins，canbedisinterredheretothisday。Treadlightly，touchingonlythechiefsummits。TheHagglestretchesthroughfiveyears，1748—1753，——andthenatlastceasesHAGGLING:——
　　"JANUARY8th，1748[Warstillonfoot，butnearending]，Michelappliesaboutinjuries，aboutvarioustroublesandunjustseizuresofships；SecretaryChesterfieldanswers，’WehaveanAdmiraltyCourt；beyondquestion，rightshallbedone。’’Woulditweresoon，then！’hintsMichel。Chesterfield，whoisotherwisepolitenessitself，confidentlyhopesso；butcannotpushJudicialpeople。
　　"FEBRUARY，1748。Admiraltybeingstillsilent，MichelappliesbyMemorial，inaspecificcase:’TwoStettinShips，ladenwithwinefromBordeaux，andathirdvessel，’ofsomeotherPrussianport，ladenwithcorn；takeninRamsgateRoads，whithertheyhadbeendrivenbystorm:’GivemetheseShipsback！’MemorialtohisGraceofNewcastle，this。UponwhichtheAdmiraltysits；
　　withdeliberation，decides（June，1748），’Yes！’And’thereishopethataTreatyofCommercewillfollow；’[Gentleman’sMagazine，xviii。（for1748），pp。64，141。]whichwasfarfrombeingtheissuejustyet！
　　"Onthecontrary，hisPrussianMajesty’sMerchants，perhapsencouragedbythispieceofBritishjustice，cameforwardwithmoreandevermorecomplaintsandinstances。Towinnowthestrictlytrueoutofwhich，fromthehalf—trueornotprovable，hisPrussianMajestyhasappointeda’Commission，’"fitpeople，andunderstrictcharges，Icanbelieve，"Commissiontakes（toFriedrich’sownknowledge）agreatdealofpains；——anditdoesnotwantforcleancorn，afterallitswinnowing。Plentyoffacts，whichcanbeinsistedonasindisputable。’SuchandsuchMerchantShips[Schedulesofthemgivenin，witheveryparticular，time，name，cargo，value]havebeenlaidholdofontheOceanHighway，andcarriedintoEnglishPorts；——OUTofwhichhisPrussianMajestyhas，inallFriendliness，tobegthattheybenowre—delivered，andjusticedone。’’ContrabandofWar，’answertheEnglish；’sorrytohavegivenyourMajestytheleastuneasiness；buttheywerecarrying’——’No，pardonme；nothingcontrabanddiscoverableinthem；’andhandsinhisverifiedSchedules，withperfectlypolite，butmoreandmoreseriousrequest，Thatthesaidshipsberestored，anddamagesaccountedfor。’OurPrizeCourtshavesatoneveryshipofthem，’eagerlyshrieksNewcastleallalong:’whatcanwedo！’
　　’NayaSpecialCommissionshallnow[1751，datenotworthseekingfarther]——specialCommissionshallnowsit，tillhisPrussianMajestygeteverysatisfactionintheworld！’
　　"EnglishSpecialCommission，counterpartofthatPrussianone（whichisinvacationbythistime），sitsaccordingly:butisveryslow；reportsforalongwhilenothing，except，’Oh，giveustime！’
　　andreports，intheend，nothingintheleastsatisfactory。
　　["Haveentirelyomittedtheessentialpointsonwhichthematterturns；andgivensuchconfusedaccount，inconsequence，thatitisnotwellpossibletogatherfromtheirReportanyclearandjustideaofitatall。"（VerdictofthePRUSSIANCommission:whichhadbeenre—assembledbyFriedrich，onthisReportfromtheEnglishone，andadjuredtospeakonly"whattheycouldanswertoGod，totheKingandtothewholeworld，"concerningit:Seyfarth，ii。183。）]’PrizeCourts？SpecialCommission？’thinksFriedrich:’Imusthavemyshipsback！’And，afteragreatmanymonths，andagreatmanyhaggles，Friedrich，wearyofgivingtime，instructsMicheltosignify，inproperform（’23dNovember，1752’），’ThattheLaw’sdelayseemedtobeconsiderableinEngland；thattillthefulnessoftimedidcome，andrightweredonehispoorpeople，he，Friedrichhimself，wouldhopefullywait；butnowatlastmust，provisionally，payhispoorpeopletheirdamages；——wouldaccordingly，fromthe23ddayofAprilnext，ceasetheusualpaymenttoEnglishBondholdersontheirSilesianBonds；andwouldhenceforthpaynoportionfartherofthatDebt，principalorinterest[about250，000poundsnowowing]，butproceedtoindemnifyhisownpeoplefromit，tothejustlength，——anddeposittheremainderinBank，tillBritannicMajestyandPrussiancouldUNITE
　　inorderingpaymentofit；whichonetrustsmaybesoon！’"
　　[Walpole，i。295；Seyfarth，ii。183，157；Adelung，vii。331—338；
　　Gentleman’sMagazine；&c。]
　　"November23d，1752，resolvedonbyFriedrich；""consummatedApril23d，1753:"thesearethedatesofthisdecisivepassage（Michel’sbiggestPamphlet，FrenchandEnglish，issuingontheoccasion）。
　　February8th，1753，noredressobtainable，poorNewcastleshrieks，"Can’t，mustn’t；astonishing！"and"thepeopleareingreatwrathaboutit。April12th，Friedrichreplies，inthekindestterms；
　　butstickingtohispoint。"[Adelung，vii。336—338。]Andpunctuallycontinuedso，anddidashehadsaid。WithwhatrumorintheCity，commentariesintheNewspapersandfluttertohisGraceofNewcastle，maybeimagined。"WhataNephewhaveI！"thinksBritannicMajesty:"Hah，andEmbden，Ost—Friesland，isnothis。
　　Embdenitselfismine！"Agreatdealofill—naturewasgenerated，inEngland，bythisoneaffairofthePrivateers，hadtherebeennoother:andindarkcellarsofmen’sminds（emptyanddarkonthismatter），therearosestrangecaricaturePortraituresofFriedrich:
　　andverymadnotions——ofFriedrich’sperversity，astucity，injustice，malignanddangerousintentions——aremoreorlessvocalintheOldNewspapersandDistinguishedCorrespondencesofthosedays。Ofwhich，thisonesample:
　　TowhatheightthehumoroftheEnglishranagainstFriedrichisstillcuriouslynoticeable，inasmallTransactionoftragicEx—Jacobitenature，whichthenhappened，andinthecommentariesitawokeintheirimagination。CameronofLochiel，whoforcedhiswaythroughtheNether—BowinEdinburgh，hadbeenanotablerebel；
　　butgotawaytoFrance，andwassafeinsomemilitarypostthere。
　　Dr。ArchibaldCameron，Lochiel’sBrother，astudiouscontemplativegentleman，bredtoPhysic，butnotpractisingexceptforcharity，hadquittedhisbooks，andattendedtheRebelMarchinamedicalcapacity，——"notfromchoice，"ashealleged，"butfromcompulsionofkindred；"——andhadbeenofhelptovariousLoyalistsaswell；
　　afoeofHumanPain，andnotofanythingelsewhatever:infact，asappears，averymildformofJacobiteRebel。Hetoogot，toFrance；
　　buthadlefthisWife，ChildrenandfrugalPatrimoniesbehindhim，——andhadtoreturninproperconcealment，morethanonce，tolookafterthem。TwoVisits，Ithinktwo，hadbeensuccessfullytransacted，atintervals；butthethird，in1753，provedotherwise。
　　March12th，1753，windofhimbeinghad，andtheslot—houndsuncoupledandputonhistrail，poorCameronwasunearthed"attheLairdofGlenbucket’s，"andtherelaidholdof；lockedinEdinburghCastle，——thencetotheTower，andtoTrialforHighTreason。
　　Whichwentagainsthim；inspiteofhisfinepleadings，andmanfulconciliatoryappearancesandmanners。Executed7thJune，1753。
　　HispoorWifehadtwicesqueezedherwayintotheRoyalLeveeatKensington，withPetitionformercy；——fainted，thefirsttime，owingtothepressandtheagitation；butdid，thesecondtime，fallonherkneesbeforeRoyalGeorge，andsupplicate，——whohadtoturnadeafear，royalgentleman；Ihope，notwithoutpain。
　　Thetruthis，poorCameron———though，Ibelieve，hehadsomevagueJacobiteerrandswithal——neverwouldhaveharmedanybodyintherebelway；andmightwithallsafetyhavebeenletlive。ButhisGraceofNewcastle，andtheEnglishgenerally，hadgotthestrangestnotionintotheirhead。ThoseappointmentsofEarlMarischaltoParis，ofTyrconneltoBerlin；Friedrich’snefariousspoilingofthatsalutaryRomish—KingProject；andnowsimultaneouswiththat，hisnefariousoonductinourPrivateerBusiness:
　　allthis，doesitnotprovehim——astheHanburys，DemonNewswritersandwell—informedpersonshavetaughtus——tobeoneoftheworstmenliving，andaKingbentuponourruin？Whatiscertain，thoughnowwell—nighinconceivable，itwasthen，intheupperClassesandPoliticalCircles，universallybelieved，ThatthisDr。Cameronwasproperlyan"EmissaryoftheKingofPrussia’s；"thatCameron’serrandherewastorallytheJacobiteembersintonewflame；——andthat，atthefirstclearsputter，Friedrichhad15，000men，ofhisbestPrussian—Spartantroops，readytoferryover，andhelpJacobitismtodothematterthistime！[Walpole，GeorgetheSecond，i。333，353；andLetterstoHoraceMann（Summer，1753），forthebeliefheld。
　　Adelung，vii。338—341，forthepoorCamerontragedyitself。]
　　AboutaslikelyasthattheChamofTartaryhadinterferedinthe"BangorianControversy"（raging，Ibelieve，sometimesince，——inCremorneGardensfistofall，whichwasBishopHoadly’sPlace，——totheterrorofmitresandwigs）；orthat，theEmperorofChinawasconcernedinMeux’sPorter—Brewery，withaneyetosaleofNUX
　　VOMICA。AmongalltheKingsthatthenwere，orthateverwere，KingFriedrichdistinguishedhimselfbythegrandhumanvirtue（oneofthemostimportantforKingsandformen）ofkeepingwellathome，——ofalwaysmindinghisownaffairs。Thesewere，infact，theonethingheminded；andhedidthatwell。Hewasvigilant，observantallround，forweather—symptoms；thoroughlywellinformedofwhathisneighborshadonhand；readytointerfere，generallyinsomejudicioussoftway，atanymoment，ifhisownCountriesortheirinterestscametobeconcerned；certain，tillthen，tocontinueaspeculativeobservermerely。Hehadknowledge，toanextentofaccuracywhichoftensurprisedhisneighbors:butthereisnoinstanceinwhichhemeddledwherehehadnobusiness；——andfew，Ibelieve，inwhichhedidnotmeddle，andtothepurpose，whenhehad。
　　LaterinhisReign，inthetimeoftheAmericanWar（1777），thereis，ontheEnglishpart，inregardtoFriedrich，anequallydistractednotionofthesamekindbroughttolight。Again，aconviction，namely，ormoral—certainty，thatFriedrichisaboutassistingtheAmericanInsurgentsagainstus；——andaverystrangeandindubitablestepisorderedtobetakeninconsequence。
　　[OEuvresdeFrederic，xxvi。394（FriedrichtoPrinceHenri，29thJune，1777。）]Asshallbenoticed，ifwehavetime。NoenlightenedPublic，gazingforfortyorfiftyyearsintoanimportantNeighborGentleman，withintentforpracticalknowledgeofhim，couldwell，thoughassistedbythecleverestHanburys，andDemonandAngelNewswriters，haveachievedless！——
　　QuestionTHIRDis——ButQuestionThird，soextremelyimportantwasitinthesequel，willdeserveaChaptertoitself。
　　ChapterXIV。
　　THEREISLIKETOBEANOTHERWARAHEAD。
　　QuestionThird，French—EnglishCanadaQuestion，isnootherthan，underanewform，ouroldfriendtheinexorableJENKINS’S—EAR
　　QUESTION；soulofalltheseControversies，and——exceptSilesiaandFriedrich’sQuestion——theonemeaningtheyhave！Huddledtogetherithadbeen，atthePeaceofAix—la—Chapelle，andleftforclosedunder"NewSpanishAssientoTreaty，"orIknownotwhat:——youthoughttocloseitbyDiplomaticputtyandvarnishinthatmanner:
　　andhere，bylawofNature，itcomeswellinguponyouanew。ForIT
　　springsfromtheCentre，asweoftensay，andisthefountainanddeterminingelementofverylargeSectionsofHumanHistory，stillhiddenintheunseenTime。
　　"OceanHighwaytobefree；fortheEnglishandotherswhohavebusinessonit？"TheEnglishhavearealandweightyerrandthere。
　　"Englishtotradeandnavigate，astheLawofNatureorders，onthoseSeas；andtoponderateorpreponderatethere，accordingtotherealamountofweighttheyandtheirerrandhave？OR，Englishtohavetheirearstornoff；andimperiousFrench—SpanishBourbons，groundingonextinctPope’s—meridians，GLOIREandotherimaginarybases，totakecommand？"TheincalculableYankeeNations，shalltheybeineffectYANGKEE（"English"withadifference），orFRANGCEE（"French"withadifference）？AQuestionnottobeclosedbyDiplomaticputty，tryasyouwill！
　　ByTreatyofUtrecht（1713），"allNovaScotia[ACADIEasthencalled]，withNewfoundlandandtheadjacentIslands，"wascededtotheEnglish，andhaseversincebeenpossessedbythemaccordingly。
　　UnluckilythatTreatyomittedtosettleaLineofBoundarytolandward，orwestward，fortheir"NOVASCOTIA；"orgenerally，aBoundaryfromNORTHTOSOUTHbetweentheBritishColoniesandtheFrenchinthoseparts。
　　TheTreatyofAix—la—Chapelle，eagertoconcludeitself，stipulated，withgreatdistinctness，thatCapeBreton，allitsgunsandfurnishingsentire，shouldberestoredatonce（Franceextremelyanxiousonthatpoint）；butfortheresthad，beinginsuchhaste，flungitselfaltogetherintotheprincipleofSTATUS—
　　QUO—ANTE，astheshortwayforgettingthrough。TheboundaryinAmericawasvaguelydefined，as"nowtobewhatithadbeenbeforetheWar。"Ithad，formanyyearsbeforetheWar，beenasubjectofconstantaltercation。ACADIE，forinstance，theNOVASCOTIAoftheEnglishsinceUtrechttime，theFrenchmaintainedtomeanonly"thePeninsula"，orNookincludedbetweentheOceanWatersandtheBayofFundy。And，moreemphaticstill，onthe"Isthmus"（ornarrowspace，atnorthwest，betweensaidBayandtheOceanortheGulfofSt。Lawrence）theyhadbuilt"Forts:""Stockades，"orIknownotwhat，"ontheMissaquish"（HODIEMissiquash），awindingdifficultriver，northmostoftheBayofFundy’srivers，whichtheFrenchaffirmtobethereallimitinthatquarter。ThesparseFrenchColonistsoftheinterior，subjectsofEngland，arenottobeconciliatedbyperfecttolerationofreligionandthelike；
　　buthaveaninvincibleproclivitytojointheirCountrymenoutside，andwishwelltothoseStockadesontheMissiquash。Itmustbeowned，too，theFrenchOfficialPeoplearefarfromscrupulousorsqueamish；showenergyofmanagement；andareveryskilfulwiththeIndians，whoareanimportantitem。CanadaisallFrench；hasitsQuebecs，Montreals，aSt。LawrenceRiveroccupiedatallthegoodmilitarypoints，andservingatonceasbulwarkandhighway。
　　Southwardandwestward，France，initsexuberanthumor，claimsforitselfThewholeBasinoftheSt。Lawrence，andthewholeBasinoftheMississippiaswell:"HavenotweStockades，Castles，atthemilitarypoints；FortifiedPlacesinLouisianaitself？"Yes；——andhowmanyPloughedFieldsbearingCrophaveyou？ItistothegoodPlougher，notultimatelytothegoodCannonier，thatthoseportionsofCreationwillbelong？TheexuberantintentionoftheFrenchis，aftergettingbackCapeBreton，"TorestrictthoseaspiringEnglishColonies，"merePloughersandTraders，hardlynumberingaboveonemillion，"totheSpaceeastwardoftheAlleghanyMountains，"overwhichtheyarebeginningtoclimb，"andsouthwardofthatMissiquash，or，atfarthest，ofthePenobscotandKennebunk"
　　（riversHODIEintheStateofMaine）。[LaGallisonniere，GovernorofCanada’sDESPATCH，"Quebec，15thJanuary，1749"（citedinBancroft，HistoryoftheUnitedStates，
　　Boston，1839，etseq。）。"TheEnglishInhabitantsarecomputedat1，051，000；French（inCanada45，000，inLouisiana7，000），inall52，000:"HistoryofBritishDominionsinNorthAmerica（London，1773），p。13。Bancroft（i。154）countstheEnglishColonistsin"1754about1，200，000。"]ThatwillbeaveryprettyParallelogramforthemandtheirploughsandtrade—packs:
　　we，whoare50，000odd，expertwiththeriflefarbeyondthem，willoccupytherestoftheworld。SuchistheFrenchexuberantnotion:
　　and，October，1745，beforesignatureatAix—la—Chapelle，muchmorebeforeDeliveryofCapeBreton，theCommandantatDetroit（westendofLakeErie）hadreceivedorders，"ToopposeperemptorilyeveryEnglishEstablishmentnotonlythereabouts，butontheOhiooritstributaries；bymonitionfirst；andthenbyforce，ifmonitiondonotserve。"
　　EstablishmentsofanysolidityorregularitytheEnglishhavenotinthoseparts；beyondtheAlleghaniesallisdesert:"fromtheCanadaLakestotheCarolinas，merehunting—groundoftheSixNations；dottedwithhereandthereanEnglishtrading—house，oradventurousSquatter’sfarm:"——towhomnowtheFrencharetosay:
　　"Homeyou，instantly；andleavetheDesertalone！"TheFrenchhavedistinctOrdersfromCourt，andenergeticallyobeythesame；
　　theEnglishhaveindistinctOrdersfromNature，anddonotwantenergy，ormindtoobeythese:confusionsandcollisionsaremanifold，ubiquitous，continual。Ofwhichthehistorywouldbetiresometoeverybody；andneedonlybeindicatedherebyamarkortwoofthemainpassages。
　　In1749，threethingshadoccurredworthmention。FIRST，CaptainCoram，apublic—spiritedhalf—paygentlemaninLondon，originatoroftheFoundlingHospitalthere，hadturnedhisattentiontothefinecapabilitiesandquestionableconditionofNOVASCOTIA，withfewinhabitants，andthosemostlydisaffected；and，bymanyeffortsnowforgotten，hadgottheGovernmentpersuadedtodespatch（June，1749）akindofHalf—payorMilitaryColonytothoseparts:
　　"morethan1，400personsdisbandedofficers，soldiersandmarines，underColonelEdwardCornwallis，"BrotherofthesincefamousLordCornwallis。[Coxe’sPelham，ii。113。]
　　Wholanded，accordingly，onthatroughshore；stockadedthemselvesin，hardilyendeavoringandenduring；andnextyear，builtaTownforthemselves；TownofHALIFAX（sonamedfromthethenLordHalifax，PresidentoftheBoardofTrade）；whichstandsthere，inmoreandmoreconspicuousmanner，atthisday。Thankstoyou，CaptainCoram；thoughtheungratefulgenerations（exceptdimlyinCORAMStreet，nearyourHospital）havelostallmemoryofyou，astheirwontis。Blockheads；nevermindthem。
　　TheSECONDthingis，an"OhioCompany"hasgottogetherinVirginia；Governorthereencouraging；BritannicMajestygivingCharter（March，1749），andwhatisstilleasier，"500，000AcresofLand"inthoseOhioregions，sinceyouaremindedtocolonizethereinafixedmanner。BritannicMajestythinkstheCountry"betweentheMonongahelaandtheKanahawy"（southernfeedersofOhio）willdobest；butisnotparticular。OhioCompany，weshallfind，choseatlast，astheeligiblespot，thetopmostforkorveryHeadoftheOhio，——whereMonongahelaRiverfromsouthandAlleghanyRiverfromnorthunitetoform"TheOhio；"wherestands，inourday，thebigsootyTownofPittsburganditsindustries。OhioCompanywaslaudablyeageronthismatter；Land—Surveyorinit（nay，atlength，"ColonelofaRegimentof150menraisedbytheOhioCompany"）wasMr。GeorgeWashington，whoseFamilyhadmuchpromotedtheEnterprise；andwhowasindeedasteady—going，considerate，close—
　　mouthedYoungGentleman；whocametogreatdistinctionintheend。
　　FrenchGovernor（LaGallisonnierestilltheman），gettingwindofthisOhioCompanystillinembryo，anticipatesthebirth；sendsavigilantCommandantthitherward，"with300men，TotraceandoccupytheValleysoftheOhioandoftheSt。Lawrence，asfarasDetroit。"Thatofficer"buriesplatesoflead，"upanddowntheCountry，withinscriptionssignifyingthat"fromthefarthestridge，whencewatertrickledtowardstheOhio，theCountrybelongedtoFrance；andnailstheBourbonLiliestotheforest—trees；
　　forbiddingtheIndiansalltradewiththeEnglish；expelstheEnglishtradersfromthetownsoftheMiamis；andwritestotheGovernorofPennsylvania，requestinghimtopreventallfartherintrusion。"VigilantGovernors，theseFrench，andwellsupportedfromhome。Duquesne，thevigilantsuccessorofLaGallisonniere（whoisnowwantedathome，forstillmoreimportantpurposes，aswillappear），finding"theleadplates"littleregarded，sends，byandby，500newsoldiersfromDetroitintothoseOhioparts（marchof100milesorso）；——"theFrenchGovernmenthaving，inthisyear1750，shippednofewerthan8，000menfortheirAmericanGarrisons；"——andwheretheOhioCompanyventureonplantingaStockade，tearsittragicallyout，aswillbeseen！
　　TheTHIRDthingworthnotice，in1749，andstillmoreinthefollowingyearandyears，hadreferencetoNovaScotiaagain。
　　OneLaCorne，"arecklesslysanguinarypartisan"（militarygentlemanoftheTrenck，INDIGO—Trenckspecies），nestleshimself（winter，1749—50）onthatMissiquashRiver，headoftheBayofFundy；intheVillageofChignecto，whichisadmittedlyEnglishground，thoughinhabitedbyFrench。LaCornecompels，oradmits，theInhabitantstoswearallegiancetoFranceagain；andtomakethemselvesusefulinfortifying，nottosayindrilling，——withaneyetomilitarywork。Hearingofwhich，ColonelCornwallisandincipientHalifaxaremuchataloss。TheyinvainseekaidfromtheGovernorofMassachusetts（"Assemblytobeconsultedfirst，tobeconvinced；Constitutionalrights:——Nothingpossiblejust，atonce"）；——andcanonlysendapartyof400men，totryandrecoverChignectoatanyrate。April20th，1750，the400arrivethere；
　　orderLaCorneinstantlytogo。BourbonFlagiswavingonhisdikes，thissidetheMissiquash:hightimethatheanditweregone。"VillagePriest[flaminglyorthodox，asallthesePriestsare，allpickedforthebusiness]，withhisownhands，setsfiretotheChurchinChignecto；"inhabitantsburntheirhouses，andescapeacrosstheriver，——LaCorneasrear—guard。LaCorne，acrosstheMissiquash，declares，That，toacertainty，heisnowonFrenchground；thathewill，atallhazards，defendtheTerritoryhere；
　　andmaintaineveryinchofit，——"tillregularCommissioners[dueeversincetheTreatyofAix，hadnotthatROMISH—KINGBusinessbeensopressing]havesettledwhattheBoundarybetweenthetwoCountriesis。"——Chignectobeingashes，andtheneighboringpopulationgone，CornwallisandhisFourHundredhadtoreturntoHalifax。
　　ItwasnottillAutumnfollowing，thatChignectocouldbesolidlygotholdofbytheHalifaxpeople；nortillalongtimeafter，thatLaCornecouldbedislodgedfromhisstockades，andsentpacking。
　　[Gentleman’sMagazine，xx。539，295。]
　　September，1750，anewExpeditiononChignectofoundtheplacepopulousagain，Indians，French"Peasants"（seeminglySoldiersofasort）；whostoodveryfiercelybehindtheirdefences，andneededadeterminedon—rush，and"volleycloseintotheirnoses，"beforedisappearing。Thiswasreckonedthefirstmilitarybloodshed（ifthiswerereallymilitaryontheFrenchside）。AndinNovemberfollowing，somesmallBritishCruiseronthoseCoasts，fallinginwithaFrenchBrigantine，fromQuebec，evidentlycarryingmilitarystoresandsolacementsforLaCorne，seizedthesame；byforceofbattle，sincenototherwise，——threemenlosttotheBritish，fivetotheFrench，——andbroughtittoHalifax。"Lawfulandnecessary！"
　　saystheAdmiraltyCourt；"SheerPiracy！"shriektheFrench；——
　　mattersbreakingoutintoactualflashesofflame，inthismanner。
　　BritishCommissions，twoinnumber，namesnotworthmention，have，atlast，inthisYear1750，gonetoParis；andareholdingmanifoldconferenceswithFrenchditto，——tono"purpose，anyofthem。OnereadsthedrearytattleoftheDukeofNewcastleuponit，intheYearsonward:"Justgoingtoagree，"theDukehopes；"somedifficulties，buteverybody，FrenchandEnglish，wantingmerejustice；andourandtheirCommissionersbeinginsuchagenerousspirit，surelytheywillsoonsettleit。"[HisLetters，inCoxe’sPelham，ii。407（"September，1751"），&c。]
　　Theyneverdidorcould；andsteadilyitwentonworsening。
　　ThatnotableprivateassertionoftheFrench，ThatCanadaandLouisianameanallAmericaWestoftheAlleghanies，hadnotyetoozedouttotheEnglish；butitisgraduallyoozingout，andthatEnglandwillhavetocontentitselfwiththemoderateCountrylyingeastofthatBluerange。"Notmuchaboveamillionofyou"，saytheFrench；"andsurelythereisroomenoughEastoftheAlleghanies？
　　We，withourcoupleofColonies，aretherealAmerica；——counting，itistrue，fewsettlersasyet；butthereshallbeinnumerable；
　　and，inthemeanwhile，thereareArmy—Detachments，Block—houses，fortifiedPosts，commandoftheRivers，oftheIndianNations，ofthewater—highwaysandmilitarykeys（toyouunintelligible）；
　　andwewillmakeitgood！"
　　TheexactcipheroftheFrench（guessedtobe50，000），andtheirpreciserelative—valueastillersandsubduersofthesoil，intheseTwoColoniesoftheirs，asagainsttheEnglishThirteen，wouldbeinterestingtoknow:curiousalsotheirlittlebill，oftroubletakenincreatingtheContinentofAmerica，indiscoveringit，visiting，surveying，planting，taming，makinghabitableforman:——andwhatRhadamanthuswouldhavesaidofthoseTwoDocuments！
　　Enough，theFrenchhavetakensometrouble，moreorless，——
　　especiallyinsendingsoldiersout，oflate。TheFrench，tocertainthousands，languidlytilling，huntingandadventuring，andveryskilfulinwheedlingtheIndianNations，areactuallythere；
　　andthey，inthesilenceofRhadamanthus，decidethatmeritshallnotmissitswagesforwantofasking。"OursisAmericaWestoftheAlleghanies，"saytheFrench，openlybeforelong。
　　"Yours？Yours，ofallpeople’s？"answertheEnglish；andbegin，withlethargiceffort，toawakealittletothatstupidForeignQuestion；important，thoughstupidandforeign，orlyingfaroff。
　　WhoreallyownedallAmerica，probablyfewEnglishmenhadeveraskedthemselves，intheirdreamiesthumors，norcouldtheynowanswer；but，thatNorthAmericadoesnotbelongtotheFrench，canbedoubtfultonoEnglishcreature。Pitt，Chathamaswenowcallhim，isperhapstheEnglishmantowhom，ofallothers，itisleastdoubtful。PittisinOfficeatlast，——insomesubalterncapacity，"PaymasteroftheForces"forsomeyearspast，inspiteofMajesty’sdislikeoftheoutspokenman；——andhashiseyesbentonAmerica；——whichisperhaps（littleasyouwouldguessitsuch）themainfactinthatconfusedControversyjustnow！——
　　In1753（28thAugustofthatYear），goesmessagefromtheHomeGovernment，"Standonyourdefence，overthere！RepelbyforceanyForeignencroachmentsonBritishDominions。"[Holderness，OR
　　Robinsonouroldfriend。]Anddirectlyontheheelofthis，November，1753，theVirginiaGovernor，——urged，Icanbelieve，bytheOhioCompany，whoarelyingwind—boundsolong，——despatchesMr。GeorgeWashingtontoinquireofficiallyoftheFrenchCommandantinthoseparts，"Whathemeans，then，byinvadingtheBritishTerritories，whileasolidPeacesubsists？"Mr。Georgehadalongrideupthosedesertranges，anddownagainontheotherside；watersallout，groundinaswashwithDecemberrains，nohelpordirectionbutfromwampumsandwigwams:Mr。GeorgegottoOhioHead（twobigRivers，MonongahelafromSouth，AlleghanyfromNorth，coalescingtoformadouble—bigOhiofortheFarWest）；andthoughttohimself，"Whatanadmirablethree—leggedplace:mightbeChiefPostofthoseregions，——nest—eggofadiligentOhioCompany。！"Mr。George，somewaydowntheOhioRiver，foundastrongishFrenchFort，log—barracks，"200river—boats，withmorebuilding，"andaFrenchCommandant，whocannotenterintoquestionsofadiplomaticnatureaboutPeaceandWar:"Myordersare，TokeepthisFortandTerritoryagainstallcomers；onemustdoone’sorders，Monsieur:Adieu！"AndthesteadfastWashingtonhadtoreturn；withoutresult，——exceptthatoftheadmirableThree—leggedPlacefordroppingyourNest—egg，inacommandinganddefencefulway！
　　OhioCompany，painfullyrestrainedsolonginthatoperation，tookthehintatonce。Despatched，earlyin1754，aPartyofsomeFortyorThirty—threestoutfellows，witharmsaboutthem，aswellastools，"Gobuildus，straightway，aStockadeintheplaceindicated；youarewarrantedtosmitedown，byshotorotherwise，anygainsayer！"Andfurthermore，directlygotonfoot，andontheroadthither，a"regimentof150men，"WashingtonasColoneltoit，ForperfectingsaidStockade，andmaintainingitagainstallcomers。
　　WashingtonandhisHundred—and—fifty——wagonage，provenderandapieceortwoofcannon，allwellattendedto——vigorouslyclimbedtheMountains；gottothetop27thMay，1754；andthereMETtheThirty—threeinretreathomewards！Stockadehadbeentornout，sixweeksago（17thAprillast）；byoverwhelmingFrenchForce，fromtheGentlemanwhosaidADIEU，andhadtheriver—boats，lastFall。
　　And，insteadofourStockade，theyarenowbuildingaregularFrenchFort，——FORTDUQUESNE，theycallit，inhonoroftheirGovernorDuquesne:——againstwhich，Washingtonandhisregiment，whatarethey？Washington，strictlysurveying，girdshimselfupfortheretreat；descendsdiligentlyhomewardsagain，FrenchandIndiansratherharassinghisrear。In—trencheshimself，1stJuly，atwhathecalls"FortNecessity，"somewaydown；andtheseconddayafter，3dJuly，1754，isattackedinvigorousmilitarymanner。
　　Defendshimself，whathecan，throughninehoursofheavyrain；
　　haslostthirty，theFrenchonlythree；——andisobligedtocapitulate:"FreeWithdrawal"thetermsgiven。ThisisthelastI
　　heardoftheOhioCompany；notthelastofWashington，byanymeans。OhioCompany，——itsjudiciousNest—eggsquelchedinthismanner，naybecomeafieryCockatriceor"FORTDUQUESNE:"——neednotbementionedfarther。
　　Bythistime，surelyhightimenow，seriousmilitarypreparationswereonfoot；especiallyinthevariousColoniesmostexposed。
　　But，asusual，itisathingofmostadmireddisorder；
　　everyGovernorhisownKingorVice—King，horsesarepullingdifferentways:smallhopethere，unlesstheHomeGovernment（wheretooIhaveknownthehorsesalittlediscrepant，unskilfulinharness！）willseriouslytakeitinhand。TheHomeGovernmentistakingitinhand；horseswilling，ifathoughtunskilful。
　　RoyalHighnessofCumberlandhasselectedGeneralBraddock，andTwoRegimentsoftheLine（thetwothatranawayatPrestonpans，——ABSIT
　　OMEN）。RoyalHighnessconsults，concocts，industriouslyprepares，completes；modestlycertainthatherenowistheeffectualremedy。