andsangTE—DEUMaboutit；——butprofitednothingbythatpieceofmelody。Thefact，considerableornot，was，fromthefirst，tooundeniable:Brownebeatenfromthefield。Andbeatenfromhisattempttoo（theSaxonsnotrelievablebythismethod）；andliesquietinBudinagain，——withhiswatersuretohim；butwhatotheradvantagesgained？
HerearetwoLetters，briefboth，whichwemayaswellread:——
1。FRIEDRICHTOWILHELMINA（atBaireuth）。
"LOBOSITZ，4thOctober，1756。
"MYDEARSISTER，——Yourwillisaccomplished。TiredoutbytheseSaxondelays，IputmyselfattheheadofmyArmyofBohemia[Keith’shitherto]；andmarchedfromAussigto——aNamewhichseemedtomeofgoodaugury，beingyours，——totheVillageofWelmina[BattlewascalledOFWELMINA，bythePrussiansatfirst]。IfoundtheAustrianshere，nearLobositz；and，afteraFightofsevenhours，forcedthemtorun。Nobodyofyouracquaintanceiskilled，exceptGeneralsLuderitzandOErzen[whoarenotofours]。
"Ireturnyouathousandthanksforthetenderpartyoutakeinmylot。WouldtoHeaventhevalorofmyArmymightprocureusastablePeace！ThatoughttobetheaimofWar。Adieu，mydearSister；
Iembraceyoutenderly，assuringyouofthelivelyaffectionwithwhichIam—F。"[OEuvres，xxvii。i。291。]
2。PRINCEOFPRUSSIATOVALORI（whoisstillatBerlin，butsoongoingasitproves，——Broglio’sexplosionattheLinesofGross—Sedlitzbeingonhand，duringtheKing’sabsence，intheseveryhours["5th—6thOctober"（Valori，ii。353）。]
"CAMPOFLOBOSITZ，5thOctober，1756。
"Youwillknowthenewsoftheday；andIampersuadedyoutakepartinit。AllyousaytomebetokenstheconspiracythereisforthedestructionofourCountry。IfthatisdeterminedintheBookofFate，wecannotescapeit。
"Hadmyadvicebeenasked，ayearago，IshouldhavevotedtopreservetheAlliance[withYOU]whichwehadbeenusedtoforsixteenyears[strictlyfortwelve，thoughinsubstanceeversince1740]，andwhichwasbynatureadvantageoustous。Butifmyadvicewereaskedjustnow，Ishouldanswer，Thatthesaidmethodbeingnowimpossible，weareinthecaseofaship’scaptainwhodefendshimselfthebesthecan，andwhenallresourcesareexhausted，has，ratherthansurrenderonshamefulconditions，tofirethepowder—
magazine，andblowuphisship。YourememberthatofyourFrancoisI。"——FORSL’HONNEUR；ahyes，verywell！——"PerhapsitwillbemypoorChildrenwhowillbethevictimsofthesepasterrors，"
——forsuchIstillthinkthem，Iformypart。
"TheGazettesenumeratetheFrenchtroopsthataretobesiegeWesel，Geldern[Weseltheywillgetgratis，poorGeldernwillalmostbreaktheirheartfirst]，andtakepossessionofOst—
Friesland；theRussianDeclaration[Manifestonotworthreading]
tellsusRussia’sintentionsforthenextyear[mosttruculentintentions]:wewilldefendourselvestothelastdropofourblood，andperishwithhonor。Ifyouhaveanycounselfarther，I
prayyougiveitme。
MAPGOESHERE——BETWEENP。350AND351ChapVIIbook17
"Remainalwaysmyfriend；andbelievethatinallsituationsIwillremainyours；andtryingtodowhatmydutyis，willnotforfeitthesentimentsonyourpartwhichhavebeensoprecioustome。
Yourservant，GUILLAUME。"[Valori，ii。204—206。]
"PitythisgoodPrincecontemplatingthedownfallofhisHouse，"
suggestsValori:"Hedeservedabetterfate！HewouldbeindespairtothinkIhadsentthisLettertoyourExcellency；butIthoughtperhapsyouwouldshowittotheKing，"——andthatitmightdogoodoneday。[Valori（totheFrenchMinister，"12thOctober，1756"），ii。204。]ThePrussianslayintheir"CampofLobositz，"postedupanddowninthatneighborhood，foracoupleofweeksmore；
waitingwhetherRrownewouldattemptanythingfartherinthefightingway；and，infine，whetherthesolutionofthecrisiswouldfallouthereabouts，orontheothersideoftheHills。
ChapterVII。
THESAXONSGETOUTOFPIRNAONDISMALTERMS。
ThedisasterofOctober1st——forwhichtheyweretryingtosingTE—DEUMSatVienna——fellheavieronthepoorSaxons，intheircageatPirna:"Alas，whereisourdeliverancenow？"Friedrich’speople，intheirlineshere，gavethemsucha"joy—firing"forLobositzasRetzowhasseldomheard；hugevolleyings，salvoings，running—fires，startingout，artisticallytimedandstationed，thunderous，high；
andbornebytheechoes，gloomilyreverberative，intoeverydellandlabyrinthofthePirnaCountry；——intendedtostrikeadeeperdampintothem，thinkshe。[Retzow，i。67。]ButImperialMajestywasmindful，too；andstraightwaysentBrownepositiveorder，"DelivermethesepoorSaxonsatanyprice！"AndinthecourseofnotquiteaweekfromLobositz，therearrivesaconfidentialMessengerfromBrowne:"Couragestill，yecagedSaxons；Iwilltryitanotherway！Onlyyoumustholdouttillthe11th；onthe11thstandtoyourtools，anditshallbedone。"
BrowneistotakeasuccinctDetachment，8，000pickedmen，horseandfoot；tomakeawidersweepwiththese，welleastwardbythefootofLausitzHills，andfarenoughfromallPrussianpartiesandscouts；tomarch，withallspeedandsilence，"throughBohm—Leipa，Kamnitz，Rumburg，Schluckenau；andcomeinupontheSchandauregion，quitefromthenortheastside；say，atLichtenhayn；
aneligibleVillage，whichisbutsevenmilesorsofromtheKonigstein，withthechasmycountryandtheriverintervening。
Monday，Octoberllth，BrownewillarriveatLichtenhayn（sixtymilesofcirclingmarchfromBudin）；privatelyposthimselfnearLichtenhayn；Prussianposts，ofnogreatstrength，lyingaheadofhimthere。You，indignantextenuatedSaxons，aretogetyourselvesacross，——neartheKonigsteinitwillhavetobe，undercoveroftheKonigstein’scannon，——onthefrontorriverwardsideofthosesamePrussianposts:crossing—place（Browne’sMessengersettles）canbeThurmsdorfHamlet，oppositetheLilienstein，oppositetheHamletsofEbenheitandHalbstadtthere。Konigsteinfirewillcoveryourbridgeandyourbuildingofit。
"Mondaynightnext，Isay，postyourselvesthere，withheartsresolute，withpowderdry；there，abouttheeasternrootsoftheLilienstein[beautifulShowMountain，withstair—stepscutonitforTouristpeople，byAugusttheStrong]，andavoidthePrussianbatteryandabatiswhichisonitjustnow！YouatEbenheit，IatLichtenhayn，trimmedandbracedforaction，throughthatMondaynight。Tuesdaymorning，theKonigstein，atyourbeckoning，shallfiretwocannon—shots；whichshallmean，’Allreadyhere！’
Thenforward，you，onthosePrussianpostsbythefront；Iwillattackthembytherear。Withrightfury，bothofus！Iamtold，theyarebutweakinthoseposts；surely，bydoubleimpetus，anddead—lifteffortfromusboth，theyCANbeforced？Onlyforcethem，——youareintheopenfieldagain；andyoumarchawaywithme，colorsflying；yourhunger—cageandallyourtribulationsleftbehindyou！"——
ThisisBrowne’splan。ThepoorSaxonsaccept，——whatchoicehavethey？——thoughthequestionofcrossingandbridge—buildinghasitsintricacies；andthatinevitableitemof"postponementtillthe11th"isasoreclausetothem；fornotonlyarethereshortandevershorterrations，butgrimfamineitselfisadvancingwithlargestrides。The"dailytwentyouncesofmeal"hassunktohalfthatquantity；the"ounceorsoofbutcher’s—meatonceaweek"hasvanished，orbecomeHORSEofextremeleanness。Thecavalryhorseshavenottastedoats，nothingbuthayorstraw（notevenwateralways）；theartilleryhorseshadtolivebygrazing，brownleavestheirmaindietlatterly。Nothorsesanylonger；butwalkingtrestles，pooranimals！Andthemen，——well，theyarefallenpale；
buttheyareresoluteasever。Theninecorn—mills，whichtheyhaveinthiscircuitoftheirs，grindnownightandday；andallthecavalryaresettothreshwhatevergraincanbefoundabout；
nohindorhusbandmanshallretainonesheaf:inthisway，theyhope，utterhungermaybestavedoff，andthegreatattemptmade。
[PRECISDELARETRAITEDEL’ARMEESAXONNEDESONCAMPDEPIRNA（inGesammelteNachrichten，i。482—494）。]
BrowneskilfullyandperfectlydidhispartoftheAdventure。
BrownearrivespunctuallyatLichtenhayn，eveningofthe11th；
bivouacs，hiddenintheWoodsthereabouts，incolddampweather；
stealthilyreconnoitresthePrussianVillagesahead，andtrimshimselfforassault，atsoundofthetwocannonsto—morrow。
Buttherecamenocannon—signalonthemorrow；farothersignallingsandmessagingsto—morrow，andnextday，andnext，fromtheKonigsteinandneighborhood！"Wait，ExcellencyFeldmarschall[writesBruhltohim，NoteafterNote，insteadofsignallingfromtheKonigstein]:dowaitaverylittle！Yourunnoriskinwaiting；
we，evenifweMUSTyield，willmakethatourfirststipulation！"
"YOUwill？"grumblesBrowne；andwaits，naturally，withextremeimpatience。Butthetruthis，theAdventure，ontheSaxonsideofit，hasalreadyaltogethermisgone；andbecomes，fromthispointonwards，amereseriesoffailures，futilitiesanddisastrousmiseries，tragicaltothinkof。Worthsomerecordhere，sincethereareDocumentsabundant；——especiallyasFeldmarschallRutowski（whoisGeneral—in—Chief，anold，notesteemed，friendofours）hasproduced，orcausedtobeproduced，aNarrative，whichilluminatestheBusinessfromwithinaswell。[PRECIS，&c。（justcited）；
compareTAGEBUCHDEREINSCHLIESSUNGDESSACHSISCHENLAGERSBEY
PIRNA（"Diary，"&c。，whichisthePrussianAccount:inSeyfarth，BEYLAGEN），ii。22—48。]ThelatterisourmainDocumenthere:——
IknownothowmuchoftheblamewasGeneralRutowski’s:onecouldsurmisesomelaxityofeffort，andaratherslovenly—surveyoffacts，inthatquarter。TheEnterprise，fromthefirst，wasflatlyimpossible，sayjudges；anditiscertain，poorRutowski’sexecutionwasnotfirst—rate。"HowgetacrosstheElbe？"Rutowskihadsaidtohimself，perhapsnotquitewiththeduerigorofcandorproportionatetotherigorousfact:"HowgetacrosstheElbe？
WehavecopperpontoonsatPirna；buttheywillbedifficulttocart。Orwemighthaveaboat—bridge；boatsplankedtogethertwoandtwo。AtPirnaareplentyofboats；andbyoarandtrack—rope，theRiveritselfmightbearoadforthem？BoatsorpontoonstoKonigstein，bywaterorland，theymustbegot。Eightmilesofabysmalroads，ourhorsesallextenuated？Impossibletocartthesepontoons！"saidRutowskitohimself。——Pityhehadnottriedit。
Hehadaweektodothoseeightbadmilesin；and2，000leanhorses，pickinggrassorbrownleaves，whiletheirridersthreshed。
"Wewilldragourpontoonsbywater，bytheElbetow—path，"thoughtRutowski，"thatwillbeeasier；"——andforthwithsetsaboutpreparingforit，secretlycollectingboatsatPirna，steersmen，towing—men，bridge—tackleandwhatelsewillbenecessary。
Rutowskimade，atleast，nodelay。Browne’smessenger，wefind，hadcometohim，"Thursday，7th:"andonFridaynightRutowskihasasquadofboatmen，steersmenandtwoscoreoftowiugpeasantsready；
andactuallygetsunderway。Theyareescortedbytheduebattalionswithfield—pieces；——whoaretofireuponthePrussianbatteries，andkeepupsuchablazeofmusketryandheaviershot，aswillscreentheboatsinpassing。Surelyaticklishoperation，this；——arguingasanguinetemperinGeneralRutowski！ThesouthbankoftheRiverisours；buttherearevariousPrussianbatteries，threeofthemverystrong，alongthenorthbank，whichwillnotfailtopeltusterriblyaswepass。Nohelpforit；——wemusttrustinluck！Hereisthesequel，withdatesadjusted。
ELBERIVER，NIGHTOFOCTOBER8th—9th。Fridaynight，accordingly，sosoonasDarkness（unusuallydarkthisnight）hasdroptherveilonthebusiness，Rutowskisetsforth。ThePrussianbattery，orbridge—
head（TETE—DE—PONT），atPirna，hasnotnoticedhim，sosilentwashe。But，alas，theotherbatteriesdonotfailtonotice；togivefire；and，infact，onbeinganswered，andfindingitaseriousthing，toburstoutintohorribleexplosion；unanswerablebytheSaxonfield—pieces；andsurelyperiloustohumannaturesteeringandtowingthosebigRiver—Boats。"LoyaltoourKing，andfullofpityforhim；thatarewe；"——buttowingatarate，sayoftwoshillingsperhead！Beforelong，thefortytowingpeasantsflingdowntheirropes，firstone，thenmore，thenall，inspiteofefforts，promises，menaces；andvanishamongthethickets，——
forfeitingthetwoshillings，onviewofimminentdeath。
Soldierstakethetowing—ropes；trytocontinueitalittle；
butnowthesteersmenalsomanagetocallhalt:"Wewon’t！Letusout，letusout！WewillsteeryouagroundonthePrussianshoreifyoudon’t！"makingnighthideous。Andthetowingenterprisebreaksdownforthatbout；doublebargesmooringontheSaxonshore，I
knownotpreciselyatwhatpoint，norisitmaterial。
SATURDAYNIGHT，OCTOBER9th—10th）Newboatmen，fortynewtowmenhavebeenhiredatimmenseincreaseofwages；sayfourshillingsforthenight:buthaveyoumuchgoodprobability，myGeneral，thatevenforthathighguerdonimminenceofdeathcanbemadeindifferenttotowmen？No，youhaven’t。Themattergoesthisnightpreciselyasitdidlast:towmenvanishinginthehorriblecannontumult；steersmenshrieking，"WewillgroundyouonthePrussianshore；"verysoldiersobligedtogiveitup；andGeneralRutowskihimselfobligedtowashhishandsofit，asathingthatcannotbedone。Infact，athingwhichneednothavebeentried，hadRutowskibeenrigorouslycandidwithhimselfandhishopes，asthefactsnowprovetobe。"Twenty—fourhourslostbythisbadbusiness"（sayshe；"thirty—six，"asIcount，or，totakeitrigorously，"forty—
eight"even）:andnow，SundaymorninginsteadofFriday，atwhat，insadtruth，ismetaphorically"theeleventhhour，"Rutowskihastobethinkhimofhiscopperpontoons；andmaketheimpossiblecartingmethodpossibleinaday’stime，ordoworse。
SUNDAY，MONDAY，OCTOBER10th—11th，Byunheard—ofexertions，allhandsandallspent—horsesnowatadead—lifteffortnightandday，RutowskidoesgethispontoonscartedoutofthePirnastorehouse；
landsthematThurmsdorf，——oppositetheLilienstein，——amileorsoshortofKonigstein，wherehisBridgeshallbe。Itisnowthe11th，atnight。Andourpontoonsaregottotheground，nothingmore。
Everymanofus，atthishour，shouldhavebeenacross，andtrimminghimselftoclimb，withbayonetfixed！Browneisready，expectingoursignal—shottostorminonhisside。Andourbridgeisnotbuilt，onlythepontoonshere。"Allthingswentperverse，"
addsRutowski，forfarthercomfort:"we[SaxonHome—Army]hadwithus，exceptOfficers，onlyFourPontoniers，ortrainedBridge—
builders；alltherestareatWarsaw:"sadthought，buttoolatetothinkit！
TUESDAY，TILLWEDNESDAYEARLY（12th—13th），Bridge，theFourPontoniers，withOfficersandnumbsoldiersdoingtheirbest，isgotbuilt；——Brownewaitingforus，onthorns，allday；
Prussiansextensivelybeginningtostrengthentheirposts，abouttheLilienstein，aboutLichtenhayn，orwhereriskis；andinfactpouringacrosstothatnorthernside，quiteawareofRutowskiandBrowne。
Thatsamenight，12th—13th，whiletheBridgewasstrugglingtocompleteitself，——rainnowfalling，andtempestsbrokenout，——theSaxonArmy，fromPirnadowntoHennersdorf，hadlifteditselffromitsLines，andgotunderwaytowardsThurmsdorf，andthecrossing—
place。Darknight，plungingrain；alltheelementsinuproar。
TheworstroadsinNature；nowchampeddoubly；"suchroadsasneveranyArmymarchedonbefore。"Mostoftheircannonareleftstanding；afewtheyhadtriedtoyoke，brokedown，"andchokedupthenarrowroadaltogether；sothatthecavalryhadtodismount，andleadtheirhorsesbyside—paths，"——figurewhatside—paths！
DistancetoThurmsdorf，fromanypointoftheSaxonLines，cannotbeabovesixmiles:butittakesthemallthatnightandallnextday。Suchamarchasmightfilltheheartwithpity。Oh，yeRutowskis，Bruhls，thoughneversodecoratedbytwelvetailors，whatasightyeareattheheadofmen！Darknight，wildragingweather，labyrinthicroadswornknee—deep。Itisbroaddaylight，Wednesday，13th，andonlythevanguardisyetgotacross，trailingacoupleofcannons；andsplashesabout，endeavoringtotakerankthere，inspiteofwetandhunger；rainstillpouring，windveryhigh。
NothingofBrownecomes，thisWednesday；butfromtheoppositeGross—SedlitzandGottleubeside，thePrussiansarecoming。
Thismorning，atdaylight，struckbysymptoms，"thePrussiansmountedouremptyredoubts:"theyarenowinfullchaseofus，ZiethenwithHussarsasvanguard。Adifficultbitofmarching，evenZiethenandhislightpeoplefindit；sprawlingforward，attheircheeriest，withdaylighttohelp，andinchase，notchased，throughsuchintricaciesofrockandmud。Ziethen’scompanydidnotassisttheSaxons！Theywheelround，showfight，andthereisvolleyingandbickeringallday；theSaxonmarchgettingevermoreperturbed。
Nearlyallthebaggagehastobeleft。ZiethentakesintothewoodsnearThurmsdorf；givingfireasthepoorwetSaxons，nowmuchinapell—mellcondition，passtotheirBridge。[PRUSSIANACCOUNT（inGesammelteNachrichten），i。852。]
HeavierPrussiansarestridingontorear；these，fromsomefinalhill—top，doatlastbelchouttwocannon—shots:figuretheconfusionatthatBridge，thespeednowbecomingdeliriousthere！
Towardsevening，rainstillviolent，theSaxons，baggageless，andrushingquitepell—mellthelatterpartofthem，aremostlyacross，stillcountableto14，000orso；——uponwhichtheycuttheirBridgeadrift，andlettherivertakeit。AtRaden，afewmileslower，thePrussiansfisheditout；rebuiltitmoredeliberately，——andweshallfinditthereanon。ThisdayFriedrich，hearingwhatisafoot，hasreturnedinpersonfromtheLobositzCountry；
takesStruppenashishead—quarter，whichwaslatelythePolishMajesty’s。
FromBrownetherehasnothingcomethisWednesday；butto—morrowmorningatseventherecomesaLetterfromhim，writtenthisnightatten；totheeffect:——
"HEAD—QUARTER，LICHTENHAYN，Wednesday，October13th，10P。M。
"EXCELLENZ，——Have[omittingtheI]waitedhereatLichtenhaynsinceTuesday，expectingyoursignal—cannon；hearingnothingofit，concludeyouhavebymisfortunenotbeenabletogetacross；
andthattheEnterpriseisup。Myownpositionbeingdangerous[Prussiansofdoublemystrengthintrenchedwithinfewmilesofme]，Iturnhomewardsto—morrowatnineA。M。:readyforwhateveroccursTILLthen；andsorrowfullysayadieu，"[PRECIS（utsupra），p。493；Helden—Geschichte，iii。940；&c。]
DreadfulweatherforBrowneinhisbivouac，andwearisomewaiting，withPrussiansandperilsaccumulatingonhim！Brownewasilloflungs；coughingmuch；lodging，intheseviolenttempests，onthecoldground。Arightvaliantsoldierandman，asdoesappear；
theflowerofalltheIrishBrownes（thoughtheyhavequiteforgottenhiminourtime），andofallthoseIrishExilesthentragicallyspendingthemselvesinAustrianquarrels！"Yousawthegreatman，"saysonewhoseemstohavebeenpresent，"howhesacrificedhimselftothisEnterprise。WhatAustrianField—marshalbuthimselfwouldeverhaveloweredhisloftinesstolead，inperson，soinsignificantaDetachment，merelyforthepublicgood！
Ihaveseenstaff—officers，distinguishedonlybytheirsasheriesandinsignia，whowouldnothavestirredtoinspectavedettewithout250men。OurField—marshalwasofanotherturn。
Sharingwithhistroopsallthehardships，noneexcepted，ofthesecriticaldays；andinspiteofaviolentcough，whichoftenbroughtthevisiblebloodfromhislungs，andhadquitewornhimdown；
exposinghimself，likethemeanestoftheArmy，tothetempestsofrainyweather。Thinkwhatasightitwas，goingtoyourveryheart，andsummoningyoutoenduranceofeveryhardship，——thatevening[notsaidwhich]，whentheField—marshal，wornoutwithhisfatiguesandhisdisorder，sankoutoffainting—fitsintoasleep！
Thegroundwashisbed，andthestormofcloudshiscoverlid。
Incrowdshisbravewar—comradesgatheredround；strippedtheircloaks，theircoats，andstroveinnoblerivalrywhichofthemshouldhavethehappinesstoscreentheFatheroftheArmyattheirowncostofexposure，andbyanydevicekeepthepeltingoftheweatherfromthatlovedhead！"[Cogniazzo，GestandnisseeinesOEsterreichischenVeterans，ii。251。]Thereisapictureforyou，intheheightsofLichtenhayn，asyousteampastSchandau，incontemplativemood；andperhapsthinkof"JusticetoIreland！"amongothersadthoughtsthatrise。
FromThurmsdorftothePontoon—Bridgetherewasakindofroad；
downwhichtheSaxonsscrambledyesterday；and，bypainfuldegrees，gotwriggledacross。But，ontheothershore，forwardtotheHamletsofHalbstadtandEbenheit，thereisnothingbutasteepslipperyfootpath:figurewhataproblemforthe14，000insuchweather！ThenatEbenheit，closebehind，Browne—wards，wereBrownenowthere，risestheLilienstein，abruptrockymountain，itsslopesonbothhandswashedbytheRiver（Rivermakingitsfirstelbowhere，closelygirdlingthisLilienstein）:onboththeseslopesarePrussianbatteries，eachwithitsabatis；needingtobestormed:——
thatwillbeyourfirstoperation。AbatisandslopesoftheLiliensteinoncestormed，youfallintoavalleyorhollow，rakedagainbyPrussianbatteries；andwillhavetomount，stillstorming，outofthevalley，sky—highacrosstheZiegenruck（GOAT’S—BACK）ridge:thatisyoursecondpreliminaryoperation。
Afterwhichyoucomeupontheworkitself；namely，thePrussianredoubtsatLichtenhayn，and12，000menonthembythistime！
AmodernTouristsays，remindingorinforming:
"FromtheKonigsteintoPirna，Elbe，ifserpentine，islikeaserpentrushingatfullspeed。JustpasttheKonigstein，theElbe，fromwestward，asitsgeneralcourseis，turnssuddenlytonorthward；runssoforamileandahalf；then，justbeforegettingtotheBASTEIatRaden，turnssuddenlytowestwardagain，andsocontinues。TouristsknowRaden，"——wherethePrussianshavejustfishedoutaBridgeforthemselves，——"withtheBASTEIhighalofttowestofit。TheOldInn，hospitablethoughsleepless，standspleasantlyupontheRiver—brink，overhungbyhighcliffs:closeonitsleftside，orintheintricaciestorearofit，arehutsandhouses，sprinkledabout，asifburrowedinthesandstone；
morecomfortablythanyoucouldexpect。Thesiteisanarrowdell，narrowchasm，withlabyrinthicchasmsbranchingofffromit；
narrowandgloomyasseenfromtheRiver，butopeningoutevenintocornfieldsasyouadvanceinwards:workofasmallBrook，whichisstillindustriouslytinklingandgushingthere，andhasinPre—
Adamitetimesbeenalake，andweknownotwhat。Nieder—Raden，this，onthenorthsideoftheRiver；ofOber—Raden，onthesouthside，thereisnothingvisiblefromyourInnwindows，"——norhaveweanythingtodowithitfarther。AnolderGuideofTouristsyieldsusthissecondFraction（capableofcondensation）:——……"ToHalbstadt，thencetoEbenheit，yourpathissteeperandsteeper；fromEbenheittotheLiliensteinyoutakeaguide。
TheMountainisconical；coarseREDsandstone；stepscutforyouwhereneeded:AugusttheStrong’sHunting—Lodge（JAGDHUTTE）ishere（Augustwentthitherinagrandway，1708，withhisWife）；
Lodgestillextant，bythesideofawood；——Liliensteintoweringhugeandsheer，solitary，grand，likesomecolossalPillaroftheCyclops，fromthisroundPedimentofCountrywhichyouhavebeenclimbing；topsofLiliensteinplumedeverywherewithfirandbirch，Pedimentalsoverygreenandwoody。AugusttheStrong，grandlyvisitinghere，1708，onfinishofthosestair—stepscutforyou，setupanEbenezer，orColumnofMemorialatthisHunting—Hut，withInscriptionwhichcanstillberead，thoughnowwithdifficultyinitstime—wornstate:——
"FRIEDERICUSAUGUSTUS，REX[ofwhat？DarenotsayofPOLANDjustnow，forfearofCharlesXII。]，ETELECTORSAX。，UTFORTUNAEM
VIRTUTE，ITAASPERAMHANCRUPEMPRIMUS[PRIMUSnotofmen，butofSaxonElectors]SUPERAVIT，ADITUMQUEFACILIOREMREDDICURAVIT。
ANNO1708。"——"UTFORTUNAMVIRTUTE，Ashisfortunebyvalor，SOheconqueredthisruggedrockby"——Poordevil，onlyhearhim:——andthinkhowgoodNatureis（forthetimebeing）topoordevilsandtheir354bastards！[M。（agister）WilhelmLebrechtGotzinger，SchandauundseineUmgebungen，oderBeschreibungderSachsischenSchweitz（Dresden，1812），pp。145—148。
Gotzinger，whodesignateshimselfas"PastoratNeustadtnearStolpen"（northwestborderofthePirnaCountry），hasmadeofthis（whichwouldnowbecalledaTOURIST’SGUIDE，andhassomethinggeologicalinit）amodest，goodlittleBook，puttogetherwithindustry，clearness，brevity。GivesinterestingNarrativeofourpresentBusinesstoo，asgatheredfromhis"Father"andothergoodsourcesandtestimonies。]
BruhlandthePolishMajesty，safeenoughthey，andsnugintheKonigstein，areclearforadvancing:"Dielikesoldiers，foryourKingandCountry！"writesPolishMajesty，"Thursday，twointhemorning:"thatalsoRutowskireads；andIthinkstillotherRoyalAutographs，sentasPostscriptstothat。FromtheKonigsteintheydulyfireoffthetwoCannon—shot，assignalthatwearecoming；
signalwhichBrowne，justintheactofdeparting，neverheard，owingtothepipingofthewindsandrattlingoftherain。
"Advance，myheroes！"counselthey:"Youcannotdragyourammunitions，sayyou；yourpoorcoupleofbigguns？HerearehisMajesty’sownroyalhorsesforthatservice！"——and，ineffect，theroyalstudisheroicallyflungopeninthispressure；andasplashingcolumnofsleekquadrupeds，"150royaldraught—horses，earlyintheforenoon，"[Gotzinger，p。156。]swimacrosstoEbenheitaccordingly，ifthatcouldencourage。And，"aboutnoon，thereisstrongcannonadingfromtheKonigstein，assignaltoBrowne，"whoisoff。PolishMajestylookingwithhisspy—glassinanastonishedmanner。InVain！RutowskiandhisCouncilofWar——
sittingwetinahutofEbenheit，with14，000starvedmenoutside，whohavestoodseventy—twohoursofrain，foroneitem——seenothingforitbut"surrenderonsuchtermsaswecanget。"
"Infact，"independentlyofweatherandcircumstances，"theEnterprise，"saysFriedrich，"wasradicallyimpossible；nobodythathadknownthegroundcouldhavejudgeditother。"Rutowskihadnotknownit，then？Browneneverpretendedtoknowit。Rutowskiwasnotcandidwiththeconditions；theconditionsneverknownnorcandidlylookedat；andTHEYarenowreplyingtohimwithcandorenough。
FromthefirsthisEnterprisewasafinalflickeroffalsehope；
goingout，ashere，byspasm，intherigorsofimpossibilityandflatdespair。
ThatcolumnofroyalhorsessentsplashingacrosstheRiver，——thatwastheutmostofself—sacrificewhichIfindrecordedofhisPolishMajestyinthismatter。Hewasveryobstinate；hisBruhlandhewere。Buthisconductwasnotveryheroic。ThatroyalAutograph，"GeneralRutowski，andyetrueSaxons，attackthesePrussianlines，then；sellyourliveslikemen"（notlikeBruhlandme），musthavefallencoldontheheart，afterseventy—twohoursofrain！
Rutowski’swetCouncilofWar，inthehutatEbenheit，rainstillpouring，answersunanimously，"Thatitwerealeadingofmentothebutchery；"thatthereisnothingforitbutsurrender。BruhlandMajestycanonlyanswer:"Well—a—day；itmustbeso，then！"——
Winterfeld，PrussianCommanderhereabouts，grantsArmistice，grantsliberal"wagon—loadsofbread"firstofall；termsofCapitulationtobesettledatStruppento—morrow。
FRIDAY，OCTOBER15th，RutowskigoesacrosstoStruppen，thelateSaxonhead—quarter，nowFriedrich’s；——FridaygoneafortnightwasthedayofLobositz。Winterfeldandhearethenegotiatorsthere；
Friedrichratifyingorrefusingbymarginalremarks。Thetermsgrantedarehardenough:buttheymustbeaccepted。
Firstpreliminaryofalltermshasalreadybeenaccepted:agiftofbreadtothesepoorSaxons；theirhaversacksareempty，theircartridge—boxesdrowned；ithasrainedonthemthreedaysandnights。Lastupshotofalltermsisstillwellknowntoeverybody:
Thatthe14，000SaxonsarecompelledtobecomePrussian，and"forcedtovolunteer"！
ThathadbeenFriedrich’sdetermination，andreadingofhisrightsinthematter，nowthathardhadcometohard。"Yourefusedallterms；youhaveresistedtodeath（ordeath’s—DOOR）；andarenowatdiscretion！"Ofthequestion，WhatistobedonewiththoseSaxons？
Friedricbhadthoughtagreatdeal，firstandlast；andhadfounditveryintricate，——asreaderstoowill，iftheythinkofit。
"PrisonersofWar，——tokeepthemlockedup，withtroubleandexpense，inthatfashion？Theycanneverbeexchanged:Saxonyhasnownothingtoexchangethemwith；andAustriawillnot。
Theirobstinacyhashadcoststome；whoofuscancountwhatcosts！Inshort，theyshallvolunteer！"
"NeverdidI，formypoorpart，authorizesuchathing，"loudlyasseveratedRutowskiafterwards。AndindeedtheCapitulationisnotpreciseonthatinterestingpoint。AlengthyDocument，andnotworththeleastperusalotherwise；wecondenseitintothreeArticles，allgroundingonthisgeneralBasis，notdeniablebyRutowski:"TheSaxonArmy，beingatsuchapass，readytodieofhunger，ifwedidNOTliftourfinger，has，sotospeak，becomeourproperty；andwegrantitthefollowingterms:"——
"1。Kettle—drums，standardsandthelikeinsigniaandmattersofhonor，——carrythesetotheKonigstein，withmyregretfulrespectstohisPolishMajesty。KonigsteintobeaneutralFortressduringthisWar。PolishMajestyatperfectlibertytogotoWarsaw[asheontheinstantnowdid，andneverreturned]。
"2。Officerstodepartongivingtheirparole，NottoserveagainstusduringthisWar[Parolegiven，nothingliketoowellkept]。
"3。RestoftheArmy，withallitsequipments，munitions，soulandbody（sotospeak），istosurrenderutterly，andbeours，asallSaxonyshallforthepresentbe。"[InHelden—
Geschichte，iii。920—928，atfulllength——withBriedrich’sMARGINALIAnoticeablybrief。]
Thatis，insum，theCapitulationofStruppen。Nothingarticulateinitabouttheonenowinterestingpoint，——andinregardtothat，IcanonlyfancyRutowskimightinterject，interrogatively，perhapsatsomelength:"OursoldierstobePrisonersofWar，then？"
"Prisoners；yes，clearly，——unlesstheychoosetovolunteer，andhaveabetterfate！Prisonerscanvolunteer。Theyareatdiscretion；theywoulddie，ifwedidNOTliftourfinger！"thusI
supposeWinterfeldwouldrejoin，ifnecessary；——andthat，intheWinterfeld—RutowskiConferences，thethinghadprobablybeenkeptinakindofCHIAROSCURObybothparties。
Verycertainitis，Sunday，17thOctober，1756，Capitulationbeingsignedthenightbefore，FriedrichgoesacrossatNieder—Raden（wherethePilgrimofthePicturesquenowclimbstoseetheBASTEI；
wherethePrussianshave，bythistime，aBridgethrowntogetheroutofthosePontoons），——goesacrossatNieder—Raden，upthatchasmyPass；ridestotheHeightsofWaltersdorf，intheopenercountrybehind；andpausesthere，whilethecaptiveSaxonArmydefilespasthim，layingdownitsarmsathisfeet。Unarmed，andnowunderPrussianwordofcommand，theseEx—Saxonsoldiersgoondefiling；marchthroughbythatChasmofNieder—Raden；crosstoOber—Raden；and，intheplainercountrythereabouts，are——inIknownotwhatlengthofhours，butinanincrediblyshortlength，soswiftisthemanagement——changedwhollyintoPrussiansoldiers:
"obligedtovolunteer，"everyoneofthem！
Thatisthefact；factloudlycensured；factsurelyquestionable，——
towhatintrinsicdegreeIatthismomentdonotknow。Factmuchblamablebeforetheloosepublicofmankind；uponwhichIleavementotheirverdict。Itisnotafactwhichinvitesimitation，asweshallsee！Facthowaccomplished；bywhatmethods？thatwouldbethequestionwithme；buteventhatisleftdark。"Thehorseregiments，threeofheavyhorse，hebroke；anddistributedabout，agoodfewinhisownGarde—du—Corps。"ThreeotherhorseregimentswereinPoland，thesoleSaxonArmynowleft，——ofwhom，atleastofonemanamongwhom，wemayhappentohear。"Tenfootregiments[whatwasreckonedafault]helefttogether；inPrussianuniform，withPrussianOfficers。Theywerescatteredupanddown；putingarrisons；noteasyhandlingthem:theydesertedbywholecompaniesatatimeinthecourseofthisWar。"[Preuss，ii。22，135；
inStenzel（v。16—20）moreprecisedetails。]Notameasureforimitation，aswesaid！——HowFriedrichdefendedsuchhardconducttotheSaxons？Reader，IknowonlythatDestinyandNecessity，urgedonbySaxonsandothers，washardasadamantuponFriedrichatthistime；andthatFriedrichdidnottheleastdreamofmakinganydefence；——andwillhavetotakeyourverdict，suchasitmaybe。
MoritzofDessauhadaterribleWinterofit，organizingandbreakingintheseSaxonpeople，——gotbypress—ganginthisway。
PolishMajesty，"with500ofsuite，"haddriveninstantlyforWarsaw；post—horsesmostpolitelyfurnishedhim，andallthePrussianpostsandsoldierswellkeptoutofhisroad，——roadchosenforhimtothatend。Poorsoul，henevercameback。Forsixyearscoming，hesaw，fromWarsawinthedistance（amidanarchyandNIE—POZWALAM，whichheneverlackedthere），thewideWarraging，inSaxonyespecially；anddiedsoonafteritwasdone。NordidBruhlreturn，exceptbrokenbythatevent，andtodieinfewmonthsafter。Letuspitythepoorfat—gooseofaMajesty（notill—naturedatall，onlystupidandidle）:somepityeventothedoomed—
phantasmBruhl，ifyoucan；——andthankHeaventohavegotdonewithsuchapair！——
Friedrich’streatmentoftheSaxonTroops，SaxonMajestyandCountry:whoshallsaythatitwaswiseinallpoints？Itwouldbesingulartreatment，ifitwere！Inallthings，AFTERissodifferentfromBEFOREandDURING。Thetruthis，FriedrichhopedlongtohavemadesomeagreementwiththeSaxons。Andreadersnow，intheuniversalsilence，havenonotionofFriedrich’scomplexitiesfromfact，andoftheloudhowlofhostilerumor，whichwaspipingthroughalljournals，diplomaciesandforeignhumanthroats，againsthimatthattime。
"TheessentialpassagesofWarandPeace，"saysacertainCommentator，"duringthoseFiveweeksofPirna，canbemadeintelligibleinsmallcompass。Buthowtheworldarguedofthemthenandafterwards，andrangwithhotGazetteerandDiplomaticlogicfromsidetoside，noreaderwillnoweverknow。Aworld—
tornadoextinct，gone:——thinkofthesoundsutteredfromhumanwindpipes，shrillwithragesomeofthem，hoarseotherswithditto；
ofthevituperations，execrations，printedandvocal，——gratingharshthunderuponFriedrichandthisnewcourseofhis。
HugemelodyofDiscords，shrieking，droning，grindingonthattopic，throughtheafflictedUniverseingeneral，forcertainyears。TheveryPamphletsprintedonit，——cannotDryasdustgivemethenumberoftonsweight，then？DeadnoweveryPamphletofthem；
athingfallenhorribletohumannature；extinctforever，asisthewontinsuchcases。"
IwillgiveonlythisofVoltaire；amildEpigram，doneatTheDELICES，inpleasantviewofFerneyandgoodthingscoming。Aboltshotintothestorm—tostSeaanditswreckages，byaMarinernowcheerilydryinghisclothesontheshorethere；——infact，anindifferentEpigram，onKingsFriedrichandGeorge，whichisnowflyingaboutinselectcircles:——
"RivauxduVainqueurdel’Euphrate，L’OncleetleNeveu，L’unfaitlaguerreenpirate，L’autreenpartibleu。
"
"RivalsofAlexandertheGreat，thisUncleandNephewmakewar，theoneasaPirate[seizureofthoseFrenchships]，theother[Saxonystolen]asCaptainofanAccidentalThieving—squad，"——PARTIBLEU，astheFrenchsoldierscallit。[Walpole’sLETTERS，"ToSirHoraceMann，8thDecember；1756。"]
MAPfacingpage365，ChapVII，Book17—————————————————————
PirnawasnosoonerdonethanFriedrichreturnedtothe"CampatLobositz，"wherehisvictoriousKeith—Armyhasbeenlyingallthiswhile。TheCampofLobositz，andallCampsPrussianandAustrian，areabouttostriketheirtents，andproceedtoWinter—quarters，toprepareagainstnextSpring。FriedrichsetoffthitherOctober18th（theverydayafterthatofWaltersdorf）；withintenttobringhomeKeith’sArmy，andseeifBrownemeantanythingfarther（whichBrownedidnot，ordoesonlyinthesmallTolpatchway）；alsotomeet，Schwerin，whomhehadsummonedoverfromSilesiaforalittleconferencethere。Schwerin，aftereatingKonigsgratzCountrywell，——whichwasallhecoulddo，asPiccolominiwouldnotcomeout，andweknowhowstrongthegroundis，——hadretiredtoSilesiaagain，indueseason（snappingup，inasharplyconclusivemanner，anyTolpatcheriesthatattemptedchaseofhim）；takenWintercantonmentsinSilesia，headquarterSchweidnitz；andisnowgettinghisInstructions，herepersonally，intheMetalMountains，foradayortwo。[Helden—Geschichte，iii。
946，948。]
FriedrichbroughthisKeith—ArmyhometoGross—Sedlitz，tojointheotherForcethere；anddistributedthewholeintotheirWinter—
quarters。Cantonedfarandwide，spreadingoutfromPirnaonbothhands:ontheleftorwesternhand，byZwickau，Freyberg，Chemnitz，uptoLeipzig，Torgau；andontherightornortheasthand，byZittau，Gorlitz，Bautzen，toprotecttheLausitzagainstAustrianinroads，——whilearemoteDetachment，underWinterfeld，watchestheBoberRiverwithsimilarviews。[InHelden—Geschichte，iii。948etseq。，aminuteListbyPlaceandRegiment。]Allwhichdone，orsettledtobedone，FriedrichquitsGross—Sedlitz，November14th；andtakesuphisabodeatDresdenforthisWinter。
ChapterVIII。
WINTERINDRESDEN。
TheSaxonArmyisincorporated，then；itsKinggoneunderthehorizon；theSaxonCountryhasaPrussianBoardsetoverit，toadministerallthingsofGovernment，especiallytodrawtaxesandrecruitsfromSaxony。Torgau，seatofthisnewBoard，hasgotfortified；"1，500inhabitantswererequisitionedasspademenforthatend，atfirstwithwages，"——latterly，Ialmostfear，without！
TheSaxonMinistersaregettingdrilled，cashieredifnecessary；
andonallhands，rigorousmethodsgoingforward；——tillSaxonyiscompletelyundergrasp；inwhichstateitwasheldverytightindeed，forthesixyearscoming。Thereisnodetailingofallthat；details，weretheyevenknowntoanEditoratsuchdistance，wouldwearyeveryreader。EnoughtounderstandthatFriedrichhasnotonthisoccasion，ashedidin1744，omittedtodisarmSaxony，tohobbleitineverylimb，andhaveit，atdiscretion，tiedaswithropestohisinterestsandhim。[Helden—Geschichte，iii。945—956。]Hismanagementwasneveraccountedcruel；anditwasstudiouslythereverseofviolentorirregular:
butithadtoberigorousasthefactswere；——norwasittheworst，orreckonedtheworst，ofSaxony’smiseriesinthistime。
PoorCountry，sufferingforitsBruhl！IntheCountry，exceptforitsBruhl，therewasnosinagainstPrussia；thereverserather。
TheSaxonpopulation，asProtestants，havenogood—willtoAustriaanditsaimsofaggrandizement。InAustrianspy—letters，nowandafterwards，theyaredescribedtousas"GUTPREUSSISCH；""strongforPrussia，themostofthem，eveninDresdenitself。"
WhetherFriedrichcouldhavehadmuchrealhopetoendtheWarthisYear，orscareitofffrombeginning，maybeaquestion。Ifhehad，itistotallydisappointed。TheSaxonGovernmenthasbroughtruinonitselfandCountry，butithasbeenofgreatdamagetoFriedrich。WouldPolishMajestyhaveconsentedtodisbandhissoldiers，andreceiveFriedrichwithaBONA—FIDE"Neutrality，"
FriedrichcouldhavepassedtheMountainsstillintimeforaheavystrokeonBohemia，whichwastotallyunpreparedforsuchavisit，Andhemight——fromtheTowersofPrag，forinstance——have，farmorepersuasively，heldouttheolive—branchtoanastonishedEmpress—
Queen:"Leavemealone，Madam；willyou，then！Securityforthat；
Iwantedandwantnothingmore！"ButPolishMajesty，takingonhimthecharacterofAustrianmartyr，andflinginghimselfintothegulf，haspreventedallthat；hasturnedallthattheotherway。
Austria，itappears，isquiteungrateful:"Wasn’thebound？"
thinksAustria，——asitswontratheris。ForgetfulofthegreatdeliverancewroughtforitbypoorPolishMajesty；whomitcouldnotdeliver—exceptintobottomlesswreck！Austria，gratefulornot，standsunscathed；hastimetoprepareitsArmaments，itsvocalArguments:Austriaisinhigherprovocationthanever；anditsveryArguments，highlyvocaltotheReichandtheworld，"Isnotthismanarobber，andenemyofmankind？"doFriedrichagreatdealofill。Friedrich’ssuddenCampaign，insteadoflandinghimintheheartoftheAustrianStates，theretoproposePeace，haskindlednearlyallEuropeintoflamesofrageagainsthim，——whichwillnotconsistinwordsmerely！Neverwasmisunderstandingofamanatahigherpitch:"SuchtreatmentofapeaceableNeighborandCrownedHead，——witnessit，yeHeavensandthouEarth！"DauphinessfallingonherkneestoMostChristianMajesty；"PrincessanddearestSister"toMostChristianMajesty’sPompadour；especiallynoendofPleadingtotheGermanReich，inafurious，Delphic—Pythonessorquasi—inspiredtone:allthisgoeson。
FromthetimewhenPirnawasblockaded，KaiserFranz，hishighConsortandsenseofdutyurginghim，hasbeenbusyintheReich’s—
Hofrath（kindofPrivy—CouncilorSupremeCourtoftheReich，whichsitsatVienna）；busythere，andintheReich’sDietatRegensburg；
busyeverywhere，withutmostdiligenceoverTeutschland，——forgingReichthunder。Manifestoes，HOF—DECRETS，DEHORTATORIUMS，EXCITATORIUMS；sogoesit，explodinglikeVesuvius，shockonthebackofshock:——20thSeptemberitbegan；andlasts，CRESCENDO，throughWinterandonwards，atanextraordinaryrate。[In
Helden—Geschichte（iv。163—174；iii。956；andindeedPASSIMthroughthoseVolumes），theOriginalsinfrightfulsuperabundance。]Ofallwhich，leavingreaderstoimagineit，wewillsaynothing，——exceptthatitpointstowards"ArmedInterferencebytheReich，""Reich’sExecutionArmy；"naytowards"BanoftheReich"（totalexcommunicationofthisEnemyofMankind，andgivingofhimuptoSatan，bybell，bookandcandle），whichisakindofthunder—boltnotheardofforagoodfewagespast！
Thunder—boltthoughttobegonemainlytorustbythejudicious；——
which，however，thepooroldReichdidgraspagain，andattempttolaunch。Asperhapsweshallhavetonoticebyandby，amongthemiraclesgoing。
Francetoo，urgedbythenoblestconcern，feelsitselfcalledupon。
FrancemagnanimouslyintimatestotheReich’sDiet，onceandagain，"ThatMostChristianMajestyisguaranteeoftheTreatyofWestphalia；MostChristianMajestycannotstandsuchprocedures；"
andthenthesecondtime，"ThatMostChristianMajestywillinterferepractically，"——by100，000menandodd。
[Helden—Geschichte，iv。340（"26thMarch，1757"）。]Inshort，thesleepingworld—whirlwindsareawakenedagainstthisman。GeneralDanceoftheFuries；theregothey，intheduskyelement，thoseEumenides，"giant—limbed，serpent—haired，slow—pacing，circling，torchinhand"（accordingtoSchiller），——
scatteringterrorandmadness。Atleast，intheDiplomaticCirclesofmankind；——ifhaplythePopulationswillfollowsuit！——
Friedrich，abundantlycontemptuousofReich’s—thunderintherustedkind，andwellabletodistinguishsoundfromsubstanceintheReichorelsewhere，recognizesinallthissufficientlyportentouspropheciesoffactwithal；andunderstands，nonebetter，whataperilouspositionhehasgotinto。Buthecannotmendit；——canonly，asusual，dohisownutmostinit。Asreaderswillbelievehedoes；andthathisvigilanceanddiligenceareverygreat。
Continual，ubiquitousandatthetopofhisbent，onefancieshiseffortmusthavebeen，——thoughhemakesnonoiseonthesubject。
ConsiderableworkhehaswithHanover，thisWinter；withthepoorEnglishGovernment，andtheir"ArmyofObservation，"whichistoappearintheHanoverparts，VERSUSthose100，000French，nextSpring。ToHanoverhehassentSchmettau（theYoungerSchmettau，Elderisnowdead）inregardtosaidArmy；hasmadeanewandcloserTreatywithEngland（impossibletobefulfilledonpoorEngland’spart）；——andlaments，asMitchelloftendoes，thetragicallyembroiledconditionofthatCountry，strugglingsovehemently，tonopurpose，togetoutofbed，andnotunlikestranglingorsmotheringitselfinitsownblankets，atpresent！
WithandinregardtoSaxony，hisworkisofcourseextremelyconsiderable；andinregardtohisownArmy，anditscomingBusiness，considerablestofall。Counter—Manifestowork，tostatehiscaseinadistinctmanner，andleaveitwiththePopulationsiftheDiplomaciesaredeaf:thistoo，iscopiouslyproceeding；
underArtistswhoprobablydonotrequiremuchsupervision。
Infact，noKinglivinghassuchservants，intheCivilortheMilitarypart，toexecutehiswill。AndnoKingsolittlewasteshimselfinnoises；aKingwhohasgoodcommandofhimself，firstofall；nottobethrownoffhisbalancebyanyterror，anyprovocationeven，thoughhistemperisverysharp。
FriedrichinpersonismainlyatDresden，lodgedintheBruhlPalace；——endlesswardrobesandmagnificencesthere；threehundredandsixty—FOURPairsofBreecheshangingmelancholy，inawidowedmanner:C’ESTASSEZDECULOTTES；MONTREZ—MOIDESVERTUS！Bruhlisfaraway，inPoland；MadamBruhlhasstillherApartmentsinthisPalace，——afrugalKingneedsonlythenecessaryspaces。
MadamBruhlisverybusyhere；andnottogoodpurpose，beingwellseeninto。"ShehadacaskofwinesentherfromWarsaw，"saysFriedrich；"ordersweregiventodecantforhereverydropofthewine，buttobesureandbringusthecask。"Caskwasfoundtohavetwobottoms，intermediatespacefilledwithspy—correspondence。
MadamBruhlprotestsandpleads，Friedrichnotunpoliteinreply；
hislastLettertohersays，"Madam，itisbetterthatyougoandjoinyourHusband。"
AnotherhighDamegetssausagesfromBohemia；——someofFriedrich’slighttroopshaveanappetite，beyondstrictlawforsausages；
breakin，findLettersalongwiththeotherstuffing。
[OEuvresdeFrederic，iv。108；Mitchell，"27thMarch，1757"（Raumerp。321）。]Friedrichhasagooddealofwatchingandcoercingtodointhatkind，——somearresting，conveyanceeventoCustrinforatime，thoughnothingcruelerprovedneedful。TothepoorQueenhekeepsupcivilities，butisobligedtobestrictasArgus；——shemadehimaGifttoo，theNIGHT
ofCorreggio，admiredNOTTEofCorreggio；havingheardthathesatbeforeitsilentforhalfanhour，onenteringthatfineGallery，——
whichisduetoourSovereignLordandhisBruhl，alas！Ontheotherhand，FriedrichhadtotakefromherMajesty’sRoyalAbodethoseHundredSwissofBody—guard；todischargethesame，andputPrussiansintheirstead。Nay，atonetime，onloudoutcryfromherMajesty，andgreatprivatecauseofcomplaintagainsther，therewastalkofsendingthepoorRoyalladytoWarsaw，afterherHusband；butherobjectionbeingviolent，nothingcameofthat:
Winterfollowing，herpoorMajestydied，[27thNovember，1757。]andgavenobodyanyfarthertrouble。
Friedrich’soutposts，especiallyintheLausitz，areagooddealdisturbedbyAustrianTolpatcheries；anddofeats，heroicinthesmallway，insmitingdownthatrabble。AvaluableOfficerortwoislostinsuchpoorservice，poorbutindispensable；[FuneralDiscourses（ofaverycurious，ponderousandserioustone），inGesammelteNachrichten，ii。458，464，&c。]
andthetroopshavenotalwaysthereposewhichisintendedthem。
Lieutenant—ColonelLoudon（Scotchbykindred，andfamousenoughbeforelong）isthesouloftheseCroatenterprises，——andgetshisColonelcybythem，inamonthortwo；Brownerecommending。
LoudonhadarrivedtoolateforLobositz，buthadbeenwithBrownetoSchandau；and，onthemarchhomewards，didabrightfeatoftheCroatkind:——surprisal，verycomplete，ofthatHill—CastleofTetschenandconsiderableHussarPartythere；doneinastylewhichcaughttheeyeofBrowne；andwasthebeginningofgreatthingstopoorLoudon，afterhistwentyyearsofpainfuleclipseundertheIndigoTrencks，andmiscellaneousDoggeries，AustrianaudRussian。
[LAVIEDUFELDMARECHALBARONDELOUDON（TranslationofonePezzl’sGerman:aVienneetaParis，1792），i。1—32。]
Tetschen，therefore，willagainneedcapturebythePrussians，iftheyagainintendthatway。Andinthemeanwhile，Friedrich，tocounterpoisethosemischievousCroatpeople，hasbethoughthimoforganizingasimilarForceofhisown；——Footchiefly，for，onhintofformerexperience，healreadyhasHussarsinquantity。And，thisWinter，thereareaccordingly，indifferentSaxonTowns，threeIrregularRegimentsgettingreadyforhim；three"VolunteerColonels"busilyenlistingeachhis"FreeCorps，"suchthetitlechosen；——chiefColonelofthemoneMayer，nowinZwickauneighborhoodwith6or700loosehandyfellowsroundhim，gettingformedintostrictbattalionthere:[Pauli（ourolddiffusefriend），LebengrosserHeldendesgegenwartigenKrieges（9vols。，Halle，1759—1764），iii。159，？Mayr。]ofwhom，andofwhosesoldiering，weshallhearfarther。Fortheplanwasfoundtoanswer；andextendeditselfyearafteryear；andthe"PrussianFreeCorps，"onewayandanother，madeconsiderablenoiseintheworld。
OutwardlyFriedrich’sLifeisquiet；busy，nonecanbemoreso；
buttotheon—looker，placid，politeespecially。HehearssermononceortwiceintheKreuz—Kirche（ProtestantHighChurch）；
thennextdaywillheargoodmusic，devotionalifyoucallitso，intheCatholicChurch，whereherPolishMajestyis。DailyattheoldhourhehashisownConcert，nowandthenassistingwithhisownflute。MakesdonationstothePoor，andsuchlike，duefromSaxonSovereigntywhileheldbyhim；ontheotherhand，reducessalariesatasadrateGuarini，Queen’sConfessor，fromnear2，000
poundstolittlemorethan300pounds，foroneinstance；——cutsoffabout25，000poundsinallunderthishead。[Helden—
Geschichte，iv。306（"December，1756"）。]Andisheavywithbilleting，asnewPrussiansarrive。BilletsatlengthintheveryAmbassadors’Hotels，——andbywayofapologytotheExcellencies，signifiestotheminabody:"Sorryforthenecessity，yourExcellencies:butoughtnotyoutogotoWarsawrather？YourcredentialsaretohisPolishMajesty。Heisnothere；
norcominghither，forsometime！"Whichhint，Isuppose，theExcellenciesmostlytook。FromhisownForeststherecamebytheElbegreatraftsoffirewood，towarmhissoldiersintheirquarters。Onceortwicehemakesexcursions，ofadayoftwodays；
totheLausitz，toLeipzig（throughFreyberg，wherehehasapostofimportance）；——verygracioustotheUniversitypeople:"Studentsbetroubledwithsoldiering？FarfromityelearnedGentlemen，servantsoftheMuses！Recruitment，alamentablenecessity，istogoonunderyourownOfficialpeople，andwhollybytheoldmethods。"[Helden—Geschichte，iv。303—313；
UNIVERSITATSANSCHLAGZULEIPZIG，WEGENDERWERBUNG
（"University—PlacardaboutEnlisting:"inGesammelteNachrichten，i。811）。]
Once，andonceonly，hemadearuntoBerlin，January4th—18th，1757:thelastforsixyearsandmore。Camewithgreatdespatch，BrotherHenriwithhim，wholejourneyinoneday；got，"tohisMother’sabout11atnight。"[Ib。iv。308。]Ajoyfulmeeting，forthekindred:cheerfullight—gleaminthedarktime，sosuddenlyeclipsedtothemandothersbythosehurricanesthathaverisen。
HisMajestyseemstobeinperfecthealth；andwearsnolookofgloom。AtBerlinisnoCarnivalthisyear；allaregrave，sunkinsadcontemplationsofthefuture。Ofhisbusinessesinthisinterval，whichweremany，Iwillsaynothing；onlyofonelittleActhedid，thedaybeforehisdeparture:thewritingofthisSECRETLETTEROFINSTRUCTIONStoGrafFinckvonFinkenstein，hischiefHomeMinister，oneofhisoldboy—comrades，asreadersmayrecollect。TheLetterwasreadbyCountFinckwithprofoundattention，11thJanuary，1757，andconnedovertillhekneweverypointofit；afterwhichhesealeditup，inscribingontheCover:
"HOCHSTEIGENHANDIGEUNDGANXGEHEIME"——thatis，"Highest—
AutographicandaltogetherSecretInstructions，bytheKing，which，withtheAppendixes，weredeliveredtome，GrafvonFinkenstein，the12thofJanuary，1757。"Inthisdocketingitlay，sealedformanyyears（noneknowshowmany），thenunsealed，stillinstrictkeeping，inthePrivateRoyalArchives"[Preuss，i。449。]——tillonFriedrich’sBirthday，24thJanuary，1854，itwas，withsomesolemnity，lithographedatBerlin，anddistributedtoaselectpublic，——asreadersshallsee。
"SECRETINSTRUCTIONFORTHEGRAFVONFINCK。
"BERLIN，10thJanuary，1757。
"Inthecriticalsituationouraffairsarein，Ioughttogiveyoumyorders，sothatinallthedisastrouscaseswhichareinthepossibilityofevents，youbeauthorizedfortakingthenecessarysteps。
"1。Ifitchanced（whichHeavenforbid）thatoneofmyArmiesinSaxonyweretotallybeaten；orthattheFrenchshoulddrivetheHanoveriansfromtheirCountry[whichtheyfailednottodo]，andestablishthemselvesthere，andthreatenuswithaninvasionintotheAltmark；orthattheRussiansshouldgetthroughbytheNeumark，——youaretosavetheRoyalFamily，theprincipalDICASTERIA[Land—Schedules，ListsofTax—dues]，theMinistriesandtheDirectorium[whichisthecentralMinistryofall]。IfitisinSaxonyontheLeipzigsidethatwearebeaten，thefittestplacefortheremovaloftheRoyalFamily，andoftheTreasure，istoCustrin:insuchcasetheRoyalFamilyandallabovenamedmustgo，escortedbythewholeGarrison"ofBerlin，"toCustrin。IftheRussiansenteredbytheNeumark，orifamisfortunebefellusintheLausitz，itwouldbetoMagdeburgthatallwouldhavetogo:
infine，thelastrefugeisStettin，——butyoumustnotgotillthelastextremity。TheGarrison，theRoyalFamilyandtheTreasureareinseparable，andgoalwaystogether:tothismustbeaddedtheCrownDiamonds，theSilverPlateintheGrandApartments，——which，insuchcase，aswellastheGoldPlate，mustbeatoncecoinedintomoney。
"IfithappenedthatIwerekilled，thePublicAffairsmustgoonwithoutthesmallestalteration，oritsbeingnoticeablethattheyareinotherhands:and，inthiscase，youmusthastenforwardtheOathsandHomagings，aswellhereasinPreussen；and，aboveall，inSilesia。IfIshouldhavethefatalitytobetakenprisonerbytheEnemy，Iprohibitallofyoufrompayingtheleastregardtomyperson，ortakingtheleastheedofwhatImightwritefrommyplaceofdetention。Shouldsuchmisfortunehappenme，IwishtosacrificemyselffortheState；andyoumustobeymyBrother，——who，aswellasallmyMinistersandGenerals，shallanswertomewiththeirheads，NottoofferanyProvinceoranyRansomforme，buttocontinuetheWar，pushingtheiradvantages，asifIneverhadexistedintheworld。
"Ihope，andhavegroundtobelieve，thatyou，CountFinck，willnotneedtomakeuseofthisInstruction:butincaseofmisfortune，Iauthorizeyoutoemployit；and，asmarkthatitis，afteramatureandsounddeliberation，myfirmandconstantwill，I
signitwithmyHandandconfirmitwithmySeal。"
Or，inFriedrich’sownspelling&c。，sofarasourpossibilitiespermit:——
"INSTRUCTIONSECRETEPOURLECONTEDEFINE。
"BERLIN，ce10deJanv。1757。
"DansLaSituationCritiqueousetrouventnosaffairesjedoisVousdonnermesOrdrespourquedanstoutLesCasMalheureuxquisontdanslapossibilitedesEvenemensvousSoyezautorisseauxpartisquilfautprendre。1）[Yes；buttherefollowsno"2）"
anywhere，suchthehaste！]Silarivoit（dequoileCielpreserve）
qu’unedemesArmeesenSaxsefuttotallementbattue，oubienqueLesfrancaischassassentLesHanovryeinsdeLeurpaisetsietablissentetnousmenassassentd’unInvassiondanslaVieilleMarche，ouquelesRussespenetrassentparLaNouvelleMarche，ilfautSauverlafamilleRoyale，lesprincipeauxDicastereslesMinistresetleDirectoire。SinoussomesbattusenSaxseduCotedeleipssicLeLieuLeplusproprepourLetransportdeLafamilleetduTressorestaCustrin，ilfautenceCasquelafamilleRoyalleettoutscidesusnomezaillentesCortezdetouteLaGuarnissonaCustrin。SilesRussesentroientparlaNouveleMarcheouquilnousarivatunMalheurenLusace，ilfaudroitquetoutSetransportataMagdebourg，enfinLeDerni&refugeestaStetein，maisilnehutyall&rqu’aLaDerniereexstremiteLaGuarnissonlafamilleRoyalleetleTressortsentInseparablesetvonttoujoursensembleilfautyajouterlesDiamansdelaCouronne，etL’argenteriedesGrandsApartementsquienpareilcasainsiquelaVeselled’ordoitetreincontinantMonoyee。Silarivoitquejefustue，ilfautqueLesaffairesContinuentLeurtrainsanslaMoindreallterationetSansqu’ons’apersoivequ’ellessontend’autreMains，etenceCasilfauthaterSermensethomagestanticiqu’enprusseetsurtoutenSilesie。Sij’avoislafatalited’etreprisprissonierparL’Enemy，jeDefendqu’onAyeleMoindreegardpourmaperssonneniqu’onfasseLaMoindrereflextionsurcequejepouroisecriredeMaDetention，SipareilMalheurm’arivoitjeVeuxmeSacriffierpourL’Etatetilfautqu’onobeisseaMonfrerelequelainsiquetoutMesMinistresetGenerauxmereponderontdeleurTettequ’onoffriraniprovinceniranssonpourmoyetquelonContinueralaGuerreenpoussantSesavantagestoutComesijen’avaisjamaisexsistedansleMonde。J’espereetjedoisCroirequeVousContefincn’aurezpasbessoindefaireusagedeCetteInstructionmaisencasdeMalheurjeVousautorisseaL’Employer，etMarquequeC’estapresUneMureetsaineDeliberationMafermeetConstanteVolontejeleSignedeMaMainetlaMunidemonCachet"FEDERICR。"
[FacsimileofAutograph（Berlin，24thJanuary，1854），whereissomeindistinctHistoryoftheDocument。Printedalsoin
OEuvres，xxv。319—323。]
These，privatelymadelawinthismanner，areFriedrich’sfixedfeelingsandresolutions；——howfixedisnowfartherapparentbyafactwhichwasthenstillmoreprivate，guessablelongafterwardsonlybyoneortwo，andneverclearlyknownsolongasFriedrichlived:thefactthathehad（nowmostprobably，thoughthedateisnotknown）providedpoisonforhimself，andconstantlyworeitabouthispersonthroughthisWar。"Fiveorsixsmallpills，inasmallglasstube，withabitofribbontoit:"thatsternreliclay，inaworncondition，insomedrawerofFriedrich’s，afterFriedrichwasgone。[Preuss，ii。175，315n。]FortheFactsareperemptory；andamanthatwilldealwiththemmustbeequallyso。
TwodaysafterthisFinckmissive，Friday，12th，FriedrichtookfarewellatBerlin，drovetoPotsdamthatnightwithhisBrother，toDresdennextday。Adieu，Madam；Adieu，OMother！saidtheKing，inroyalterms，butwithaheartaltogetherhuman。"MayGodaboveblessyou，mySon！"theoldLadywouldreply:——andtheTwohadseenoneanotherforthelasttime；MotherandSonweretomeetnomoreinthisworld。
EndofV17
HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussiaV18
byThomasCarlyleBOOKXVIII。
SEVEN—YEARSWARRISESTOAHEIGHT。
1757—1759。
ChapterI。
THECAMPAIGNOPENS。
SeldomwasthereseensuchacombinationagainstanymanasthisagainstFriedrich，afterhisSaxonperformancesin1756。Theextentofhissin，whichisnowascertainedtohavebeenwhatwesaw，wasatthattimeconsideredtotranscendallcomputation，andtomarkhimoutforpartition，forsuppressionandenchainment，asthegeneralenemyofmankind。"Partitionhim，cuthimdown，"saidtheGreatPowerstooneanother；andarebusy，asneverbefore，inraisingforces，incitingnewalliancesandcallingoutthegeneralPOSSECOMITATUSofmankind，forthatsalutaryobject。
WhattempestuousfulminationsintheReichstag，andoverallEurope，Englandaloneexcepted，againstthisman！
LatterlytheSwedes，whoatfirsthadcompunctionsonthescoreofProtestantism，haveagreedtojoininthePartitioningadventure:
"ItbringsushisPommern，allPommernours！"crytheSwedishParliamentaryEloquences（withFrenchgoldintheirpocket）:
"Atanyrate，"whisperthey，"itspitestheQueenhisSister！"——anddragthepoorSwedishNationintoaseriesofdisgracesanddisastrousplatitudesitwaslittleanticipating。ThispreciousFrench—SwedishBargain（"Swedestoinvadewith25，000；Francetogivefairsubsidy，"andbribelargely）wasconsummatedinMarch；
["21stMarch，1757"（Stenzel，v。38；&c。）。]butdidnotbecomeknowntoFriedrichforsomemonthslater；norwasitoftheimportancehethenthoughtit，inthefirstmomentofsurpriseandprovocation。Notindeedofimportancetoanybody，except，inthereverseway，topoorSwedenitself，andtotheFrench，whohadspentagreatdealofpainsandmoneyonit，andcontinuedtospend，withasgoodasnoresultatall。ForthereneverwassuchaWar，beforeorsince，notevenbySwedenintheCaptainlessstate！
Andtheoneprofitthecopartnersreapedfromit，wassomediscountenanceitgavetotherumorwhichhadrisen，moreextensivelythanweshouldnowthink，andevensomenucleusoffactinitasappears，ThatAustria，FranceandtheCatholicpartoftheReichwerecombiningtoputdownProtestantism。Towhichtheycouldnowanswer，"See，ProtestantSwedeniswithus！"——andsoweakenalittlewhatwasprettymuchFriedrich’slastholdonthepublicsympathiesatthistime。
AstoFranceitself，——toFrance，Austria，Russia，——boundbysuchearthlyTreaties，andthecallofveryHeaven，shalltheynot，inunitedpuissanceandindignation，risetotherescue？