In"James，"thejunior，butmuchthestrongerandmoresolid，hehaslost，asitwere，aFATHERandyoungerbrotheratonce；
father，uuderbeautifulconditions；andthetearsoftheoldmanarenaturalandaffecting。TenyearsolderthanhisBrother；
andsurvivedhimstilltwentyyears。Anexcellentcheeryoldsoul，hetoo；honestasthesunlight，withafinesmallveinofgayety，and"pleasantwit，"inhim:whatatreasuretoFriedrichatPotsdam，inthecomingyears；andhowmuchlovedbyhim（almostasoneBOYlovesanother），allreaderswouldbesurprisedtodiscover。
Somehintsofhimwillperhapsbeallowedusfartheron。
SEQUELOFHOCHKIRCH；THECAMPAIGNENDSINAWAY
SURPRISINGTOANATTENTIVEPUBLIC
（22dOctober—20thNovember，1758）。
TherefolloweduponHochkirchfiveweeksofrapidevents；suchasnobodyhadbeencalculatingon。Tothereader，sowearyofmarchings，manoeuvrings，surprisals，campingsanddetailsofwar，notmanywords，wehope，mayrendertheseresultsconceivable。
Friedrichstayedtendays，refittinghimself，inthatCampofKlein—Bautzen，ononeofthebranchesoftheSpree。Daun，whohadretiredtohisoldstrongplace，onthe14th，scarcelyoccupyingHochkirchFieldatall，cameoutinaboutaweek；andtookastrongpostnearFriedrich；notattemptinganythinguponhim，butwatchinghim，nowbetterwithinsight。Friedrich’sfixedintentionis，tomarchtoNeisseallthesame；whatprobablyDaun，undertheshadowofhislaurelsandhisnewPapalHat，maynothaveconsideredpossible，withtheroadtoNeisseblockedby80，000men。
Friedrichhasrefittedhimselfwiththerequisitenewcannonandfurnitures，fromDresden；especiallywithPrinceHenriand6，000
footandhorse，——ledbyPrinceHenriinperson；soPrinceHenriwouldhaveit，thecapriciouslittleman；andthatFinckshouldbeleftinSaxonyinsteadofhim。AllwhichweakensSaxonynotalittle。ButFriedrichhopestheReichsArmyisafeeblearticle；
illoffforprovisioninthoseparts，andnotlikelytoattemptverymuchonthesudden。Accordingly:——
FRIEDRICHMARCHES，ENIGMATICALLY，NOTONGLOGAU，BUTON
REICHENBACHANDGORLITZ；TODAUN’SASTONISHMENT。
SUNDAYEVENING，OCTOBER22d，ConvoyofmanywagonsquitBautzen（BautzenProper，nottheVillage，buttheTown），ladenwithallthewoundedofHochkirch；above3，000bycount，tocarrythemtoDresdenfordeliberatesurgery。Keith’sTebay，Iperceive，isinthisConvoy；notillhurt，butwillingtolieinHospitalalittle，andconsider。ThesepoorfellowscannotgettoDresden:onthesecondday，aDaunDetachment，hussaringaboutinthoseparts，isannouncedahead；and（byneworderfromhead—quarters）theConvoyturnsnorthwardsforHoyerswerda，——（toTebay’sdisgustwiththeCommandant；"shiedoff，"saysTebay，"fortwelvehussars！"[SecondLETTERfromTebay，inMitchell，ubisupra。]）——and，Ithink，intheend，wentontoGlogauinsteadofDresden。WhichwasveryfortunateforTebayandtheothers。Thepoorwoundedbeingthusdisposedof，Friedrichnextnight，at10o’clock，Monday，23d，inthesoftestmanner，pushesoffhisBakeryandArmyStoresalittleway，northwarddowntheSpreeValley，onthewesternforkoftheSpree（forkfarthestfromDaun）；follows，himself，withtherestoftheArmy，nextevening，downtheeasternfork，alsonorthward。
"GoingforGlogau，"thinksDaun，whenthehussarsreportaboutit（lateonTuesdaynight）:"Lethimgo，ifhefancythataroadTO
Neisse！But，indeed，whatothershifthashe，"considersDaun，"buttotryrallyingatGlogauyonder，safeundertheguns？"——andisnotintheslightesthasteaboutthisnewmatter。[Tempelhof，ii。
341—347。]
Unitedwithhisbaggage—column，Friedrichproceedsnortheastward；
crossesSpreestillnorthwardornortheastward；encampsthere，inthedarkhoursofTuesday；noDaunheedinghim。Beforedaylight，however，Friedrichisagainonfoot；inseveralcolumnsnow，forthebadcountry—roadsahead；——andhasstruckstraightSOUTHeastward，ifDaunwerenotinghim。And，intheafternoonofWednesday，DaunisastonishedtolearnthatthiswilyEnemyisarrivedinReichenbachvicinity；sweepinginourpoorpoststhereabouts；immovablyastrideoftheSilesianHighway，afterall！
AnastonishedDaunhastensout，whathecan，totakesurveyofthesuddenPhenomenon。Triesit，nextdayandnext，withhisbestLoudonsandappliances；findsthatthisPhenomenoncanactuallymarchtoNeisseaheadofhim，indifferenttoPandours，orgivingthemasgoodastheybring；——andthatnothingbutabattleandbeating（couldwerashlydreamofsuchathing，whichwecannot）
willpreventit。"Verywell，then！"Daunstrivestosay。AndletsthePhenomenonmarch（FROMGorlitz，OCTOBER30th）；Loudonharassingtherearofit，forsomedays；notwithoutcounterharassment，muchwasteofcannonading，andruintoseveralpoorLausitzVillagesbyfire，——"Prussiansscandalouslyburnthem，whenweattack！"saysLoudon。Till，atlast，findingthismarchimpregnablyarranged，"splitintotworoutes，"andreadyforallchances，Loudonalsowithdrawstomorepromisingbusiness。PoorGeneralRetzowSeniorwasofthismarch；absolutelycouldnotbeexcused，thoughfallenillofdysentery，liketodie；——anddiddie，thedayafterhegottoSchweidnitz，whenthedifficultiesandexcitementwereover。
[Retzow，i。372。]
OfFriedrich’smarch，onwardfromGorlitz，weshallsaynothingfarther，exceptthattheverywindofitwassalvatorytohisSilesianFortressesandinterests。ThatatNeisse，onandafterNovember1st，——whichisthethirdorseconddayofFriedrich’smarch，——GeneralTreskow，CommandantofNeisse，foundthebombardmentslackenmoreandmore（"KingofPrussiacoming，"saidtheAustriandeserterstous）；andthat，onNovember6th，Treskow，lookingoutfromNeisse，foundtheAustriantrenchesempty，GeneralsHarschandDevillehurryingovertheHillshomewards，——
pickingstobehadofthembyTreskow，——andNeisseSiegeathingfinished。[TAGEBUCH，&c。（"DiaryoftheSiegeofNeisse，"4thAugust，26thOctober，6thNovember，1758，"1A。M。suddenly"），inSeyfarth，Beylagen，ii。468—472:ofTreskow’sownwriting；briefandclear。Helden—Geschichte，v。268—270。]Ithadlasted，inthewayofblockadeandhalf—blockade，foraboutthreemonths；Deville，fornearonemonth，half—blockading，thenHarsch（sinceSeptember30th）whollyblockading，withDevilleunderhim，andanarmyof20，000；
thoughtheactualcannonade，veryfierce，butofnoeffect，couldnotbegintilllittlemorethanaweekago，——sodifficultthegettingupofsiege—materialinthoseparts。Kosel，underCommandantLattorf，whosepraises，likeTreskow’s，weregreat，——hadstoodfourmonthsofPandourblockadingandassaulting，whichalsohadtotakeitselfawayonadventofFriedrich。OfFriedrich，onhisreturn—journey，weshallhearagainbeforelong；butinthemeanwhilemustindustriouslyfollowDaun。
FELDMARSCHALLDAUNANDTHEREICHSARMYTRYSOMESIEGEOFDRESDEN
（9th—16thNovember）。
OCTOBER30th，Daun，seeingNeisseSiegeasgoodasgonetowater，decidedwithhimselfthathecouldstilldoafarmoreimportantstroke:captureDresden，getholdofSaxonyinFriedrich’sabsence。
DaunturnedroundfromReichenbach，accordingly；and，athisslow—
footedpace，addressedhimselftothatnewerrand。Hadhemadebetterdespatch，orevenbeeninbetterluck，itisverypossiblehemighthavedonesomethingthere。InDresden，andinGovernorSchmettauwithhissmallgarrison，thereisnostrengthforasiege；inSaxonyisnothingbutsomepoorremnantunderFinck，muchofitFree—corpsandlightpeople:capableofbeingswallowedbytheReichsArmyitself，——weretheReichsArmyenterprising，oringoodcircumstancesotherwise。ItistruetheRussianshavequittedColbergasimpossible；andareflowinghomewardsdraggedbyhunger:
thelittleDohnaArmywill，therefore，marchforSaxony；thelittleAnti—SwedishArmy，underWedell，haslikewisebeenmostlyorderedthither；bothattheirquickest。ForDaun，allturnsondespatch；
loiteralittle，andFriedrichhimselfwillbehereagain！
Daun，Ihavenodoubt，stirredhisslowfeetthefastesthecould。
NOVEMBER7th，DaunwasintheneighborhoodofPirnaCountryagain，hadhisBridgeatPirna，forcommunication；urgedtheReichsArmytobestiritself，Nowornever。ReichsArmydidpushoutalittleagainstFinck；madehimleavethatperpetualCampofGahmig，takenewcamps，Kesselsdorfandelsewhere；andatlengthmadehimshootacrossElbe，tothenorthwest，onapontoonbridgebelowDresden，withretreatingroomtonorthward，andshelterunderthegunsofthatCity。ReichsArmyhaslikewisemadepowerfuldetachmentsforcaptureofLeipzigandthenorthwesterntowns；captureofTorgau，theMagazinetown，firstofall:summonthem，withforceevidentlyoverpowering，"Freewithdrawal，ifyoudon’tresist；andifyoudo——！"AtTorgautherewasactualattemptmade（November12th），ratherelaborateanddangerouslooking；underHaddick，withnear10，000ofthe"Austrian—auxiliary"sort:towhomtheoldCommandant——judgingWedell，thelateAnti—SwedishWedell，tobenownear——
rushedoutwith"300menandonebiggun；"andmadesuchafiringandgesticulationaswasquiteextraordinary，asifWedellwereherealready:tillWedell’sselfdidcomeinsight；andtheoverpoweringReichsDetachmentmadeitsbestspeedelse—whither。
[Tempelhof，&c。；"LetterfromaPrussianOfficer，"in
Helden—Geschichte，v。286。]TheotherSiegesremainedthingsoftheory；theotherReichsDetachmentshurriedhome，Ithink，withoutsummoninganybody。
Meanwhile，Daun，withtheproperArtilleriesatlastready，comesflowingforward（NOVEMBER8th—9th）；andtakespostintheGreatGarden，orsouthsideofDresden；minatorytoSchmettauandthatCity。Thewalls，orworks，areweak；outsidethereisnothingbutMayerandtheFreeCorpstoresist，whoindeedhassurpassedhimselfthisseason，andbeenextraordinarilydiligentuponthatlazyReichsArmy。CommandantSchmettausignifiestoDaun，thedayDauncameinsight，"IfyourExcellenzadvancefartheronme，thegrimRulesofWarinbesiegedplaceswillorderThatIburntheSuburbs，whichareyourdefencesinattackingme，"——andactuallyfillsthefinehousesontheSouthernSuburbwithcombustiblematter，makingdueannouncements，toCourtandpopulation，aswellastoDann。"BurntheSuburbs？"answersDaun:"Inthenameofcivilizedhumanity，youwillneverthinkofsuchthing！""ThatwillI，yourExcellenz，ofasurety，anddoit！"answersSchmettau。
SothatDresdenisfullofpity，terrorandspeculation。Thecommonrumoris，saysExcellencyMitchell，whoissojourningthereforthepresent，"ThatBruhl[nefariousBruhl，borntobethedeathofus！]
haspersuadedPolishMajestytosanctionthisenterpriseofDaun’s，"——verycareless，Bruhl，whatbecomeofDresdenorus，sotheKingofPrussiabewellhurtorspited！
Certainenough，NOVEMBER9th，Daundoescomeon，regardlessofSchmettau’sassurances；sothat，"aboutmidnight:"Mayer，who"canheartheenemybusilybuildingfourbigbatteries"withal，hastoreporthimselfdriventotheedgeofthosehighHouses（whicharefilledwithcombustibles），andthatsomeCroatsaregotintotheupperwindows。"Burnthem，then！"answersSchmettasu（suchthedirenecessityofsiegedplaces）:and，"at3A。M。"（threehours’noticetothepoorinmates），Mayerdoesso；hideousflamesburstingout，punctuallyatthestrokeof3:"wholeSuburbseemedonblaze[aboutasixthpartofitactuallyso]，nayyouwouldhavesaidthewholeTownwasenvironedinflames。"ExcellencyMitchellclimbedasteeple:"willnotdescribetoyourLordshipthehorror，theterrorandconfusionofthisnight；wretchedinhabitantsrunningwiththeirfurniture[whatofittheyhadgotflungout，between12
o’clockand3]towardstheGreatGarden；allDresden，toappearance，girtinflames，ruinsandsmoke。"SuchanightinDresden，especiallyinthePirnaSuburb，aswasneverseenbefore。
[Mitchell，MemoirsandPapers，i。459。
InHelden—Geschichte，v。295—302，minuteaccount（correspondingwellwithMitchell’s）；ib。303—333，thecertifieddetailsofthedamagedone:"280houseslost；""4humanlives。"]Thiswasthesadbeginning，orattemptatbeginning，ofDresdenSiege；andthisalsowastheendofit，onDaun’spartatpresent。Forfourdaysmore，hehungabouttheplace，minatory，hesitative；butattemptednothingfeasible；andonthefifthday，——
"foracertainweightyreason，"astheAustrianGazettesexpressit，——hesawgoodtovanishintothePirnaRock—Country，andbeoutofharm’swayinthemeanwhile！
TheTruthis，Daun’swasanintricatecasejustnow；needing，aboveallthings，swiftnessoftreatment；what，ofallthings，itcouldnotgetfromDaun。HisdenunciationsonthatburntSuburbwereagainloud；butSchmettaucontinuesdeaftoallthat，——means"todefendhimselfbytheknownrulesofwarandofhonor；"declares，he"willdisputefromstreettostreet，andonlyfinishinthemiddleofPolishMajesty’sRoyalPalace。"Denunciationwilldonothing！Daunhadabove100，000meninthoseparts。Rushingforwardwithsharpshotandbayonetstorm，insteadoflogicaldenunciation，itisprobableDaunmighthavesettledhisSchmettau。Butthehouroftidewasrigorous，withal；——andsuchanebb，ifyoumisseditinhesitating！NOVEMBER15th，Daunwithdrew；theebbingcome。
Thatsameday，FriedrichwasatLaubanintheLausitz，withinahundredmilesagain；speedinghitherward；behindhimaSilesiabrushedclear，beforehimaSaxonytobebrushed。"Reasonweighty"
enough，thinkDaunandtheAustrianGazettes！Butsuch，sinceyouhavemissedthetide—hour，istheinexorablefactofebb，——goingatthatfrightfulrate。Daunneverwasthemantodisputefacts。
November20th，FriedricharrivedinDresden；heard，nextday，thatDaunhadwheeleddecisivelyhomewardfromPirnaCountry；thattheReichsArmyandhearediligentlyclimbingtheMetalMountains；
andthatthereisnotinSaxony，morethaninSilesia，anenemyleft。WhataSequeltoHochkirch！"NeisseandDresdenboth！"wehadhopedassequel，iflucky:"NeisseORDresden"seemedinfallible。
AndweareclimbingtheMetalMountains，underfactssuperiortous。
AndCampaignThirdhasclosedinthismanner；——leavingthingsmuchasitfoundthem。Essentiallyadrawnmatch；ContendingPartieslittlealteredinrelativestrength；——bothofthem，itmaybepresumed，considerablyweaker。Friedrichisnottriumphant，orshininginthelightofbonfires，aslastYear；but，inthemindofjudges，standshigherthanever（ifthatcouldhelphimmuch）；
——andisnot"annihilated"intheleast，whichisthesurprisingcircumstance。
Friedrich’smarches，especially，havebeenwonderful，thisYear。
Inthespring—time，oldMarechaldeBelleisle，FrenchMinisterofWar，consultingofficiallyaboutfutureoperations，hearditobjectedonce:"ButiftheKingofPrussiaweretoburstinuponusthere？""TheKingofPrussiaisagreatsoldier，"answeredM。deBelleisle；"buthisArmyisnotashuttle（NAVETTE），"——tobeshotabout，inthatway，fromsidetosideoftheworld！Nosurely；
notaltogether。ButtheKingofPrussiahas，amongotherarts，anartofmarchingArmies，whichbydegreesastonishestheoldMarechal。To"comeuponusENNAVETTE，"suddenly"likeashuttle"
fromtheothersideoftheweb，becameanestablishedphraseamongtheFrenchconcernedintheseunfortunatematters。[Archenholtz，i。
316；Montalembert，SAEPIUS，forthephrase"ENNAVETTE。"]
"ThePitt—and—FerdinandCampaignof1758，"saysaNote，whichI
wouldfainabridge，"ismorepalpablyvictoriousthanFriedrich’s，muchmoreanaffairofbonfiresthanhis；thoughittoohashaditsrubs。LossofhonoratCrefeld；lossofLouisburgandCodfishery:
theseareseriousblowsourenemyhashad。Butthen，totemperthejoyoverLouisburg，therewas，atTiconderoga，byAbercrombie，onthesmallscale（alltheextentofscalehehad），amelancholyPlatitudecommitted:thatofwalkingintoanenemywithouttheleastreconnoitringofhim，whoprovestobechin—deepinabatisandfield—works；andkills，muchathisease，about2，000bravefellows，brought5，000milesforthatobject。Andobligesyoutowalkawayontheinstant，andquitTiconderoga，likea——surelylikeaverytragicDignitaryinCocked—hat！Tobecashiered，wewillhope；atleasttobelaidontheshelf，andreplacedbysomeWolfeorsomeAmherst，fitterforthebusiness！NorweretheDescentsontheFrenchCoastmuchtospeakof:’GreatGunsgotatCherbourg，’
thesetruly，asexhibitedinHyde—Park，wereacomfortablesight，especiallytothesimplersort:butontheotherhand，atMorlaix，onthepartofpooroldGeneralBlighandCompany，therehadbeenaPlatitudeequalorsuperiortothatofAbercrombie，thoughnotsotragicalinlossofmen。’Whatofthat？’saidanenthusiasticPublic，strikingtheirbalance，andjoyfullyilluminating。——
HereisaClippingfromOhioCountry，’LETTERofanOfficer[distilledessenceofTwoLetters]，dated，FORT—DUQUESNE，28thNOVEMBER，1758:——
"’OursmallCorpsunderGeneralForbes，aftermuchsorescramblingthroughtheWildernesses，andcontendingwithenemieswildandtame，is，sincethelastfourdays，inpossessionofFortDuquesne[PITTSBURGhenceforth]:Friday，24th，theFrenchgarrison，onourappearance，madeoffwithoutfighting；tooktoboatsdowntheOhio，andvanishedoutofthoseCountries，’——foreverandaday，wewillhope。’TheirLouisiana—Canadacommunicationislost；andallthatprodigioustractofrichcountry，’——whichMr。Washingtonfixeduponlongago，isoursagain，ifwecanturnittouse。’ThisdayadetachmentofusgoestoBraddock’sfieldofbattle[poorBraddock！]，toburythebonesofourslaughteredcountrymen；
manyofwhomtheFrenchbutcheredincoldblood，and，totheirowneternalshameandinfamy，haveleftlyingabovegroundeversince。
AsindeedtheyhavedonewithallthoseslainroundtheFortinlateweeks；’——callingthemselvesacivilizedNationtoo！"
[OldNewspapers（inGentleman’sMagazinefor1759，pp。41，39）。]
LOWERRHINE，JULY—NOVEMBER，1758。"Ferdinand’smanoeuvres，afterCrefeld，ontheFrance—wardsideofRhine，wereverypretty:
but，withoutWesel，andversusaBelleisleasWar—Minister，andaContadeswhowassomethingofaGeneral，itwouldnotdo。
Belleislemadeuncommonexertions，diligenttogethisbrokenpeopledrilledagain；Contadeswaswary，andcounter—manoeuvredratherwell。Finally，Soubise"（readersrecollecthimandhis24or30，000，whostoodinFrankfurtCountry，onthehitherornorthsideofRhine），famedRossbachSoubise，——"pushingout，atBelleisle’sbidding，towardsHanover，inaregionvacantotherwiseoftroops，——
becamedangeroustoFerdinand。’MakingforHanover？’thoughtFerdinand:’Orperhapsmeaningtoattackmy12，000Englishthatarejustlanded？Nay，perhapsmyRhine—Bridgeitself，andthesmallPartyleftthere？’Ferdinandfoundhewouldhavetoreturn，andlookafterSoubise。Crossed，accordingly（August8th），byhisoldBridgeatRees，——whichhefoundsafe，inspiteofattemptstherehadbeen；["FightofMeer"（Chevert，with10，000，beatenoff，andtheBridgesaved，byImhof，with3，000；——bothcleversoldiers；
Imhofinbetterluck，andfavoredbytheground:"5thAugust，1758"）:MAUVILLON，i。315。]——andneverrecrossedduringthisWar。
Judgesevensayhisfirstcrossinghadnevermuchsolidityofoutlookinit；andthoughsodelightfultothepublic，washisquestionableststep。
"Onthe12，000English，Soubisehadattemptednothing。
FerdinandjoinedhisEnglishatSoest（August20th）；totheirgreatjoyandhis；[DukeofMarlborough’sheavy—ladenLETTERtoPitt，"Koesfeld，August15th:""Nothingbutrainsanduncertainties；"
"marching，latterly，uptoourmiddlesinwater；"havecomefromEmbden，straightsouthtowardsWeselCountry，almost150miles（Soeststillagoodsixtymilestosoutheastofus）。
CHATHAMCORRESPONDENCE（London，1838），i。334，337。ThepoorDukediedintwomonthshence；andthecommanddevolvedonLordGeorgeSackville，asistoowellknown。]10to12，000asafirstinstalment:——Grand—lookingfellows，saidtheGermans。Anddidyoueverseesuchhorses，suchsplendorofequipment，regardlessofexpense？NottomentionthoseBERGSCHOTTEN（ScotchHighlanders），withtheirbagpipes，sporrans，kilts，andexoticcostumesandways；
astonishingtotheGermanmind。[RomanticviewoftheBERGSCHOTTEN
（2，000ofthem，ledbytheJunioroftheRobertKeithsabovementioned，whoisasoldierasyet），inARCHENHOLTZ，i。351—353:
IB。andinPREUSS，ii。136，ofthe"uniformswithgoldandsilverlace，"ofthesuperbhorses，"oneregimentallroanhorses，anotherallblack，anotherall"&c。]Outofallwhom（BERGSCHOTTEN
included），Ferdinand，bymanagement，——andmanagementwasneeded，——
gotagreatdealoffirst—ratefighting，inthenextFourYears。
"Nor，inregardtoHanover，couldSoubisemakeanythingofit；
thoughhedid（owingtoacoupleofstupidfellows，GeneralPrincevonYsenburgandGeneralOberg，detachedbyFerdinandonthatservice）escapethelivelytreatmentFerdinandhadpreparedforhim；andevengaveakindofBeatingtoeachofthosestupidfellows，[1。"FightofSandershausen"（Broglio，asSoubise’svanguard，12，000；VERSUSYsenburg，7，000，whostupidlywouldnotwithdrawTILLbeaten:"23dJuly，1758，"BEFOREFerdinandhadcomeacrossagain）。2。FightofLutternberg（Soubise，30，000；
VERSUSOberg，about18，000，whostupidlyhungbacktillSoubisewasallgathered，andTHEN&c。，stillmorestupidly:"10thOctober，1758"）。SeeMAUVILLON，i。312（orbetter，ARCHENHOLTZ，i。345）；
andMAUVILLON，i。327。BothLutternbergandSandershausenareintheneighborhoodofCassel；——asmanyofthoseFerdinandfightswere。]——oneofwhich，Oberg’sone，mighthaveruinedObergandhisDetachmentaltogether，hadSoubisebeenalert，whichhebynomeanswas！’ParismadesuchjeeringaboutRossbachandthePrincedeSoubise，’saysVoltaire，[HistoiredeLouisXV。]’andnobodysaidawordaboutthesetwoVictoriesofhis，nextYear！’Forwhichtheremightbetworeasons:one，accordingtoTempelhof，that’theVictorieswereoftheso—sokind（SICWAREN
AUCHDARNACH）；’andanother，thattheywereascribedtoBroglio，onbothoccasions，——howjustly，nobodywillnowargue！
"Contadeshadnotfailed，inthemeanwhile，tofollowwiththemainArmy；andwasnowelaboratelymanoeuvringabout；intenttohaveLippstadt，orsomeFortressinthoseRhine—WeserCountries。
Onthetailofthatsecondso—soVictorybySoubise，Contadesthought，Nowwouldbethechance。Anddidtryhard，butwithouteffect。FerdinandwashimselfattendingContades；andmistakeswerenotlikely。Ferdinand，inthethickofthegame（October21st—
30th），’madeamasterlymovement’——thatistosay，cutContadesandhisSoubiseirretrievablyasunder:nojunctionnowpossibletothem；theweakerofthemliabletoruin，——unlessContades，thestronger，wouldgivebattle；which，thoughgreatlyoutnumberingFerdinand，hewascautiousnottodo。Amelancholiccautiousman，apttobeover—cautious，——nicknamed’L’APOTHECAIRE’bytheParisians，fromhisdownlooks，——buthadgoodsoldierqualitieswithal。Soubiseandhehaggledabout，ashortwhile，——notalong，inthesedangerouscircumstances；andthenhadtogohomeagain，withoutresult，eachthewayhecame；ContadeshimselfrepassingthroughWesel，andwinteringonhisownsideoftheRhine。"
HowPittissucceeding，andaimingtosucceed，ontheFrenchForeignSettlements:ontheGuineaCoast，ontheHighSeaseverywhere；intheWestIndies；stillmoreintheEast，——whereGeneralLally（thatfieryO’MulLALLY，famoussinceFontenoy），missionedwith"full—powers，"astheycallthem，isragingupanddown，aboutMadrasandneighborhood，inaviolent，impetuous，moreandmorebankruptmanner:——Ofallthiswecansaynothingforthepresent，littleatanytime。Herearetwofactsofthefinancialsort，sufficientlyilluminative。Themuch—expending，much—
subsidyingGovernmentofFrancecannotnowborrowexceptat7percentInterest；andtherateofMarineInsurancehasrisento70percent。[Retzow，ii。5。]Onewayandother，hereisaPittclearlyprogressive；andalong—pendingJENKINS’S—EARQUESTIONinafairwaytobesettled！
FriedrichstaysinSaxonyaboutamonth，inspectingandadjusting；
thencetoBreslau，forWinter—quarters。HisWinterisliketobeasadandsilentone，thistime；withnoneofthegayetiesoflastYear；theroyalheartheavyenoughwithmanyprivatesorrows，weretherenoneofpublicatall！Thisisawordfromhim，twodaysafterfinishingDaunfortheseason:——
FRIEDRICHTOMYLORDMARISCHAL（atColombierinNeufchatel）。
"DRESDEN，23dNovember，1758。
"Thereisnothingleftforus，MONCHERMYLORD，buttomingleandblendourweepingforthelosseswehavehad。Ifmyheadwereafountainoftears，itwouldnotsufficeforthegriefIfeel。
"OurCampaignisover；andtherehasnothingcomeofit，ononesideortheother，butthelossofagreatmanyworthypeople，themiseryofagreatmanypoorsoldierscrippledforever，theruinofsomeProvinces，theravage，pillageandconflagrationofsomeflourishingTowns。Exploitsthesewhichmakehumanityshudder:
sadfruitsofthewickednessandambitionofcertainPeopleinPower，whosacrificeeverythingtotheirunbridledpassions！Iwishyou，MONCHERMYLORD，nothingthathastheleastresemblancetomvdestiny；andeverythingthatiswantingtoit。Youroldfriend，tilldeath。"——F。[OEuvresdeFrederic，
xx。273。]
EndofV18
HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussiaV19
byThomasCarlyleBOOKXIX。
FRIEDRICHLIKETOBEOVERWHELMEDIN
THESEVEN—YEARSWAR。
1759—1760。
ChapterI。
PRELIMINARIESTOAFOURTHCAMPAIGN。
ThepostingoftheFiveArmiesthisWinter——FiveoftheminGermany，notcountingtheRussians，whohavevanishedtoCimmeriaoverthehorizon，fortheirmonthsofrest——issomethingwonderful，andstrikesthepicturesqueimagination。SuchaChainofPosts，forlength，iffornothingelse！FromthecentreofBohemiaeastward，Daun’sAustriansarespreadallroundthewesternSilesianBorderandthesoutheasternSaxon；waitedonbyPrussians，inmoreorlessproximity。NextaretheReichsfolk；scatteredoverThuringenandtheFranconianCountries；frontingpartlyintoHessenandDukeFerdinand’soutskirts:——themainbodyofDukeFerdinandisfartowestward，inMunsterCountry，vigilantuponContades，withtheRhinebetween。ContadesandSoubise，——adjoiningontheReichsfolkaretheseTwoFrenchArmies:Soubise’s，some25，000，inFrankfurt—
EmsCountry，betweentheMaynandtheLahn，withitsbacktotheRhine；thenContades，onwardtoMaesRiverandtheDutchBorders，withhisfacetotheRhine，——andDukeFerdinandobservantofhimontheotherside。Thatisthe"CORDONofPosts"orwinter—quartersthisYear。"FromtheGiantMountainsandtheMetalMountains，totheOcean；——tothemouthofRhine，"maywenotsay；"andbackagaintotheSwissAlpsorspringsofRhine，thatUpper—RhineCountrybeingalleitherFrenchorAustrian，andabasisforSoubise？"
[Archenholtz，i。306。]NottospeakofOceanitself，anditswingedWar—Fleets，lonesomelyhoveringandpatrolling；oroftheAmericasandIndiesbeyond！
"ThisissuchaChainofmutuallyvigilantWinter—quarters，"saysArchenholtz，"aswasneverdrawninGermany，orinEurope，before。"
Chainofabout300，000fightingmen，pouredoutinthatlengthymanner。Takingtheirwintersiestathere，asleepwithoneeyeopen，tillreinforcedfornewbusinessofdeathanddestructionagainstSpring。Patheticsurely，aswellaspicturesque。"ThreeCampaignstherehavealreadybeen，"sighsthepeaceableobserver:
"ThreeCampaigns，surelyfuriousenough；ElevenBattlesinthem，"
[Stenzel，v。185。This，Isuppose，wouldbehisenumeration:
LOBOSITZ（1756）；PRAG，KOLIN，Hastenbeck，Gross—Jagersdorf，ROSSBACH，Breslau，LEUTHEN，（1757）；Crefeld，ZORNDORF，HOCHKIRCH
（1758）:"elevenhithertoinall。"]aPrag，aKolin，Leuthen，Rossbach；——musttherestillbeothers，then，tothemiseryofpoormankind？"thussighmanypeacefulpersons。Notconsideringwhatare，andhavebeen，therages，theiniquities，theloudandsilentdeliriums，themadblindnessesandsinsofmankind；andwhatamount，ofCALCININGthesemayreasonablytake。NotcalcinableinthreeCampaignsatall，itwouldappear！FourmoreCampaignsareneeded:thentherewillbeinnocuousashesinquantity；andaresultunexpected，andworthmarkinginWorld—History。
ItisnotablyoneofFriedrich’sfondhopes，——ofwhichhekeepsupseveral，asbrightcloud—hangingsinthehaggardinnerworldhenowhas，——thatPeaceisjustathand；onerightstrugglemore，andPeacemustcome！AndonthepartofBritannicGeorgeandhim，repeatedattemptsweremade，——oneintheendofthisYear1759；——butoneandallofthemprovedfutile，and，unlessforaccidentalreasons，neednotbementionedhere。Manymen，inallnations，longforPeace；butthereareThreeWomenatthetopoftheworldwhodonot；theirwrath，variousinquality，isgreatinquantity，anddisastersdothereverseofappeasingit。
TheFrenchpeople，asisnatural，arewearyofaWarwhichyieldsthemmerelossesanddisgraces；"WarcarriedonforAustrianwhims，whichlikewiseseemtobeimpracticable！"thinkthey。AndtheirBernishimself，MinisterofForeignAffairs，whobeganthissadFrench—AustrianAdventure，hasalreadybeenremonstratingwithKaunitz，andgrumblinganxiously，"CouldnottheSwedes，orsomebody，begottomediate？SuchaWaristooruinous！"Hearingwhich，thePompadourisshockedatthefavoritecreatureofherhands；hastenstodismisshim（"BeCardinalthen，youingrateofaBernis；disappearunderthatRedHat！"）——andappoints，inhisstead，oneChoiseul（knownhithertoasSTAINVILLE，ComtedeStainville，FrenchExcellencyatVienna，butnowmadeDukeonthispromotion），DucdeChoiseul；[MinisterofForeignAffairs，"11thNovember，1758"（Barbier，iv。294）。]whoisaLorrainer，orSemi—
Austrian，byverybirth；andprobablymuchfitterfortheplace。
Aswift，impetuouskindofman，thisChoiseul，whoisstillratheryoungthanotherwise；plentyofproudspiritinhim，ofshifts，talentoftherecklesssort；whoprovedverynotableinFranceforthenexttwentyyears。
Frenchtradebeingruinedwithal，moneyisrunningdreadfullylow:
buttheyappointanewController—General；aM。deSilhouette，whoisthoughttohaveanextraordinarycreativegeniusinFinance。
HadhebutaFortunatus—Purse，howluckywereit！WithFortunatusSilhouetteaspurse—holder，withafieryyoungChoiseulonthishand，andafieryoldBelleisleonthat，PompadourmeditatesgreatthingsthisYear，——InvasionsofEngland；strongerGermanArmies；
betterGermanPlans，andslashingshomeuponHanoveritself，orthevitalpoint；——andflattersherself，andherpoorLouis，thatthereisontheanvil，for1759，suchaFrenchCampaignaswillperhapsastonishPittandanotherinsolentKing。Veryfixed，fellandfeminineisthePompadour’shumorinthismatter。NoristheCzarina’slessso；butmore，ifpossible；unappeasableexceptbydeath。ImperialMariaTheresahasmasculinereasonswithal；
greathopes，too，oflate。OftheWar’sendingtillflatimpossibilitystopit，thereisnolikelihood。
ToPittthisCampaign1759，inspiteofbadomensattheoutset，provedaltogethersplendid:butgreatlythereverseonFriedrich’sside；towhomitwasthemostdisastrousandunfortunatehehadyetmade，ordidevermake。Pittathiszenithinpublicreputation；
Friedrichneversolowbefore，nothingseeminglybutextinctionnearahead，whenthisYearended。Thetruthis，apartfromhisspecificpiecesofill—luck，therehadnowbegunforFriedrichanewruleofprocedure，whichmuchalteredhisappearanceintheworld。Thriceoverhadhetriedbytheaggressiveorinvasivemethod；thriceovermadeaplungeattheenemy’sheart，hopingsotodisarmorlamehim:butthat，withresourcesspenttosuchadegree，iswhathecannotdoafourthtime:heistooweakhenceforthtothinkofthat。
PrussiahasalwaysitsKing，andhisunrivalledtalent；butthatisprettymuchtheonlyfixeditem:PrussiaVERSUSFrance，Austria，Russia，SwedenandtheGermanReich，whatisitasafieldofsuppliesforwar！ExceptitsKing，thesearefailing，yearbyyear；
andataratefatallySWIFTincomparison。FriedrichcannotnowdoLeuthens，Rossbachs；far—shiningfeatsofvictory，whichastonishalltheworld。HisfinePrussianveteranshavemostlyperished；
andhavebeenreplacedbynewleviesandrecruits；whoareinferiorbothindisciplineandnativequality；——thoughtheyhavestill，peoplesay，anoteworthytasteoftheoldPrussiansortinthem；
anddo，infact，fightwelltothelast。But"itisobservable，"
saysRetzowsomewhere，andindeeditfollowsfromthenatureofthecase，"thatwhilethePrussianArmypresentsalwaysitsbestkindofsoldiersatthebeginningofawar，Austria，suchareitsresourcesinpopulation，alwaysimprovesinthatparticular，anditsbesttroopsappearinthelastcampaigns。"Inaword，Friedrichstandsonthedefensivehenceforth；disputinghisgroundinchbyinch:andisreduced，moreandmore，tobattleobscurelywithahydra—coilofenemiesandimpediments；andtodoheroismswhichmakenonoiseintheGazettes。And，alas，whichcannotfigureinHistoryeither，——whatismoreasorrowtomehere！
Friedrich，sayalljudgesofsoldiershipandhumancharacterwhohavestudiedFriedrichsufficiently，"isgreaterthanever，"inthesefourYearsnowcoming。[Berenhorst，inKriegskunst；
Retzow；&c。]Andthis，Ihavefoundmoreandmoretobeatruething；verifiableanddemonstrableintimeandplace，——
though，unluckilyforus，hardlyinthistimeorthisplaceatall！
Athingwhichcannot，byanymethod，bemademanifesttothegeneralreader；whodelightsinshiningsummaryfeats，andisimpatientoftediouspreliminariesandinvestigations，——especiallyofMAPS，whicharetheindispensablestrequisiteofall。Athing，inshort，thatbelongspeculiarlytosoldier—students；whocanundergothedullpreliminaries，mostdullbutmostinexorablyneeded；andcanfollowout，withwatchfulintelligence，andwithapatiencenottobewearied，themultifarioustopographies，detailsofmovementsandmanoeuvrings，yearafteryear，onsuchaTheatreofWar。Whatistobedonewithithere！Ifwecould，bysignificantstrokes，indicate，underfeaturestruesofarastheywent，thegreatwidefire—floodthatwasragingroundtheworld；
ifwecould，carefullyomittingverymanythings，omitofthethingsintelligibleanddecipherablethatconcernFriedrichhimself，nothingthathadmeaning:IFindeed——！Butitisidlepreluding。Forwardagain，bravereader，undersuchconditionsasthereare！
Friedrich’sWinterinBreslauwasofsecluded，silent，sombrecharacter，thistime；nothingofstirinitbutfromworkonly:
inmarkedcontrastwiththelast，anditskindlyvisitorsandgayeties。AFriedrichgivenuptohismanifoldbusinesses，tohissilentsorrows。"IhavepassedmywinterlikeaCarthusianmonk，"
hewritestoD’Argens:"Idinealone；Ispendmylifeinreadingandwriting；andIdonotsup。Whenoneissad，itbecomesatlasttooburdensometohideone’sgriefcontinually；anditisbettertogivewaytoitbyoneself，thantocarryone’sgloomintosociety。
Nothingsolacesmebutthevigorousapplicationrequiredinsteadyandcontinuouslabor。Thisdistractiondoesforceonetoputawaypainfulideas，whileitlasts:but，alas，nosooneristheworkdone，thanthesefatalcompanionspresentthemselvesagain，asiflivelierthanever。Maupertuiswasright:thesumofevildoescertainlysurpassthatofgood:——buttomeitisallone；Ihavealmostnothingmoretolose；andmyfewremainingdays，whatmattersitmuchofwhatcomplexiontheybe？"["Breslau，1stMarch，1759，"ToD’Argens（OEuvresdeFrederic，
xix。56）。]
ThelossofhisWilhelmina，hadtherebeennoothergrief，hasdarkenedallhislifetoFriedrich。Readersarenotpreparedforthedetailsofgriefwecouldgive，andthesettledgloomofmindtheyindicate。Alossirreparableandimmeasurable；thelightoflife，theonelovedheartthatlovedhim，gone。HispassionateappealstoVoltairetocelebrateforhiminversehislosttreasure，andatleastmakehervirtuesimmortal，areperhapsknowntoreaders:[ODESURLAMORTDES。A。S。MADAMELAPRINCESSEDE
BAREITH（inOEuvresdeVoltaire，xviii。
79—86）:seeFriedrich’sLettertohim（6thNovember，1758）；
withVoltaire’sVERSESinAnswer（nextmonth）；Friedrich’snewLetter（Breslau，23dJanuary1759），demandingsomethingmore，——
followedbytheODEjustcited（Ib。lxxii。402；lxxviii。82，92；
orOEuvresdeFrederic，xxiii。20—24:&c。]
alas，thisisaveryfeeblekindofimmortality，andFriedrichtoowellfeelsitsuch。AllWinterhedwellsinternallyonthesadmatter，thoughsoonfallingsilentonittoothers。
TheWarisevermoredarkanddismaltohim；awearing，harassing，nearlydisgustingtask；onwhich，however，dependslifeordeath。
ThisYear，he"expectstohave300，000enemiesuponhim；"and"is，withhisutmosteffort，gettingup150，000tosetagainstthem。"
Ofbusiness，initsmanykinds，therecanbenolack！Intheintervalshealsowroteconsiderably:oneofhisPiecesisaSERMON
ONTHELASTJUDGMENT；handedtoReaderDeCatt，oneevening:——toDeCatt’ssurprise，andtoours；theVoicelessinadarkFriedrichtryingtogiveitselfsomevoiceinthisway！[OEuvresdeFrederic，xv。1—10（seePreuss’sPREFACEthere；
Formey，SOUVENIRS，i。37；&c。&c。]AnotherPiece，altogetherpractical，anddonewithexcellentinsight，brevity，modesty，isONTACTICS；[REFLEXIONSSURLATACTIQUE:
inOEuvresdeFrederic，xxviii。153—166。]——
properlyitmightbecalled，"SeriousveryPrivateThoughts，"
thrownonpaper，andcommunicatedonlytotwoorthree，"OnthenewkindofTacticsnecessarywiththoseAustriansandtheirAllies，"
whoareinsuchoverwhelmingstrength。"Towhosecontinualsluggishness，andstrangewantofconcert，towhoseincoherencyofmovements，languorofexecution，andotherenormousfaults，wehaveowed，withsomeexcuseforourownfaults，ourescapingofdestructionhitherto，"——buthadbetterNOTtrustthatwayanylonger！Fouquetisoneofthehighlyselect，towhomhecommunicatesthisPiece；addingalongwithit，inFouquet’scase，anaffectionatelittleNote，and，inspiteofpoverty，someNew—year’sGift，asusual，——the"Widow’sMite[300pounds，wefind]；receiveitwiththesameheartwithwhichitwassetapartforyou:asmallhelp，whichyoumaywellhaveneedof，inthesecalamitoustimes。"["Breslau，23dDecember，1758；"withFouquet’sAnswer，2dJanuary，1759:inOEuvresdeFrederic，xx。114—117。]FouquetmuchadmiresthenewTacticalSuggestions；——seemstothink，however，thatthecertainlypracticableoneis，inparticular，thelast，Thatof"improvingourArtillerytosomeequalitywiththeirs。"Forwhich，asmayappear，theKinghasalreadybeentakingthought，inmorewaysthanone。
FinanceisnaturallyaheavypartofFriedrich’sProblem；thepartwhichlooksespeciallyimpossible，fromourpointofvision！
InFriedrich’sCountry，theWarBudgetdoesnotdifferfromthePeaceone。Neitherisanyborrowingpossible；thatsublimeArt，ofrollingoveronyouknownotwhomtheexpenditure，needfulorneedless，ofyourheavy—ladenself，hadnotyet——thoughEnglandisbusyatit——beeninventedamongNations。Once，orperhapstwice，fromtheSTANDEofsomewillingProvince，FriedrichnegotiatedsomesmallLoan；whichwaspunctuallyrepaidwhenPeacecame，andwasalwaysgratefullyremembered。Buttheseareasnothing，infaceofsuchexpenses；andthethoughthowhedidcontriveontheFinanceside，isandwasnotalittlewonderful。AningeniousPredecessor，whomIsometimesquote，hasexpressedhimselfinthesewords:——
"SuchmodicumofSubsidy[heisspeakingoftheEnglishSubsidyin1758]，howusefulwillitproveinaCountrybredeverywheretoSpartanthrift，accustomedtoregardwasteassin，andwhichwilllayoutnopennyexcepttopurpose！IguessthePrussianExchequeris，bythistime，muchontheebb；idlepreciousmetalstendingeverywheretowardsthemelting—pot。AtwhatprecisedatetheFriedrich—Wilhelmbalustrades，andenormoussilverfurnitures，werefirstgoneinto，Dryasdusthasnotinformedme:butweknowtheyallwent；astheywellmight。TomenothingissowonderfulasFriedrich’sBudgetduringthisWar。Onedayitwillbecarefullyinvestigated，elucidatedandmadeconceivableandcertaintomankind:butthatasyetisfarfrombeingthecase。Wewalkaboutinitwithastonishment；almost，wereitpossible，withincredulity。Expenditureonthisside，workdoneonthat:
humannature，especiallyBritishhumannature，refusestoconceiveit。Neverinthisworld，beforeorsince，wasthelike。
TheFriedrichmiraclesinWararegreat；butthoseinFinancearealmostgreater。LetDryasdustbethinkhim；andgirdhisflabbyloinstothisEnterprise；whichisverybehoovefulintheseCaliforniantimes！"——
ThegeneralSecretofPrussianThrift，Idofear，islostfromtheworld。AndhowanArmyofabout200，000，infieldandgarrison，couldbekeptonfoot，andinsomeabilitytofrontcombinedEurope，onaboutThreeMillionSterlingannually（"25millionTHALERS"=3，150，000pounds，thatisthesteadyWar—Budgetofthoseyears），remainstousinconceivableenough；——mournfullymiraculous，asitwere；andgrowingevermoresointheNugget—generationsthatnowrun。Meanwhile，herearewhathintsIcouldfind，ontheOriginsofthatmodestSum，whichalsoareawonder:[Preuss，ii。
388—392；Stenzel，v。137—141。]——
"ThehoardedPrussianMoneys，or’TREASURES’[twoofthem，KLEINE
SCHATZ，GROSSESCHATZ，whicharerigidlysavedinPeaceyears，forincidenceofWar]，beingnearlyrunout，therehadcometheEnglishSubsidy:this，withSaxony，andtheHomerevenuesandremnantsofSCHATZhadsufficedfor1758；butwillnolongersuffice。NexttoSaxony，theEnglishSubsidy（670，000poundsduethesecondtimethisyear）wasalwaysFriedrich’sprincipalresource:andinthelatteryearsoftheWar，Iobserve，itwasnearlytwicetheamountofwhatallhisPrussianCountriestogether，intheirravagedandworn—outstate，couldyieldhim。Inandafter1759，besidesHomeIncome，whichisgraduallydiminishing，andEnglishSubsidy，whichisasteadyquantity，Friedrich’ssourcesofrevenuearemainlyTwo:——
"FIRST，thereisthatofwringingmoneyfromyourEnemies，fromthosethathavedeservedillofyou，——suchofthemasyoucancomeat。Enemies，openorsecret，evenIll—wishers，wearenotparticular，providedonlytheyliewithinarm’s—length。UnderthisheadfallprincipallythreeCountries（andtheirthreepoorPopulations，inlieuoftheirGovernments）:Saxony，Mecklenburg（orthemainpartofit，Mecklenburg—SCHWERIN），andAnhalt；fromthesethreethereisacontinualforcedsupplyofmoneyandfurnishings。
TheirdemeritstoFriedrichdiffermuchinintensity；norishiswringingofthem——whichinthecasesofMecklenburgandSaxonyincreasesyearbyyeartothenearlyintolerablepitch——quiteinthesimpleratiooftheirdemerits；butinacompoundratioofthatandofhisindignationandofhiswants。
"Saxony，asPrimeAuthorofthisWar，wasfromthefirstlaidholdof，collaredtightly:’Paytheshot，then，whatyoucan’（intheenditwasalmostwhatyoucannot）！AstoMecklenburg—Schwerin，thegrudgeagainstPrussiawasofveryoldstanding，somegenerationsnow；andthepresentDuke，notaverywiseSovereignmorethanhisAncestors，hadalwaysbeenillwithFriedrich；willingtospiteandhurthimwhenpossible:inReichsDiethe，ofallGermanPrinces，wasthefirstthatvotedforFriedrich’sbeingputtoBanoftheReich，——he；andhispoorPeopleknowsincewhetherthatwasawisestep！ThelittleAnhaltPrinces，too，alltheAnhalts，Dessau，Bernburg，Cothen，Zerbst[perhapsthelatterpartiallyexcepted，foracertainRussianLady’ssake]，hadvoted，oratleasthadambiguouslyhalf—voted，infavoroftheBan，anddoneotherunfriendlythings；andhadnowtopaydearfortheirbitsofenmities。Poorsouls，theyhadbutOneVoteamongthemallFour；——
andtheyonlyhalfgaveit，tremulouslypullingitbackagain。
Ishouldguessitwastheirterrorsmainly，andover—readinesstoreckonFriedrichasinkingship；andtoleapfromthedeckofhim，——withaspurnwhichhetookforinsolent！TheAnhalt—Dessauersparticularly，whowereonceofhisveryArmy，halfPrussiansforgenerationsback，hereckonedtohaveusedhimscandalouslyill。
"ThisYeartherequisitionontheFourAnhalts——whichtheysubmittopatiently，aspeoplewhohaveleaptintothewrongship——is，inprecisetale:ofmoney，330，000thalers（about50，000pounds）；
recruits，2，200；horses，1，800。InSaxony，besidesthefixedTaxes，strictconfiscationofMeissenPotteriesandeveryRoyalty，therewereexactedheavy’Contributions，’moreandmoreheavy，fromthefewopulentTowns，chieflyfromLeipzig；whichwerewrungout，latterly，undergreatseverities，——’chiefmerchantsofLeipzigallclaptinprison，keptonbread—and—watertilltheyyielded，’——AS
greatseveritiesaswouldsuffice，butNOTgreater；whichalsowasnoted。UnfortunatechiefmerchantsofLeipzig，——withBruhlandPolishMajestylittlelikelytoindemnifythem！UnfortunateCountryaltogether。AnintelligentSaxon，whoisvouchedforasimpartial，bearswitnessasfollows:’AndthisIknow，thattheoppressionsandplunderingsoftheAustriansandReichsfolk，inSaxony，turnedallheartsawayfromthem；anditwaspubliclysaid，WehadratherbearthesteadyburdenofthePrussiansthansuchhelpastheseourpretendedDeliverersbring。’[Stenzel（citingfromKRIEGSKANZLEI，whichIhavenot），v。137n。]Whereby，onthewhole，thepoorCountrygotitsbackbroken，andcouldneverlookupintheworldsince。ResourceFIRSTwasabundantlysevere。
"ResourceSECONDisstrangestofall；——andhasgivenrisetocriticismenough！Itisnootherthanthatofissuingbasemoney；
mixingyourgoldandsilvercoinwithcopper，——this，onegrievestosay，istheSecondandextremeresource。（Arudemethod——wouldwehadabetter——ofsuspendingCash—payments，andpayingbybank—notesinstead！’thinksFriedrich，Isuppose。FromhisPrussianMints，fromhisSaxon[whicharehisforthepresent]，andfromthelittleAnhalt—BernburgMint[ofwhichheexpresslypurchasedthesadprivilege，——forwearenotaCoiner，weareaKingreducedtosuspendCash—payments，forthetimebeing]，FriedrichpouredoutoverallGermany，inallmannerofkinds，hugequantitiesofbadCoin。This，solongasitwouldlast，ismoreandmoreacopiousfountainofsupply。This，forthefirsttime，hashadtoappearasaniteminWar—Budget1759:anditfailsinnofollowing，butexpandsmoreandmore。ItwasdonethroughEphraim，thenotlovelyBerlinJew，whomweusedtohearofinVoltaire’stime；——throughEphraimandtwoothers，EphraimasPresident:inreturnforanetSum，theseshallhaveprivilegetocoinsuchandsuchamounts，soandsoalloyed；shallpaytoGeneralTauentzien，ArmyTreasurer，atfixedterms，theSumsspecified:’Go，anddoit；ourMint—Officerssharplywatchingyou；Mint—Officers，andGeneralTauentzien[withayoungHerrLessing，ashisChiefClerk，ofwhomtheKingknowsnothing]；Go，yeunlovely！’AndEphraimandCompanyaremakingagreatdealofmoneybytheunlovelyjob。Ephraimisthepairoftongs，thehand，andtheunlovelyjob，arearoyalman’s。
Alas，yes。AndnoneofusknowsbetterthanKingFriedrich，perhapsfewofusaswell，howlittlelovelyajobitwas；howshockinglyUNkinglyitwas，——thoughapracticenotunknowntoGermanKingsandKingletsbeforehistime，andsincedownalmosttoours。
[InSTENZEL（v。141）enumerationofeightornineunhappyPotentates，whowerebusywithitinthosesameyears。]Infact，theseareallunkinglypractices；——andtheEnglishSubsidyitselfisdistastefultoaproudFriedrich:butwhat，inthosecircumstances，cananyFriedrichdo？
"ThefirstcoinagesofEphraimhad，itseems，inthemabout3—7thsofcopper；somethinglessthanthehalf，andmorethanthethird，"
——yourgoldsovereigngrowntobeworth28s。6d。"Butyearlyitgrewworse；andin1762[EnglishSubsidyhavingfailed]mattershadgotinverted；andtherewasthreetimesasmuchcopperassilver。
Commerce，aswasnatural，wentrockingandtossing，asonaseaunderearthquakes；buttherewasalwaysreadymoneyamongFriedrich’ssoldiers，asamongnoother:nordidthecommonpeople，orretailpurchasers，sufferbyit。’Hah，anEphraimite！’theywouldsay，grinningnotill—humoredly，atsightofoneofthesepieces；someofwhichtheyhadmorespecificallynamed’BLUE—GOWNS’
[owingtoatintofblueperceivable，inspiteoftheindustriousplatinginrealsilver，oratleast"boilinginsomesolution"ofit]；thesetheywouldsalutewiththisrhyme，thencurrent:——
"Vonaussenschon，vaninnenschlimm；
VonaussenFriedrich，voninnenEphraim。
Outsidenoble，insideslim:
OutsideFriedrich，insideEphraim。
"Bythistime，whateverofmoney，fromanysource，canbescrapedtogetherinFriedrich’sworld，flowswhollyintotheArmy—Chest，astherealcitadeloflife。IntheselatteryearsoftheWar，beginning，Icouldguess，from1759，allCivilexpenditures，andwagesofOfficials，ceasetobepaidinmoney；nobodyofthatkindseesthecolorevenofbadcoin；butispaidonlyin’PaperAssignments，’inPromisestoPay’afterthePeace。’ThesePaperDocumentsmadenopretencetotherankofCurrency:suchholdersofthemashadmoney，orfriends，andcouldwait，gotpunctualpaymentwhenthetermdidarrive；butthosethatcouldnot，sufferedgreatly；havingtonegotiatetheirdebenturesonruinousterms，——
sometimesatanexpenseofthree—fourths。——IwilladdFriedrich’spracticalScheduleofAmountsfromallthesevariousSources；
andwhatFriedrich’sownviewoftheSourceswas，whenhecouldsurveythemfromthesafedistance。
"SCHEDULEOFAMOUNTS[sayfor1761]。TomakeuptheTwenty—fiveMillionthalers，necessaryfortheArmy，thereare:——
"FromourPrussianCountries，ruined，harriedasTHALERS
theyhavebeen，……4millionsonly。
FromSaxonyandtheotherWringings，……7millions。
EnglishSubsidy（4ofgoodgold；becopperedintodouble），……8"
FromEphraimandhisFarmoftheMint（MUNZ—PATENT），……7"
InsumTwenty—sixMillions；leavingyouoneMillionofmargin，——
andalwaysaplentyofcashinhandforincidentalsundries。
[Preuss，ii。388。]
"Friedrich’sownviewofthesesadmatters，ashecloseshisHistoryoftheSeven—YearsWar[at"Berlin，17thDecember，1763"]，isinthesewords:’MayHeavengrant，——ifHeavendeigntolookdownonthepaltryconcernsofmen，——thattheunalterableandflourishingdestinyofthisCountrypreservetheSovereignswhoshallgovernitfromthescourgesandcalamitieswhichPrussiahassufferedinthesetimesoftroubleandsubversion；thattheymayneveragainbeforcedtorecurtotheviolentandfatalremedieswhichwe（L’ON）havebeenobligedtoemployinmaintenanceoftheStateagainsttheambitioushatredoftheSovereignsofEurope，whowishedtoannihilatetheHouseofBrandenburg，andexterminatefromtheworldwhateverborethePrussianname！’"[OEuvresdeFrederic，
v。234。]
OFTHESMALL—WARINSPRING，1759。THEREAREFIVEDISRUPTIONS
OFTHATGRANDCORDON（February—April）；ANDFERDINANDOF
BRUNSWICKFIGHTSHISBATTLEOFBERGEN（April13th）。
Friedrich，beingdeniedanaggressivecoursethisYear，bynomeanssitsidlyexpectantanddefensiveintheinterim；but，allthemorevigorously，asisobservable，fromFebruaryonwards，strikesoutfromhimoneveryside:endeavoringtospoiltheEnemy’sMagazines，andcripplehisoperationsinthatway。Sothattherewas，allwinterthrough，agooddealofSmall—War（someofitnotSmall），ofmoreimportancethanusual，——chieflyofFriedrich’soriginating，withtheaboveview，orofFerdinandhisAlly’s，onastillmorepressingscore。And，onthewhole，thatimmenseAustrian—FrenchCordon，whichgoesfromtheCarpathianstotheOcean，hadbynomeansaquiettime；butwasbrokeninto，andviolentlyhurledback，indifferentparts:somefour，orevenfive，attacksuponitinall；threeofthembyPrinceHenri，——intwoofwhichDukeFerdinand’speopleco—operated；thebusinessbeingformutualbehoof。TheselatterThreewerefamousintheworld，thatWinter；
andindeedarestillrecognizableasbrilliantproceduresoftheirkind；though，exceptdatesandresults，wecanaffordalmostnothingofthemhere。TheseThree，intendedchieflyagainstReichspeopleandtheirPostsandMagazines，felloutonthewesternandmiddlepartoftheCordon。Anotherattackwasintheextremeeastward，andwasforFriedrich’sownbehoof；underFouquet’smanagement；——intendedagainsttheAustrian—MoravianMagazinesandPreparations，buthadlittlesuccess。Stillanotherassault，orinvasiveoutroad，northwardagainsttheRussianMagazines，therealsowas；ofwhichbyandby。Besidesallwhich，andmorememorablethanall，DukeFerdinand，forvitalreasonsofhisown，foughtaBattlethisSpring，considerableBattle，anddidNOTgainit；
whichmadegreatnoiseintheworld。
Itisnotnecessarythereadershouldloadhismemorywithdetailsofallthesepreliminarythings；onthecontrary，itisnecessarythathekeephismemoryclearforthefarmoreimportantthingsthatlieaheadofthese，andentertaintheseinasummaryway，asakindofforegroundtowhatiscoming。PerhapsthefollowingFractionsofNote，whichputmattersinsomethingofChronologicalorSynopticalform，willsufficehim，ormorethansuffice。HeistounderstandthatthegrandtugofWar，thisYear，graduallyturnsoutnottobehereabouts，norwithDaunandhisadjacenciesatall，butwiththeRussians，whoarrivefromtheoppositeNorthernquarter；andthatallelsewillprovetobemerelyprefatoryandnugatoryincomparison。
JANUARY2d，1759:FRANKFURT—ON—MAYN，THOUGHITISAREICHSTADT，FINDSITSELFSUDDENLYBECOMEFRENCH。"PrincedeSoubiseliesbetweenMaynandLahn，withhis25，000；beautifullysafeandconvenient，——thoughilloffforaplace—of—armsinthoseparts。
OpulentFrankfurt，onhisright；howhandywouldthatbe，werenotReichsLawsoexpress！Marburg，Giessenareoutpostsofhis；
onwhichsideoneofFerdinand’speople，PrincevonYsenburg，watcheshimwithan8or10，000，capableofmischiefinthatquarter。
"OntheEveofNew—year’sday，orontheauspiciousDayitself，Soubiserequests，oftheFrankfurtAuthorities，permissionforaregimentofhistomarchthroughthatImperialCity。Towhich，bylawandtheory，theImperialCitycansayYesorNo；
butpracticallycannot，withoutgraveinconvenience，sayotherthanYes，thoughmostFrankfurterswishitcould。’Yes，’answertheFrankfurtMagnates；Yessurely，undertheknownconditions。
Tuesday，January2d，about5inthemorning，whileallisstilldarkinFrankfurt，regimentNassauappears，accordingly，attheSachsenhausenGate，Town—guardpeopleallreadytoreceiveitandescortitthrough；andisadmittedasusual。Quiteasusual:butinsteadofbeingescortedthrough，itorders，incalmperemptoryvoice，theTown—guard，Togroundarms；withcalmrapidityproceedstoadmittenotherregimentsorbattalions，sixofthemGerman；
seizestheartilleryontheWalls，seizesalltheotherGates:——andpoorFrankfurtfindsitselftiedhandandfoot，almostbeforeitisoutofbed！Donewithgreatexactitude，withtheminimumofconfusion，andwithoutahurtskintoanybody。TheInhabitantsstoodsilent，gazing；theTown—guardlaiddowntheirarms，andwenthome。TotallyagainstLaw；butcleverlydone；perhapsSoubise’schiefexploitintheworld；certainlytheonerealsuccesstheFrenchhaveyethad。
"SoubisemadehastetosummontheMagistrates:’LawofNecessityalone，mosthonoredSirs！ReichsLawisclearagainstme。Butallthemoreshallprivateliberties，religions，properties，inthisImperialFree—Town，besacredtous。Defenceagainstanyaggression:andthestrictestdisciplineobserved。Dependonme，I
bidyou！’——Andkepthiswordtoanhonorabledegree，theysay；
orinabsence，madeitbekept，duringtheFourYearsthatfollow。
MostFrankfurtersare，atheart，Anti—French:butSoubise’saffabilitywasperfect；andhegaveeveningpartiesofasublimecharacter；theMagistratesallappearingthere，intheirsquareperukesandlonggowns，withamournfuljoy。"[Tempelhof，iii。7—8；
Stenzel，v。198—200。]
Soubisesoonwenthome，toassistinimportantbusinesses，——
InvasionofEngland，noless；letEnglandlooktoitselfthisSummer！——andBrogliosucceededhim，asArmy—CaptainintheFrankfurtparts；withlaurelsaccruing，moreorless。Soubise，likeBroglio，beganwithRossbach；SoubiseendswithFrankfurt，forthepresent；whereBroglioalsogainshischieflaurels，aswillshortlybeseen。FrankfurtisagreatgaintoFrance，thoughanillicitone。ItputsabaronDukeFerdinandinthatquarter；
securesastarting—pointforattacksonHessen，Hanover；
forco—operationwithContadesandtheLowerRhine。ItistheonesuccessFrancehasyethadinthisWar，orprettymuchthatiteverhadinit。DuetoPrincedeSoubise，inthatillegalfashion。——
AhighlyremarkablelittleBoy，nowinhistenthyear，JohannWolfgangGoethe，hashiswonderingeyesonthesethings:and，shortwhilehence，meetsdaily，onthestairsandlobbiesathome，apleasantFrenchOfficialGentlemenwhoisquarteredthere；
——————page195BookXIX—————^[sic]———————————
betweenwhomandPapaoccurrubs，——asreadersmayremember，andshallhearinAprilcoming。
GRANDCORDONDISRUPTED:ERFURTCOUNTRY，16thFEBRUARY—2dMARCH。
"AboutsixweeksafterthisFrankfurtachievement，certainReichsfolkandAustrianAuxiliariesareobservedtobecuttingdownendlesstimber，’18，800palisades，6，000treesof60feet，’andotherhugefurnishings，fromthepoorDukeofGotha’swoods；
evidentlymeaningtofortifythemselvesinErfurt。UponwhichPrinceHenridetachesaGeneralKnoblochthitherward，DukeFerdinandcontributing4，000tomeethimthere；whichcombinedexpedition，aftersomesharpknockingandshoving，entirelydisrootedtheAustriansandReichsfolk，andsentthempacking。
Hadthemquitetornoutbytheendofthemonth；andhadplannedto’attackthemontwosidesatonce’（March2d），withaviewofswallowingthemwhole，——whenthey（theseReichsVolscians，insuchastateofflutter）privatelyhastenedoff，oneandallofthem，thedaybefore。"[Narrative，inHelden—Geschichte，v。1022etseq。]
ThiswasBREAKAGEFIRSToftheGrandCordon；anexplosivehurlingofitbackoutofthoseErfurtparts。DonebyPrinceHenri’speople，inconcertwithDukeFerdinand’s，——whoweremutuallyinterestedinthething。
BREAKAGESECOND:ERFURT—FULDACOUNTRY，31stMARCH—8thAPRIL。
"AbouttheendofMarch，theseintrusiveAustrianReichsfolkmadesomeattempttocomebackintothoseCountries；butagaingotnothingbuthardknocks；andgaveuptheErfurtproject。For，closefollowingonthisFIRST，therewasaSECONDstilldeeperandrougherBreakage，inthosesameregions；theHereditaryPrinceofBrunswickdashingthrough，onaspecialErrandofFerdinand’sown[ofwhichpresently]，withan8or10，000，inhisusualfierymanner；homeintotheverybowelsoftheReich（April3d，andforaweekonward）；andreturningwith’above2，000prisoners’inhand；
especiallywithaReichwellfrightenedbehindhim；——stillintimeforDukeFerdinand’sAdventure[infact，forhisBattleofBergen，ofwhichwearetohear]。HadbeenwellassistedbyPrinceHenri，who’madednngerousdemonstrationsinthedistance，’andwasextremelydiligent——thoughtheinterestwaschieflyFerdinand’sthistime。"[Tempelhof，iii。19—22。]——ContemporarywiththatFIRST
ErfurtBusiness，therewenton，300milesawayfromit，inthequiteoppositedirection，anotherofthesame；——toocurioustobeomitted。
ACROSSTHEPOLISHFRONTIER:FEBRUARY，24th—MARCH4th。"IntheendofFebruary，GeneralWobersnow，anactiveman，wasdetachedfromGlogau，overintoPoland，Posenway，TooverturntheRussianprovisionoperationsthereabouts；inparticular，tolookintoacertainhigh—flyingPolack，aPrinceSulkowskiofthoseparts；
whowithalldiligenceisgatheringfood，inexpectationoftheRussianadvent；andindeedhasformally’declaredWaragainsttheKingofPrussia；’havingtheright，hesays，asaPolishMagnate，subjectonlytohisownhighthoughtinsuchaffairs。TheRussiansandtheirwarsaredeartoSulkowski。Hefellprisonerintheircause，atZorndorf，lastAutumn；wasstuck，likealltheothers，Soltikoffhimselfamongthem，intothevaultedpartsofCustrinGarrison:’IamsorryIhavenoSiberiaforyou，’saidFriedrich，looking，notinabenignway，onthecaptiveDignitaries，thathotafternoon；’gotoCustrin，andseewhatyouhaveprovidedforyourselves！’Whichtheyhadtodo；nothing，forcertaindays，butcellaragetolodgein；Kinginexorable，deaftoremonstrance。
WhichpossiblymayhavecontributedtokindleSulkowskiintotheseextremelyhighproceedings。