Housed，protected，sumptuouslyfed，theluxuriouschildrenkeeptotheirMother'ssideformonthsandyears，andonlyquittheparentalroofwhentheirfilialeducationiscomplete。
OnacasualviewoftheExaminer'sReportonthesevariouschildrenofNature，thephysiologist，asdistinguishedfromtheeducationalist，mightobjectthatsofarfrombeingthesubjectofcongratulationitisaclearcaseforcensure。IfearlyNaturecouldturnoutready-madeanimalsinasinglehour，isitnotaretrogrademovetohavetotakesolongaboutitlateron？WhenonecontraststhefreeswimmingembryoofaMedusa，dashingoutintoitsheroiclifethemomentitisborn，withthehelplesskittenorthesightlesspup，isitunfairtoaskifNaturehasnotlostthetrickofmakinglustylives？Isshenottryingthenewexperimentattheriskofblunderingtheoldone，andwhycannotshecontinuetheearlierandmorebrilliantdeviceofmakingherchildrenknight-errantsfromthefirst？Becausebrillianceisnotherobject。
Herobjectisethicalaswellasphysiological；andthoughwhenwelookbelowthesurfaceapurelyphysiologicalexplanationoftheriddlewillappear，theethicalgainisnotlessclear。Bycurbingthemsheiseducatingthem，tamingthem，rescuingthemfromawildandlawlesslife。Theserovingembryosaremerebandits；theirnatureandhabitsmustbechanged；notasternerracebutagentlerracemustbeborn。Newwordsmustcomeintotheworld——Home，Love，Mother。AndtheseimperceptiblyslowdrawingstogetherofparentandchildaretheinevitablepreliminariesofthedomesticationoftheHumanRace。Regardedfromtheethicalpointofviewtherearefewthingsmoresignificantthanthisreining-inoftheworld'srampantyouth，thistighteningthebondsoffamilylife，thismostgentleintroductionofgentlenessintoaworldcoldwithmotherlesschildrenandheartlesswithchildlessmothers。
Thepersonaltieonceformedbetweenparentandoffspringcouldneverbeundone，andfromthismomentonwardsmustgrowfrommoretomore。Forobservewhathashappened。Agenerationhasgrownuptowhomthistieisthenecessityofexistence。EveryMammalianchildbornintotheworldmustcometobefed，must，foragivennumberofhourseachday，beinthematernalschool，andwhetheritlikeitornot，learnitslessons。NoyoungofanyMammalcannourishitself。ThereisthatinitthereforeatthisstagewhichcompelsittoseekitsMother；
andthereisthatintheMotherwhichcompelsitevenphysically——andthisisthefourthprocess，onwhichitisneedlesstodwell——toseekherchild。
Onthephysiologicalside，thenameofthisimpellingpowerislactation；
ontheethicalside，itisLove。AndthereisnoescapehenceforthfromcommunionbetweenMotherandchild，oronlyone——death。BreakthisnewbondandtheMammaliabecomeextinct。Natureisinearnesthere，ifanywhere。
ThetrainingofHumanityisseentobeunderacompulsoryeducationact。
Itisintheseverityanddreadofherpenalties，coupledwiththeimpossibilityofevadingtheleastofthem，thatthewillofNatureandtheseriousnessofherpurposesaremostdeclared。Forthephysiologicalgainswhichunderlietheseethicalrelationsareall-important。ItislargelyowingtothemthattheMammaliahavetakentheirplaceinthevanoftheprocessionoflife。Undertheearliersystemlifehadabadstart；eachanimalhadtopushitswayupwardsingle-handedfromtheegg。Itwasplanted，sotospeak，onthefirstrungoftheladder，andastherisksoflifeareimmeasurablygreatininfancy，ithadalltheseriskstotake。Underthenewsystemitislaunchedintothebattlealreadynourishedandstrong，andpassedscathelessthroughthefirstvicissitudesofyouth。InthehigherMammalia，invirtueofthepossessionbythisgroupofaplacentainadditiontotheordinaryMammaliancharacteristics，theyounghaveadoublechanceofasuccessfulstart。Thedevelopment，infact，ofhigherformsoflifeontheearthhasdependedonthephysicalperfectingofMothers，andofthephysiologicaltieswhichbindthemtotheiryoung。WiththeimmensestructuraladvanceoftheMammalia，anorderofbeingwasintroducedintoNaturewhosecontinuityasanallbutimmortalseriescouldneverbebroken。
Thuswhatevermoralrelationsunderlietheextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicofthishighestclassofanimals，thereistheaddedguaranteethattheycanneverbedestroyed。
Withthephysicalprogrammecarriedouttothelastdetail，theethicaldramaopened。Anearlyresult，partlyofhersex，andpartlyofherpassivestrain，isthefoundingthroughtheinstrumentalityofthefirstsavageMotherofanewandabeautifulsocialstate——Domesticity。
WhileMan，restless，eager，hungry，isawandererontheearth，WomanmakesaHome。AndthoughthisHomebebutaplatformofsticksandleaves，suchasthegorillabuildsonatree，itbecomesthefirstgreatschoolroomofthehumanrace。Foronedaythereappearsinthisrooflessroomthatwhichistoteachtheteachersoftheworld——aLittleChild。
NogreaterdayeverdawnedforEvolutionthanthisonwhichthefirsthumanchildwasborn。ForthereenteredthenintotheworldtheonethingwantingtocompletetheAscentofMan——atutorfortheaffections。ItmaybethataMotherteachesaChild，butinafardeepersenseitistheChildwhoteachestheMother。MillionsofmillionsofMothershadlivedintheworldbeforethis，butthehigheraffectionswereunborn。Tenderness，gentleness，unselfishness，love，care，self-sacrifice——theseasyetwerenot，orwereonlyinthebud。Maternityexistedinhumbleforms，butnotyetMotherhood。TocreateMotherhoodandallthatenshrinesitselfinthatholywordrequiredahumanchild。ThecreationoftheMammaliaestablishedtwoschoolsintheworld——thetwooldestandsurestandbestequippedschoolsofEthicsthathaveeverbeeninit——theonefortheChild，whomustnowatleastknowitsMother，theotherfortheMother，whomustascertainlyattendtoherChild。Theonlythingthatremainsnowistosecurethattheyshallbothbekeptinthatschoolaslongasitispossibletodetainthem。ThenexteffortofEvolution，therefore——thefifthprocessasonemightcallit——istolengthenouttheseschooldays，andgiveaffectiontimetogrow。
NoanimalexceptManwaspermittedtohavehiseducationthusprolonged。Manycreatureswereallowedtostayatschoolforafewdaysorweeks，buttooneonlywasgivenacurriculumcompleteenoughtoaccomplishitsexaltedend。Watchtwoofthehighestorganismsduringtheirearliestyouth，andobservethestrikingcontrastinthetimetheyaremadetoremainattheirMother'sside。Thefirstisahumaninfant；
thesecond，born，letussuppose，onthesamedayisababymonkey。InafewdaysorweeksthebabymonkeyisalmostabletoleaveitsMother。
Alreadyitcanclimb，andeat，andchatterlikeitsparents；andinafewweeksmorethecreatureisasindependentofthemasthewinged-seedisoftheparenttree。Meantime，andformanymonthstocome，itslittletwinisunabletofeeditself，orclotheitself，orprotectitself；itisameresemi-unconsciouschattel，asprawlingballofhelplessness，theworld'sonetypeofimpotence。Thebodyisthereinallitsparts，boneforboneandmuscleformuscle，liketheother。Butsomehowthisbodywillnotdoitswork。Somethingasyethangsfire。Thebodyhaseyesbuttheyseenot，earsbuttheyhearnot，limbsbuttheywalknot。Thisbodyisafailure。
Whydoesthehumaninfantlielikealogontheforest-bedwhileitsnimbleprototypemocksitfromtheboughabove？Whydidthatwhichisnothumanstepoutintolifesolongbeforethatwhichis？
ThequestionhasbeenansweredforusbyMr。
JohnFiske，andtheworldhereowestohimoneofthemostbeautifulcontributionsevermadetotheEvolutionofMan。Weknowwhatthisdelaymeansethically——itwasnecessaryformoraltrainingthatthehumanchildshouldhavethelongestpossibletimebyitsMother'sside——butwhatdeterminesitonthephysicalside？Thethingthatconstitutesthedifferencebetweenthebabymonkeyandthebabymanisanextrapieceofmachinerywhichthelastpossessesandthefirstdoesnot。Itisthiswhichiskeepingbackthebabyman。
Whatisthatpieceofmachinery？Abrain，ahumanbrain。Thechild，nevertheless，isnotusingit。Why？Becauseitisnotquitefittedup。Natureisworkinghardatit；butowingtoitsintricacyanddelicacytheprocessrequiresmuchtime，andtillallisreadythebabemustremainathing。Andwhydoesthemonkey-braingetreadyfirst？Becauseitisaneasiermachinetomake。Andwhyshoulditbeeasiertomake？Becauseitisonlyrequiredtodothelife-workofanAnimal；theotherhastodothelife-workofaMan。MentalEvolution，infact，herestepsin，andmakesanunexpectedcontributiontotheethicaldevelopmentoftheworld。
AnapparatusforcontrollingoneoftheloweranimalscanbeturnedoutfromtheworkshopofNaturesometimesinaday。
Thewheelsarefew，theworksaresimple，theconnectionsrequirelittletimeforadjustmentorcorrection。Everythingthatahumbleorganismwilldohasbeendoneamilliontimesbyitsparents，andalreadythefacultieshavebeencarefullyinstructedbyheredityandwillautomaticallyrepeatthewholelifeandmovementoftheirrace。ButwhenaManismade，itisnotanautomatonthatismade。Thisbeingwilldonewthings，thinknewthoughts，originatenewwaysoflife。Hisimmediateancestorshavedonethesame，butdonesomeofthemsoseldom，andothersofthemforsoshortatime，thatheredityhasfailedtonoticethem。Forhalfthelifethereforethatliesbeforethehumanoffspringnostorageofhabithasbeenhandeddownfromthepast。Eachdescendantmustcarveawaythroughtheworldforitself，andlearntocomportitselfthroughallthevaryingincidentsoflifeasbestitcan。Nowtheequipmentforthisisverycomplex。Intotheinfant'sframemustbefittednotonlytheapparatusforautomaticrepetitionofwhatitsparentshavedone，buttheapparatusforintelligentinitiation；notonlythemachineryforcarryingontheinvoluntaryandreflexactions——involuntaryandreflexbecausetheyhavebeendonesooftenbyitsancestorsastohavebecomeautomatic——butforthevoluntaryandself-consciouslifewhichwilldonewthings，choosefreshalternatives，seekhigherandmorevariedends。Theinstrumentwhichwillattendtobreathingevenwhenweforgetit；theapparatuswhichwillmaketheheartbeateventhoughwetrytostopit；theself-actingspringwhichmakestheeyelidclosethemomentitisthreatened——theseandahundredothersareoldandwell-triedinventionswhich，fromceaselesspracticegenerationaftergeneration，workperfectlyineachnewindividualfromthestart。Naturethereforeneedwastenotimeatthislatedayontheirimprovement。Butthehigherbrainiscomparativelyanewthingintheworld。Ithastoundertakeavasterrangeofduties，oftentotallynewordersofduties；ithastodothingswhichitsforerunnershadnotquitelearnedtodo，orhadnotquitelearnedtodounthinkingly，andtheinconceivablycomplexmachineryrequirestimetosettletoitswork。Theolderbrain-processeshavebeengreatlyacceleratedevennow，andappearinfullactivityatanearlystageintheinfant'slife，butthenewerandthehigherareinperfectorderonlyafteraconsiderableintervalofadjustmentandelaboration。
NowInfancy，physiologicallyconsidered，meansthefittingupofthisextramachinerywithinthebrain；andaccordingtoitselaboratenesswillbethetimerequiredtoperfectit。Asailingvesselmayputtoseathemomenttheriggingisin；asteamermustwaitfortheengines。Andthecompensationtothesteamerforthelongertimeindockisdiscoveredbyandbyinitsvastlygreaterusefulness，itspowerofvaryingitscourseatwill，andinitssuperiorsafetyintimeofwarorstorm。Foritsgreaterafter-usefulnessalso，itsmorevariedcareer，itssaferlife，humanityhastopaytributetoEvolutionbyadelayedandhelplessInfancy，aprolongedandcriticalconstructiveprocess。Childhoodinitsearlystageisaseriesofinstallationsandtrialsofthenewmachinery，aslowexperimentingwithpowersandfacultiessofreshthatheredityinhandingthemdownhasbeenunabletoaccompanythemwithfulldirectionsastotheiruse。
TheBrainofMan，tochangethefigure——ifindeedanyfigureofthatmarvellousmolecularstructurecanbeattemptedwithoutseriouslymisleading——isanelevatedtable-landofstratifiednervousmatter，furrowedbydeepandsinuouscanons，andtraversedbyavastnet-workofhighwaysalongwhichThoughtspasstoandfro。Theoldandoften-repeatedThoughts，ormentalprocesses，passalongbeatentracks；thenewerThoughtshavelessmarkedfootpaths；thenewerstillarecompelledtoconstructfreshThought-routesforthemselves。Graduallythesebecomeestablishedthoroughfares；butintheincreasingtrafficandcomplexityoflife，newpathsinendlessmultitudeshavetobeadded，andbyelanesandloopsbetweentheolderhighwaysmustbethrownintothesystem。Thestationsupontheseroadsfromwhichthetravellerssetoutarecells；theroadsaretransitfibres；thetravellersthemselvesareinphysiologicallanguagenervousdischarges，inpsychologicallanguagementalprocesses。Eachnewmentalprocessinvolvesanewredistributionofnervousmatteramongthecells，anewtravellingofnervousdischargealongoneormanyofthetransitfibres。Nowineverynewconnectionofideasmultitudesofcellsandevenmultitudesofgroupsofcellsmaybeconcerned，sothatshouldithappenthatacombinationoftheseprecisecentreshadneverbeenmadebefore，itisobviousthatnoroutescouldpossiblyexistbetweenthem，andthesemustthenandtherebeprospected。EachnewThoughtisthereforeapioneer，aroad-maker，orroad-chooser，throughthebrain；andtheexhaustlesspossibilitiesofcontinuousdevelopmentmaybejudgedfromtheendlessnessofthepossiblecombinations。Intheoldestandmost-usedbraintheremustalwaysremainvastterritoriesstilltobeexplored，and，asitwere，civilized；andinallmenmultitudesofpossibleconnectionscontinuetothelastunrealized。
Whenitisremembered，indeed，thatthebrainitselfisverylarge，thelargestmassofnerve-matterintheorganicworld；whenitisfurtherrealizedthateachofthecellsofwhichitisbuiltupmeasuresonlyoneten-thousandthofaninchindiameter，thatthetransitfibreswhichconnectthemareofaltogetherunimaginablefineness，thelimitlessnessofthepowersofThoughtandtheinconceivablecomplexityoftheseprocesseswillbegintobeunderstood。
NowitisowingtothenecessityforhavingacertainnumberofthemoreusefulroutesestablishedbeforethebabecanbetrustedfromitsMother'sside，thatthedelayofInfancyisrequired。
Andevenafterthechildhasbeguntopractisetheartoflivingforitself，timehasstilltobegrantedformanypurposes——fornewroute-making，forbecomingfamiliarwithestablishedthoroughfares，forpractisinguponobstaclesandgradients，forlearningtoperformthejourneysquicklyandwithoutfatigue，forallowingactsrepeatedtoaccelerateandembodythemselvesashabits。Inthesavagestate，wheretheafter-lifeissimple，theadjustmentsaremadewithcomparativeeaseandspeed；butasweriseinthescaleofcivilizationthenecessaryperiodofInfancylengthensstepbystepuntilinthecaseofthemosthighlyeducatedman，whereadjustmentsmustbemadetoawideintellectualenvironment，theageoftutelageextendsforalmostaquarterofacentury。
Theuseofallthistomorals，thereactionsespeciallyupontheMother，aretooobvioustodwellon。Tillthebrainarrived，everythingwastoobrief，toorapidforethicalachievements；
animalswereinahurrytobeborn，childrenthirstedtobefree。Therewasnohelplessnesstopity，nopaintorelieve，noquiethours，nowatching；
totheMothernomomentofsuspense——themosteducativemomentofall——whenthesparkoflifeinherlittleoneburnedlow。Parentscouldbenousetotheiroffspringphysically，andtheoffspringcouldbenousetotheirparentspsychically。TheyoungrequirednoInfancy；theoldacquirednoSympathy。EvenamongtheotherMammaliaortheBirdstheMother'schancewassmall。ThereInfancyextendstoafewdaysorweeks，yetisbutanincidentinalifepreoccupiedwithsternertasks。Alionesswillbleedforhercubto-day，andintomorrow'sstruggleforlifecontendwithittothedeath。Asheepknowsitslambonlywhileitisalamb。Theaffectioninthesecases，fierceenoughwhileitlasts，issoonforgotten，andthetracesitleftinthebrainareobliteratedbeforetheyhavefurrowedintohabit。AmongtheCarnivoraitisinstructivetoobservethatwhilethebriefspanofinfancyadmitsoftheMotherlearningalittleLove，thefather，forwantofevensobriefalesson，remainsuntouched，sowhollyuntouchedindeedthattheMotherhasoftentohideheroffspringfromhimlesttheybedevoured。LovethenhadnochancetilltheHumanMothercame。
Toheralonewasgivenacurriculumprolongedenoughtolethergraduateintheschooloftheaffections。Notfordaysorweeks，butformonths，asthecryofherinfant'shelplessnesswentforth，shemuststandbetweentheflickeringflameanddeath；andforyearstocome，untilthebuddingintellectcouldtakeitsowncommand，thisLovedarenotgrowcold，orpauseanhourinitsunselfishministryBeginatthebeginningagainandrecallthefactofwoman'spassivestrain。Atendencytopassivitymeans，amongotherthings，acapacitytositstill。Beitbutforaminuteoranhourdoesnotmatter；thepointisthatthefaintestpossiblecapacityisthere。
ForthisistheembryoofPatience，andifmuchandlongnursedafullyfledgedPatiencewillcomeoutofit。Supplynexttothisnewvirtuesomedefiniteobjectonwhichtopractise，letussayachild。WhenthischildisintroubletheMotherwillobservethesignsofpain。Itscrywillawakenassociations，andinsomedullsensetheMotherwillfeelwithit。But"feelingwithanother"istheliteraltranslationofthenameofasecondvirtue——Sympathy。Fromfeelingwithit，theparentwillsoonerorlaterbeledtodosomethingtohelpit；thenitwilldomorethingstohelpit；finallyitwillbealwayshelpingit。Now，tocareforthingsistobecomeCareful；totendthingsistobecomeTender。Herearefourvirtues——Patience，Sympathy，Carefulness，Tenderness——alreadydawninguponmankind。
OnoccasionSympathywillbecalledoutinunusualways。Criseswilloccur——dangers，famines，sicknesses。AtfirsttheMotherwillbeunabletomeettheseextremedemands——herfundofSympathyistoopoor。Shecannottakeanyexceptionaltrouble，orforgetherself，ordoanythingveryheroic。Thechild，unabletobreastthedangeralone，dies。Itiswellthatthisshouldbeso。ItistheseverityandrighteousjusticeofNature——thetragedyofIvanIvanovitchanticipatedbyEvolution。
AMotherwhohasfailedinhelpfulnessmustleavenosuccessortoperpetuateherunworthinessinposterity。Somewhereelse，however，developingalongsimilarlines，thereisanotherfractionallybetterMother。Whentheemergencyoccurs，sherisestotheoccasion。Foronehourshetranscendsherself。
Thatdayacubitisaddedtothemoralstatureofmankind；thefirstactofSelf-Sacrificeisregisteredinfavourofthehumanrace。ItmayormaynotbethatthechildwillacquireitsMother'svirtue。Butunselfishnesshasscored；itschildhasproveditselffittertosurvivethanthechildofSelfishness。Itdoesnotfollowthatinallcircumstancesthenoblerwillbealwaysvictorious：butithasagreatchance。Afewscoremoreofcenturies，afewmoremillionsofMothers，andthegermsofPatience，Carefulness，Tenderness，Sympathy，andSelf-SacrificewillhaverootedthemselvesinHumanity。
SeethenwhattheSavageMotherandherBabehavebroughtintotheworld。WhenthefirstMotherawoketoherfirsttendernessandwarmedherlonelinessatherinfant'slove，whenforamomentsheforgotherselfandthoughtuponitsweaknessoritspain，whenbythemostimperceptibleactorsignorlookofsympathysheexpressedtheunutterableimpulseofherMotherhood，thetouchofanewcreativehandwasfeltupontheworld。
Howevershorttheearliestinfancies，howeverfeeblethesparkstheyfanned，howeverlonghereditytooktogatherfuelenoughforasteadyflame，itiscertainthatoncethisfirebegantowarmthecoldhearthofNatureandgivehumanityaheart，themoststupendoustaskofthepastwasaccomplished。
Asoftenedpressureofanuncouthhand，ahumangleaminanalmostanimaleye，anendearmentinaninarticulatevoice——feeblethingsenough。Yetinthesefaintawakeningslaythehopeofthehumanrace。"Fromofoldwehaveheardthemonition，`ExceptyebeasbabesyecannotenterthekingdomofHeaven`；thelatestsciencenowshowsus——thoughinaverydifferentsenseofthewords——thatunlesswehadbeenasbabes，theethicalphenomenawhichgiveallitssignificancetothephrase`KingdomofHeaven`wouldhavebeennon-existentforus。WithoutthecircumstancesofInfancywemighthavebecomeformidableamonganimalsthroughsheerforceofsharp-wittedness。
Butexceptforthesecircumstancesweshouldneverhavecomprehendedthemeaningofsuchphrasesas`self-sacrifice`or`devotion。'Thephenomenaofsociallifewouldhavebeenomittedfromthehistoryoftheworld，andwiththemthephenomenaofethicsandreligion。"[90]
[89]MammalianDescent，Prof。W。P。Parker，F。R。S。，p。14。
[90]Fiske，CosmicPhilosophy，Vol。II。p。363。
TheAscentofMan-CHAPTERIXCHAPTERIXTHEEVOLUTIONOFAFATHER
INlastchapterwewatchedthebeautifulexperimentofNaturemakingMothers。Wesawhowtheyoungproducedatonebirthweregraduallyreducedinnumbersuntilitwaspossibleforaffectiontoconcentrateuponasingleobject；howthatobjectwasdelayedinbirthtillitwasalikeableandpresentablething；howitwastiedtoitsmother'ssidebyphysicalbonds，andhinderedthereforyearstogivetimefortheMother'scaretoripenintolove。Wesaw，whatwasstillmoreinstructive，thatNature，whenshehadlaidthetrainforperfectingthesearrangements，gaveupmakinganymoreanimals；andthattherewerephysiologicalreasonswhythiswell-motheredclassshouldsurvivebeyondallothers，and，bysheerphysiologicalfitness，henceforthdominatetheworld。
Buttherewasstillacrowningtasktoaccomplish。
TheworldwasnowbeginningtofillwithMothers，buttherewerenoFathers。
DuringallthislongprocesstheFatherhasnotevenbeennamed。Nothingthathasbeendonehastouchedorconcernedhimalmostintheleastdegree。
Hehasgonehisownway，livedoutsideallthesechanges；andwhileNaturehassucceededinmouldingahumanMotherandahumanchild，hestillwandersintheforestasavageandunblessedsoul。
Thistimeforhim，nevertheless，isnotlost。
Inhisownwayheisalsoatschool，andlearninglessonswhichwillonedaybeequallyneededbyhumanity。Theacquisitionsofthemanlylifeareasnecessarytohumancharacterasthevirtueswhichgathertheirsweetnessbythecradle；andtheserobusterelements——strength，courage，manliness，endurance，self-reliance——couldonlyhavebeensecuredawayfromdomesticcares。Apartfromthat，itwasnotnecessarytoputtheFatherthroughthesamemillastheMother。WhatevertheMothergainedwouldbehandedontoherboysaswellastohergirls，andwiththelawofhereditytosquareaccounts，itwasunnecessaryforeachofthetwogreatsidesofhumanitytomakethesameinvestments。Byoneacquiringonesetofvirtuesandtheotheranother，theblendintheendwouldbethericher；and，withoutobliteratingtheeternalindividualitiesofeach，themeasureofcompletenesswouldbegainedmorequicklyfortherace。Beforeheredity，however，coulddoitsworkupontheFatheracertainbasishadtobelaid。Withhisoriginalhabitshewouldsquanderthehereditarygainsasfastashereceivedthem，andunlesssomechangewasbroughtaboutinhismodeoflifetheoldwildbloodinhisveinswouldcounteractthegentlerinfluence，andleavealltheMother'sworkinvain。HenceNaturehadtosetaboutanotherlonganddifficultprocess——tomakethesavageFatherareformedcharacter。
TheEvolutionofaFatherisnotsobeautifulaprocessastheEvolutionofaMother，butitwasalmostasformidableaproblemtoattack。Asmuchdependedonit，asweshallsee，asthetrainingofthemother；andthoughitbeganlater，itrequiredthebringingaboutofoneortwochangesinNatureasnovelasanythatprecededit。Whentheworkwasbegun，theFatherwasinamuchworseplight，sofarastrainingforfamilylifewasconcerned，thantheMother。IfMaternitywasatafeeblelevelinthelowerreachesofNature，Paternitywasnon-existent。AmongafewInvertebratesthemaleparenttookapassingshareinthecareoftheegg，butitisnotuntilweareallbutatthetopthatfatherlyinterestfindsanyrealexpression。AmongtheBirds，theparentsunitetogetherinmostcasestobuildthenest，theFatherdoingtheroughworkofbringinginmossandtwigs，whilethemoretrustyMotherdoestheactualwork。Whentheeggsarelaid，themaleparentalsotakeshisturnatincubation；suppliesfoodandprotection；andlingersroundtheplaceofbirthtodefendthefledglingstothelast。WhenweleavetheBirds，however，andpassontotheMammals，theFathersarenearlyallbacksliders。Manyarenotonlyindifferenttotheiryoung，buthostile：andamongtheCarnivoratheMothershavefrequentlytohidetheirlittleonesincasethefathereatsthem。
WehaveanotherandamoreseriouscountagainstearlyFatherhood。IftheLoveofFatherforchildwasinthisbackwardstate，infinitelymoregravewastheconditionofthingsbetweenhimandtheMother。Probablywehavealltakenitforgrantedthathusbandsandwiveshavealwayslovedoneanother。Evolutiontakesnothingforgranted。
Theaffectionbetweenhusbandandwifeis，ofalltheimmeasurableformsofLove，themostbeautiful，themostlasting，andthemostdivine：yetuptothistimewehavenotbeenableeventorecorditsexistence。ThefinishedresultsofEvolutionappearsonaturaltous，lookingbackfromthislateday，thatwecontinuallyignorethedifficultiesithadtomeet，andforgethoweverysinglestepinprogressfromthelowesttothehighesthadtobecarriedatthebayonet'spoint。ThemostinformednaturalistprobablyhasnevergivenNaturecreditforathousandthpartoftheworkshehasdone，orhassucceededinpresentingtohismindmorethanasurfaceoutlineofthegiganticseriesofproblemsshehadtosolve。InlowerNature，asasimplefact，maleandfemaledonotloveoneanother；andinthelowerreachesofHuman-Nature，husbandandwifedonotloveoneanother。Amongexceptionalnations，forthelastfewhoursoftheworld'shistory，husbandsandwiveshavetrulyloved；butforthevastmassofMankind，duringthelongageswhichprecededhistorictimes，conjugallovewasprobablyallbutunknown。
NowhereisaveryprettyproblemforEvolution。
ShehasatoncetomakegoodHusbandsandgoodFathersoutoflawlesssavages。
Unlessthisproblemissolvedthehigherprogressoftheworldisatanend。Itisthematureopinionofeveryonewhohasthoughtuponthehistoryoftheworld，thatthethingofhighestimportanceforalltimesandtoallnationsisFamilyLife。WhentheFamilywasinstituted，andnottillthen，thehigherEvolutionoftheworldwassecured。HencetheexceptionalvalueoftheFather'sdevelopment。Astheotherhalfofthearchonwhichthewholehigherworldisbuilt，histaming，hisdomestication，hismoraldiscipline，arevital；andinthenatureofthingsthiswasthenextgreatoperationundertakenbyEvolution。
Thefirststepinthetransitionwastorelatehim，definitelyandpermanently，totheMother。Andhereaformidableinitialobstaclehadtobeencountered。Theapathyandestrangementbetweenhusbandandwifeintheanimalworldisradicalanduniversal。Thereisalmostnosuchthingthereasmarriedlife。Marriage，inanthropology，isnotawordforanoccasion，butforastate；itisnot，thatistosay，awedding，butadwellingtogetherthroughoutlifeofhusbandandwife。NowwhenManemergedfromtheanimalcreationthisinstitutionofconjugallifehadnotbeenarrivedat。Marriagelikeeverythingelsehasbeenslowlyevolved，anduntilitwasevolved，untiltheylearnedtodwellcontinuallytogether，therewasnochanceformutuallovetospringupbetweenmaleandfemale。
InNaturethepairingseasonisusuallybutanincident。Itlastsonlyaveryshorttime，andduringtherestoftheyear，withsomeexceptions，thesexesremainapart。FromtheinvestigationsofWestermarck，whohaslatelycontributedtosociologythemostmasterlyaccountoftheEvolutionofMarriagewepossess——itappearsmorethanprobablethattheearliestprogenitorsofManhadalsoapairingseason，andthattheyoungwerebornataparticulartimeoftheyear，andneveratanyothertime。AlltheanimalsnearesttoManinNaturehavesuchaseason，andthereareonlyafewknown——theelephantforinstance，andsomeofthewhales——whichhavenone。Nowthebrevityofthisperiodinthefather'scasemusthavetoldagainsthisdevelopinganyrealaffection。Ifheistorunawayafewdaysaftertheyoungarebornhewillmissallthedisciplineofthehome，andasthisdisciplineisessential，asthisistheonlywayinwhichlovecanbeacquired，orinheritedlovedeveloped，somemethodmustbeadoptedinhiscasetoextendtheperiodofhomelifeduringwhichitcanact。
Nowletusseehowthiswasdone。TheproblembeingtogiveLovetime，thesolutionwasinsomewaytoalterthecircumstanceswhichconfinedthepairingseasontoaspecificdate——toabolish，infact，thepairingseasoninthecaseofMan，andlengthenoutthetimeinwhichhusbandandwifeshouldstaytogether。Andasthiswasactuallythemethodadopted，wehavefirsttoaskwhatthesespecialcircumstanceswere。Whyshouldanimalshavespecificdatesatall？。ThecluewillbefoundifweexaminecarefullywhatthesedatesareandthereasonsNaturehashadforchoosingthem。Somewiseprinciplemustunderliethis，oritwouldnotbetheuniversalruleitis。ThepairingtimewithBirds，aseveryoneknows，occursintheSpring。WithReptilesthisisalsothecase；butamongMammalseachspecieshasaseasonpeculiartoitself，everyseparatemonthbeingselectedbyoneorother，andinvariablyadheredto。"ThebatpairsinJanuaryandFebruary；thewildcamelinthedeserttotheeastofLakeLob-nor，fromthemiddleofJanuarynearlytotheendofFebruary；theCanisAzaraeandtheIndianbisoninwinter；theweaselinMarch；thekulanfromMaytoJuly；themusk-oxattheendofAugust；theelk，intheBalticProvinces，attheendofAugust，and，inAsiaticRussia，inSeptemberorOctober；thewildYakinTibetinSeptember；thereindeerinNorwayattheendofSeptember；thebadgerinOctober；theCaprapyrenaicainNovember；
thechamois，themusk-deer，andtheorongo-antelopeinNovemberandDecember；
thewolf，fromtheendofDecembertothemiddleofFebruary。"[91]Itmightseemthatnolawgovernedthesevariousdates，buttheirveryvarietyistheproofofanunderlyingprinciple。Forthesedatesshowthateachanimalineachparticularcountrychoosesthattimeoftheyeartogivebirthtoheryoungwhentheywillhavethebestchanceofsurviving——thatistosay，whentheclimateismildest，foodmostabundant，andtheprospectsoflifeonthewholemostfavourable。ThedormousethusbringsforthitsyounginAugust，whenthenutsbegintoripen；andtheyoungdeerseesthelightjustbeforethefirstgrassshootsintogreenness。Becausethosebornatthisseasonsurvivedandthosebornoutofitperished，bytheprolongedactionofNaturalSelectionthesedatesintimeprobablybecameengrainedinthespecies，andwouldonlyalterwithclimateitself。
ButwhenMan'sEvolutionmadeacertainprogress，andwhentheMother'scarereachedmatureperfection，itwasnolongerimperativeforchildrentobebornonlywhenthesunwasshining，andthefruitsgrewripe。Theparentscouldnowmakeprovisionforanyweatherandforanydearth。Theycouldgivetheirlittleonesclotheswhennightsgrewcold；theycouldbuildbarnsandgranariesagainsttimesoffamine。
Inanyclimate，andatanytime，theiryoungweresafe；andtheoldmarriagedates，withtheirsubsequentdesertions，werestruckfromthehumancalendar。
Soarose，oratleastwasinaugurated，FamilyLife，thefirstandthelastnurseryofthehighersympathies，andthehomeofallthatwasafterwardsholyintheworld。OnecouldnotfindasimplerinstanceofthegrowingsovereigntyofMindoverthepowersofNature。Soremoteacauseastheinclinationoftheearth'saxis，andtheconsequentchangesoftheseasons，determinesthetimeofMarriageforalmostthewholeanimalcreation，whileMan，andafewotherformsoflifewhoseenvironmentisexceptional，areabletorefuseallsuchdictations。ItwaswhenMan'smindbecamecapableofmakingitsownprovisionsagainsttheweatherandthecropsthatthepossibilityofFatherhood，Motherhood，andtheFamilywererealized。
Thesupportersofthehypothesisofpromiscuityhavetriedtoshow，whatwouldalmostfollowfromtheirtheory，thatthechildreninprimitivetimesbelongedrathertothetribe。Butitisnotlikelythatthiswasthecase。Thehypothesisofpromiscuityitself，notwithstandingitssupportfromM'Lennan，Morgan，Lubbock，Bastian，Post，andotherauthorities，hasprobablyreceiveditsdeath-blow；andtheancientnessofthefamilyaswellasoftheinstitutionofMarriagearebothvindicatedbylaterfacts。"Everywhere，"writesWestermarck，"wefindthetribesorclanscomposedofseveralfamilies，themembersofeachfamilybeingmorecloselyconnectedwithoneanotherthanwiththerestofthetribe。TheFamily，consistingofparents，children，andoftenalsotheirnextdescendants，isauniversalinstitutionamongexistingpeople。Anditseemsextremelyprobablethatamongourearlyhumanancestors，theFamilyproved，ifnottheSocietyitself，atleastthenucleusofit。Idonot，ofcourse，denythatthetiewhichboundthechildrentotheMotherwasmuchmoreintimateandmorelastingthanthatwhichboundthemtotheFather；butitseemstomethattheonlyresulttowhichacriticalinvestigationoffactscanleadusis，thatinallprobabilitytherehasbeennostageofhumandevelopmentwheremarriagehasnotexisted，andthatthefatherhasalwaysbeen，asarule，theprotectorofhisFamily。"[92]
Buttheprocessisnotyetquitecompleted。
Withthelongertimetogetherhusbandandwifemaygettoknowandleanupononeanotheralittle，butthetimeisstilltooshortfordeepaffection，andthereremainoneortwoseriousobstaclestoremove。Indeed，unlesssomefurtherstepsaretaken，thisfirstachievementmustendinfailure。
Asamatteroffact，ithasoftenendedinfailure，andtherehavebeenandstillaretribesandnationswherelovebetweenhusbandandwifeisnon-existent。AmongtheHovas，weareassuredbyauthorities，theideaoflovebetweenhusbandandwifeis"hardlythoughtof"；thatatWinnebah"noteventheappearanceofaffection"existsbetweenthem；thatamongtheBeni-Ameritis"consideredevendisgracefulforawifetoshowanyaffectionforherhusband"；thattheChittagongHilltribeshave"noideaoftendernessnorofchivalrousdevotion"；andthattheEskimotreattheirwives"withgreatcoldnessandneglect。"ThesavagecrueltywithwhichwivesaretreatedbytheAustralianaboriginesisindicatedevenintheirweapons。Theverynames"Servant，Slave，"bywhichtheBrahmanaddresstheirwives，andthewife'sreply，"Master，Lord，"symbolizethegulfbetweenthetwo。Thereareexceptions，itistrue，andoftentouchingexceptions。
Travellersciteinstancesofconstancyamongsavagepeopleswhichreachtheregionofromance。Probablythereneverwasatime，indeed，norarace，whensomemeasureofsympathydidnotstirbetweenhusbandandwife。Butwhenweconsiderallthefacts，itisimpossibletodoubtthatintheregionofallthehigheraffectionsthesavagewifeandthesavagehusbandwereallbutstrangerstoeachother。
Whatthenwaswantingfortheperfectingofthedomestictie，andhowdidEvolutionsecureit？Intheanimalcreation，wehavealreadywitnessedthemethodswhichNaturetooktogetmorecareoutoflittlecare，tomakeashort-livedsympathygrowintoagreatsympathy。
Hermethodwasfirst，concentration；andsecond，extensionoftime。BygivingaMotheroneortwoyoungtocareforinsteadofahundred，shemadecarepracticable，andbylengtheningtheperiodofinfancyfromhourstoyearsshemadeitinevitable。Andtheseareagainhermethodsinperfectinglovebetweenmanandwife。Byabolishingthepairingseasonshelengthenedthetimeforlovetogrowin；thenextstepistoperfecttheobjectonwhichitshallfocus。Fortherewasagainthesamesortofbarriertoafull-blownlovewhichwesawbeforeintheanimalkingdom。Ananimalmothercouldnottrulyloveintheearlydaysbecauseshehadahundredorathousandyoung。Mancouldnotloveintheearlydaysbecausehehadadozenwives。
Thislovewastoodilutedtocometoanything。WhatEvolutionnextworkedatwastogetaquintessence。Polygamy，inotherwords，thescatteredloveofmany，must，fromthistimeforward，bechangedintomonogamy——theabsorbingloveofone。Andthistranspositionwasgraduallyintroduced。Afewpolygamouspeople，averyfewatfirst，becomemonogamous。Thenewsystemworkedbetter，itspread，andwasfinallyadoptedbythosehighernationswhichitalsohelpedtocreate。Itisaninstance，nevertheless，oftheslownesswithwhichradicalchangessucceedinleaveninggreatmassesofmankind，thattheoldersystem，withthebanofEvolutionuponit，stillsurvivesinModernEurope。Yettherearesigns，evenamongtheuncivilized，thatpolygamyispassingaway。Amongsomealmostsavagetribesitisunknown；amongothersprohibited。Eveninapolygamouscommunityitisusuallyonlyaminoritywhohavemorewivesthanone。Andwherethepluralsystemisinfullforce，thetendency——theEvolutionistwouldsaythetransition——tomonogamyisplainlymarked，foramongthemanywivespossessedbyanyindividual，thereisgenerallyonewhoisfirstfavouriteandranksashelpmeetorwife。
Thestressjustlaidupontheethicalgainsofthemonogamousstateascontrastedwiththepolygamous，ofcourseonlyemphasizesonesideofthequestion，andbythepurenaturalistmightberuledoutofcourt。Werethephysiologisttogooverthesamegroundhecouldgiveaparallelaccountofthedevelopment，andshowthatonthemerelyPhysiologicalplanethetransitiontomonogamyandtheriseoftheFamilywasalikelyifnotaninevitableresult。ItisatleastcertainthatduringthoselaterstagesofsocialEvolutioninwhichMonogamyhasprevailed，thechangehasbeeninthebestphysicalinterestsalikeoftheparents，theoffspring，andofsociety。
Thisbarrierremoved，Evolutionhadstillmuchtodototheother——thebrevityofthetimeduringwhichhusbandandwiferemainedtogether。WhatshortworkNaturehadalreadymadeofthisobstacle——byabolishingthepairingseason——wehavejustseen。Butthatrequiressupplementing。Itisnotenoughtogivetimeformutualknowledgeandaffectionaftermarriage。Naturemustdeepentheresultbyextendingittothetimebeforemarriage。Inprimitivetimestherewasnosuchthingascourtship。Mensecuredtheirwivesinthreeways，andinuncivilizednationssofindthemstill。Amongbarbarousnationsmarriageisnotacaseoflove，butofcapture；amongthesemi-barbarousitisacaseofbarter；andamongtheimperfectlycivilized——amongwhomwemustoftenincludeourselves——amatterofconvention。Thesecondofthese，thepurchasesystem——aslightlyevolvedformofmarriagebycapture——isprobablyonethroughwhichallhumanMarriagehaspassed；andrelicsofitstillexistinthedosandothersymbolsamongnationswithwhomthecustomofbuyingabridehaslongsincepassedaway。Bydegradingtheobjectofbartertothelevelofachattel，thissystemisabarriertohighaffection。
Butinmostcasesthisisheightenedbytheimpossibilityofthatpreliminarycourtshipwhichleadstomutualknowledgeandintelligentlove。Thebrideandbridegroom，intheextremercases，meetastotalstrangers；andthoughaffectionmaybudinafteryears，theminglingofunknowntemperaments，togetherwiththedestructionofreverenceforwomanbytreatingherasanarticleofbarter，makethechancessmallofitblossomingintoaflower。
Courtship，withitsvividperceptionsandquickenedemotions，isagreatopportunityforEvolution；andtoinstituteandlengthenreasonablyaperiodsorichinimpressionisoneofitslatestandhighestefforts。Togivelovetime，indeed，hasbeenallalong，andthroughagreatvarietyofarrangements，thechiefmeansofestablishingitontheearth。Unfortunately，thelessonofNaturehereisbeingalltooslowlylearned，evenamongnationswithitsopenbookbeforethem。
Insomeofthegreatestofcivilizedcountriesrealmutualknowledgebetweentheyouthofthesexesisunattainable；marriagesaremadeonlybyahigherkindofpurchase，andthesupremestepinlifeistakeninthedark。Whateversafeguardsthismethodprovides，itcannotbefinal，norcanthosenationsrisetoanyexaltedsocialheightormoralgreatnesstillsomechangeoccurs。
Ithasbeengivenespeciallytoonenationtoleadtheworldinitsassaultuponthismistakenlaw，andtodemonstratetomankindthatintheunconstrainedandartlessrelationsofyouthliehighersafeguardsthanthepoliteconventionsofsocietycanafford。ThepeopleofAmericahaveprovedthattheblendingofthesweetcurrentsofdifferentfamily-livesinsocialintercourse，inrecreation，and——mostoriginalofall——ineducation，cantakeplacefreelyandjoyouslywithoutanysacrificeofman'sreverenceforwoman，orwoman'sreverenceforherself；and，springingoutofthesenaturallymingledlives，theremustmoreandmorecomethosesacredandhappyhomeswhicharethesurestguaranteesforthemoralprogressofanation。Solongasthefirstconcernofacountryisforitshomes，itmatterslittlewhatitseekssecondorthird。LongbeforeEvolutionshoweditsscientificinterestinthisfirstsocialaggregate，andproclaimeditthestrategicpointinmoralprogress，poetry，philosophy，andhistoryassignedthesamegreatplacetoFamily-life。Theonepoint，indeed，whereallstudentsofthepastagree，whereallprophetsofthefuturemeet，whereallthesciencesfrombiologytoethicsareenthusiasticallyatone，isintheirfaithintheimperishablepotentialitiesofthisyetmostsimpleinstitution。
Withallthesebarriersremoveditmightnowbesupposedthattheprocesswasatlastcomplete。ButoneofthesurprisesofEvolutionhereawaitsus。Allthearrangementsarefinishedtofantheflameoflove，yetoutofnoneofthemwasloveitselfbegotten。Theideathattheexistenceofsexaccountsfortheexistenceofloveisuntrue。
Marriageamongearlyraces，aswehaveseen，hasnothingtodowithlove。
Amongsavagepeoplesthephenomenoneverywhereconfrontsusofweddedlifewithoutagrainoflove。Lovethenisnonecessaryingredientofthesexrelation；itisnotanoutgrowthofpassion。Loveislove，andhasalwaysbeenlove，andhasneverbeenanythinglower。Whence，then，cameit？IfneithertheHusbandnortheWifebestowedthisgiftupontheworld，Whodid？ItwasALittleChild。Tillthisappeared，Man'saffectionwasnon-existent；
Woman'swasfrozen。TheMandidnotlovetheWoman；theWomandidnotlovetheMan。ButonedayfromitsMother'sveryheart，fromashrinewhichherhusbandnevervisitednorknewwasthere，whichsheherselfdaredscarceacknowledge，aChilddrewforththefirstfreshbudofaLovewhichwasnotPassion，aLovewhichwasnotselfish，aLovewhichwasanincensefromitsMaker，andwhosefragrancefromthathourwentforthtosanctifytheworld。Later，longlater，throughthesametinyandunconsciousintermediary，thefather'ssoulwastouched。Andoneday，intheloveofalittlechild，FatherandMothermet。
Thatthisisthetruelineageoflove，thatithasdescendednotfromHusbandsandWivesbutthroughchildren，isprovedbythesimpleststudyofsavagelife。LoveforchildrenisalwaysapriorandastrongerthingthanlovebetweenFatherandMother。TheindifferenceoftheHusbandtohisWife——thoughoftengreatlyexaggeratedbyanthropology——isalltoomanifest，andthroughoutwholeregionstheWifedoesnotlovebutonlyfearsherHusband。Forthechildrenontheotherhandbothparentshavealmostalwaysaregard。TheuniversalityofaMother'sLoveisoneoftherevelationsoftravel。Evenamongcannibals，wheretheshockingtreatmentofWivesbytheirHusbandsisindailyevidence，acaseofcrueltytochildrenfromtheMother'sside——apartfrominfanticide，whichhasarationaleofitsown——israrelyheardof。Thestatusofchildrenifnotidealformsamoststrikingcontrasttothegeneralmoralandsociallevel：
andonecannotbutdecidethattheyhavebeenunconsciouslythetruemoralteachersoftheworld。HadtheinstitutionoftheFamilydependedonSexandnotonaffectionitwouldprobablyneverhaveenduredforanytime。
Loveiseternal；Sex，transient。Itsunbridledexpressioninindividualnatures，anditsrecklessnesswhenthwarted，havegivenrisetoexaggeratedideasofitspower。Inalluncontrolledforms，however，itbecomessoimmediateamenacetosocialorderthatifitdoesnotdieoutinself-destructionitischeckedbythecommunityandforcedintolawfulchannels。Theonlythingthatcouldbeartheheavyburdenofsocialorderandadaptitselftoeverychangeandfreshdemandwastheindestructiblysolid，yetelastic，strengthoflove。ThecareandcultureoflovethereforebecamethenceforththefirstgreatchargeofEvolution，andeveryobstructiontoitspathbegantobesweptaway。Whateverfacilitiescouldfurtheritscareerweregraduallyadopted，andchangeswhichsoonbegantopassoverthefaceofallhumansocietiesseemedbutpartsofonegreatconspiracytohastenitsfinalreign。
ForaprolongedandprotectiveFatherhood，onceintroducedintotheworld，wasimmediatelytakenchargeofbyNaturalSelection。Thechildrenwhohadfatherstofightforthemgrewup；thosewhohadnotwerekilledorstarved。ThelengtheningoftheperiodduringwhichFatherandMotherkepttogethermeantdoubleprotectionforthelittleones；andthemoretheykepttogetherforthefirstfewdaysorweeks，andthemoretheFatherhelpedtodefendmotherandchild，themorechanceforallthreeintheend。ThepicturewhichKoppenfellsdrawsofthefemaleGorillaandheryoungensconcedinanestupontheforkofatree，whileGorillaperesatallnightatthefootwithhisbackagainstthetrunktoprotectthemfromtheleopards，isafairobject-lessoninthefirstorprotectivestageoftheFather'sEvolution。WhenManpassed，however，asheprobablydid，fromthefrugivoroustothecarnivorousstate，theFatherhadtheadditionalresponsibilityofkeepinghisfamilyinfood。
ItwouldbeimpossibleforaMothertohuntforgameandattendtoheryoung；andforalongtimetheyoungthemselveswereuselessinthechase，andmustbeentirelydependentontheirparents'bounty。ButthismeanspromotiontotheFather。Heisnotonlyprotectorbutfood-provider。Itisimpossibleto。believethatinprocessoftimethedischargeofthisofficedidnotbringsomefaintsatisfactionstohimself，thatthemeresightofhisoffspringfedinsteadoffamisheddidnotgivehimacertainpleasure。Andthoughthepleasureatfirstmayhavebeennomorethantheabsenceoftheannoyancetheycausedbytheclamorousnessoftheirwant，itbecameastimulustoexertion，andledintheendtorudimentaryformsofsympathyandself-denial。
Onceestablishedintheworldasawinningforce，lovecouldonlyyieldtoagreaterforcethanitself，andgreaterforcethereisnone。InthehandsofNaturalSelection，therefore，itranitscourse。Whateverphysiologicaladjustmentscontinuedtogoonbeneaththesurface，ethicalfactorsnowdeterminedextinctionorsurvival。Badparentsmeanstarvedchildren，andstarvedchildrenwillbereplacedintheStruggleforLifebyfull-fedchildren，andereafewgenerationsparentswithoutlovewillexistnomore。Thechild，ontheotherhand，whichhasdrunkmostdeeplyofitsFather'soritsMother'slovelivestohandonthatwhichhassparedittoasucceedingrace。Howmuchofaffectionishandedon，orhowlittle，mattersnot，forHeredityworkswiththefinestmicroscope，andsees，andseizes，theinvisible。Inasecondchild，rearedbyparentsonedegreemorelovingthanthelast，thisultimateparticleoflovewillgrowalittlemore，andeachsucceedingFamilyinthisroyallinewillbericherintheelementswhichmakeforprogressthanthelast。
WhenwereachthehumanFamily，wefindthatthissimplecombinationwasalreadystrongenoughtobecomethenucleusofthesocialandnationallifeoftheworld。ForthemomentthenewforcesofSympathy，Brotherhood，Self-denial，orLove，begantoworkamongtheisolatedunitswhichmadeupprimitiveMan，thewholecompositionandcharacteroftheaggregatebegantochange。Soonerorlaterintherecurringnecessitiesofsavageexistencetherecameanopportunityforthemembersofthefirstcombination，thelittlegroupofFather，Mother，andSons，toacttogether。
HoweverunworthilythisprimitivegroupmeritedthenameofFamily，therewasherewhatatthattimewasoffinalimportance——theelementsofphysicalstrength。HewhoformerlystoodaloneintheStruggleforLifenowfoundhimselfbackedonoccasionbyaninnercircle。ThosewhooutsidethiscircleventuredtoopposeoroffendanindividualwithinithadtheFamilytoreckonwith。Endsweregainedbythenewalliancewhichwereunattainablesingle-handedbyanyindividualmemberofthetribe，andwhetherenlistedtoevadedisasterorsecureaprey，toresistaninjusticeoravengeawrong，theoddshenceforthandalwayswereinfavourofthecombination。
Whenitisrememberedhow，owingtothecomparativeequalityofthecompetitorsintheconflictofsavageexistence，evenaninfinitesimaladvantageononesideortheotherdetermineshealthorstarvation，survivalorextinction，theimportanceofthefirstfeebleeffortatfederationmustberecognized。
Shouldertoshoulderhasbeenthewatchwordallthroughhistoryofnationaldevelopment。Almostfromtheveryfirst，indeed，theFamilyandnottheindividualmusthavebeentheunitofTriballife；andasFamiliesgrewmoreandmoredefinite，theybecametherecognizedpiersofthesocialstructureandgaveafirststabilitytotheraceofmen。
ButgreatasarethephysicaladvantagesoftheFamily，theethicaluses，evenintheearlydaysofitsexistence，placethisinstitutionattheheadofallthecreationsofEvolution。FortheFamilyisnotonlyitsgreatestcreation，butitsgreatestinstrumentforfurthercreation。Theethicalchangesbeginalmostthemomentitisformed。Oneimmediateeffect，forinstance，oftheformationofFamilygroupswastotakeofffromanysingleindividualtheperpetualstrainoftheStruggleforLife。TheFamilyasawholemustsometimesfight，buttheresponsibilityandthedutyarenowdistributed，andthosewhowereoncesolelypreoccupiedwiththepersonalstrugglewillhaverespites，duringwhichotherthingswilloccupytheirminds。Attentionthuscalledofffromenvironingenemies，themembersoftheFamilywill，asitwere，discoveroneanother。Newrelationsamongthemwillspringup，newadjustmentstooneanother'spresenceandtooneanother'sneeds，andhithertounknownelementsofcharacterwillbegraduallycalledtothesurface。Thatunselfishness，insomerudeform，shouldnowgrowupisanecessityoflivingtogether。
AmancannotbeamemberofaFamilyandremainanutteregoist。Hisinterestsareperforcedivided，andthoughtheFamilygroupisasmallsurfaceforunselfishnesstospreadtoandtopractiseon，nogreaterfeatcouldasyetbeattempted，andEvolutionneverrunsrisksoftoorapiddevelopmentorover-strain。WiththeincorporationoftheFamilyintoaClanorTribetheareawillpresentlybeextended，andthenecessityofcontrollingself-interestmorethoroughly，ormergingitinawiderinterest，becomemoreobligatory。
Buttopreparethealtruisticsentimentforsogreatanabnegation，thesimplerdisciplineoftheFamilywasrequired。HowfirmlyFamiliesintimebecameweldedtogetherinmutualinterestandsupport，andhowmuchcrudeAltruismthisimplies，isevidentfromtheplaceofFamilyfeudsandthepowerofgreatFamiliesandHousesbothinancientandmodernhistory。
AstrikinginstanceistheVendetta。ToavengeaFamilyinsultincountrieswherethisprevailswasasacreddutytoalltherelatives，andeventhelastsurvivingmemberwillinglygaveuphislifetovindicateitshonour。
SostrongindeedsometimeshasgrownthepowerofindividualFamiliesthatthemoredesirablespreadofAltruismtotheNationwasthreatened，andwiderinterestssomuchforgottenthattheFamilybecametheenemyoftheState。Nothingcouldmoreforciblyshowthetremendouspowerofself-developmentcontainedwithintheFamilycircle，andthesolidityandstrengthtowhichitcangrow，thanthat，timeaftertimeinhistory，ithashadtobecrushedandbrokenupbyalltheforcesoftheState。
AmongotherelementsinhumannaturefosteredintheFamilyisoneofexceptionalinterest。TheattempthasbeenmadetoshowthatfromtheinevitablerelationsofearlyFamilylife，thesenseofDutyfirstdawnedupontheworld。Thethemeistoogreat，toointricate，andtoodangeroustoopenunderthelimitationsofthepresentinquiry，forthesedenyustheappealtoSociety，toReligion，andeventotheConscienceofthehigherMan。ButitisduetotheFather，whoseEvolutionwearetracing，thattheshareheissupposedbysomeauthoritiestotakeinitshouldbeatleastnamed。
Thatmoralityingeneralhassomethingtodowiththerelationsofpeopletooneanotherisevident，aseveryoneknows，fromthemerederivationoftheword。Mores，moralsareinthefirstinstancecustoms，thecustomsorwayswhichpeoplehavewhentheyaretogether。Now，theFamilyisthefirstoccasionofimportancewherewegetpeopletogether。AndastherearenotonlyanumberofpeopleinaFamily，butdifferentkindsofpeople，therewillbeavarietyintherelationssubsistingbetweenthem，inthecustomswhichstereotypethemostfrequentlyrepeatedactionsnecessitatedbytheserelations，andinthemoodsandattitudesofmindaccompanyingthem。Leavingoutofsightdifferencesofkindamongbrothersandsisters，considertheprobablymoredivergentandcertainlymoredominantinfluencesofFatherandMother。
WhattherelationofchildtoMotherhascrystallizedintowehavesufficientlymarked——itisarelationofdirectdependence，anditsproductisLove。
ButtheFatherisawhollydifferentinfluence。WhatattitudedoestheChildtakeupinthisaustererpresence，andwhatwaysofacting，whatcustoms，mores，morals，areengrainedinthechild'smindthroughit？TheacknowledgedpositionoftheFatherinmostearlytribesisheadoftheFamily。Tothechildren，andgenerallyeventotheMother，herepresentsAuthority。Heisthechildren'schief。BachovenhasfamiliarizeduswiththeideaofaMatriarchate，orMaternalFamily；butalthoughexceptionaltribeshavegivensupremacytotheMother，theruleisfortheFathertobesupreme。AsheadoftheFamily，therefore，itwashisbusinesstomaketheFamilylaws。NodoubttheMotheralsomadelaws；buttheFather，asthemoreterribleperson，exactedobediencewithgreaterseverity，andhislawsacquiredmoreforce。Todowhatwaspleasinginhiseyeswasanecessitywiththechildren，andhisfavourorhisfrownbecamestandardsofwhatwas"good"andwhatwas"bad。"Lowasthisstandardwas——thefearorfavourofasavageFather——itwasabeginningofrightmores，goodconduct，propermanners。Plantinthemind，orevokefromit，theideaofactinginagivenwaywithreferencetosomehalf-dozendailytrifleswhendoneinthepresenceofoneauthoritativeindividual，andEvolutionhasalreadyfoundsomethingtoworkon。Thechildrenhavegotsix，ifnottencommandments。Extendthehalf-dozenthingsdonerightlytoawholedozen，andthentoascore，andthentoahundred；andletitbecomehabitualtodothesethingsrightly。Whentherightdoingofthesethingscommendsthedoertooneperson，hewillnextbeapttocommendhimselfbysimilarconducttootherpersons，iftheirstandardhappenstobethesame。Whethergoodbehaviourpurchasesfavourorsimplysucceedsinevadingpenaltiesisatfirstimmaterial。Allthatisrequired，underwhateversanctions，isthatsomestandardofgoodorbadshallarise。Noabstractsenseofduty，ofcourse，hereexists；noperfectlaw；itisapurelypersonalandlocalcode；buttheworddutyhasatleastreceivedafirstimperfectmeaning；
andtheFather，insomeroughway，formsanexternalconsciencetothosebeneathhim。
SuchisthetentativetheoryoftheadvocatesofEvolutionalEthics。Itmayormaynotbeapossibleaccountoftheriseofasenseofobligation，butitiscertainthatitdoesnotaccountforthewholeofit。Why，also，thatparticularthingshouldbeelicitedunderthecircumstancesdescribedisanunansweredquestion。Inattemptingtotraceitsrise，norationaleappearsofitsorigin；allproofs，inshort，ofitsevolutiontakeforgranteditspreviousexistence。Alatentthinghasbecomeactive；aninvisiblethinghasbecomeapparent。Inonesensearelationhasbeencreated，inanothersenseaqualityinthatrelationhasbeenrevealed。Anewexperimentuponhumannaturehasbeentried；anewdiscoveryofitspropertieshasbeentheresult。
Thatthesemoralelements，ontheotherhand，musthaveabeginningsomewhereinspaceandtimeiscertainenough。NotlessnecessarytotheworldthantheMother'sgiftofLoveisthetwinofferingoftheFather——Righteousness。Andif，almostbeforethesoulisborn，theshadowyoutlineofamoralordershouldbegintoloomoutinhistory，thelaterphasesandthelatersanctionslosenothingoftheirquality，areallthemorewonderfulandallthemoredivine，becausemetbymoraladumbrationsinthedistantpast。Ifthelaterchildrenhadtheirtencommandmentsgiventheminoneway，theycannotgrudgethattheworld'searlierchildrenshouldhavebeengiventheirtwoorthreecommandmentsinanotherway——anotherwaywhich，nevertheless，didweknowall，mightturnouttobebutanotherphaseofthesameway。ButitisimpossibleeventoapproachtheEvolutionofMoralityuntilwehavecarriedMansomestagesfurtheruphisAscent。Itisonlywhenhereachesthesocialstage，whenhebecomesaggregatedintoclans，tribes，andnations，thatthisproblemopens。ForthepresentwemustcontentourselveswithhavingwitnessedhisarrivalintheHumanFamily——thestarting-pointandthresholdofthetruemorallife。
Foralongtime，itistrue，theFamilycircle，asacircle，wasincomplete。Machinerymustitselfevolvebeforeitsproductsevolve。Scarcelydefinedatall，brokenassoonasformed，theearliercirclesallowedtheirstrongestforcestoescapealmostatthemomenttheygenerated。Butthewallsgrewhigherandhigherwiththeadvanceofhistory。
Theleakagebecamelessandless。WiththeChristianerathemachinerywascomplete；thecirclefinallyclosedin，andbecameasecludedshrinewherethecultureofeverythingholyandbeautifulwascarriedon。Thepathbywhichthisidealconsummationwasreachedwasnot，aswehaveseen，astraightpath；norhastheintegrityoftheinstitutionbeenalwayspreservedthroughthelatercenturies。Thedifficultyofrealizingtheidealmaybejudgedofbythefewnessofthenationsnowlivingwhohavereachedit，andbythemultitudeofpeoplesandtribeswhohavevanishedfromtheearthwithoutattaining。Fromthefailuretofulfilsomeoneorotheroftherequiredconditionspeopleafterpeopleandnationafternationhavecometogetheronlytodisperse，andleavenolegacybehindexceptthelesson——asyetinfewcasesunderstood——ofwhytheyfailed。
Yetwhethertheroadbestraightordeviousisoflittlemoment。Theonesignificantthingisthatitrises。WehavereachedastageinEvolutionatwhichphysiologicalgainsareguardedandaccentuated，ifnotinanethicalinterest，atleastbyethicalfactorsbecomingutilizedbynaturalselection。Henceforthaffectionbecomesapowerintheworld；andwhateverphysiologicaladjustmentscontinuetoperfectthemselves，themostattachedFamilieswillhaveabetterchanceofsurvivingandoftransmittingtheirmoralcharacteristicstosucceedinggenerations。ThecompletionofthearchofFamilyLifeformsoneofthegreat，ifnotthegreatestofthelandmarksofhistory。IfthecrowningworkofOrganicEvolutionistheMammalia，theconsummationoftheMammaliaistheFamily。Physically，psychically，ethically，theFamilyisthemasterpieceofEvolution。ThecreationofEvolution，itwasdestinedtobecomethemostactiveinstrumentandallywhichEvolutionhaseverhad。Forwhatisitsevolutionarysignificance？Itisthegeneratorandtherepositoryoftheforceswhichalonecancarryoutthesocialandmoralprogressoftheworld。Theretheyrallywhentheybecomeenfeebled，theretheirexcessesarecounterbalanced，andthencetheyradiateout，refinedandreinforced，todotheirholywork。
Lookingatthemeredynamicsofthequestion，theFamilycontainsallthemachinery，andnearlyallthepower，forthemoraleducationofmankind。Feebly，butadequately，intheearlychaptersofMan'shistoryitfulfilleditsfunctionofnursingLove，theMotherofallmorality，andRighteousness，theFatherofallmorality，sopreparingaparentageforallthebeautifulspiritualchildrenwhichinlateryearsshouldspringfromthem。Iflifehenceforthistogoonatall，itmustbeabetterlife，amorelovinglife，amoreabundantlife；andthispremiumuponLovemeans——ifitmeansanything——thatEvolutionistakinghenceforthanethicaldirection。ItisnomorepossibletointerpretNaturephysicallyfromthispointthantointerpreta"HolyFamily"ofRaphael'sintermsofthematerialstructureofcanvasorthequalitiesofpigments。Canvasmaybecoarseorfine，pigmentsmaybevegetableormineral；butwhetherthecoloursbecrushedoutofmadderorgroundoutofarsenicorleadisofnoimportancenow。Oncethesethingswereimportant；byinfinitelyslowprocessesNatureformedthem；bycleverartsthecolourmanpreparedthem。
Butthe"HolyFamily"didnotliepotentiallyinthemadder-bud，norintheearthwiththeleadandarsenic，norinthelaboratorywiththecolourman。
HewhoclaimsNatureforMatterandPhysicalforcemakesthesameassumptionthatthesewoulddoiftheyclaimedthepainting。InafartruersensethanRaphaelproducedhis"HolyFamily"NaturehasproducedaHolyFamily。
NotforcenturiesbutformillenniumstheFamilyhassurvived。Timehasnottarnishedit；nolaterarthasimproveduponit；norgeniusdiscoveredanythingmorelovely；norreligionanythingmoredivine。Fromthebee'scellandthebutterfly'swingmendrawwhattheycalltheArgumentfromDesign；butitisinthekingdomswhichcomewithoutobservation，inthesegreatimmaterialorderingswhichScienceisbutbeginningtoperceive，thatthepurposesofCreationarerevealed。
[91]Westermarck'sHistoryofHumanMarriage，p。26。
[92]Op。cit。，pp。42-50。