Thenaturalistwillobtainaclearerideaofthevarietyandinterestoftheproductionsofthiscountry，bythestatement，thatitslandbirdsbelongto108genera，ofwhich20areexclusivelycharacteristicofit；while35belongtothatlimitedareawhichincludestheMoluccasandNorthAustralia，andwhosespeciesofthesegenerahavebeenentirelyderivedfromNewGuinea。Aboutone-halfoftheNewGuineageneraarefoundalsoinAustralia，aboutone-thirdinIndiaandtheIndo-Malayislands。
Averycuriousfact，nothithertosufficientlynoticed，istheappearanceofapureMalayelementinthebirdsofNewGuinea。WefindtwospeciesofEupetes，acuriousMalayangenusalliedtotheforked-tailwater-chats；twoofAlcippe，anIndianandMalaywren-likeform；anArachnothera，quiteresemblingthespider-
catchinghoneysuckersofMalacca；twospeciesofGracula，theMynahsofIndia；andacuriouslittleblackPrionochilus，asaw-
billedfruitpecker，undoubtedlyalliedtotheMalayanform，althoughperhapsadistinctgenus。Nownotoneofthesebirds，oranythingalliedtothem，occursintheMoluccas，orwithoneexceptioninCelebesorAustralia；andastheyaremostofthembirdsofshortflight，itisverydifficulttoconceivehoworwhentheycouldhavecrossedthespaceofmorethanathousandmiles，whichnowseparatesthemfromtheirnearestallies。Suchfactspointtochangesoflandandseaonalargescale，andataratewhich，measuredbythetimerequiredforachangeofspecies，mustbetermedrapid。Byspeculatingonsuchchanges，wemayeasilyseehowpartialwavesofimmigrationmayhaveenteredNewGuinea，andhowalltraceoftheirpassagemayhavebeenobliteratedbythesubsequentdisappearanceoftheinterveningland。
Thereisnothingthatthestudyofgeologyteachesusthatismorecertainormoreimpressivethantheextremeinstabilityoftheearth'ssurface。Everywherebeneathourfeetwefindproofsthatwhatislandhasbeensea，andthatwhereoceansnowspreadouthasoncebeenland；andthatthischangefromseatoland，andfromlandtosea，hastakenplace，notonceortwiceonly，butagainandagain，duringcountlessagesofpasttime。Nowthestudyofthedistributionofanimallifeuponthepresentsurfaceoftheearth，causesustolookuponthisconstantinterchangeoflandandsea——thismakingandunmakingofcontinents，thiselevationanddisappearanceofislands——asapotentreality，whichhasalwaysandeverywherebeeninprogress，andhasbeenthemainagentindeterminingthemannerinwhichlivingthingsarenowgroupedandscatteredovertheearth'ssurface。Andwhenwecontinuallycomeuponsuchlittleanomaliesofdistributionasthatjustnowdescribed，wefindtheonlyrationalexplanationofthem，inthoserepeatedelevationsanddepressionswhichhavelefttheirrecordinmysterious，butstillintelligiblecharactersonthefaceoforganicnature。
TheinsectsofNewGuineaarelessknownthanthebirds，buttheyseemalmostequallyremarkableforfineformsandbrilliantcolours。ThemagnificentgreenandyellowOrnithopteraeareabundant，andhavemostprobablyspreadwestwardfromthispointasfarasIndia。AmongthesmallerbutterfliesareseveralpeculiargeneraofNymphalidaeandLycaenidae，remarkablefortheirlargesize，singularmarkings，orbrilliantcoloration。Thelargestandmostbeautifuloftheclear-wingedmothsCocytiad'urvilleiisfoundhere，aswellasthelargeandhandsomegreenmothNyctalemonorontes。Thebeetlesfurnishuswithmanyspeciesoflargesize，andofthemostbrilliantmetalliclustre，amongwhichtheTmesisternusmirabilis，alongicornbeetleofagoldengreencolour；theexcessivelybrilliantrose-chafers，LomapterawallaceiandAnacamptorhinafulgida；oneofthehandsomestoftheBuprestidae，Calodemawallacei；andseveralfineblueweevilsofthegenusEupholus，areperhapsthemostconspicuous。Almostalltheotherordersfurnishuswithlargeorextraordinaryforms。Thecurioushornedflieshavealreadybeenmentioned；andamongtheOrthopterathegreatshieldedgrasshoppersarethemostremarkable。ThespeciesherefiguredMegalodonensiferhasthethoraxcoveredbyalargetriangularhornyshield，twoandahalfincheslong，withserratededges，asomewhatwavy，hollowsurface，andafaunmedianline，soasverycloselytoresemblealeaf。Theglossywing-covertswhenfullyexpanded，morethannineinchesacrossareofafinegreencolourandsobeautifullyveinedastoimitatecloselysomeofthelargeshiningtropicalleaves。Thebodyisshort，andterminatedinthefemalebyalongcurvedsword-likeovipositornotseeninthecut，andthelegsarealllongandstrongly-
spined。Theseinsectsaresluggishintheirmotions，dependingforsafetyontheirresemblancetofoliage，theirhornyshieldandwing-coverts，andtheirspinylegs。
ThelargeislandstotheeastofNewGuineaareverylittleknown，buttheoccurrenceofcrimsonlories，whicharequiteabsentfromAustralia，andofcockatoosalliedtothoseofNewGuineaandtheMoluccas，showsthattheybelongtothePapuangroup；andwearethusabletodefinetheMalayArchipelagoasextendingeastwardtotheSolomon'sIslands。NewCaledoniaandtheNewHebrides，ontheotherhand，seemmorenearlyalliedtoAustralia；andtherestoftheislandsofthePacific，thoughverypoorinallformsoflife，possessafewpeculiaritieswhichcompelustoclassthemasaseparategroup。AlthoughasamatterofconvenienceIhavealwaysseparatedtheMoluccasasadistinctzoologicalgroupfromNewGuinea，Ihaveatthesametimepointedoutthatitsfaunawaschieflyderivedfromthatisland，justasthatofTimorwaschieflyderivedfromAustralia。IfweweredividingtheAustralianregionforzoologicalpurposesalone，weshouldformthreegreatgroups：onecomprisingAustralia，Timor，andTasmania；anotherNewGuinea，withtheislandsfromBourutotheSolomon'sgroup；andthethirdcomprisingthegreaterpartofthePacificIslands。
TherelationoftheNewGuineafaunatothatofAustraliaisveryclose。ItisbestmarkedintheMammaliabytheabundanceofmarsupials，andthealmostcompleteabsenceofallotherterrestrialforms。Inbirdsitislessstriking，althoughstillveryclear，foralltheremarkableold-worldformswhichareabsentfromtheoneareequallysofromtheother，suchasPheasants，Grouse，Vultures，andWoodpeckers；whileCockatoos，Broad-tailedParrots，Podargi，andthegreatfamiliesoftheHoneysuckersandBrush-turkeys，withmanyothers，comprisingnolessthantwenty-fourgeneraofland-birds，arecommontobothcountries，andareentirelyconfinedtothem。
Whenweconsiderthewonderfuldissimilarityofthetworegionsinallthosephysicalconditionswhichwereoncesupposedtodeterminetheformsoflife-Australia，withitsopenplains，stonydeserts，drieduprivers，andchangeabletemperateclimate；
NewGuinea，withitsluxuriantforests，uniformlyhot，moist，andevergreen——thisgreatsimilarityintheirproductionsisalmostastounding，andunmistakeablypointstoacommonorigin。Theresemblanceisnotnearlysostronglymarkedininsects，thereasonobviouslybeing，thatthisclassofanimalsaremuchmoreimmediatelydependentonvegetationandclimatethanarethemorehighlyorganizedbirdsandMammalia。Insectsalsohavefarmoreeffectivemeansofdistribution，andhavespreadwidelyintoeverydistrictfavourabletotheirdevelopmentandincrease。ThegiantOrnithopteraehavethusspreadfromNewGuineaoverthewholeArchipelago，andasfarasthebaseoftheHimalayas；whiletheelegantlong-hornedAnthribidaehavespreadintheoppositedirectionfromMalaccatoNewGuinea，butowingtounfavourableconditionshavenotbeenabletoestablishthemselvesinAustralia。Thatcountry，ontheotherhand，hasdevelopedavarietyofflower-hauntingChafersandBuprestidae，andnumbersoflargeandcuriousterrestrialWeevils，scarcelyanyofwhichareadaptedtothedampgloomyforestsofNewGuinea，whereentirelydifferentformsaretobefound。Thereare，however，somegroupsofinsects，constitutingwhatappeartobetheremainsoftheancientpopulationoftheequatorialpartsoftheAustralianregion，whicharestillalmostentirelyconfinedtoit。Sucharetheinterestingsub-familyofLongicorncoleoptera——
Tmesisternitae；oneofthebest-markedgeneraofBuprestidae——
Cyphogastra；andthebeautifulweevilsformingthegenusEupholus。AmongbutterflieswehavethegeneraMynes，Hypocista，andElodina，andthecuriouseye-spottedDrusilla，ofwhichlastasinglespeciesisfoundinJava，butinnootherofthewesternislands。
Thefacilitiesforthedistributionofplantsarestillgreaterthantheyareforinsects，anditistheopinionofeminentbotanists，thatnosuchclearly-definedregionspanbemarkedoutinbotanyasinzoology。Thecauseswhichtendtodiffusionareheremostpowerful，andhaveledtosuchinterminglingoftheflorasofadjacentregionsthatnonebutbroadandgeneraldivisionscannowbedetected。Theseremarkshaveanimportantbearingontheproblemofdividingthesurfaceoftheearthintogreatregions，distinguishedbytheradicaldifferenceoftheirnaturalproductions。Suchdifferencewenowknowtobethedirectresultoflong-continuedseparationbymoreorlessimpassablebarriers；andaswideoceansandgreatcontrast：oftemperaturearethemostcompletebarrierstothedispersalofallterrestrialformsoflife，theprimarydivisionsoftheearthshouldinthemainserveforallterrestrialorganisms。Howevervariousmaybetheeffectsofclimate，howeverunequalthemeansofdistribution；thesewillneveraltogetherobliteratetheradicaleffectsoflong-continuedisolation；anditismyfirmconviction，thatwhenthebotanyandtheentomologyofNewGuineaandthesurroundingislandsbecomeaswellknownasaretheirmammalsandbirds，thesedepartmentsofnaturewillalsoplainlyindicatetheradicaldistinctionsoftheIndo-MalayanandAustro-
MalayanregionsofthegreatMalayArchipelago。
CHAPTERXL。
THERACESOFMANINTHEMALAYARCHIPELAGO。
PROPOSEtoconcludethisaccountofmyEasterntravels，withashortstatementofmyviewsastotheracesofmanwhichinhabitthevariouspartsoftheArchipelago，theirchiefphysicalandmentalcharacteristics，theiraffinitieswitheachotherandwithsurroundingtribes，theirmigrations，andtheirprobableorigin。
TwoverystronglycontrastedracesinhabittheArchipelago——theMalays，occupyingalmostexclusivelythelargerwesternhalfofit，andthePapuans，whoseheadquartersareNewGuineaandseveraloftheadjacentislands。Betweentheseinlocality，arefoundtribeswhoarealsointermediateintheirchiefcharacteristics，anditissometimesanicepointtodeterminewhethertheybelongtooneortheotherrace，orhavebeenformedbyamixtureofthetwo。
TheMalayisundoubtedlythemostimportantofthesetworaces，asitistheonewhichisthemostcivilized，whichhascomemostintocontactwithEuropeans，andwhichalonehasanyplaceinhistory。WhatmaybecalledthetrueMalayraces，asdistinguishedfromotherswhohavemerelyaMalayelementintheirlanguage，presentaconsiderableuniformityofphysicalandmentalcharacteristics，whilethereareverygreatdifferencesofcivilizationandoflanguage。Theyconsistoffourgreat，andafewminorsemi-civilizedtribes，andanumberofotherswhomaybetermedsavages。TheMalaysproperinhabittheMalaypeninsula，andalmostallthecoastregionsofBorneoandSumatra。TheyallspeaktheMalaylanguage，ordialectsofit；theywriteintheArabiccharacter，andareMahometansinreligion。TheJavaneseinhabitJava，partofSumatra，Madura，Bali，andBartofLombock。
TheyspeaktheJavaneseandKawilanguages，whichtheywriteinanativecharacter。TheyarenowMahometansinJava，butBrahminsinBaliandLombock。TheBugisaretheinhabitantsofthegreaterpartsofCelebes，andthereseemstobeanalliedpeopleinSumbawa。TheyspeaktheBugisandMacassarlanguages，withdialects，andhavetwodifferentnativecharactersinwhichtheywritethese。TheyareallMahometans。ThefourthgreatraceisthatoftheTagalasinthePhilippineIslands，aboutwhom，asI
didnotvisitthoseIslands，Ishallsaylittle。ManyofthemarenowChristians，andspeakSpanishaswellastheirnativetongue，theTagala。TheMoluccan-Malays，whoinhabitchieflyTernate，Tidore，Batchian，andAmboyna，maybeheldtoformafifthdivisionofsemi-civilizedMalays。TheyareallMahometans，buttheyspeakavarietyofcuriouslanguages，whichseemcompoundedofBugisandJavanese，withthelanguagesofthesavagetribesoftheMoluccas。
ThesavageMalaysaretheDyaksofBorneo；theBattaksandotherwildtribesofSumatra；theJakunsoftheMalayPeninsula；theaboriginesofNorthernCelebes，oftheSulaisland，andofpartofBouru。
Thecolourofallthesevariedtribesisalightreddishbrown，withmoreorlessofanolivetinge，notvaryinginanyimportantdegreeoveranextentofcountryaslargeasallSouthernEurope。
Thehairisequallyconstant，beinginvariablyblackandstraight，andofarathercoarsetexture，sothatanylightertint，oranywaveorcurlinit，isanalmostcertainproofoftheadmixtureofsomeforeignblood。Thefaceisnearlydestituteofbeard，andthebreastandlimbsarefreefromhair。Thestatureistolerablyequal，andisalwaysconsiderablybelowthatoftheaverageEuropean；thebodyisrobust，thebreastwelldeveloped，thefeetsmall，thick，andshort，thehandssmallandratherdelicate。Thefaceisalittlebroad，andinclinedtobeflat；theforeheadisratherrounded，thebrowslow，theeyesblackandveryslightlyoblique；thenoseisrathersmall，notprominent，butstraightandwell-shaped，theapexalittlerounded，thenostrilsbroadandslightlyexposed；thecheek-bonesareratherprominent，themouthlarge，thelipsbroadandwellcut，butnotprotruding，thechinroundandwell-formed。
Inthisdescriptionthereseemslittletoobjecttoonthescoreofbeauty，andyetonthewholetheMalaysarecertainlynothandsome。Inyouth，however，theyareoftenverygood-looking，andmanyoftheboysandgirlsuptotwelveorfifteenyearsofageareverypleasing，andsomehavecountenanceswhichareintheirwayalmostperfect。Iaminclinedtothinktheylosemuchoftheirgoodlooksbybadhabitsandirregularliving。Ataveryearlyage。theychewbetelandtobaccoalmostincessantly；theysuffermuchwantandexposureintheirfishingandotherexcursions；theirlivesareoftenpassedinalternatestarvationandfeasting，idlenessandexcessivelabour，——andthisnaturallyproducesprematureoldageandharshnessoffeatures。
IncharactertheMalayisimpassive。Heexhibitsareserve，diffidence，andevenbashfulness，whichisinsomedegreeattractive，andleadstheobservertothinlythattheferociousandbloodthirstycharacterimputedtotheracemustbegrosslyexaggerated。Heisnotdemonstrative。Hisfeelingsofsurprise，admiration，orfear，areneveropenlymanifested，andareprobablynotstronglyfelt。Heisslowanddeliberateinspeech，andcircuitousinintroducingthesubjecthehascomeexpresslytodiscuss。Thesearethemainfeaturesofhismoralnature，andexhibitthemselvesineveryactionofhislife。
Childrenandwomenaretimid，andscreamandrunattheunexpectedsightofaEuropean。Inthecompanyofmentheyaresilent，andaregenerallyquietandobedient。WhenalonetheMalayistaciturn；heneithertalksnorsingstohimself。Whenseveralarepaddlinginacanoe，theyoccasionallychantamonotonousandplaintivesong。Heiscautiousofgivingoffencetohisequals。Hedoesnotquarreleasilyaboutmoneymatters；
dislikesaskingtoofrequentlyevenforpaymentofhisjustdebts，andwilloftengivethemupaltogetherratherthanquarrelwithhisdebtor。Practicaljokingisutterlyrepugnanttohisdisposition；forheisparticularlysensitivetobreachesofetiquette，oranyinterferencewiththepersonallibertyofhimselforanother。Asanexample，ImaymentionthatIhaveoftenfounditverydifficulttogetoneMalayservanttowakenanother。Hewillcallasloudashecan，butwillhardlytouch，muchlessshakehiscomrade。Ihavefrequentlyhadtowakenahardsleepermyselfwhenonalandorseajourney。
ThehigherclassesofMalaysareexceedinglypolite，andhaveallthequieteaseanddignityofthebest-bredEuropeans。Yetthisiscompatiblewitharecklesscrueltyandcontemptofhumanlife，whichisthedarksideoftheircharacter。Itisnottobewonderedat，therefore，thatdifferentpersonsgivetotallyoppositeaccountsofthem——onepraisingthemfortheirsoberness，civility，andgood-nature；anotherabusingthemfortheirdeceit，treachery，andcruelty。TheoldtravellerNicoloConti，writingin1430，says："TheinhabitantsofJavaandSumatraexceedeveryotherpeopleincruelty。Theyregardkillingamanasamerejest；norisanypunishmentallottedforsuchadeed。Ifanyonepurchaseanewsword，andwishtotryit，hewillthrustitintothebreastofthefirstpersonhemeets。Thepassers-byexaminethewound，andpraisetheskillofthepersonwhoinflictedit，ifhethrustintheweapondirect。"YetDrakesaysofthesouthofJava："Thepeopleasaretheirkingsareaveryloving，true，andjust-dealingpeople；"andMr。CrawfurdsaysthattheJavanese，whomheknewthoroughly，are"apeaceable，docile，sober，simple，andindustriouspeople。"Barbosa，ontheotherhand，whosawthematMalaccaabout1660，says："Theyareapeopleofgreatingenuity，verysubtleinalltheirdealings；
verymalicious，greatdeceivers，seldomspeakingthetruth；
preparedtodoallmannerofwickedness，andreadytosacrificetheirlives。"
TheintellectoftheMalayraceseemsratherdeficient。Theyareincapableofanythingbeyondthesimplestcombinationsofideas，andhavelittletasteorenergyfortheacquirementofknowledge。
Theircivilization，suchasitis，doesnotseemtobeindigenous，asitisentirelyconfinedtothosenationswhohavebeenconvertedtotheMahometanorBrahminicalreligions。
IwillnowgiveanequallybriefsketchoftheothergreatraceoftheMalayArchipelago，thePapuan。
ThetypicalPapuanraceisinmanyrespectstheveryoppositeoftheMalay，andithashithertobeenveryimperfectlydescribed。
Thecolourofthebodyisadeepsooty-brownorblack，sometimesapproaching，butneverquiteequalling，thejet-blackofsomenegroraces。Itvariesintint，however，morethanthatoftheMalay，andissometimesadusky-brown。Thehairisverypeculiar，beingharsh，dry，andfrizzly，growinginlittletuftsorcurls，whichinyouthareveryshortandcompact，butafterwardsgrowouttoa，considerablelength，formingthecompactfrizzledmopwhichisthePapuans'prideandglory。Thefaceisadornedwithabeardofthesamefrizzlynatureasthehairofthehead。Thearms，legs，andbreastarealsomoreorlessclothedwithhairofasimilarnature。
InstaturethePapuandecidedlysurpassestheMalay，andisperhapsequal，orevensuperior，totheaverageofEuropeans。Thelegsarelongandthin，andthehandsandfeetlargerthanintheMalays。Thefaceissomewhatelongated，theforeheadflatfish，thebrowsveryprominent；thenoseislarge，ratherarchedandhigh，thebasethick，thenostrilsbroad，withtheaperturehidden，owingtothetipofthenosebeingelongated；themouthislarge，thelipsthickandprotuberant。ThefacehasthusanaltogethermoreEuropeanaspectthanintheMalay，owingtothelargenose；andthepeculiarformofthisorgan，withthemoreprominentbrowsandthecharacterofthehaironthehead，face，andbody，enableusataglancetodistinguishthetworaces。I
haveobservedthatmostofthesecharacteristicfeaturesareasdistinctlyvisibleinchildrenoftenortwelveyearsoldasinadults，andthepeculiarformofthenoseisalwaysshowninthefigureswhichtheycarveforornamentstotheirhouses，orascharmstowearroundtheirnecks。
ThemoralcharacteristicsofthePapuanappeartometoseparatehimasdistinctlyfromtheMalayasdohisformandfeatures。Heisimpulsiveanddemonstrativeinspeechandaction。Hisemotionsandpassionsexpressthemselvesinshoutsandlaughter，inyellsandfranticleapings。Womenandchildrentaketheirshareineverydiscussion，andseemlittlealarmedatthesightofstrangersandEuropeans。
Oftheintellectofthisraceitisverydifficulttojudge，butIaminclinedtorateitsomewhathigherthanthatoftheMalays，notwithstandingthefactthatthePapuanshaveneveryetmadeanyadvancetowardscivilization。Itmustberemembered，however，thatforcenturiestheMalayshavebeeninfluencedbyHindoo，Chinese，andArabicimmigration，whereasthePapuanracehasonlybeensubjectedtotheverypartialandlocalinfluenceofMalaytraders。ThePapuanhasmuchmorevitalenergy，whichwouldcertainlygreatlyassisthisintellectualdevelopment。Papuanslavesshownoinferiorityofintellect。comparedwithMalays，butratherthecontrary；andintheMoluccastheyareoftenpromotedtoplacesofconsiderabletrust。ThePapuanhasagreaterfeelingforartthantheMalay。Hedecorateshiscanoe，hishouse，andalmosteverydomesticutensilwithelaboratecarving，ahabitwhichisrarelyfoundamongtribesoftheMalayrace。
Intheaffectionsandmoralsentiments，ontheotherhand，thePapuansseemverydeficient。Inthetreatmentoftheirchildrentheyareoftenviolentandcruel；whereastheMalaysarealmostinvariablykindandgentle，hardlyeverinterferingatallwiththeirchildren'spursuitsandamusements，andgivingthemperfectlibertyatwhateveragetheywishtoclaimit。Buttheseverypeacefulrelationsbetweenparentsandchildrenarenodoubt，inagreatmeasure，duetothelistlessandapatheticcharacteroftherace，whichneverleadstheyoungermembersintoseriousoppositiontotheelders；whiletheharsherdisciplineofthePapuansmaybechieflyduetothatgreatervigourandenergyofmindwhichalways，soonerorlater，leadstotherebellionoftheweakeragainstthestronger，——thepeopleagainsttheirrulers，theslaveagainsthismaster，orthechildagainstitsparent。
Itappears，therefore，that，whetherweconsidertheirphysicalconformation，theirmoralcharacteristics，ortheirintellectualcapacities，theMalayandPapuanracesofferremarkabledifferencesandstrikingcontrasts。TheMalayisofshortstature，brown-skinned，straight-haired，beardless，andsmooth-
bodied。ThePapuanistaller，isblack-skinned，frizzly-haired，bearded，andhairy-bodied。Theformerisbroad-faced，hasasmallnose，andflateyebrows；thelatterislong-faced，hasalargeandprominentnose，andprojectingeyebrows。TheMalayisbashful，cold，undemonstrative，andquiet；thePapuanisbold，impetuous，excitable，andnoisy。Theformerisgraveandseldomlaughs；thelatterisjoyousaridlaughter-loving，——theoneconcealshisemotions，theotherdisplaysthem。
Havingthusdescribedinsomedetail，thegreatphysical，intellectual，andmoraldifferencesbetweentheMalaysandPapuans，wehavetoconsidertheinhabitantsofthenumerousislandswhichdonotagreeverycloselywitheitheroftheseraces。TheislandsofObi，Batchian，andthethreesouthernpeninsulasofGilolo，possessnotrueindigenouspopulation；butthenorthernpeninsulaisinhabitedbyanativerace，theso-
calledAlfurosofSahoeandGalela。ThesepeoplearequitedistinctfromtheMalays，andalmostequallysofromthePapuans。
Theyaretallandwell-made，withPapuanfeatures，andcurlyhair；theyarebeardedandhairy-limbed，butquiteaslightincolourastheMalays。Theyareanindustriousandenterprisingrace，cultivatingriceandvegetables，andindefatigableintheirsearchaftergame，fish，tripang，pearls，andtortoiseshell。
InthegreatislandofCeramthereisalsoanindigenousraceverysimilartothatofNorthernGilolo。Bournseemstocontaintwodistinctraces，——ashorter，round-facedpeople，withaMalayphysiognomy，whomayprobablyhavecomefromCelebesbywayoftheSulaislands；andatallerbeardedrace，resemblingthatofCeram。
FarsouthoftheMoluccasliestheislandofTimor，inhabitedbytribesmuchnearertothetruePapuanthanthoseoftheMoluccas。
TheTimoreseoftheinteriorareduskybrownorblackish，withbushyfrizzledhair，andthelongPapuannose。Theyareofmediumheight，andratherslenderfigures。Theuniversaldressisalongclothtwistedroundthewaist，thefringedendsofwhichhangbelowtheknee。Thepeoplearesaidtobegreatthieves，andthetribesarealwaysatwarwitheachother，buttheyarenotverycourageousorbloodthirsty。Thecustomof"tabu，"calledhere"pomali，"isverygeneral，fruittrees，houses，crop，andpropertyofallkindsbeingprotectedfromdepredationbythisceremony，thereverenceforwhichisverygreat。Apalmbranchstuckacrossanopendoor，showingthatthehouseistabooed，isamoreeffectualguardagainstrobberythananyamountoflocksandbars。ThehousesinTimoraredifferentfromthoseofmostoftheotherislands；theyseemallroof，thethatchoverhangingthelowwallsandreachingtheground，exceptwhereitiscutawayforanentrance。InsomepartsofthewestendofTimor，andonthelittleislandofSemau，thehousesmoreresemblethoseoftheHottentots，beingegg-shaped，verysmall，andwithadooronlyaboutthreefeethigh。Thesearebuiltontheground，whilethoseoftheeasterndistrictsart，raisedafewfeetonposts。Intheirexcitabledisposition，loudvoices，andfearlessdemeanour，theTimoresecloselyresemblethepeopleofNewGuinea。
IntheislandswestofTimor，asfarasFloresandSandalwoodIsland，averysimilarraceisfound，whichalsoextendseastwardtoTimor-laut，wherethetruePapuanracebeginstoappear。ThesmallislandsofSavuandRotti，however，tothewestofTimor，areveryremarkableinpossessingadifferentand，insomerespects，peculiarrace。Thesepeopleareveryhandsome，withgoodfeatures，resemblinginmanycharacteristicstheraceproducedbythemixtureoftheHindooorArabwiththeMalay。
TheyarecertainlydistinctfromtheTimoreseorPapuanraces，andmustbeclassedinthewesternratherthantheeasternethnologicaldivisionoftheArchipelago。
ThewholeofthegreatislandofNewGuinea，theKearidAruIslands，withMysol，Salwatty，andWaigiou，areinhabitedalmostexclusivelybythetypicalPapuans。IfoundnotraceofanyothertribesinhabitingtheinteriorofNewGuinea，butthecoastpeopleareinsomeplacesmixedwiththebrownerracesoftheMoluccas。ThesamePapuanraceseemstoextendovertheislandseastofNewGuineaasfarastheFijis。
Thereremaintobenoticedtheblackwoolly-hairedracesofthePhilippinesandtheMalaypeninsula，theformercalled"Negritos，"andthelatter"Semangs。"Ihaveneverseenthesepeoplemyself，butfromthenumerousaccuratedescriptionsofthemthathavebeenpublished，IhavehadnodifficultyinsatisfyingmyselfthattheyhavelittleaffinityorresemblancetothePapuans，withwhichtheyhavebeenhithertoassociated。InmostimportantcharacterstheydiffermorefromthePapuanthantheydofromtheMalay。Theyaredwarfsinstature，onlyaveragingfourfeetsixinchestofourfeeteightincheshigh，oreightincheslessthantheMalays；whereasthePapuansaredecidedlytallerthanthe-Malays。Thenoseisinvariablyrepresentedassmall，flattened，orturnedupattheapex，whereasthemostuniversalcharacterofthePapuanraceistohavethenoseprominentandlarge，withtheapexproduceddownwards，asitisinvariablyrepresentedintheirownrudeidols。ThehairofthesedwarfishracesagreeswiththatofthePapuans，butsoitdoeswiththatofthenegroesofAfrica。TheNegritosandtheSemangsagreeverycloselyinphysicalcharacteristicswitheachotherandwiththeAndamanIslanders，whiletheydifferinamarkedmannerfromeveryPapuanrace。
Acarefulstudyofthesevariedraces，comparingthemwiththoseofEasternAsia，thePacificIslands，andAustralia，hasledmetoadoptacomparativelysimpleviewastotheiroriginandaffinities。
IfwedrawalineseePhysicalMap，Vol。1。p。14，commencingtotheeastofthePhilippineIslands，thencealongthewesterncoastofGilolo，throughtheislandofBouru，andcurvingroundthewestendofMores，thenbendingbackbySandalwoodIslandtotakeinRotti，weshalldividetheArchipelagointotwoportions，theracesofwhichhavestronglymarkeddistinctivepeculiarities。ThislinewillseparatetheMalayanandalltheAsiaticraces，fromthePapuansandallthatinhabitthePacific；
andthoughalongthelineofjunctionintermigrationandcommixturehavetakenplace，yetthedivisionisonthewholealmostaswelldefinedandstronglycontrasted，asisthecorrespondingzoologicaldivisionoftheArchipelago，intoanIndo-MalayanandAustro-Malayanregion。
ImustbrieflyexplainthereasonsthathaveledmetoconsiderthisdivisionoftheOceanicracestobeatrueandnaturalone。
TheMalayanrace，asawhole，undoubtedlyverycloselyresemblestheEastAsianpopulations，fromSiamtoMandchouria。Iwasmuchstruckwiththis，whenintheislandofBaliIsawChinesetraderswhohadadoptedthecostumeofthatcountry，andwhocouldthenhardlybedistinguishedfromMalays；and，ontheotherhand，IhaveseennativesofJavawho，asfarasphysiognomywasconcerned，wouldpassverywellforChinese。Then，again，wehavethemosttypicaloftheMalayantribesinhabitingaportionoftheAsiaticcontinentitself，togetherwiththosegreatislandswhich，possessingthesamespeciesoflargeMammaliawiththeadjacentpartsofthecontinent，haveinallprobabilityformedaconnectedportionofAsiaduringthehumanperiod。TheNegritosare，nodoubt，quiteadistinctracefromtheMalay；butyet，assomeoftheminhabitaportionofthecontinent，andotherstheAndamanIslandsintheBayofBengal，theymustbeconsideredtohavehad，inallprobability，anAsiaticratherthanaPolynesianorigin。
Now，turningtotheeasternpartsoftheArchipelago，Ifind，bycomparingmyownobservationswiththoseofthemosttrustworthytravellersandmissionaries，thataraceidenticalinallitschieffeatureswiththePapuan，isfoundinalltheislandsasfareastastheFijis；beyondthisthebrownPolynesianrace，orsomeintermediatetype，isspreadeverywhereoverthePacific。
ThedescriptionsoftheselatteroftenagreeexactlywiththecharactersofthebrownindigenesofGiloloandCeram。
ItistobeespeciallyremarkedthatthebrownandtheblackPolynesianracescloselyresembleeachother。Theirfeaturesarealmostidentical，sothatportraitsofaNewZealanderorOtaheitanwilloftenserveaccuratelytorepresentaPapuanorTimorese，thedarkercolourandmorefrizzlyhairofthelatterbeingtheonlydifferences。Theyarebothtallraces。Theyagreeintheirloveofartandthestyleoftheirdecorations。Theyareenergetic，demonstrative，joyous，andlaughter-loving，andinalltheseparticularstheydifferwidelyfromtheMalay。
Ibelieve，therefore，thatthenumerousintermediateformsthatoccuramongthecountlessislandsofthePacific，arenotmerelytheresultofamixtureoftheseraces，butare，tosomeextent，trulyintermediateortransitional；andthatthebrownandtheblack，thePapuan，thenativesofGiloloandCeram，theFijian，theinhabitantsoftheSandwichIslandsandthoseofNewZealand，areallvaryingformsofonegreatOceanicorPolynesianrace。
Itis，however，quitepossible，andperhapsprobable，thatthebrownPolynesianswereoriginallytheproduceofamixtureofMalays，orsomelightercolouredMongolracewiththedarkPapuans；butifso，theinterminglingtookplaceatsucharemoteepoch，andhasbeensoassistedbythecontinuedinfluenceofphysicalconditionsandofnaturalselection，leadingtothepreservationofaspecialtypesuitedtothoseconditions，thatithasbecomeafixedandstableracewithnosignsofmongrelism，andshowingsuchadecidedpreponderanceofPapuancharacter，thatitcanbestbeclassifiedasamodificationofthePapuantype。TheoccurrenceofadecidedMalayelementinthePolynesianlanguages，hasevidentlynothingtodowithanysuchancientphysicalconnexion。Itisaltogetherarecentphenomenon，originatingintheroaminghabitsofthechiefMalaytribes；andthisisprovedbythefactthatwefindactualmodernwordsoftheMalayandJavaneselanguagesinuseinPolynesia，solittledisguisedbypeculiaritiesofpronunciationastobeeasilyrecognisable——notmereMalayrootsonlytobedetectedbytheelaborateresearchesofthephilologist，aswouldcertainlyhavebeenthecasehadtheirintroductionbeenasremoteastheoriginofaverydistinctrace——araceasdifferentfromtheMalayinmentalandmoral，asitisinphysicalcharacters。
Asbearinguponthisquestionitisimportanttopointouttheharmonywhichexists，betweenthelineofseparationofthehumanracesoftheArchipelagoandthatoftheanimalproductionsofthesamecountry，whichIhavealreadysofullyexplainedandillustrated。Thedividinglinesdonot，itistrue，exactlyagree；butIthinkitisaremarkablefact，andsomethingmorethanamerecoincidence，thattheyshouldtraversethesamedistrictandapproacheachothersocloselyastheydo。If，however，IamrightinmysuppositionthattheregionwherethedividinglineoftheIndo-MalayanandAustro-Malayanregionsofzoologycannowbedrawn，wasformerlyoccupiedbyamuchwiderseathanatpresent，andifmanexistedontheearthatthatperiod，weshallseegoodreasonwhytheracesinhabitingtheAsiaticandPacificareasshouldnowmeetandpartiallyintermingleinthevicinityofthatdividingline。
IthasrecentlybeenmaintainedbyProfessorHuxley，thatthePapuansaremorecloselyalliedtothenegroesofAfricathantoanyotherrace。Theresemblancebothinphysicalandmentalcharacteristicshadoftenstruckmyself，butthedifficultiesinthewayofacceptingitasprobableorpossible，havehithertopreventedmefrontgivingfullweighttothoseresemblances。
Geographical，zoological，andethnologicalconsiderationsrenderitalmostcertain，thatifthesetworaceseverhadacommonorigin，itcouldonlyhavebeenataperiodfarmoreremotethananywhichhasyetbeenassignedtotheantiquityofthehumanrace。Andeveniftheirlenitycouldbeproved，itwouldinnowayaffectmyargumentforthecloseaffinityofthePapuanandPolynesianraces，andtheradicaldistinctnessofbothfromtheMalay。
Polynesiaispre-eminentlyanareaofsubsidence，anditsgoatwidespreadgroupsofcoral-reefsmarkouttilepositionofformercontinentsandislands。Therichandvaried，yetstrangelyisolatedproductionsofAustraliaandNewGuinea，alsoindicateanextensivecontinentwheresuchspecializedformsweredeveloped。Theracesofmennowinhabitingthesecountriesare，therefore，mostprobablythedescendantsoftheraceswhichinhabitedthesecontinentsandislands。Thisisthemostsimpleandnaturalsuppositiontomake。AndifwefindanysignsofdirectaffinitybetweentheinhabitantsofanyotherpartoftheworldandthoseofPolynesia，itbynomeansfollowsthatthelatterwerederivedfromtheformer。Foras，whenaPacificcontinentexisted，thewholegeographyoftheearth'ssurfacewouldprobablybeverydifferentfromwhatitnowis，thepresentcontinentsmaynotthenhaverisenabovetheocean，and，whentheywereformedatasubsequentepoch，mayhavederivedsomeoftheirinhabitantsfromthePolynesianareaitself。ItisundoubtedlytruethatthereareproofsofextensivemigrationsamongthePacificislands，whichhaveledtocommunityoflanguagefromthesandwichgrouptoNewZealand；buttherearenoproofswhateverofrecentmigrationfromanysurroundingcountrytoPolynesia，sincethereisnopeopletobefoundelsewheresufficientlyresemblingthePolynesianraceintheirchiefphysicalandmentalcharacteristics。
Ifthepasthistoryofthesevariedracesisobscureanduncertain，thefutureisnolessso。ThetruePolynesians，inhabitingthefarthestislesofthePacific，arenodoubtdoomedtoanearlyextinction。ButthemorenumerousMalayraceseemswelladaptedtosurviveasthecultivatorofthesoil，evenwhenhiscountryandgovernmenthavepassedintothehandsofEuropeans。IfthetideofcolonizationshouldbeturnedtoNewGuinea，therecanbelittledoubtoftheearlyextinctionofthePapuanrace。Awarlikeandenergeticpeople，whowillnotsubmittonationalslaveryortodomesticservitude，mustdisappearbeforethewhitemanassurelyasdothewolfandthetiger。
Ihavenowconcludedmytask。Ihavegiven，inmoreorlessdetail，asketchofmyeightyears'wanderingsamongthelargestandthemostluxuriantislandswhichadornourearth'ssurface。I
haveendeavouredtoconveymyimpressionsoftheirscenery，theirvegetation，theiranimalproductions，andtheirhumaninhabitants。Ihavedweltatsomelengthonthevariedandinterestingproblemstheyoffertothestudentofnature。Beforebiddingmyreaderfarewell，Iwishtomakeafewobservationsonasubjectofyethigherinterestanddeeperimportance，whichthecontemplationofsavagelifehassuggested，andonwhichI
believethatthecivilizedcanlearnsomethingfromthesavageman。
Wemostofusbelievethatwe，thehigherraceshaveprogressedandareprogressing。Ifso，theremustbesomestateofperfection，someultimategoal，whichwemayneverreach，buttowhichalltrueprogressmustbringnearer。Whatisthisideallyperfectsocialstatetowardswhichmankindeverhasbeen，andstillistending？Ourbestthinkersmaintain，thatitisastateofindividualfreedomandself-government，renderedpossiblebytheequaldevelopmentandjustbalanceoftheintellectual，moral，andphysicalpartsofournature，——astateinwhichweshalleachbesoperfectlyfittedforasocialexistence，byknowingwhatisright，andatthesametimefeelinganirresistibleimpulsetodowhatweknowtoberight。，thatalllawsandallpunishmentsshallbeunnecessary。Insuchastateeverymanwouldhaveasufficientlywell-balancedintellectualorganization，tounderstandthemorallawinallitsdetails，andwouldrequirenoothermotivebutthefreeimpulsesofhisownnaturetoobeythatlaw。
Nowitisveryremarkable，thatamongpeopleinaverylowstageofcivilization，wefindsomeapproachtosuchaperfectsocialstate。IhavelivedwithcommunitiesofsavagesinSouthAmericaandintheEast，whohavenolawsorlawcourtsbutthepublicopinionofthevillagefreelyexpressed。Eachmanscrupulouslyrespectstherightsofhisfellow，andanyinfractionofthoserightsrarelyornevertakesplace。Insuchacommunity，allarenearlyequal。Thereareconeofthosewidedistinctions，ofeducationandignorance，wealthandpoverty，masterandservant，whicharetheproductofourcivilization；thereisnoneofthatwide-spreaddivisionoflabour，which，whileitincreaseswealth，productsalsoconflictinginterests；thereisnotthatseverecompetitionandstruggleforexistence，orforwealth，whichthedensepopulationofcivilizedcountriesinevitablycreates。Allincitementstogreatcrimesarethuswanting，andpettyonesarerepressed，partlybytheinfluenceofpublicopinion，butchieflybythatnaturalsenseofjusticeandofhisneighbour'sright，whichseemstobe，insomedegree，inherentineveryraceofman。
Now，althoughwehaveprogressedvastlybeyondthesavagestateinintellectualachievements，wehavenotadvancedequallyinmorals。Itistruethatamongthoseclasseswhohavenowantsthatcannotbeeasilysupplied，andamongwhompublicopinionhasgreatinfluence；therightsofothersarefullyrespected。Itistrue，also，thatwehavevastlyextendedthesphereofthoserights，andincludewithinthemallthebrotherhoodofman。Butitisnottoomuchtosay，thatthemassofourpopulationshavenotatalladvancedbeyondthesavagecodeofmorals，andhaveinmanycasessunkbelowit。Adeficientmoralityisthegreatblotofmoderncivilization，andthegreatesthindrancetotrueprogress。
Duringthelastcentury，andespeciallyinthelastthirtyyears，ourintellectualandmaterialadvancementhasbeentooquicklyachievedforustoreapthefullbenefitofit。Ourmasteryovertheforcesofmaturehasledtoarapidgrowthofpopulation，andavastaccumulationofwealth；butthesehavebroughtwiththemsuchauamountofpovertyandcrime，andhavefosteredthegrowthofsomuchsordidfeelingandsomanyfiercepassions，thatitmaywellbequestioned，whetherthementalandmoralstatusofourpopulationhasnotontheaveragebeenlowered，andwhethertheevilhasnotoverbalancedthegood。Comparedwithourwondrousprogressinphysicalscienceanditspracticalapplications，oursystemofgovernment，ofadministeringjustice，ofnationaleducation，andourwholesocialandmoralorganization，remainsinastateofbarbarism。[Seenotenextpage。]Andifwecontinuetodevoteourchiefenergiestotheutilizingofourknowledgethelawsofnaturewiththeviewofstillfurtherextendingourcommerceandourwealth，theevilswhichnecessarilyaccompanythesewhentooeagerlypursued，mayincreasetosuchgiganticdimensionsastobebeyondcurpowertoalleviate。
Weshouldnowclearlyrecognisethefact，thatthewealthandknowledgeandcultureofthefewdonotconstitutecivilization，anddonotofthemselvesadvanceustowardsthe"perfectsocialstate。"Ourvastmanufacturingsystem，ourgiganticcommerce，ourcrowdedtownsandcities，supportandcontinuallyrenewamassofhumanmiseryandcrimeabsolutelygreaterthanhaseverexistedbefore。Theycreateandmaintaininlife-longlabouranever-
increasingarmy，whoselotisthemorehardtobear，bycontrastwiththepleasures，thecomforts，andtheluxurywhichtheyseeeverywherearoundthem，butwhichtheycanneverhopetoenjoy；
andwho，inthisrespect，areworseoffthanthesavageinthemidstofhistribe。
Thisisnotaresulttoboastof，ortobesatisfiedwith；and，untilthereisamoregeneralrecognitionofthisfailureofourcivilization——resultingmainlyfromourneglecttotrainanddevelopmorethoroughlythesympatheticfeelingsandmoralfacultiesofournature，andtoallowthemalargershareofinfluenceinourlegislation，ourcommerce，andourwholesocialorganization——weshallnever，asregardsthewholecommunity，attaintoanyrealorimportantsuperiorityoverthebetterclassofsavages。
ThisisthelessonIhavebeentaughtbymyobservationsofuncivilizedman。Inowbidmyreaders——Farewell！
NOTE。
THOSEwhobelievethatoursocialconditionapproachesperfection，willthinktheabovewordharshandexaggerated，butitseemstometheonlywordthatcanbetrulyappliedtous。Wearetherichestcountryintheworld，andyetcue-twentiethofourpopulationareparishpaupers，andone-thirtiethknowncriminals。Addtothese，thecriminalswhoescapedetection；andthepoorwholivemainlyonprivatecharity，which，accordingtoDr。Hawkesley，expendssevenmillionssterlingannuallyisLondonalone，andwemaybesurethatmorethanONE-TENTHofourpopulationareactuallyPaupersandCriminals。Boththeseclasseswekeepidleoratunproductivelabour，andeachcriminalcostsusannuallyinourprisonsmorethanthewagesofanhonestagriculturallabourer。Weallowoverahundredthousandpersonsknowntohavenomeansofsubsistencebutbycrime，toremainatlargeandpreyuponthecommunity，andmanythousandchildrentogrowupbeforeoureyesinignoranceandvice，tosupplytrainedcriminalsforthenextgeneration。This，inacountrywhichboastsofitsrapidincreaseinwealth，ofitsenormouscommerceandgiganticmanufactures，ofitsmechanicalskillandscientificknowledge，ofitshighcivilizationanditspureChristianity，——I
canbuttermastateofsocialbarbarism。Wealsoboastofourloveofjustice，andthatthelawprotectsrichand。pooralike，yetweretainmoneyfinesasapunishment，andmaletheveryfirststepstoobtainjusticea。matterofexpense-inbothcasesabarbarousinjustice，ordenialofjusticetothepoor。Again，ourlawsrenderitpossible，that，bymereneglectofalegalform，andcontrarytohisownwishandintention，aman'spropertymayallgotoastranger，andhisownchildrenbeleftdestitute。Suchcaseshavehappenedthroughtheoperationofthelawsofinheritanceoflandedproperty；andthatsuchunnaturalinjusticeispossibleamongus，showsthatweareinastateofsocialbarbarism。Onomoreexampletojustifymyuseoftheterm，andIhavedone。Wepermitabsolutepossessionofthesoilofourcountry，withnolegalrightsofexistenceonthesoil，tothevastmajoritywhodonotpossessit。Agreatlandholdermaylegallyconverthiswholepropertyintoaforestorahunting-
ground，andexpeleveryhumanbeingwhohashithertoliveduponit。Inathickly-populatedcountrylikeEngland，whereeveryacrehasitsowneranditsoccupier，thisisapoweroflegallydestroyinghisfellow-creatures；andthatsuchapowershouldexist，andbeexercisedbyindividuals，inhoweversmalladegree，indicatesthat，asregardstruesocialscience，wearestillinastateofbarbarism。
End