3
  HarrodinhisstudyonTheTradeCycle。ThereMrHarrodexpectsanincrease;hereconstancyoradecreaseseemstobeindicated。SinceMrHarrodgivesgroundsforhisconclusionswhichareprimafacieplausible,thisisafurtherreasonforanattempttoputtheissuetoamoredecisivestatisticaltest。[236]
  Tostatethecasemoreexactly,wehavefivefactorswhichfluctuateintheshortperiodwiththelevelofoutput:1Thepriceofwage-goodsrelativetothepriceoftheproduct;
  2Thepriceofgoodsboughtfromoutsidethesystemrelativelytomoneywages;
  3Themarginalwagecost;
  4ThemarginalusercostIattachimportancetoincludingthisfactorbecauseithelpstobridgethediscontinuitybetweenanincreaseofoutputuptoshort-periodcapacityandanincreaseofoutputinvolvinganincreasebeyondthecapacityassumedinshort-periodconditions;and5Thedegreeoftheimperfectionofcompetition。Anditappearsthat,forreasonswhicharenotyetclear,thesefactorstakeninconjunctionhavenosignificantinfluenceonthedistributionbetweenlabourandcapitaloftheincomeresultingfromtheoutput。Whateveramorecompleteinquiryintotheproblemmaybringforth,itisevidentthatMrDunlop,MrTarshisandDrKaleckihavegivenusmuchtothinkabout,andhaveseriouslyshakenthefundamentalassumptionsonwhichtheshort-periodtheoryofdistributionhasbeenbasedhitherto;¾;itseemsthatforpracticalpurposesadifferentsetofsimplificationsfromthoseadoptedhithertoarepreferable。MeanwhileIamcomfortedbythefactthattheirconclusionstendtoconfirmtheideathatthecausesofshort-periodfluctuationaretobefoundinchangesinthedemandforlabour,andnotinchangesinitsreal-supplyprice;thoughIcomplainalittlethatIinparticularshouldbecriticisedforconcedingalittletotheotherviewbyadmittingthat,whenthechangesineffectivedemandtowhichImyselfattachimportancehavebroughtaboutachangeinthelevelofoutput,thereal-supplypriceforlabourwouldinfactchangeinthedirectionassumedbythetheoryIamopposing¾;asifIwasthe[Page412]THE
  GENERALTHEORYOFEMPLOYMENT
  firsttohaveentertainedthefifty-year-oldgeneralisationthat,trendeliminated,increasingoutputisusuallyassociatedwithafallingrealwage。
  Iurge,nevertheless,thatweshouldnotbetoohastyinourrevisions,andthatfurtherstatisticalenquiryisnecessarybeforewehaveafirmfoundationoffactonwhichtoreconstructourtheoryoftheshortperiod。
  Inparticularweneedtoknow:iHowtherealhourlywagechangesintheshortperiod,notmerelyinrelationtothemoneywage,butinrelationtothepercentagewhichactualoutputbearstocapacityoutput;
  iiHowthepurchasingpoweroftheindustrialmoneywageintermsofitsownproductchangeswhenoutputchanges;andiiiHowgrossprofitperunitofoutputchangesawhenmoneycostschange,andbwhenoutputchanges。J。M。KEYNES
  IndexA-K[Page413]
  INDEXA-K
  [toIndexL-Z]
  Abstinence,see[Saving]
  Accumulationinawealthycommunity,[219-20],seealso[
  Capitalaccumulation]
  'Administeredprices',[268],[270]
  AggregateInvestment,Saving,Supplyfunction,Demandfunction,see[
  Investment],[Saving],[Supplyfunction],[Demandfunction]
  Agricultureandthetradecycle,[314],[329-32]
  Armstrong,Clement,[347]
  Australia,wagepolicyin,[269-70
  ]
  Austrianschool,[76],[329]
  AuthoritarianStates,[380],[
  381]
  Availableresourcesandactualemployment,[4]
  Balanceoftradeandchangesinmoney-wages,[262-3]andMercantilism,[333],[335-9
  ],[348]andfuturepolicy,[382]Bankcharges,[196]
  Bankdeposits,[81],[167n],[194-5]
  Bankmoney,innineteenthcentury,[308]andGesell'sproposals,[357-8
  ]Bankrate,'effectiveness'of;[206]thetechnique,[339]Bankingsystem¾;andcreationofcredit,[81-5]andrateofinterest,[208]
  andfutureofinvestment,[378]
  itsconditionsoflending,[200]
  asuggestedreformin,[205-6]
  andwagepolicy,[267]
  Seealso[Money,quantityof];and[Monetarypolicy]Barbon,N。,[359]
  Basicsupplementarycost,see[Supplementarycost]
  Bavaria,Sovietcabinetin,andGesell,[354
  ]
  'Bearishness,stateof',inTreatiseonMoney,[173-4]
  'Bears'andrateofinterest,[170-1]
  Bentham,J。,on'forcedsaving',[80];onusury,[352-3]Bö;hm-Bawerk,E。von,[176n],[183n],[214n]
  BonarLaw,A。,[350]
  Bondprices,[199-200
  ],[206]
  Booth,Charles,[365]
  'Bottle-necks',[300-1
  ],[322]
  Bowley,A。,[395],[398],[402]
  Brokeragecharges,[160]
  Bü;chi,Dr,[354]
  Budgetarydeficit,[98],[128-30
  ]
  BuenosAires,Gesell'sactivitiesin,[354
  ]
  Buildingsocieties,[101]
  Bull,John,oldnineteenth-centurysayingabout,[309n]
  'Bull-bearposition'intheTreatiseonMoney,[169n]
  'Bulls',andtherateofinterest,[170-1
  ]
  Business-deposits,[195]
  Business-motivetoliquidity,[195-6],see[Liquidity]
  Butler,H。B。,[349n]
  Cairncross,A。K。,[364]
  Capital¾;andAustrianschool,[76],[329]
  costofproductionof;[315],[317]
  demandcurvefor,inclassicaltheory,[175-85
  ]
  diminishingreturnsfrom,[42],[81],[114],[289],[305-6
  ]
  durabilityof;andthetradecycle,[318]
  'productivity'of;[213-17]
  scarcityof;[221],[375-6]
  stockof¾;assumedgiven,[245];
  itsmeasure,[37],[43];
  andincome,[52-4],[56];
  andinvestment,[62-3];
  andusercost,[66];
  anddepreciation,[99-106];
  andexpectedyield,[147];
  andrateofinterest,[217-20];
  andtradecycle,[315],[317-18]
  supplypriceof;[135],[248],[252]
  unforeseenincreaseinoutputof;[122-5
  ]Capital,marginalefficiencyof¾;defined,[135-6]
  introduced,[28],[31]
  discussed,[135-64]
  anindependentvariable,[245-9]
  andcommoditystandards,[224-5]
  incrises,[207]
  andpriceofequities,[151]andn,andrateofinterest,[111-12],[136-7
  ],[142-6],[165],[218-20
  ]
  andmoney-andown-ratesofinterest,[222-3
  ],[228]
  andinterestpolicy,[375]
  andliquidity-preference,[170]
  andmoney,[173-4],[224-5
  ],[234],[298]
  andpublicworks,[120]
  andstability,[250-1],[253]
  [Page414]INDEX
  Capitalcont。¾;andtheState,[164],[220]
  andthetradecycle,[313-20],[323-4
  ]
  andwages,[232-3],[260-5
  ],[269-70]
  innineteenthcentury,[307-8]
  to-day,[308-9]
  infuture,[220-1],[375]
  ineconomicdoctrine,[139-41]
  andFisher'stheory,[140-2]
  andGesell'stheory,[355-6]
  Marshallon,[139-40]
  invonMises,HayekandRobbins,[192-3
  ]
  Pigouand,[190],[274],[278]
  andRicardo'stheory,[192]
  andusurylaws,[351-2]Capital,scheduleofmarginalefficiencyof¾;defined,[136]
  itssignificance,[145-6],[184]
  andinvestment,[165],[375]
  andclassicaltheory,[178]
  See[Investmentdemandschedule]Capitalaccumulation¾;andpropensitytoconsume,[112],[349]
  andliquiditypremiumonland,[241-2]
  inwealthycommunity,[31],[219-20],[335],[348]
  itsfuture,[372-3],[375]
  andGesell'stheory,[355]
  Hobsonon,[367-8]
  Marshallon,[242]
  andMercantilistthought,[344]'Capitalconsumption',[76],[329
  ]
  Capital,fixed¾;andinvestment,[75]
  andthetradecycle,[319]
  andusercost,[73]Capitalformation,grossandnet,inUnitedStates,Kuznetson,[102-4]
  Capital,instrumental,characteristicsof,[226]
  Capital,liquid,andexpectation,[50
  ]andusercost,[73]
  Hawtreyon,[75-6]Capitalprofits,taxeson,[94-5
  ]
  Capital,working¾;andexpectation,[49-50]
  andinvestrnent,[75]
  andreductionofwages,[262]
  andprimecost,[273n]
  andthetradecycle,[318-19]Capitalism,futuretrendsin,[221],[309],[372-83]
  Carrying-cost,defined,[225]discussed,[225-8],[240]
  andland,[241]
  andmoney,[233-4],[237-9
  ]
  andsurplusstocks,[317-18]Gesellon,[355-7]Carver,T。N。,oninterest,[176]andnGary,J。,[359]
  Cash,see[Money]
  Cassel,G。,oninterest,[176],[182],[188]Pigouon,[188]Centralbank,[206],[235],seealso[Bankingsystem],[Monetarypolicy]
  Chalmers,[369]
  Child,J。,[342]
  Clark,C。G。,[409n];oninvestmentinGreatBritain,[102],[386]
  Classicaleconomists,[3n]
  Classicaltheory,itslimitations,[
  378]postulatesof;[4-22],[34],[304]
  andmarginalefficiencyofcapital,[139-41
  ]
  andeffectivedemand,[32-4]
  andemployment,[3],[112],[284]
  andinterestandinvestment,[93],[165-6
  ],[175-93],[351],[356]
  andMercantilism,[333-5],[339],[348-9
  ]
  andreductionofmoney-wages,[257-60]
  Hobsonon,[366]'Closedshop',[56]
  Closedsystem,[11],[265]wagepolicyin,[270]Commodityexchanges,[160n]。
  Commodity-ratesofinterest,see[Interest,ownratesof]
  Competition¾;imperfect,[5],[406-11]
  thedegreeof,[245]
  theMercantilistsonexcessive,[345-6]
  andclassicaltheory,[29],[379]Confidence¾;theStateof;[148-9],[161],[248]
  andpublicworks,[120]
  andreductionofmoney-wages,[264]
  inthenineteenthcentury,[307]
  andthetradecycle,[317]
  andHobson'stheory,[367]Consume,propensityto¾;defined,[90]
  theobjectivefactors,[89-106]
  thesubjectivefactors,[107-12]
  itsplaceintheGeneralTheory,[27-31
  ],[245],[247],[249]
  andpropensitytosave,[65]
  andwindfallchangesincapitalvalues,[92]
  andaccumulation,[335],[337],[373],[375]
  andemployment,[211]
  andemploymentinwealthycommunity,[31],[219]
  [Page415]INDEX
  Consume,propensityto¾;cont。andemploymentfunction,[281]
  andincometax,[94],[373]
  andrateofinterest,[93],[178],[184]
  andthetradecycle,[313-14],[319-21
  ],[324-9]
  andmoney-wages,[239],[260],[262-3
  ]
  innineteenthcentury,[307]
  andfuturepolicy,[373],[375]
  andclassicaltheoryofinterest,[178],[184]
  andPigou,[279]
  andHobson,[370]Consume,marginalpropensityto¾;defined,[115]
  discussed,[113-31]
  andthemultiplier,[115]
  andstability,[248],[250-2]
  andreductionofmoney-wages,[261-2]
  inwealthycommunity,[31],[349]Consumption¾;defined,[61]
  intheGeneralTheory,[27],[248],[250-2
  ]
  andnatureofcapital,[214-17]
  andpropensitytoconsume,[89-90],[92
  ],[96],[98]
  and'soundfinance',[104-6]
  andrateofinterest,[166]
  andNewDeal,[332]
  andsavingandinvestment,[61-5],[74
  ],[82]
  andnatureofsaving,[21],[64-5],[
  210-13]
  andthetradecycle,[327],[330],[332]
  andchangesinmoney-wages,[261-3]
  andRobertson'sdefinitionofincome,[78]
  Hobsonon,[367-9]Consumption-capital,[226]
  Consumption-goods¾;Pigouon,[273]
  theirperiodofproduction,[287]Consumption,under-,see[Under-consumption]
  ConventionandStockExchangevaluations,[
  152-3]andtherateofinterest,[203-4
  ]Cost¾;carrying,see[Carryingcost]
  factor,see[Factorcost]
  longperiod,[68-9]
  marginal,[294-6],[302-3
  ]
  prime,see[Primecost]
  supplementary,see[Supplementarycost]
  basicsupplementary,see[Supplementarycost]
  currentsupplementary,see[Supplementarycost]
  user,see[Usercost]
  wage,see[Wagecost]Costofbringinglenderandborrowertogether,[208],[219],[309]
  Cost-unit,defined,[302],[303],[309
  ],[328]
  Costs,levelofdomestic,andforeigninvestment,[336-8]
  Credit,see[Money,quantityof]thestateof,[158]Crises,andthetradecycle,[314-20
  ]financial,inEuropeandtheUnitedStates,[207],[329
  ]Curtius,[353n]
  Cycles,Trade,see[Tradecycles],[Fluctuations]
  Cyclicalmovementsandazerorateofinterest,[218]
  Davenant,C。,[345]
  Deathduties,[95],[372-3
  ]
  Debtsandmoney,thedistinctionbetween,[167n]burdenof;andchangesinmoney-wages,[264],[268],[
  271]Childon,[342]Deficit,budgetary,[98],[128-30
  ]
  Deflation,apparentasymmetrybetweeninflationand,[291]andreductionofstocks,[331-2
  ]Demand¾;
  Demandcurve,see[Demandschedule]
  Demand,aggregate,[104],[123],[258],[279]
  Demand,effectivedefined,[25],[55]
  theprincipleof,[23-34]
  anddemandschedules,[259]
  elasticityof,[305]
  andemployment,[260-1]
  andemploymentfunction,[280-91]
  andentrepreneurs,[380-1]
  andexpectation,[147]
  andfinancialprudence,[100]
  andincome,[55]
  inlongrun,[307]
  andprices,[209],[295-305]
  andprocessesofproduction,[215]
  andindividualsaving,[211-13]
  andstability,[251-2]
  andusercost,[69n]
  inwealthycommunities,[31],[220]
  inclassicaleconomics,[25-6],[32-4
  ]
  andGesell,[358]
  andHawtrey'stheory,[76]
  [Page416]INDEX
  Demand,effectivecont。Malthuson,[32],[362-4]
  andMercantilistthought,[358]
  andTreatiseonMoney,[78-9]Demandfunction,theaggregate¾;defined,[25];[32],[40],[55],[77],[89]Demandfunctionforlabour,thereal,see[Labour,Pigou'srealdemandfunctionfor]
  Demandscheduleforemploymentinclassicaltheory,[6]forinvestment,see[Investmentdemandschedule]Demandschedules,thenatureandassumptionsof;[258-60],[281]
  Deposit,bank,see[Bankdeposits]
  Depositinterest,[196]
  Depreciation¾;andusercost,[69]
  onhouses,[99-102]
  intheUnitedStates,[102-3]Diminishingreturns¾;inshortperiod,[81],[83],[91-2
  ],[114],[121-2],[289],[302],[305-6
  ],[328]andchoiceofwage-unit,[42],[299-300
  ]Discount,rateof,[135],[225]
  Disinvestment,[67],[75],[105],[318],[329]andusercost,[67]Dis-saving,[82],seealso[Saving,negative]
  Disutilityoflabour,ofemployment,marginal,see[Labour,marginaldisutilityof]
  Dividend,National,andchoiceofunits,[379]Pigouon,[5n],[59]
  Seealso[Income]Divisionoflabour,international,[333
  ],[338],[381]
  Douglas,C。H。,[32],[370-1
  ]
  Dunlop,J。G。,[394-410
  ]
  Economics,thedivisionsof,[292-4
  ]Classical,see[Classicaltheory]Edgeworth,F。Y。,[3n],[19],[32],[186],[410]
  Effectivedemand,see[Demand,effective]
  Efficiency,marginal,ofcapital,see[
  Capital,marginalefficiencyof]
  Efficiencyandlengthofprocesses,[214-17
  ]
  Egypt,Ancient,wealthof,[131]
  Elasticityofeffectivedemand,see[
  Demand,effective]ofemployment,see[Employment]
  ofmoney-wages,see[Wages,money]
  ofoutput,see[Output,elasticityof]
  ofproduction,see[Production]
  ofproductionofmoney,see[Money]
  ofsubstitution,see[Substitution]
  ofsubstitutionofmoney,see[Money]Employment¾;theoryof;summarised,[27-32],[247-9];
  restated,[245-54]
  adependentvariable,[245-7]
  marginaldisutilityof,see[Labour,marginaldisutilityof]
  itsunits,[41]
  andaggregatedemandandsupplyfunctions,[48],[89]
  andemploymentfunction,[89],[281],[286]
  andFreeTrade,[336],[382]
  andrateofinterest,[217-20],[222],[242-3],[349]
  andinvestment,[98]
  andquantityofmoney,[171]
  andthemultiplier,[113-14],[122]
  andprices,[295-6],[298]
  andsavingandinvestment,[77-8]
  andindividualsaving,[211]
  itsstability,[250-4]
  andthetradecycle,[97],[315-16],[318],[320],[325],[327-8]
  andmoney-wages,[257-71]
  andrigidrealwage,[269-70]
  inpoorandwealthycommunities,[31],[219-20
  ]
  innineteenthcentury,[307-8]
  theproblemto-day,[308-9]
  inclassicaltheory,[3-7],[185],[
  257-60]
  Pigouon,[7],[260],[272-9]Employment,elasticityof,[243
  ],[284],[286-8]forindustryasawhole,defined,[282]
  forasingleindustry,[282]Employment,full¾;defined,[16],[303]
  itsrarity,[250-2]
  andfuturepolicy,[372-3],[375],[
  377-9],[381-2
  ]
  assumedinclassicaltheory,[12],[191]
  andequilibrium,[253],[289-91]
  andtherateofinterest,[112],[203-4
  ],[327]
  andown-ratesofinterest,[236]
  andthequantitytheoryofmoney,[209]
  intheabsenceofmoney,[235]
  and'forcedsaving',[80]
  and'over-investment',[320-3]
  andunder-consumption,[325-6]
  andanapparentasymmetry,[304]
  andHobson'stheory,[367]
  andwages,[266],[271],[301-2]
  [Page417]INDEX
  Employmentfunction,[89-90
  ],[246],[280-91]defined,[280]
  Seealso[Employment,elasticityof]Employmentmultiplier,defined,[115
  ],[248],[273]
  Employment,primary,defined,[113
  ],[115-16],[118],[277]
  Employment,secondary,[277]
  Employment,under-,[289],[324
  ],[365],[381]。Seealso[Unemployment]Enterprise¾;distinguishedfromspeculation,[158-9
  ]futureof,[225],[374]psychologyof,[150-1],[161-3
  ]Entrepreneurs¾;incomeof,see[Income]
  andelasticityofemployment,[257-8]
  andfullemployment,[289-90]
  andproductionofmoney,[230]
  andazerorateofinterest,[217-18]
  andreductionofmoney-wages,[261-2],[264]
  anddefinitionofmarginalwagecost,[273]
  andtheStockExchange,[151],[316n]
  andfuturepolicy,[376-7]Equilibrium¾;andbankrate,[339]
  andemployment,[249]
  andelasticityofemployment,[287-8]
  andfullemployment,[289-91]
  andfluctuatingexchanges,[270]
  andtherateofinterest,[217-20],[242-4
  ]
  ofmoneyandassets,[227]
  ofmoneyandinterest,[199-201]
  andprices,[64]Equilibrium,long-periodandsupplyprice,[68-9]
  andtherateofinterest,[180],[190-1
  ]Equities,ownershipof,dissociatedfrommanagement,[153]andtheStockExchange,[151n],[158],[319]Euclideangeometers,classicaleconomistscomparedwith,[16]
  Europe,post-wartraderestrictionsin,[338]
  Exchanges¾;fluctuating,andwagepolicy,[270]
  rigid,andBritishforeigninvestment,[339]Expectation,[46-51
  ],[147-64],[293-4
  ]andtheproductivityofcapital,[138]
  andpresentandfutureconsumption,[210]
  ofchangesinpresentandfutureincome,[95]
  andliquidity,[197-9],[201-2
  ],[205]
  andchangesinvalueofmoneyandoutput,[141-2
  ],[237-9]
  andquantityofmoney,[298]
  andthetradecycle,[315],[320-2],[327]
  andmoney-wages,[69n],[238],[263-5
  ],[305]
  offutureyield,[136],[147],[247]
  long-term,defined,[47-8];[51],[147-64
  ],[246]
  short-term,defined,[47-8];[50-1
  ],[148]FableoftheBees,Mandeville's,[106
  ],[359-62]
  Fabricant,S。,[388]
  Factorcost¾;defined,[23],[53],[67]
  average,[69-70]
  marginal,[55],[67],[69-75],[272n]Federalreservesystem,[327]
  Financialprovision,see[
  Supplementarycost]
  Financialprudence,[100-1
  ],[105],[109]andliquidity,[155]andrecoveryintheUnitedStates,[100],[128]Fiscalpolicy¾;andthepropensitytoconsume,[94-5
  ]
  andwagepolicy,[263]Fisher,Irving,[140-3
  ],[355],[357]
  'Flightfromthecurrency',[207],[306],[329]
  Fluctuations,[97],[250-4
  ],[307],see[Tradecycles]
  Flux,A。W。,onInterest,[176]
  'Forcedfrugality',Benthamon,[80
  ]
  Forcedsaving,see[Saving]
  Foreigninvestment,see[Investment,foreign]
  Foreigntradeinclassicaleconomics,[
  333]infuture,[382]
  andmercantilism,[333-50]
  andthemultiplier,[120]Fortrey,S。,[344],[359]
  Foxwell,H。S。,[396],[400]
  FreeTrade,[333-4
  ],[350]
  Hobsonon,[368]
  Frictionalunemployment,see[Unemployment,frictional]
  Fullemployment,see[Employment,full]
  Fullarton,J。,OntheRegulationofCurrencies,[364n]
  'Future'and'spot'prices,[222-4]
  George,Henry,[354],[355],[365]
  Gesell,Silvio,[32],[353-8
  ],[375],[379]
  Gold,suitabilityof,asmoney,[236]mining,[130-1],[200],[230-1
  ]
  own-rateofinterestof,[229]Goldstandard,andtheproductionofmoney,[230-1]andbalanceoftrade,[337-8],[349]
  [Page418]INDEX
  Goldstandard,cont。andtheMercantilists,[348-9]
  andwar,[381-2]Government,see[State]
  GreatBritain¾;CentralBankcontrolin,[206]
  employmentandtherateofinterestin,[219-20
  ]
  fullemploymentin,[323-4]
  employmentandforeigntradeinpre-waryearsin,[337],[348]
  employmentandbankratein,[339]
  FreeTradeinnineteenthcenturyin,[338]
  redistributionofincomein,[372]
  Clarke'sestimateofinvestmentin,[102]
  post-warinvestmentandsinkingfundsin,[101-2
  ]
  contemporarymercantilismin,[333]
  opinionandthemonetarysystemin,[172]
  themultiplierin,[122]
  realandmoneywagesin,[276]Hales,DiscourseoftheCommonWeal,[345]
  Hansen,Alvin,EconomicReconstruction,[193]
  Harrod,R。F。,[180n],[411]
  HarvestsandTradecycle,[320]
  Hawtrey,R。G。,[51n],[72n],[75-6],[79n]
  Hayek,F。von,[39n],[59-60
  ],[79],[80],[192]
  Heckscher,E。,Mercantilism,[341-50
  ],[358]
  Hoard,propensityto,[208-9
  ],see[Liquidityfunction]
  Hoardingandliquidity,[160-1
  ],[174]
  Hoards,theMercantilistson,[344-5
  ]
  Hobson,J。A。,[59n],[364-71
  ]
  Hume,essayOnMoney,[343n]
  Imports,restrictionof,[338-9
  ]
  Improvement,motiveof,[109],see[
  Consume,propensityto]
  Income¾;
  Income,aggregate¾;defined,[53-4]
  preliminarydefinition,[23-4]
  definitiondiscussed,[52-61]
  andsavingsandinvestment,[63],[74]
  andusercost,[67]
  Robertson'sdefinition,[78-9]
  Marshall'sdefinition,[59]
  inTreatiseonMoney,[60],[77]
  andpropensitytoconsume,[91-2],[94
  ],[96-7],[248]
  itsdistribution,[321],[372-5]
  andemployment,[28],[258]
  andinvestment,[117],[180-2],[248
  ]
  andclassicaltheoryofinterest,[178-9
  ]
  andleisure,to-day,[326]
  andliquidity,[171-2],[196-7
  ],[199]
  andmoneyinlongrun,[306-9]
  andquantitytheoryofmoney,[208-9]
  statisticsof,andthemultiplier,[127-8
  ]
  andordinarysupplyanddemandcurves,[281-2
  ]
  adependentvariable,[245-7]
  andHobson'stheory,[369]Income,aggregatenetdefined,[57]
  discussed,[57-61]
  andpropensitytoconsume,[92],[98]
  anddefinitionofinvestment,[75]Incomeofentrepreneursdefined,[53]
  discussed,[53-4]
  andelasticityofemployment,[287]
  inTreatiseonMoney,[60-1]Income,net,ofentrepreneursdefined,[57]
  discussed,[56-8],[59],[92]
  andusercost,[68-90]Income,realandconsumption,[91-2],[251
  ]
  andemployment,[28],[114]
  andchangeinmoney-wages,[262-3]Income-deposits,[194-5
  ]
  Income-motive,see[Liquidity-preference]
  Incometax¾;andpropensitytoconsume,[94]
  andinequalityofwealth,[372]
  andliquidity,[309]Income-velocityofmoney,see[Money,income-velocityof]
  India,liquidityandwealthin,[337]
  Individualism,virtuesof,[379-80
  ]
  Industryasawholedemandschedulesand,[258-9]
  andemploymentfunction,[280],[285]
  theplaceineconomicsofthestudyof,[293]Infantindustries,[339]
  Inflation¾;andtherateofinterest,[202]
  apparentasymmetrywithdeflation,[285]
  post-war,inCentralEurope,[207]
  absolute,[305]
  semi-,defined,[305]
  true,defined,[119],[303]Inheritance,inequalitiesof,[374]
  [Page419]INDEX
  Interest,rateof¾;defined,[167];[222]
  theoryof,[165-74]
  propertiesof,[222-44]
  anindependentvariable,[245-9]
  andaccumulation,[219-20],[335-7
  ],[349]
  andpropensitytoconsume,[93-5],[110-12
  ]
  complexofrates,[28],[137n],[143],[167n],[168-9],[205-6
  ]
  andmarginalefficiencyofcapital,[28],[136-7
  ],[143],[145-6],[220-1
  ]
  andconfidence,[149]
  incrises,[207]
  andemployment,[288],[290]
  andpriceofequities,[151n]
  andforeigntrade,[339],[348]
  andgoldmining,[130]
  andhoarding,[174]
  andliquidity,[197-209]
  andquantityofmoney,[79],[167-8],[171-3],[197-209
  ],[298],[306-9]
  andvalueofmoney,[142-3]
  obstaclestoalow,[202],[207-8],[
  309]
  andmonetarypolicy,[205-8]
  andfuturepolicy,[375-6]
  apsychologicalandconventionalphenomenon,[202-4
  ]
  andprocessesofproduction,[214-17]
  andpublicworks,[119-20]
  andindividualsaving,[210-11]
  andstability,[250-3]
  andthetradecycle,[315-16],[320-9
  ]
  andusercost,[68],[70]
  andmoney-wages,[260-6],[269-70
  ]
  inwealthycommunities,[31],[219-21
  ]
  innineteenthcentury,[307-8]
  to-day,[308-9]
  inclassicaltheory,[93],[165-6],[
  175-93],[351]
  Casselon,[176]
  Carveron,[176]
  Fluxon,[176]
  Gesellon,[355-8]
  Hayekon,[192]
  andHobson'stheory,[367],[369-70]
  Lockeon,[342-4]
  Marshallon,[175-6],[186-9
  ]
  theMercantilistson,[340-4],[347]
  vonMiseson,[192-3]
  Pigouon,[186],[188-90],[274],[
  278]
  Ricardoon,[190-2]
  Robbinson,[192]
  Robertsonon,[180n],[187n]
  Taussigon,[176]
  andusurylaws,[351-3]Interest,equilibriumrateof,[183],[325]
  Interest,long-termrateofandliquidity,[202]
  andmonetarypolicy,[202-4],[206-7
  ]
  andwagepolicy,[266]Interest,'natural'rateof,[183],[242-4]Wicksell's,[183n],[242]Interest,'neutral'rateof,[183]adefinition,[243]Interest,'optimum'rateof,defined,[243]
  Interest,own-rateof,defined,[223];[223-31],[235],[236],[240
  ]
  Interest,'pure'rateof,[68
  ],[145],[182],[208],[221]
  Interest,short-termrateof,andpolicy,[203],[208]
  Interest,compound,[163]
  InternationalLabourOffice,[349n]
  Internationaldivisionoflabour,[333],[338],[387]
  Internationaltradeinclassicaleconomics,[333]
  futureof,[382]
  andMercantilism,[333-50]
  andmultiplier,[120]'Inventories',[332],[389]
  Invest,inducementto,[27],[
  137],[239],[335],[347-8],[351],[353],[358]
  Investment¾;
  Investment,aggregateorcurrentdefined,[62]
  foreshadowed,[54]
  discussed,[60-4]
  insummaryofGeneralTheory,[27-31],[248-53]
  andmarginalefficiencyofcapital,[136-7
  ],[147],[149]
  andpropensitytoconsume,[90],[98-106
  ],[110]
  andemployment,[260-1],[281]
  andelasticityofemployment,[287-8]
  andexpectation,[149-51]
  unexpectedincreasein,[123-5]
  itsfuture,[375-7]
  andratesofinterest,[236]
  andliquidity-premiumonland,[241-2]
  andthemultiplier,[126-8]
  andrisk,[144-5]
  andindividualsaving,[210-11]
  andstability,[250-3]
  andtheState,[106],[164],[220-1
  ],[320],[325],[335],[349],[351],[376-7
  ],[380]
  inBritishandAmericanStatistics,[102-4
  ],[386-93]
  [Page420]INDEX
  Investmentcont。andthetradecycle,[314-32]
  andusercost,[66]
  andmoney-wages,[260-5]
  andclassicaltheory,[180-5]
  Fisheron,[140-2]
  Marshallon,[139-40],[178],[186-8
  ]
  andMercantilism,[335-40]
  Pigouon,[275],[279]Investment,savingand,[60-5
  ],[74-85],[183-5
  ],[328]andclassicalschool,[177-9]Investmentdemandschedule,defined,[136]andpropensitytoconsume,[110-11
  ]
  andexpectations,[147],[149]
  andrateofinterest,[136-7]
  andvalueofmoney,[142]
  andclassicaltheoryofinterest,[178],[181-3
  ]
  Seealso[Capital,scheduleofmarginalefficiencyof]Investment,foreignandaccumulation,[335-6],[339
  ],[348-9]
  inAustralia,[270]
  itsfuture,[381-2]Investment,'full',[324]
  Investment,home,andunemployment,Kahnon,[113]Investment-income,Hayekon,[59]
  Investmentmarkets,see[StockExchange]
  Investment,misdirected,[321
  ],[323],[327]
  Investmentmultiplier¾;defined,[115];[248]andquantityofmoney,[298-9]inUnitedStates,[127]Investment,negative,see[Disinvestment]
  Investment,negativenet,[329
  ]
  Investment,netdefined[63]
  discussed,[62-5]
  itsvagueness,[60]
  andconsumption,[98],[326]
  andthemultiplier,[113]Investment,over-,[320-4
  ],[370]
  Investment,public,[106],[163-4
  ],seealso[State]
  Investors,professional,[154-64
  ],[316]
  Involuntaryunemployment,defined,[22],see[Unemployment,involuntary]
  Italy,wagepolicyin,[267]
  Jevons,W。S。,onthetradecycle,[329-32
  ]
  Jobber's'turn',[159]
  Johnson,Dr,andMandeville'sFableoftheBees,[359]
  Kahn,R。F。,[113],[115],[119],[
  121],[400],[405]
  Kalecki,DrM。,[395],[403],[405
  ],[409n],[410],[411]
  Keynes,J。M。,[79n]EssaysinBiography,[362]
  TreatiseonMoney,[49],[60],[70],[74],[77-9
  ],[124],[151n],[167n],[169n],[173
  ],[194-5],[242],[287n],[319n]
  TreatiseonProbability,[148n]
  inTheNationandtheAthenaeumonProtection,[334]King,W。I。,[409n]
  Knight,F。H。,onInterest,[176n]
  Kuznets,S。S。,[102-4
  ],[386-93],[409n]
  IndexL-ZINDEXL-Z
  [toIndexA-K]
  Labour¾;Pigou'srealdemandfunctionfor,[272-3
  ],[275],[278-9]
  elasticityofdemandfor,[258-9]
  disutilityof;[6],[128],[245]
  marginaldisutilityof,[5],[28],[128],[284],[291]
  assolefactorofproduction,[213-15]
  andfutureofinterest,[375]
  internationaldivisionof,[333],[338],[381]
  andproductionofmoney,[230-2]
  marginalproductof,[5],[83],[257]
  supplyof¾;notfunctionofrealwageonly,[8];andtradecycle,[326]Labourunits,defined,[41-2
  ],[91],[114],[282]
  LabourGovernmentandenterprise,[
  162]
  Laffenas,LesTré;sorsetrichessespourmettrel'EstatenSplendeur,[358]
  Laissez-faire¾;andemployment,[217-20]
  andforeigntrade,[335],[339],[348]
  andinvestment,[159]
  andMercantilism,[348],[350]
  andmoney,[129],[235]
  andwagepolicy,[269]
  andwar,[348],[381-2]
  Gesellon,[355]Land,andaccumulation,[241-2
  ]comparedtomoneybyLocke,[343]
  nationalisation,[355n],[358]Leisure,[326]
  Liquidcapitalgoods,see[
  Capital]and[Stocks]
  Liquidity¾;Incentivesto,[194-209]
  itsnature,[240-1]
  attitudetoitanultimatevariable,[247-8
  ]
  andthepropensitytoconsume,[108]
  and'soundfinance',[155],[159-60]
  andmoney-rateofinterest,[234-5]
  [Page421]INDEX
  Liquiditycont。andland,[241-2]
  innon-monetaryeconomy,[240]
  andindividualsaving,[212-13]
  andwage-unit,[232]
  andgrowthofwealthinIndia,[337]Liquidityofmoneyandcarrying-costs,[233-4],[
  237]
  andquantityofmoney,[241n],[305]Liquidity-functiondefined,[168]
  itsshape,[171-2]
  itsnature,[197-200],[205]
  incrises,[207]
  andemployment,[248-9]
  andquantitytheoryofmoney,[208-9]
  andquantityofmoney,[298]
  andmoney-wages,[172],[263-4]Liquidity-preferencedefined,[166],[168]
  andrateofinterest,[166-74],[180-1
  ],[207]
  itsthreedivisions,[170]
  transactions-motive,defined,[170],[170-2
  ],[174],[182];
  reclassified,[195]
  precautionary-motive,defined,[170],[170-2
  ],[196]
  speculative-motive,defined,[170],[170-4
  ]
  income-motive,defined,[195]
  business-motive,defined,[195-6]
  andexpectation,[169]
  andhoarding,[174]
  andforeigninvestment,[336]
  andpublicworks,[120]
  andthetradecycle,[313],[316],[328]
  measuredinwage-units,[172]
  andwealthinMiddleAges,[351]
  inlongperiod,[306]
  innineteenthcentury,[308]
  to-day,[309]
  andGesell'stheory,[356]
  andLockeonInterest,[343]
  andMercantilistthought,[341],[344]
  andRicardoonInterest,[191]
  inTreatiseonMoney,[173-4]Liquidity-preference,scheduleof,see[Liquidity-function]
  Liquidity-premiumdefined,[226]
  ofmoneyandotherassets,[227-9]
  ofmoney,[233n]
  ofmoneyandGesell'stheory,[357-8]
  ofland,[241-2]
  ofstandardofvalue,[237-40]Loanexpenditure,[128-30
  ],[331-2],seealso[State]
  Localauthorities,sinkingfundsof,[101]
  Locke,J。,[344n]ALettertoaFriendconcerningUsury,[344]
  SomeConsiderationsoftheConsequencesoftheLoweringofInterestandRaisingtheValueofMoney,[342]andn,[343]LondonStockExchange,[159-60
  ]
  Long-periodcost,andusercost,[68-9
  ]
  Longperiod,price-levelin,withstablewagepolicy,[270-1]
  Long-termbonds,andliquidity-premiumonland,[241]andchangeinwage-unit,[263]
  regulationofpriceof,bycentralbank,[206]Long-termexpectation,see[
  Expectation,long-term]
  Loss,windfall,defined,[57-8
  ],[228]
  Maintenance,andusercost,[66],[69-70
  ]
  Malthus,T。R。,oneffectivedemand,[
  32],[362-4],[369],[371]PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,[363]
  LetterfromRicardo,[43]
  LetterstoRicardo,[362-3]Malynes,Gerard,LexMercatoriaandMaintenanceofFreeTrade,[342],[345-6
  ]
  Managementandownership,separationof,[150-1],[153]
  Management,monetary,see[
  Monetarypolicy]
  'ManchesterSystem',[379]
  Mandeville,Bernard,[371]FableoftheBees,[106],[359-62
  ]Marginalcost,see[Cost,marginal]disutilityofemploymentoflabour,see[Labour]
  efficiencyofcapital,see[Capital,marginalefficiencyof]
  factorcost,see[Factorcost]
  multiplier,see[Multiplier]
  proceeds,see[Proceeds]
  productoflabour,see[Labour]
  productivity,see[Productivity]
  propensitytoconsume,see[Consume,marginalpropensityto]
  Usercost,see[Usercost]
  Wagecost,see[Wagecost]Marshall,Alfred,[3n],[19],[32],[37],[56],[59],[139],[175],[176n],[177
  ],[184],[334],[395-9
  ]andMary,EconomicsofIndustry,[19n],[20n],[21]
  [Page422]INDEX
  Marshallcont。IndustryandTrade,[334n]
  MoneyCreditandCommerce,[334n]
  OfficialPapers,[395n],[397n]
  PureTheoryofDomesticValues,[19]
  PrinciplesofEconomics,[72],[139-40
  ],[175-6],[186-90
  ],[214n],[242],[334n],[395n],[398
  ]Marx,Karl,[3n],[32],[355]
  Mathematicaleconomics,[275],[297-8]
  Meade,J。E。,[401],[403]
  Mercantilism,[334-51
  ],[358-9]
  Midas,thefateof,analogyof,[219
  ]
  Mill,J。S。,[3n],[19-20
  ]PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,[18],[364n]Mises,L。von,TheTheoryofMoneyandCredit,[192-3]
  Misselden,Edward,FreeTrade,ortheMeanestomakeTradeFlorish,[342]
  Monetaryeconomy,non-,see[Non-monetaryeconomy]
  Monetarypolicy,thefutureof,[378
  ]andrateofinterest,[164],[202-8
  ]
  andrateofinterestinclassicaltheory,[243-4
  ]
  andliquidity,[196-9]
  andproductionofmoney,[230],[235]
  andsavingandinvestment,[84]
  andthetradecycle,[316-17]
  andbalanceoftrade,[337-9]
  andwages,[267-9]Mercantilistson,[341-2]Humeon,[343n]Money¾;itsessentialproperties,[222-44
  ],[293]
  itspositionintheeconomicsystern,[173],[292-4
  ]
  anddebts,[167n]
  itscarryingcosts,[225-7],[233-4
  ],[238]
  thedemandfor,[84],[194-5],[248-9
  ],[263-4]
  itselasticityofproduction,[230-1],[234-6],[238]
  itselasticityofsubstitution,[231],[234],[238]
  andrateofinterest,[166-74]
  inMercantilistthought,[340-1],[345-7
  ],[358-9]Moneyincome,see[Income]
  Money,income-velocityof,defined,[201];[194-5],[209],[258],[289
  ],[299],[304]
  Money,quantityofanultimatevariable,[247-8]
  andbondprices,[200]
  andemployment,[171],[173]
  andhoarding,[174]
  andrateofinterest,[167-8],[171-4
  ],[205],[233]
  andliquidity,[196-9],[241n]
  andtheprice-level,[173],[295-9],[303-9]
  andquantitytheory,[209],[304-6]
  andrentiers,[290]
  andsavingandinvestment,[79-85]
  andmoney-wages,[171],[173],[258],[266-70
  ]
  inMercantilistthought,[340-1],[345-7
  ],[358-9]
  Humeon,[343n]
  Lockeon,[342-4]Money,quantitytheoryofrestated,[285],[295-6],[
  305-6]
  andliquidity,[208-9]
  andfullemployment,[289]
  Locke'stheory,[343-4]Money,stamped,[234],[357-8
  ]
  Money,velocityofcirculationof,Lockeon,[343]
  Money-wages,see[Wage-unit]and[Wages,money]
  Monopolyprices,[268-70
  ]
  Mortgages,[241]
  Multiplier,[113-31
  ]inGreatBritain,[122]
  intheUnitedStates,[122],[127-8]
  andstability,[250-2]
  Pigou'srejectionof,[277]
  Kahnon,[113-15],[119]Multiplier,theemployment,defined,[115];[248],[273]
  Multiplier,theinvestmentdefined,[115];[127],[248]
  andthequantityofmoney,[298-9]Multiplier,marginal,[126]
  Mummery,A。F。,[364-70
  ]
  Mun,Thomas,[344]
  NationalDebt,[264]
  NationalDividend,[5n],[
  379],seealso[Income]
  'Naturalforces',see[Laissez-faire]
  'Natural'tendenciesnotalawofnecessity,[254]
  'Natural'rateofinterest,see[Interest,rateof]
  Neo-classicalSchool,[177]
  Netinvestment,see[Investment,net];Saving,see[Saving,net]
  'Neutral'rateofinterest,[183],see[Interest,rateof]
  NewDeal,[402]andenterprise,[162]
  [Page423]INDEX
  Newdealcont。andmonopoly,[408]
  andstocks,[331-2]NewYorkinvestmentmarket,[
  159],[160]andn,[172]
  Non-monetaryeconomy,adefinitionof,[239];[222]
  Non-staticeconomy,[99],[146],[293]
  Normalcost,[70-1
  ]
  Normalprofit,[72]intheTreatiseonMoney,[77]Obsolescence,[163]
  Open-marketoperations,[197-9
  ],[267-8]
  Opensystem¾;inclassicaltheoryofwages,[11]
  andthemultiplier,[120]
  andreductionofwages,[262-3]
  andwagepolicy,[270],[301]Optimism¾;ofclassicaltheory,[33]
  andeconomicactivity,[161]
  andthetradecycle,[316]Output¾;asawhole,[17],[43],[67];itsplaceineconomics,[293-4]
  stabilityofmoney-costof,[237-8]
  diminishingreturnsof,[91-2],[300],[302],[328]
  andfullemployment,[289]
  andtrueinflation,[303]
  limitto,setbyrateofinterest,[229]
  andliquidity,[195-6]
  andchangeinquantityofmoney,[298]
  andsavingandinvestment,[77-8]
  andStatecontrol,[378]
  ordinarysupplycurveand,[281]
  supplypriceof,[300],[328]
  andthetradecycle,[325-6],[328-9
  ],[331-2]
  andwage-unit,[269]
  Seealso[Income]Output,current,valueof,equatedtoincome,[63]
  Output,elasticityof,defined,[282-3],see[Production,elasticityof]
  Overdrafts,[196]
  Over-investment,[320-4
  ],[370]
  Over-saving,Hobsonon,[365-70
  ]
  Ownershipandmanagement,theseparationof,[150-1],[153]
  Own-rateofinterest,see[
  Interest,own-rateof]
  Periodofproduction,[76],[214-17
  ]defined,[287]Petty,W。,[342],[346],[359],[362]
  Pigou,A。C。,[3n],[19],[32
  ],[56],[59],[142],[186],[238]EconomicsofWelfare,[5n],[38],[39],[188],[190]IndustrialFluctuations,[189-90
  ],[395],[399],[411n]TheoryofUnemployment,[7],[13],[72],[190
  ],[260],[272-9],[399]Poorcommunity,employmentin,[31],[219-20
  ]themultiplierin,[125-6]Pope'sfatherandchestofguineas,analogyof,[221]
  Populationchanges¾;inthenineteenthcentury,[307]
  andlengthoftradecycle,[318]
  andstockofmoney,[340n]
  andwar,[381]Precautionary-motiveforliquidity,see[Liquidity]
  Preciousmetals¾;andmercantilism,[333],[334n],[335-8
  ],[344],[347]
  andstampedmoney,[338]
  andthegoldstandard,[348-9]Prices¾;thetheoryof,[292-309]
  andchangesinemployment,[173],[249],[253]
  andfullemployment,[118],[289],[291]
  andpublicworks,[117]
  andquantitytheoryofmoney,[209],[304-5
  ]
  andthetradecycle,[328],[330]
  andchangesinmoney-wages,[12],[239],[252-3
  ],[262-4],[266],[269-74
  ],[306-9]Price-level¾;theconceptcriticised,[37],[39-40
  ],[43]
  and'naturalrate'ofinterest,[242]
  stabilityof,[64],[239],[250-3],[270-1],[288-9
  ]
  Seealso[Prices]Prices¾;elasticityofexpected,inresponsetochangesineffectivedemand,defined,[284-5]
  elasticityof,inresponsetochangesinquantityofmoney,defined,[305];[296]Prices,'administered',[268],[
  270]
  Prices,monopoly,[268],[270]
  Primecost¾;defined,[53]
  andquantitytheoryofmoney,[305]
  andusercost,[68-9]
  [Page424]INDEX
  Primecost,average,[68]
  Primecost,marginal¾;andemploymentfunction,[283]
  andusercost,[68]
  andchangesinmoney-wages,[262],[266]
  andwage-cost,[272-3],[299-300
  ],[302]
  andPigou'sTheoryofUnemployment,[272-3
  ],[276]Probability¾;anduncertainty,[148n]
  andstock-exchangevaluations,[152]
  andliquidity,[240]Proceedsofemployment¾;defined,[24];[25],[55],[77],[89],[290]
  andusercost,[66-7],[70]
  marginal,[55],[70]
  Seealso[Income]Production,elasticityof¾;preliminarydefinitionof,[230]
  defined,[282-3]
  andemploymentfunction,[282-5]
  andpropertiesofmoney,[230-1],[234-6
  ],[238]
  andquantitytheoryofmoney,[300],[304-6
  ]Production,factorof¾;labourasthesole,[213-15]
  Mercantilistsandmoneyas,[341]Production,periodof,[76],[214-17
  ]defined,[287]Productivityofcapital,andmarginalefficiencyofcapital,[137-41]andyieldfromcapital,[213-17
  ]Productivitytheoryofwages,marginal,Marshallon,[140n]
  Profit¾;andemploymentfunction,[283],[289-90
  ]
  andover-saving,Hobsonon,[369-70]Profit,gross,ofentrepreneurs,see[
  Incomeofentrepreneurs]
  Profit,net,ofentrepreneurs,see[
  Income,net,ofentrepreneurs]defined,[57]discussed,[56-8],[59],[92
  ]
  andusercost,[68-9]Profit,normal,andlong-,andshort-periodsupplyprice,[68]intheTreatiseonMoney,[77]Profitmotive,andaccumulation,[335]
  Propensitytoconsume,tohoard,tosave,see[Consume,propensityto];
  [Hoard,propensityto];[Save,propensityto]
  Prospectiveyield,see[Yield]
  Protection,[334-5
  ]
  Provision,financial,see[
  Supplementarycost]
  Psychologicalfactors¾;theultimate,[246-7]
  andstability,[250-4]Psychologyofenterprise,[150-1
  ],[161-3]
  Psychology,mass,ofinvestors,[154-5
  ],[159],[172],[317]
  Publicworks,[116],[119],[127]
  Pye,Philip,[354]
  Pyramids,buildingof,[131],[220]
  Quantityofmoney,see[Money,quantityof]
  Quantitytheoryofmoney,see[Money,quantitytheoryof]
  Quasi-stationaryconditions,[220-1]
  Rateofdiscount,[135],[224]
  Rateofinterest,see[Interest,rateof]
  Rateoftime-discounting,changesin,[93-4]
  Realdemandscheduleforlabour,see[Labour]
  Realincome,see[Income]
  Realwages,see[Wages]
  Rent,comparedtoInterest,byLocke,[343]
  Rentfactors¾;andmoney,[231]
  andelasticityofemployment,[288]Rentiers¾;futureof,[221],[376]
  andfullemployment,[290]
  andreductionofmoney-wages,[262]Replacementcost¾;defined,[135]
  andmarginalefficiencyofcapital,[135]
  andtradecycle,[321],[323-4]
  andusercost,[71]
  andDouglas'theory,[371]'Returnovercost,rateof',IrvingFisher's,[140-1]
  Ricardo,[3n],[4n],[5n],[18],[32],[186],[190-2],[244
  ],[340],[367],[369]LettersfromMalthusto,[362],[363]
  PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,[190-2
  ]Risk¾;threetypesof,[144-5]
  andaccumulation,[348],[351]
  andfutureofcapitalism,[221],[375]
  andinequalityofincomes,[372]
  to-day,[309]
  themonetaryauthorityanddebtsofdifferentdegreesof,[205-6
  ]
  andalowrateofinterest,[208]
  moral,[144-5],[208],[309]Risk-cost,[68]
  Risk,entrepreneur's,[144-5
  ]
  [Page425]INDEX
  Risk,lender's,[144-5
  ]
  Risk-premiumandliquiditypremium,[240
  ]
  Robbins,L。,[30n],[79],[192
  ]
  Robertson,D。H。,[78],[79n],[143n],[180n],[187n],[327],[406
  ]
  Robertson,J。M。,[365n]
  RobinsonCrusoe,dialoguebetween,andastrangerinGesell'sNaturalEconomicOrder,[356]
  'Roundabout'methodsofproduction,[211],[214-15]
  Rueff,J。,[399]
  Save,propensityto¾;andpropensitytoconsume,[65]
  andrateofinterest,[165],[178],[183],[217-20
  ]
  chronictendencyof,[347]
  andHobson'stheory,[367-8]
  seealso[Consume,propensityto]Saving¾;defined,[62]
  discussed,[61-5]
  andconsumption,[217-18],[248]
  andelasticityofemployment,[287]
  itsfuture,[372-3],[375-6
  ]
  inTreatiseonMoney,[60]
  Hobsonon,[364-71]
  andJevons'sTradeCycletheory,[330]
  Malthuson,[363-4]
  Mandevilleon,[360-2]
  inMercantilistthought,[358-9]
  AdamSmithon,[352]Savingandinvestment,[61-5
  ],[74-85],[183-5
  ],[328]andclassicaltheory,[177-9]Saving,aggregate,[80],[110-11
  ]Marshallon,[178],[186-8]Saving,forced,[79-81
  ],[183],[292],[328]
  Saving,individual,natureof,[19],[21],[64-5],[210-13
  ]
  Saving,negativedis-saving,[82]unemploymentreliefand,[21],[109]
  andzerorateofinterest,[217-18]Saving,net,defined,[60];[62],[64]
  Saving,over-,Hobsonon,[365-70
  ]
  Savings,accumulated,andliquidity,[194]
  Savings-deposits,[195]
  Say,J。B。,[3n],[18],[363]
  Say'sLaw,[26]
  Scarcityandyieldofcapital,[213-15]
  andproductivity,[215]Schoolsofthoughtconcerningtradecycle,[324-9]
  Schrö;tter,von,[344],[359]
  Securities,priceof,[94],[199-200
  ],[206]
  Shortperiod¾;consumptionandchangesintherateofinterestin,[93-4
  ]
  elasticityofemploymentin,[302-3]
  diminishingreturnsin,[81],[91-2],[114],[121-2],[302],[305-6],[328]
  wagepolicyin,[270]
  fluctuationsofliquidity-preferencein,[336]Short-termbillsandbankrate,[206]
  Short-termexpectations,see[Expectation,short-term]
  Short-termloans¾;andbankcharges,[208]
  andchangesinwage-unit,[263]Sinkingfunds,[95],[100-2
  ]
  Smell,afactorofproduction?,[215]
  Smith,Adam,[352-3
  ],[361n],[368]WealthofNations,[352n]Socialisedcommunity,wagepolicyin,[267]
  Socialism,[377]
  Solon,ageof,[340n]
  SouthPole,expeditionto,analogyof,[162]
  Spain,infifteenthandsixteenthcenturies,[337
  ]
  Speculation,[154-64
  ]distinguishedfromenterprise,[158-9
  ]
  intheUnitedStates,[158-60],[323]
  inGreatBritain,[159-60]Speculativemotivetoliquidity,see[Liquidity]
  Speculators,professional,[
  154-64],[316]
  'Spot'prices,[222-3
  ]
  Sraffa,P。,[223n]
  Stability¾;conditionsof,[64],[250-4]
  andprices,[64],[239],[250-3],[
  270-1],[288-9
  ]
  andwagepolicy,[269-71]Stampedmoney,[234],[257-8
  ],[357-8]
  Standardoflife,andconsumption,[
  97],[218-19],[262]
  Standard,monetary¾;andnatureofmoneyandinterest,[224-5
  ],[228-30],[236]
  riskofchangesin,[144]
  inthenineteenthcentury,[308]
  Seealso[Goldstandard]State¾;andborrowingforunemployed,[251]
  andinvestment,[106],[164],[220-1
  ],[320],[325],[335],[349],[351],[376-7
  ],[380]
  printingmoney,andliquidity,[200]StateSocialism,[378]
  [Page426]INDEX
  Stationarystate¾;depreciationin,[99]
  andcalculationofyield,[139],[145-6
  ]
  liquidity-functionin,[208]
  itsplaceineconomics,[293]Stationarystate,thequasi-,[220-1]
  Stephen,Leslie,onMandeville'sFableoftheBees,[359-60]
  Stockexchanges,[75],[150-64
  ],[199]andtradecycle,[316],[319-20
  ]Stocks,[47],[124]infinancialcrises,[207]Stocks,surplus¾;carrying-costsof,andtradecycle,[317-19
  ]
  characteristicsof,[226]
  andelasticityofemployment,[288]
  Hawtreyon,[55n]
  andNewDeal,[331-2]
  andusercost,[70-1]Substitution,elasticityof,[231],[234],[236],[238]
  Supplementarycost¾;defined,[56]
  andconsumption,[98-106],[109]
  andincome,[56-9]
  andthemultiplierintheUnitedStates,[128]
  andusercost,[68-9],[73]
  inDouglas'stheory,[370]Supplementarycost,basic,defined,[59]
  Supplementarycost,current¾;defined,[59]
  andusercost,[70-1]Supply¾;
  Supplyanddemand,placeof,ineconomics,[292-4]
  Supplyoflabour,see[Labour]
  Supplycurve,theordinary,[281]relationof,toaggregatesupplyfunction,[44-5
  ]Supply,elasticityof,see[
  Production,elasticityof]
  Supplyfunction,aggregate¾;defined,[25];[29]
  andchoiceofunits,[42n]
  andordinarysupplycurve,[44-5]
  theinverseoftheemploymentfunction,[89],[280-1
  ]
  ofparticularindustries,[55n],[115-16
  ],[173],[246]
  forindustryasawhole,[55n]Supplyprice,aggregate¾;defined,[25]
  andusercost,[29n],[55n],[67]
  andconsumption,[30],[98]Supplyprice,andusercost,[55n],[67-8],[75]
  Supplypriceofaninvestment,defined,[135];[135-6],[147],[248
  ]
  Supplyprice,long-period,[
  68]
  Supplyprice,normal,andequilibrium,[228]
  Supplyprice,short-period,[67-8],[328]
  Surplusstocks,see[Stocks,surplus]
  Sur-tax¾;andliquidity,[309]
  andinequalityofwealth,[372]Tarshis,L。,[394-410
  ]
  Tastes,[147],[225],[245]
  Taussig,F。W。,oninterest,[176]
  Taxation¾;andinequality,[372-3]
  andliquidity,[309]
  oncapitalprofits,[94-5]
  andmoney-wages,[264]Termsoftrade,[263],[270],[334],[404]
  Theoryofvalue,[292-3
  ]
  Thomas,Albert,[349n]
  Thrift¾;inMercantilistthought,[358-9]Hobsonon,[365n],[366],[368-9
  ]
  Mandevilleon,[362]Timeandnatureofmoney,[293-4
  ]
  Time-deposits,[167n]
  Time-discounting,changesinrateof,[93-4]
  Time-elementinTradeCycle,[314],[317-18
  ]
  Time-lag,[122-5
  ]
  Time-preferencesofindividuals,[166]
  Trade,balanceof,[120],[262-3
  ],[333],[335-8]
  Tradecycles¾;theoryof,[250],[313-32]
  andwages,[301]
  andunforeseenchanges,[124]
  andconsumption,[97]
  Pigouon,[278-9]Traderestrictions,[338-9
  ]
  Trade,termsof,[263],[270],[334
  ]
  Tradeunions,[16],[267],[301]
  Transactions-motivetoliquidity,see[Liquidity]
  Transfertaxes,[160]
  Treasurybillsasmoney,[167n]
  TreatiseonMoney,[151n]'stateofbearishness'andthe'bull-bear'positionin,[109n],[169n],[173-4]
  naturalrateofinterestin,[242-4]
  treatmentofmoneyin,[167n],[194-5
  ]
  andperiodofproduction,[287]
  savingsandinvestmentin,[60-1],[74
  ],[77-80]
  andsurplusstocks,[70]
  tradecyclesin,[49-50],[123],[319n]TreatiseonProbability,[
  148n]
  [Page427]INDEX
  Uncertainty¾;andpropensitytoconsume,[94]
  andcrises,[316]
  andexpectation,[148]
  andrateofinterest,[145n],[218-19
  ]
  andliquidity-preference,[168],[182],[201]
  andprobability,[148n]
  andelasticityofsubstitutionofmoney,[231]
  andquantitytheoryofmoney,[208]Under-consumption,[324-7
  ]Douglason,[370]Hobsonon,[364-71]
  inMandeville'sFableoftheBees,[359-62
  ]
  inMercantilistthought,[358-9]Unemployment¾;andauthoritariancontrol,[381]
  andStateborrowingforreliefof,[251]
  andeffectivedemand,Malthuson,[362-4
  ]
  andgoldstandard,[348-9]
  andfuturepolicy,[382]
  andnatureofmoney,[235]
  andProtection,[334-5]
  andnegativesaving,[109],[121]
  intheUnitedStates,[9]
  theMercantilistson,[346-7],[358-9
  ]Unemployment,frictional¾;defined,[6];[15-16]
  Pigouon,[278]Unemployment,involuntary,[6
  ],[22],[128],[289]defined,[15]
  Pigouon,[5n],[7],[13],[190],[274-5
  ]Unemployment,voluntary,defined,[6],[8],[16]
  UnitedStates¾;boomin1928-9in,[322-3
  ],[327]
  capitalexpansionanddepreciationin,1924-9,[100]
  propensitytoconsumeandstock-marketin,[319]
  financialcrisisof1932in,[207]
  employmentandrateofinterestin,[219]
  themultiplierin,[122],[128]
  'NewDeal'andrecoveryin,[331-2]
  openmarketoperationsin,[197]
  stockmarketin,[159-60],[172]
  uniformityofopinionin,[159],[172]
  unemploymentin1932in,[9]
  wagepolicyin,[269]Units,thechoiceofthefundamental,[37-45],[214]
  Unsoldgoods,see[Stocks,surplus],and[Capital,liquid]
  Usercost,[53-5
  ],[58],[66-73]preliminarydefinition,[23]
  defined,[53]
  discussedindetail,[53-5],[66-73
  ]
  andincome,[58]
  and'financialprudence',[109]
  instationarystate,[146]
  andsurplusequipment,[109]
  andwastage,[99]
  Marshalland,[72]
  Pigouand,[72]Usercost,marginal,[54],[67],[72]andreturnoncapital,[139]
  changesin,[302-3]
  andrisingprices,[290]Usurylaws,[241],[340],[351-3
  ]
  Utility¾;ofcapital,marginal,[137];Marshall'suseof;[139-40
  ]
  ofmoney,[231]
  ofwages,[5]
  ofwages,marginal,[283]Variables,dependentandindependent,ofGeneralTheory,[245-7]
  Velocityofcirculationofmoney,see[Money]
  Vestedinterests,[383]
  Voluntaryunemployment,defined,[6],[8],[16]
  Wages¾;
  Wages,Marshallonmarginalproductivitytheoryof,[140n]
  Wages,utilityof,[5]marginalutilityof;[253]Wagesbillandthedemandformoney,[11],[
  263-4]
  Wage-cost,itsidentificationwithprimecost,[272-3],[276]andprices,[299-300],[302]Wage-goods,[7]theircarrying-cost,[239]inPigou'sTheoryofUnemployment,[272-9
  ],[301]Wages,moneychangesin,inclassicaltheory,[7-15
  ],[257-60],[284]changesin,inrelationtorealwagesandoutput,[394-412
  ]effectsofchangesin,analysed,[260-9
  ]stabilityandchangesin,[251-3
  ],[269-71],[303-4
  ]theirrigidity,[257],[266]
  andfullemployment,[289]
  inGreatBritain,[276]
  [Page428]INDEX
  Wagescont。andnatureofmoney,[232-3],[237-9]
  inPigou'sTheoryofUnemployment,[272],[275-7
  ]Wages,money-,elasticityof,defined,[285],[304-6]
  Wagepolicy,[266-71
  ],[339n]Pigouon,[278]Wages,real¾;inclassicaltheory,[5-18],[
  21-2],[259],[284]Pigouon,[13],[238-9],[272-8
  ]natureofresistancetoreductionsof,[264]effectsofpolicyfixing,[269-70
  ]
  andfullemployment,[289-91],[401],[403]
  inGreatBritain,[276]Wages-Fund,[364],[366]
  Wage-unit¾;defined,[41]
  discussed,[41-5]
  intheGeneralTheory,[245-8]
  andmarginalefficiencyofcapital,[141],[147]
  andpropensitytoconsume,[90-2],[95-6
  ],[107]
  andmarginalpropensitytoconsume,[114-17
  ]
  andemploymentfunction,[280-6]
  andforeigninvestment,[336-7]
  andliquidity-preference,[171-2],[180
  ]
  andchangesinthequantityofmoney,[83],[171],[173],[230
  ],[232],[295-6],[298-304
  ],[307-9]
  andnatureofmoney,[230],[232]
  andquantitytheoryofmoney,[209],[295-6
  ],[298-304]
  andprices,[295-6],[298-304
  ],[307-9]
  inpre-warGreatBritain,[337]
  infifteenth-andsixteenth-centurySpain,[337]
  andMercantilisttheory,[340]Waiting¾;Casselon,[176]
  Carveron,[176]
  Pigouon,[188],[190]WallStreet,[159-60
  ],[172]
  Walras,É;lé;mentsd'Economiepure,oninterest,[176-7]
  War¾;theMercantilistson,[348]
  andfutureofcapitalism,[380-2]Wealth¾;savingandthedesirefor,[211-13
  ],[348]
  fiscalpolicyandgrowthof,[95n]
  inequalityof[110],[372-5]
  gold-miningand,[130-1]
  'natural'and'artificial',inMercantilisttheory,[341]Wealthycommunity¾;accumulationin,[219-20]
  effectivedemandin,[220]
  employmentin,[31]
  themultiplierin,[125-6]
  standardoflifein,[125-6]Wicksell's'natural'
  rateofinterest,[183n],[242]
  Wildduck,[183]
  Windfallloss¾;defined,[57]andnetincome,[57-8],[92-5
  ]
  andchangesofemployment,[288]Wood,G。H。,[395]
  Workingcapital,see[Capital,working]
  Yieldofassets,defined,[225]
  Yieldofcapital¾;duetoscarcity,[213]Yieldofcapital,prospective¾;defined,[135]
  relationof,tocurrentyield,[141]
  andstability,[250],[252]
  andmarginalefficiencyofcapital,[135-7
  ],[147],[246-8]
  ourignoranceof[149-50]
  andindividualsaving,[210-12]
  estimationofinfuture,[221]