WhenitbecameclearfromthecourseofeventsinEnglandthatCharlesII。wasabouttoberestoredtothethroneLordBroghillandSirCharlesCoote，bothofwhomhadhelpedtocrushtheIrishRoyalistsandhadprofitedlargelybytheRevolution，hastenedtoshowtheirzealfortheking'scause。TheCatholicswhohadfoughtsoloyallyforhisfatherhopedthatatlastjusticewouldbedonetothembyre-instatingtheminthelandsfromwhichtheyhadbeendrivenbytheenemiesoftheking。ButCharleswasdeterminedtotakenorisks。HesentovertheDukeofOrmond，themostdangerousenemyoftheCatholicreligioninIreland，asLordLieutenant1660。AParliamentwascalledin1661，andastheCatholicshadbeendrivenfromthecorporatetownsduringtheCromwellianrégimeandastheCromwellianplanterswerestillinpossession，theHouseofCommonswastoallintentsandpurposesProtestant。AnActofSettlementwaspassedwherebyCatholicswhocouldprovetheir"innocence"oftherebellionweretoberestored，butthedefinitionofinnocenceinthecasewassocomplicatedthatitwashopedfewCatholics，ifany，wouldsucceedinestablishingtheirclaims1661。ACourtofClaimscomposedoffiveProtestantCommissioners，wassetuptoexaminetheindividualcases，butinashorttime，whenitwasdiscoveredthatalargenumberofCatholicsweresucceedinginsatisfyingtheconditionslaiddownbylawforrestorationtotheirproperty，anoutcrywasraisedbytheplanters，andtheCourtofClaimswassuspended1664。TheActofExplanationwasthenpassedtosimplifytheproceedings，asaresultofwhichacttwo-thirdsofthelandofIrelandwasleftinthehandsoftheProtestantsettlers。CloseonsixtyoftheCatholicnobilitywererestoredasaspecialfavourbytheking，butalargebodyofthosewhohadbeendrivenoutbyCromwellwereleftwithoutanycompensation。
InconsequenceoftheCromwellianpersecutionnearlyallthebishopsandalargebodyoftheclergy，bothsecularandregular，hadbeendrivenfromIreland，butaftertheaccessionofCharles，whowasknowntobepersonallyfriendlytotheCatholics，manyofthembegantoreturn。Itwouldbeamistake，however，toimaginethatthepersecutionhadceased，orthatthelawsagainsttheclergywerenotputinforceinseveraldistricts。OrmondreturnedtoIrelandashostiletoCatholicityashehadbeenbeforehewasdrivenintoexile；
andashethoughtthathehadaparticulargrievanceagainsttheIrishbishopshewasdeterminedtostiruptheclergyagainstthem，todividetheCatholicsintowarringfactions，andbyfavouringonesidetocreatearoyalistCatholicpartyasdistinctfromtheultramontaneorpapalparty。ForthisworkhehadathandausefulinstrumentinthepersonofFatherPeterWalsh，aFranciscanfriar，whohaddistinguishedhimselfasabitteropponentofthenuncioandasaleaderoftheOrmondistfactionintheSupremeCouncil。In1661itwasdeterminedbysomeleadingmembers，bothlayandclerical，topresentanaddressofwelcometoCharlesII。，butbytheinfluenceofWalshandotherstheaddress，insteadofbeingamereprotestationofloyalty，wasframedonthemodeloftheOathofAllegiance1605，whichhadbeencondemnedmorethanoncebythePope。ManyoftheCatholiclordsindicatedtheiragreementwiththisaddressorRemonstrance，asitwascalled，andsomeoftheclergy，deceivedbythecounselsofFatherWalsh，expressedtheirwillingnesstoadheretoitsterms。Ormond，whospentmoneyfreelyinsubsidisingWalshandhissupporters，[69]hadgoodreasontobedelightedwiththesuccessofhisschemes。Gravedisputesbrokeoutamongtheclergy，whichthegovernmenttookcaretofomentbypatronisingtheRemonstrantsandbywreakingitsvengeanceontheanti-Remonstrantsonthegroundsoftheirallegeddisloyalty。TobringmatterstoacrisisitwasarrangedbyWalshandOrmondthatameetingofthebishops，vicars，andheadsofreligiousordersshouldbeheldinDublinJune1666。InadditiontoDr。O'Reilly，ArchbishopofArmagh，BishopsPlunkettofArdagh，andLynchofKilfenora，therewerepresentanumberofvicarsofvacantdiocesestogetherwithrepresentativesoftheFranciscans，Dominicans，Augustinians，Capuchins，andJesuits。[70]Dr。O'ReillyspokestronglyagainstthetermsoftheRemonstranceasbeinghighlydisrespectfultothePope，andthemajorityofthosepresentsupportedhiscontention。
Theyexpressedtheirwillingnesstopresentanaddressofloyaltyfromwhichtheobjectionableclausesshouldbeomitted。ButWalsh，dissatisfiedwithanythingbutacompletesubmission，shiftedthegroundofthedebate，byendeavouringtosecuretheacceptanceoftheassemblyofthepro-GallicandeclarationoftheSorbonne1663。Evenstillhiseffortswerefarfrombeingsuccessful，andthemeetingwasdissolvedbyOrmond。TheprimatewaskeptaprisonerinDublinforsomemonths，andthentransportedtotheContinent，whiletheothermemberspresentwereobligedtomaketheirescapefromIrelandortogointohiding。ByordersofOrmondclosewatchwaskeptupontheclergywhosidedagainsttheRemonstrance，andmanyofthemwerethrownintoprison。[71]
In1669Ormondwasrecalled，andafterashorttimeLordBerkeleywassentoverasLordLieutenant。Thoughhewasinstructedto"executethelawsagainstthetitulararchbishops，bishops，andvicar-generals，thathavethreatenedorexcommunicatedtheRemonstrants，"[72]yet，asthepersonalfriendoftheDukeofYork，andasonewhoknewintimatelytheking'sownviews，heactedinastolerantamannertowardsCatholicsasitwaspossibleforhimtodoconsideringthestateofmindoftheofficialsandoftheProtestantbishopsandclergy。From1670tillthearrivalofOrmondoncemorein1677，thoughseveralproclamationswereissuedandthoughhereandthereindividualpriestswerepersecuted，Catholicsasabodyenjoyedcomparativecalm。
TheHolySeetookadvantageofthistoappointtoseveralofthevacantSees。AmongstthoseappointedatthistimewereOliverPlunkettoArmagh1669，PeterTalbottoDublin，whichhadnotbeenfilledsincethedeathofDr。Flemingin1655，WilliamBurgattoCashel1669，andJamesLynchtoTuam。Dr。PlunkethadaccompaniedScarampitoRome1645，wherehereadaparticularlybrilliantcourseasastudentoftheIrishCollege，andafterwardsactedasaprofessorinthePropagandatillhisnominationtoArmagh。Dr。TalbotwasbornatMalahide，joinedtheSocietyofJesus，wasaclosepersonalfriendofCharlesII。duringthelatter'sexileontheContinent，andaftertheRestorationenjoyedapensionfromtheking。Shortlyafterhisappointmentanoutcrywasraisedagainsthimbecauseheandhisbrother，ColonelTalbot，weresupposedtobeurgingare-examinationoftheActofSettlement，andCharlesII。wasweakenoughtosignadecreebanishinghimfromthekingdom。HereturnedtoIrelandonlyin1677，theyearinwhichOrmondarrivedforhislasttermofofficeasLordLieutenant。
AlreadyShaftesbury'stwosubordinates，TitusOatesandTonge，wereconcoctingtheinfamousstoryofthePopishPlotinthehopeofsecuringtheexclusionoftheDukeofYorkfromthethrone。Inthisplot，accordingtotheaccountofitslyingauthors，theCatholicsofIrelandweretoplayanimportantpart，theJesuitsandtheArchbishopsofDublinandTuambeingsupposedtobeparticularlyactive。InOctober1678aproclamationwasissuedorderingallarchbishops，bishops，vicars，abbots，andotherdignitariesoftheChurchofRome，andallothersexercisingjurisdictionbyauthorityofthePope，togetherwithallJesuitsandregularpriests，todepartfromthekingdombeforethe20thNovember，andallPopishsocieties，convents，seminaries，andschoolsweretobedissolvedatonce。[73]
Thiswasfollowedbyanumberofotherscouchedinasimilarstrain，andlargenumbersofpriestsweresenttothecoastfortransportation。ThechapelsopenedinDublinandintheprincipalcitieswereclosed，andtheclergywhoremainedwereobligedtohaverecoursetovariousdevicestoescapetheirpursuers。Dr。Talbotwasarrestedandthrownintoprison1678，whereheremainedtilldeathputanendtohissufferingsinNovember1680。ThoughboththekingandOrmondwereconvincedofhisinnocence，yetsuchwasthestateofProtestantfrenzyatthetimethattheydarenotmoveahandtoassisthim。Dr。Plunket，aftereludingthevigilanceofhispursuersforsometime，wasarrestedin1679。HewasbroughttotrialatDundalk，buthisaccusersfearedtotrustanIrishcourt，thecasewaspostponed，andinthemeantimehisenemiesarrangedthatheshouldbebroughttoLondonfortrial。Everycarewastakentoobtainaverdict。Thejudgesrefusedadelaytobringoverwitnessesforthedefence，andmadenoattempttoconcealtheirbiasandtheirhatredfortheCatholicreligion，theveryprofessionofwhichwassufficienttocondemnhimintheireyes。HewasexecutedatTyburn1681，andhewasthelastvictimtosufferdeathinEnglandonaccountoftheplotofOatesandhisperjuredaccomplices。[74]ButinIrelandOrmondhadnointentionofdroppingthepersecution。Severalofthebishopsandvicars-generalwerearrestedandeitherheldasprisonersorbanished，andspiesweresentthroughthecountrytotrackdownthosewhodefiedtheproclamationofbanishmentbyremainingtowatchovertheirdioceses。
OntheaccessionofJamesII。Feb。1685theCatholicsofIrelandhadreasontohopeforanimprovementoftheirposition，andthistimeatleasttheywerenotdisappointed。TheDukeofOrmondwasrecalled，andtheEarlofClarendonwassentoverasLordLieutenant。HewasinstructedtomaintaintheActofSettlement，butatthesametimetoallowCatholicsfullfreedomofworship，andtoconsiderthemeligibleforcivilandmilitaryappointment。WithhimwasassociatedasmilitarycommanderColonelRichardTalbot，EarlofTyrconnell，brotherofthelateArchbishopofDublin。Inaccordancewiththewell-knownwishesoftheking，Catholicofficerswereappointedinthearmy，Catholicswereallowedoncemoretoactassheriffs，magistrates，andjudges，andstepsweretakentoseethatthecorporations，whichhadbeenclosedagainstCatholicsforyears，shouldbenolongersafeProtestantboroughs。TheIrishbishopshastenedtopresentanaddressofwelcometotheking，andtheywereassuredofhisMajesty'sfavourandprotection。Religiouscommunitiesofbothmenandwomenwerere-openedinDublin，andintheprincipalcitiesthroughoutIreland，andsynodsoftheclergywereheldtorestoreorderanddiscipline。[75]IrishCatholicsasabodyweredelightedwiththeroyaledictsinfavourofreligioustoleration，butthesmallProtestantminorityinthecountrywerealarmedatseeingCatholicstreatedasequals，andparticularlyattheprospectofseeingtheActofSettlementupset，andtheirtitlestotheirestatesquestionedbytherealownerswhomtheyhaddespoiledtwentyyearsbefore。TheirfearswereincreasedwhentheEarlofClarendon，whomtheyregardedasinsomesorttheirprotector，wasrecalled1687tomakewayfortheEarlofTyrconnellasLordLieutenantofIreland。ThenewLordLieutenantwasfarfrombeingperfect，norwashealwaysprudentinhispolicyorhisactions，butifhisconducttowardsthesmallbodyofProtestantsinIrelandbecomparedwiththatofhispredecessorsformorethanacentury，orwiththatofhissuccessors，towardstheIrishpeople，heoughttoberegardedasoneofthemostenlightenedadministratorsofhisage。
TherevolutionthatbrokeoutinEngland1688，thearrivalofWilliamofOrange1688，andtheflightofKingJamestoFrancewerecalculatedtostirupstrifeinIreland，thoughitisremarkableasshowingthefairtreatmenttheyhadreceivedthatagreatbodyoftheIrishProtestantbishopswereinfavourofsupportingJamesagainsttheusurper，andthatitwasnecessarytohaverecoursetolyingstoriesofanintendedgeneralmassacretostirupoppositiontotheking。Tyrconnell，whohadlongforeseensuchacourseofevents，hadmadewonderfulpreparations，consideringthesituationofthecountryandtheconstitutionofhiscouncil。HadJamesII。contentedhimselfwithinducingLouisXIV。tosendarmsandammunitiontoIrelandandtoutilisetothefullestthesplendidFrenchnavy，Tyrconnell，aidedbytheableIrishofficerswhoflockedtohisstandardfromallpartsofEurope，mighthavebiddendefiancetoallinvaders。
ButJamesinsistedonreturningtoIreland。HelandedinMarch1689
andproceededtoDublin，whereanationalParliamentwassummonedtomeetinMay。Asaresultofallowingthemajorityofthepeopletohavesomevoiceintheselectionofthemembers，theHouseofCommonsin1689wasalmostasCatholicasthatof1662hadbeenProtestant。IntheHouseofLordstheProtestantsmighthavebeeninthemajorityhadallthespiritualandtemporalpeerstakentheirseats，butasseveralofthebishopswereabsentfromthecountry，andasmanyofthelaylordshadeitherjoinedthepartyofWilliamorwerewaitingtoseehoweventswouldgo，fewofthemputinanappearance。FromthebeginningitwasclearthattheidealsofJameswerenottheidealsoftheIrishParliament。HewishedmerelytomakeIrelandthestepping-
stonetosecurehisownreturntoEngland，whiletherepresentativesofIrelandweredeterminedtoprovideforthewelfareandindependenceoftheirowncountry。TheybeganbylayingdowntheprinciplethatnolawspassedinEnglandhadanybindingforceinIrelandunlesstheywereapprovedbytheking，lords，andcommonsofIreland。Theynextaffirmedtheprincipleoflibertyofconscienceforall，whetherCatholicorProtestant，therebysettinganexamplewhichunfortunatelywasnotfollowedeitherinEnglandorinlaterparliamentaryassembliesinIreland。TheydecreedfurtherthatforthefutureCatholicsshouldnotbeobligedtopaytithesforthesupportoftheProtestantministers，butratherthatbothCatholicsandProtestantsshouldcontributetothesupportoftheirrespectivepastors，asystemwhichnoimpartialmancouldcondemnasunfair。TheyrepealedtheActsofSettlementandExplanation，anddeclaredthatthosewhoheldestatesinIrelandinOctober1641shouldberestoredtothem，oriftheyweredeadthattheirheirsshouldenterintopossession。Thesoldiersandadventurersweredeprivedtherebyofthepropertywhichtheyhadacquiredbylegalisedrobberyandhadheldforovertwentyyears，butitwasprovidedthatthosewhohadpurchasedlandsfromtheCromwelliangranteesshouldbecompensatedfromtheestatesofthosewhoweretheninrebellionagainsttheking。InviewofwhathadtakenplaceinUlsterunderJamesI。，ofwhattheEarlofWentworthhadincontemplationforportionsofMunsterandConnaughthadhisplantsnotmiscarried，andofwhathadbeendonebyCromwellinnearlyallpartsofCatholicIreland，theactionoftheParliamentof1689wasnotmerelyjustifiable。Itwasextremelymoderate。AnActofAttainderwasalsopassedagainstthosepersonswhohadeitherdeclaredforWilliamofOrange，orwhohadleftthecountrylesttheyshouldberegardedastakingsideswithJamesII。Suchmenwerecalledupontoreturnwithinacertaintimeunlesstheywishedtoincurthepenaltyofbeingregardedastraitorsandpunishedassuch。Itisnottruetosaythattherewasanysecrecyobservedinregardtothisact，orthatknowledgeofitwaskeptfromthepartiesconcernedtillthetime-
limithadexpired。ItwasdiscussedpubliclyinthepresenceoftheProtestantbishopsandProtestantrepresentatives，anditsprovisionswerewellknowninashorttimeinEnglandandIreland。[76]
DerryandEnniskillenhaddeclaredagainstKingJamestowardstheendof1688，andalleffortstocapturethesetwocitieshadfailed。InAugust1689theDukeofSchombergarrivedatBangorwithanarmyofaboutfifteenthousandmen，butlittlewasdonetillthearrivalofWilliamofOrangeinJune1690。HadtheIrishandFrenchmilitaryadvisershadafreehandtheymighteasilyhaveheldtheirown，eventhoughWilliam'sarmywascomposedlargelyofveterantroopsdrawnfromnearlyeverycountryofEurope。HadJamestakentheiradviceandplayedawaitinggame，byretiringbehindtheShannonsoastoallowtimetohavehisownrawleviestrained，andtoholdWilliaminIrelandwhenhispresenceontheContinentagainstLouisXIV。wassourgentlyrequired，thesituationwouldhavebeenawkwardforhisopponent；andevenwhenJamesdecidedtoadvancehadhegoneforwardboldly，aswassuggestedtohim，andinsistedupongivingbattlenorthofDundalkinthenarrowpassbetweenthemountainsandtheseawhereWilliam'scavalrywouldhavebeenuseless，theissuemighthavebeendifferent。Butwithaleaderwhocouldnotmakeuphismindwhethertogivebattleortoretreat，andwho，havingatlastdecidedtofightintheworstplacehecouldhaveselected，sentawayhisheavygunstowardsDublinwiththeintentionoforderingaretirementalmostwhenthedecisivestrugglehadbegun，itwasimpossibleforhisfollowerstoexpectanyotherresultbutdefeat。InthebattleoftheBoynethebruntofthefightingfellupontheIrishrecruits，andboththeIrishcavalryandinfantryofferedastubbornresistance。JamesfledtoDublin，andinashorttimeleftIreland1690。TheIrishandFrenchcommandersthenfellbackonthelineoftheShannon，accordingtotheiroriginalscheme。TheydefendedLimericksobravelythatWilliamwasobligedtoraisethesiege，butthecaptureofAthlone1691andthedefeatoftheIrishforcesatAughrimturnedthescalesinfavourofWilliam。TowardstheendofAugust1691thesecondsiegeofLimerickbegan。Sarsfield，whowasinsupremecommand，madeavigorousdefence，but，asitwasimpossibletoholdoutindefinitely，andasthereseemedtobenolongeranyhopeofFrenchassistance，heopenedupnegotiationswithGeneralGinkleforasurrenderofthecity。AsaresultofthesenegotiationstheTreatyofLimerickwassignedonthe3rdOctober1691。[77]——
[1]/CambrensisEversus/，iii。，53。/Arch。Hib。/iii。，273sqq。
[2]/Cal。StatePapers，Ireland/JamesI。，i。，17-26。
[3]/Cal。StatePapers，Ireland/JamesI。，i。，58-60。
[4]Id。，134，152-3。
[5]/Cal。StatePapers，Ireland/JamesI。，i。，190-3。
[6]/Cal。StatePapers，Ireland/JamesI。，i。，143-44。
[7]/Cal。StatePapers，Ireland/JamesI。，i。，301-3。
[8]/Cal。StatePapers，Ireland/JamesI。，i。，362sqq。
[9]/Cal。StatePapers，Ireland/JamesI。，i。，389-90。
[10]Cf。Introductiontovol。ii。/CalendarofStatePapers/JamesI。lxxi。sqq。
[11]Id。，ii。，14sqq。
[12]Id。，i。，474。
[13]Cf。Introductiontovol。ii。/CalendarofStatePapers/JamesI。，i。，475。
[14]Id。，ii。，131-33。
[15]Cf。Introductiontovol。ii。/CalendarofStatePapers/JamesI。，i。，476。
[16]/StatePapers，JamesI。/，i。，67，78，134，299；ii。，309-11。
[17]/Archiv。Hib。/，iii。，260sqq。
[18]Moran，/ArchbishopsofDublin/，218sqq。
[19]Cf。Walsh，/TheFlightoftheEarls//Archiv。Hib。/，ii。，iii。，app。i。。Meehan，/FateandFortunesoftheEarlsofTyroneandTyrconnell/，1886。
[20]Hill，/AnHistoricalAccountofthePlantationofUlster/，1608-
20，1877。
[21]/StatePapers/，iii。，284sqq。
[22]/StatePapers/，iv。，80sqq。
[23]Cf。/Archiv。Hib。/，ii。，164-65。/StatePapers/，iv。，80-3。
[24]Rothe's/Analecta/ed。Moran，xciii。sqq。
[25]Ware's/Works/，i。，206。/Cal。ofStatePapers/，iv。，171，232，240-1。
[26]/Archiv。Hib。/，iii。，284sqq。
[27]/Cal。StatePapers/，iv。，373sqq。
[28]/Archiv。Hib。/，iii。，300。
[29]Meagher，/LifeofArchbishopMurray/，111sqq。/ConstitutionesProvincialesetSynodalesEccl。Metropolit。etPrimatialisDublinensis/，1770。
[30]Renehan-MacCarthy，op。cit。，428sqq。
[31]ForafullaccountofthisParliament，cf。/CalendarofStatePapers/，iv。Introduction，xxxvi。sqq。。Meehan，op。cit。，255
sqq。
[32]Rothe，/Analecta/，32sqq。
[33]Rothe，/Analecta/，270sqq。
[34]Ussher's/Works/，ed。Elrington，i。，58。
[35]/Cal。CarewPapers/，vi。，432-3。
[36]/Hist。MSS。Commission/X。Report，app。v。，349-50。
[37]Ed。Moran，1863。
[38]Cf。Renehan-MacCarthy，op。cit。，i。，20sqq。，187sqq。，258sqq。，395sqq。
[39]Ussher's/Works/，i。，72-4。
[40]Bagwell，/IrelandundertheStuarts/，i。，182。
[41]Moran，/ArchbishopsofDublin/，313-15。
[42]Moran，/Spicil。Ossor。/，i。，156sqq。
[43]Ussher's/Works/，i。，94-95。
[44]Cf。Townshend，/TheLifeandLettersoftheEarlofCork/，1904，186sqq。Bagwell，op。cit。，i。，186-9。Moran，/ArchbishopsofDublin/，317sqq。
[45]Bramhall's/Works/，i。，lxxix。
[46]/IrishCommonsJournal/，1640-1。
[47]Dunlop，/IrelandundertheCommonwealth/，i。，cix。
[48]Moran，/ArchbishopsofDublin/，434-36。Id。，/MemoirsofArchbishopPlunket/，386-88。Renehan-MacCarthy，op。cit。，438sqq。
[49]/Archiv。Hib。/，iii。，359sqq。
[50]ForWar，1641-53，cf。Gilbert，/AphorismicalDiscoveryofTreasonableFaction，oraContemporaryHistoryofIrishAffairs，1641-52/，6vols。，1879-80。Id。，/HistoryoftheIrishConfederation/，7vols。，1882-91。Carte，/HistoryoftheLifeofJames，DukeofOrmond/，3vols。，1736。
[51]Dunlop，op。cit。，i。，cxvii。/EnglishHistoricalReview/，i。，ii。
Lecky，/IrelandintheEighteenthCentury/，61sqq。
[52]Carte，/LifeofOrmond/，i。，260-1。
[53]Lecky，op。cit。，96sqq。
[54]/Spicil。Ossor。/，ii。，2-8。
[55]Id。，i。，262-8。
[56]Bagwell，op。cit。，ii。，88-9。
[57]Bagwell，op。cit。，115。
[58]Cf。Aiazzi，/NunziaturainIrlandadiMgr。G。B。Rinuccini/，1844
tr。Hutton，1873。/NinthReportHist。MSS。Commission/，App。
ii。，1884。
[59]Cox，/Hib。Anglicana/，app。43。
[60]Murphy，/CromwellinIreland/，1883。/TheHistoryoftheWarinIreland，1641-53/ed。Hogan，S。J。，1873。
[61]OnCromwell's/Massacres/，cf。/NineteenthCenturyandAfter/
Sept。，1912；Dec。，1912；April，1913。/IrishEccl。Record/
June，1913；Nov。，1913。
[62]/Spicil。Ossor。/，ii。，38-43。
[63]Id。，ii。，85sqq。
[64]/DeclarationoftheLordLieutenantofIreland，etc。，1641/。
[65]Cf。Dunlop，op。cit。theofficialdocumentsaregiveninthisbook。Prendergast，/TheCromwellianSettlementofIreland/，2nded。，312sqq。ReferencestoP。R。Doc。。Moran，/SpicilOssor。/，i。，374-428。
[66]Williams，/TheRegicidesinIreland//Irish。Ecc。Record/，Aug。，1914。
[67]Prendergast，op。cit。，232sqq。
[68]OntheCromwellianPlantation，cf。Dunlop，op。cit。IntroductionandDocuments。Prendergast，/CromwellianSettlement/。
[69]Burke，/IrishPriestsinthePenalTimes/，11-12。
[70]/IrishEccl。Record/，1stser。，vi。，501-15。
[71]Walsh，/HistoryandVindicationoftheloyalFormularyorIrishRemonstrance，etc。，1672/。
[72]Cox，/ALetter/，etc。，11。
[73]Cox，op。cit。，14。
[74]ForanaccountoftheVen。OliverPlunket，cf。Moran，/MemoiroftheVen。OliverPlunket/，1861。Id。，/LifeofOliverPlunket/，1895。Burke，op。cit。，77sqq。
[75]Moran，/Spicil。Ossor。/，ii。，289sqq。；iii。，109sqq。
[76]OnthisParliament，cf。Davis，/ThePatriotParliamentof1689/，1893。DunbarIngram，/TwoChaptersofIrishHistory/，1888。King，/StateoftheProtestantsofIreland，1691/。Leslie，/AnAnswertoaBookentitledtheStateoftheProtestantsofIrelandunderthelateKingJames，1691/。Murphy，/TwoIrishParliaments//RecordoftheMaynoothUnion/，1907-8。
[77]Foranaccountofthewar，cf。/AJacobiteNarrativeoftheWarinIreland/ed。Gilbert，1892。/MacariaeExcidiumortheDestructionofCyprus/ed。CroftonCroker，1841，O'Callaghan，1850。Boulger，/TheBattleoftheBoyne/，etc。，1911basedontheFrenchmilitaryreports。
CHAPTERXI
THEPENALLAWS
Burke，/TheIrishPriestsinthePenalTimes1660-1760/，1914avaluablebook，basedontheStatePaperspreservedintheRecordOffice，theBodleianLibraryandtheBritishMuseum。Curry，/AnHistoricalandCriticalReviewoftheCivilWarsinIrelandfromtheReignofQueenElizabethtotheSettlementofKingWilliamIII。/，2vols。，1786。Klopp，/DerFalldesHausesStuartu。s。w。/，14Bde。，1875-88。Madden，/HistoricalNoticeofthePenalLawsagainstRomanCatholics/，1865。Lecky，/HistoryofIrelandintheEighteenthCentury/，5vols。newimp。，1913。Parnell，/HistoryofthePenalLaws/，1808。Id。，/AnHistoricalApologyfortheIrishCatholics/，1807。/WorksandCorrespondenceofEdmundBurke/，8vols。，1851。Butler，/HistoricalMemoirsofEnglish，Irish，andScotchCatholics/，4vols。，1819。Scully，/ThePenalLaws/，1812。Murray，/RevolutionaryIrelandanditsSettlement/，1911。
WhentheIrishleadersenteredintocorrespondencewithGeneralGinkletheywerebynomeansreducedtothelastextremity。Thesituationofthebesiegerswasrendereddifficultbytheapproachofwinter，andtherewasadangerthatthecitymightberelievedatanymomentbytheappearanceofaFrenchfleetintheShannon。HencetoavoidtherisksattendantontheprolongationofthesiegeandtosetfreehistroopsforserviceontheContinent，wheretheirpresencewasrequiredsourgently，GeneralGinklewaswillingtomakemanyconcessions。
BeforethebattleofAughrimWilliamhadofferedtogranttheCatholicsthefreeexerciseoftheirreligion，halfthechurchesinthekingdom，andthemoietyoftheecclesiasticalrevenues。[1]Butthepositionofbothpartieshadchangedconsiderablysincethen，andSarsfieldandhiscompanionscouldhardlyexpectsofavourableterms。
Theyinsisted，however，ontoleration，andthoughthefirstclauseofthetreatydealingexpresslywiththatsubjectwasdraftedbadly，theycertainlyexpectedtheyhadsecuredit。InadditiontothemilitaryarticlesthePeaceofLimerickcontainedthirteenarticles，themostimportantofwhichwerethefirst，andtheninth。BytheseitwasprovidedthattheCatholicsshouldenjoysuchprivilegesintheexerciseoftheirreligionasisconsistentwiththelawsofIreland，andastheydidenjoyinthereignofCharlesII。；thattheirMajestiesassoonastheiraffairsshouldpermitthemtosummonaParliamentwouldendeavourtoprocureforIrishCatholics"suchfurthersecurityinthatparticularasmaypreservethemfromanydisturbanceuponaccountoftheirreligion；"andthattheoathtobeadministeredtoCatholicsshouldbethesimpleoathofallegiancetoWilliamandMary。"Thosewhosignedit[theTreaty]，"writesLecky，"undertookthattheCatholicsofIrelandshouldnotbeinaworseposition，inrespecttotheexerciseoftheirreligion，thantheyhadbeeninduringthereignofCharlesII。，andtheyalsoundertookthattheinfluenceofthegovernmentshouldbepromptlyexertedtoobtainsuchanameliorationoftheirconditionaswouldsecurethemfromthepossibilityofdisturbance。Construedinitsplainandnaturalsense，interpretedaseverytreatyshouldbebymenofhonour，theTreatyofLimerickamountedtonolessthanthis。"[2]TheTreatywasratifiedbythesovereignsinApril1692，anditscontentswerecommunicatedtoWilliam'sCatholically，theEmperorLeopoldI。1657-1705asaproofthatthecampaigninIrelandwasnotacampaigndirectedagainsttheCatholicreligion。
Thekingwas，therefore，pledgedtocarryouttheagreement，andbymeansoftheroyalvetoandthecontrolexercisedbytheEnglishprivycouncilhecouldhavedonesonotwithstandingthebigotedfanaticismoftheProtestantminorityinIreland。NorcanitbesaidthattheconductoftheIrishCatholicsaffordedanypretextfordenyingthemtherightstowhichtheywereentitled。OncetheirmilitaryleadersandthebestoftheirsoldiershadpassedintotheserviceofFrancetherewaslittledangerofaCatholicrebellion，andduringtheyearsbetween1692and1760，evenattimeswhentheJacobiteforcescreatedserioustroublesinScotlandandEngland，thehistorianwillsearchinvainforanyevidenceofanIrishconspiracyinfavouroftheexiledStuarts。ThepenallawswereduesolelytothedesireoftheProtestantminoritytowreakaterriblevengeanceontheirCatholiccountrymen，togetpossessionoftheirestates，todrivethemoutofpubliclife，byexcludingthemfromthelearnedprofessionsandfromallcivilandmilitaryoffices，toreducethemtoaconditionofpermanentinferioritybydeprivingthemofallmeansofeducationathomeandabroad，touproottheirreligionbybanishingthebishopsandclergy，bothregularandsecular，andinawordtoreducethemtothesamepositionasthenativepopulationoftheEnglishplantationsintheWestIndies。
Forsomeyears，however，aftertheoverthrowoftheIrishforces，itwasdeemedimprudentbythekingandhisadviserstogivetheIrishProtestantsafreehand。LouisXIV。wasadangerousopponent，andtilltheissueofthegreatEuropeancontestwasdecideditwasnecessarytomovewithcautionathome。Besides，LeopoldI。，William'sfaithfulally，couldnotafford，evenfromthepointofviewofpolitics，tolookonasadisinterestedspectatorataterriblepersecutionofhisownco-religionistsinIreland。ButoncethefallofNamur1695hadmadeitclearthatLouisXIV。wasnotdestinedtobecomethedictatorofEurope，andabovealloncethePeaceofRyswick1697hadsetWilliamfreefromaveryembarrassingalliance，theProtestantofficialsinIrelandwereallowedafreehand。Parliamentwasconvokedtomeetin1692。TheEarlofSydneywassentoverasLordLieutenant，andinaccordancewiththetermsoftheTreatyofLimerickParliamentshouldhaveconfirmedthearticles。ButmenlikeDopping，theProtestantBishopofMeath，tookcaretoinflamepassionandbigotrybydeclaringthatnofaithshouldbekeptwithheretics，andwhenParliamentmetitwasinnomoodtomakeanyconcessions。ThefewCatholicmemberswhopresentedthemselveswerecalledupontosubscribeaDeclarationagainstTransubstantiationprescribedbytheEnglishParliament，butwhichhadnobindingforceinIreland。HavinginthiswayexcludedallCatholicsfromParliament，anexclusionwhichlastedfrom1692tillthedaysoftheUnion，theHousespassedabillrecognisingthenewsovereigns，andanotherforencouragingforeignProtestantstosettleinIreland，[3]buttheyrefusedabsolutelytoconfirmtheTreatyofLimerick。AfterParliamenthadbeenproroguedtheprivycouncilendeavouredtoinducetheEarlofSydneytoissueaproclamationorderingthebishopsandclergytodepartfromthekingdom，butunderpretenceofconsultingtheauthoritiesinEnglandhesucceededineludingthewould-be-persecutors，whowereobligedtocontentthemselveswithindirectmethodsofstrikingatthepriests，untilSydneywasrecalled，anduntilLordCapel，amanaftertheirownheart，arrivedasLordLieutenantin1695。
InAugustofthatyearParliamentmetoncemore。InhisopeningspeechtheLordLieutenantstruckanotelikelytowintheapprovalofhisaudience。"MyLordsandGentlemen，"hesaid，"ImustinformyouthattheLordsJusticesofEnglandhave，withgreatapplicationanddispatch，consideredandre-transmittedallthebillssenttothem；
thatsomeofthesebillshavemoreeffectuallyprovidedforyourfuturesecuritythanhatheverhithertobeendone；and，inmyopinion，thewantofsuchlawshasbeenoneofthegreatestcausesofyourpastmiseries；anditwillbeyourfault，aswellasmisfortune，ifyouneglecttolayholdoftheopportunity，nowputintoyourhandsbyyourgreatandgraciousking，ofmakingsuchalastingsettlement，thatitmaynevermorebeinthepowerofyourenemiestobringthelikecalamitiesagainuponyou，ortoputEnglandtothatvastexpenseofbloodandtreasureithathsooftenbeenatforsecuringthiskingdomtothecrownofEngland。"[4]ThemeasurestakentosecuretheProtestantsettlementwillrepaystudy。Itwasenactedthatnoparentshouldsendhischildrenbeyondseasforeducationunderpenalty，bothforthesenderandthepersonsent，ofbeingdisqualified"tosue，bring，orprosecuteanyaction，bill，plaint，orinformationincourseoflaw，ortoprosecuteanysuitinacourtofequity，ortobeguardianorexecutor，oradministratortoanyperson，orcapableofanylegacy，ordeedofgift，ortobearanyofficewithintherealm。"
Inadditionsuchpersonsweretobedeprivedofalltheirproperty，bothrealandpersonal。Anymagistrate，whosuspectedthatachildhadbeensentawaycouldsummontheparentsorguardiansandquestionthemunderoath，butfailinganyproofthemereabsenceofthechildwastobetakenassufficientevidenceofguilt。PopishschoolmastersinIrelandwereforbiddentoteachschoolunderthreatofapenaltyof￡20andimprisonmentforthreemonths。ButlesttheCatholicsmightobjectthattheyhadnomeansofeducation，itwasenactedthateveryProtestantministershouldopenaschoolinhisparish，andeveryProtestantbishopshouldseethata"publicLatinfree-school"wasmaintainedinhisdiocese。HavingfortifiedProtestantismsufficientlyononeflank，themembersnextproceededtoforbidPapiststokeep"arms，armour，orammunition，"empoweredmagistratestosearchthehousesofallsuspectedpersons，threatenedseverepenaltiesagainstalloffenders，forbadethereceptionofPopishapprenticesbymanufacturersofwarmaterials，prohibitedallCatholicsfromhavingintheirpossessionahorseoverthevalueof￡5，andempoweredProtestant"discoverers"ofinfringementsofthismeasuretobecomeownersoftheirCatholicneighbour'shorsebytenderinghimfivepounds。Lesttheselawsmightbecomeadeadletteritwasenactedthatifanyjudge，mayor，magistrate，orbailiffneglectedtoenforcethemheshouldpayafineof￡50，halfofwhichwastogototheinformer，andbesides，heshouldbedeclaredincapableofholdingsuchanofficeforever。Topreventanymisconceptionitwasexplainedthatallpersons，who，whencalledupon，refusedtomaketheDeclarationagainstTransubstantiation，shouldberegardedasPapists。[5]
Forsofar，however，theopportunemomentforaformalrejectionoftheLimerickTreatyhadnotarrived。ButwhenParliamentmetin1697
itwasdeemedprudenttocarryouttheinstructionoftheBishopofMeath，thatnofaithshouldbekeptwithCatholics。TheArticlesofLimerickwereconfirmedwithmostoftheimportantclausesomittedoraltered。Thefirstclauseguaranteeingtolerationwasdeemedunfittobementionedinthebill。ItisclearthatintheHouseofLordsgravedifficultieswereurgedagainstsuchawholesaleneglectofthetermsofthetreaty，andthatitwasnecessarytoinvoketheauthorityofthekingandoftheEnglishprivycouncilbeforethemeasurewaspassed。Sevenofthelaylords，andsixoftheProtestantbishopslodgedasolemnprotestagainstwhathadbeendone。Amongstthereasonswhichtheyassignedfortheirdisagreementwiththemajoritywere:"1BecausewethinkthetitleoftheBilldothnotagreewiththebodythereof，thetitlebeing，AnActfortheConfirmationofArticlesmadeattheSurrenderofLimerick，whereasnooneofthesaidarticlesistherein，asweconceive，fullyconfirmed；2becausethesaidArticlesweretobeconfirmedinfavourofthem，towhomtheyweregranted，buttheconfirmationofthembytheBillissuch，thatitputstheminaworseconditionthantheywerebefore，asweconceive；……4becauseseveralwordsareinsertedinthebill，whicharenotintheArticles，andothersomitted，whichalterboththesenseandmeaning，asweconceive。"[6]
Thewaywasnowclearforbeginningtheattackupontheclergy。AnActwaspassedordering"allPopisharchbishops，bishops，vicars-general，deans，Jesuits，monks，friars，andallotherregularPopishclergy，andallPapistsexercisinganyecclesiasticaljurisdiction"todepartfromthekingdombeforethe1stMay1698，underthreatforthosewhoremainedbeyondthespecifiedtime，ofbeingarrestedandkeptinprisontilltheycouldbetransportedbeyondtheseas。Theywerecommandedtoassemblebeforethe1stMayattheportsofDublin，Cork，Kinsale，Youghal，Waterford，Wexford，Galway，orCarrickfergus，registerthemselvesattheofficeofthemayor，andawaittillprovisioncouldbemadefortransportingthem。Allsuchecclesiasticswereforbiddentocomeintothekingdomafterthe29thDecember1697，underpainofimprisonmentfortwelvemonths，andifanysuchpersonventuredtoreturnafterhavingbeentransportedheshouldbeadjudgedguiltyofhightreason。Ifanypersonknowinglyharboured，relieved，concealed，orentertainedanypopishecclesiasticafterthedatesmentionedhewastoforfeit￡20forthefirstoffence，￡40forthesecond，andallhislandsandpropertyforthethirdoffence，halftogoifnotexceeding￡100totheinformer。Justicesofthepeacewereempoweredtosummonallpersonschargeduponoathwithhavingaidedorreceivedecclesiasticsandtolevythesefines，ortocommittheaccusedpersontothecountyjailtillthefinesshouldbepaid。Allpersonswhatsoeverwereforbiddenafterthe29thDecember1697，toburyanydeceasedperson"inanysuppressedmonastery，abbey，orconvent，thatisnotmadeuseofforcelebratingdivineservice，accordingtotheliturgyoftheChurchofIrelandasbylawestablished，orwithintheprecinctsthereof，underpainofforfeitingthesumoftenpounds，"whichsummightberecoveredoffanypersonattendingaburialinsuchcircumstances。JusticesofthepeacewereempoweredtoissuewarrantsforthearrestofecclesiasticswhocameintoIreland，orremainedthereindefianceofthesestatutes，andwerecommandedtogiveanaccountoftheirworkinthisrespectatthenextquartersessionsheldintheircounties。Finally，itwasprovidedthatanyjusticeofthepeaceormayorwhoneglectedtoenforcethislawshouldpayafineforeverysuchoffenceof￡100，halfofwhichwastobepaidtotheinformer，andshouldbedisqualifiedforservingasajusticeofthepeace。AnActwasalsopassed"topreventProtestantsintermarryingwithPapists。"IfanyProtestantwoman，heirtorealestateortopersonalestatevalue￡500orupwards，marriedahusbandwithouthavingfirstgot"acertificateinwritingunderthehandoftheministeroftheparish，bishopofthediocese，andsomejusticeofthepeace，"andattestedbytwowitnessesthatherintendedhusbandwasaProtestant，theestatesorpropertydevolvedimmediatelyonthenextofkinifaProtestant；andifanymanmarriedwithouthavinggotasimilarcertificatethattheladyofhischoicewasaProtestanthebecametherebydisqualifiedtoactasaguardianorexecutor，tositintheHouseofCommons，ortoholdanycivilormilitaryoffice，unlesshecouldprovethatwithinoneyearhehadconvertedhiswifetotheProtestantreligion。Anyclergymanassistingatsuchmarriageswasliabletoapenaltyof￡20，halfofwhichwastobepaidtotheinformer。[7]
Inordertosecurethatnoneofthebishopsorregularclergyshouldescape，therevenueofficersinthedifferentdistrictswereinstructedtomakeareturnofthenamesandabodesofallpriestsonthe27thJuly1697。AccordingtothedigestcompiledfromthesereturnsthereweretheninIrelandeighthundredandninety-twosecularpriestsandfourhundredandninety-fiveregulars。Thehousesoftheregularclergywerebrokenup；theirpropertywasdisposedoforhandedoverintrusttosomereliableneighbour，andthepriestspreparedtogointoexile。Duringtheyear1698fourhundredandforty-fourofthemwereshippedfromvariousIrishports，severalotherswerearrestedandthrownintoprison，andafewescapedbypassingassecularpriests。ManyoftheunfortunateexilesmadetheirwaytoParis，wheretheyweredependentuponthecharityoftheFrenchpeopleandofthePope。Similarvigorousactionwastakentosecurethebanishmentofthebishopsandvicars，inthehopethatifthesecouldbedrivenfromthecountrythewholemachineryoftheCatholicChurchinIrelandwouldbecomesodisorganisedthatitstotaldisappearanceinashorttimemightbeexpected。SeveralofthebishopshadbeendeclaredtraitorsforhavingsupportedthecauseofJamesI。，andhadbeenobligedtofleetotheContinent。Twootherswereshippedinaccordancewiththelawof1697；threewerediscoveredbytherevenueofficials，ofwhomtheBishopofClonfertwasarrested，rescued，anddied；theBishopofWaterfordmadehisescapeafterafewyearsofhiding，andtheBishopofCorkwasarrestedandtransported1703。SothatthereremainedinIrelandonlytheArchbishopofCashelandtheBishopofDromore。NewsofwhatwastakingplaceinIrelandwasconveyedtotheEmperor，whoinstructedhisambassadortolodgeastrongprotest，buttheambassadorwasputoffwithemptypromisesorwithabolddenialofthetruthofhisinformation。Norweretheseactsallowedtoremainadeadletter。Therevenueofficials，themagistrates，sheriffs，judges，Protestantbishops，andProtestantministersjoinedinthehuntforregulars，bishops，vicars，deans，etc。，andgenerousrewardswereofferedtoallinformers。[8]
TheaccessionofQueenAnne1702-14ledonlytoastillmoreviolentpersecution。ParliamentmetinSeptember1703，andproceededalmostimmediatelytoattackbothpriestsandlayCatholics。Mostofthebishopsweredeadorhadbeendrivenfromthecountry。Theregulars，itwasthought，couldnotsurvive。Itwasdetermined，therefore，toattacktheremainingsecularclergyintwoways，firstbyenforcingstrictlythelawsagainstCatholiceducationinIreland，andbymakingmoreseverethelawsagainstgoingtocollegesabroad，[9]aswellasbyenactingthatanypriestwhoenteredIrelandafter1stJanuary1704
shouldbepunishedinaccordancewiththetermsofthelawlaiddownpreviouslyagainstbishopsandregulars，[10]sothatbythesemeansthesupplyofclergymightbecutoff；andsecond，byobligingallthepriestsinIrelandtoregisterthemselvessothatthegovernmentcouldlayholdofthemwheneveritwishedtodoso。Accordingtothislattermeasureallpriestswerecommandedtogiveanaccounttotheclerksofthepeaceoftheirdistrict，oftheirplaceofabode，theirparishes，togetherwiththetimeandplaceoftheirordination，andweretoprovidetwosecuritiesof￡50fortheirfuturegoodbehaviour；thosewhoneglectedtomakethisreturnweretobeimprisonedandtransported；anditwasprovidedlateronthatnoparishpriestcouldhaveanassistantorcurate。[11]TocrushtheCatholiclaymenitwasenactedthatincasetheeldestsonbecameaProtestanthisfathercouldnotsell，mortgage，orotherwisedisposeofthefamilyproperty；
thatnoCatholiccouldactasguardiantoorphansorminors，butthattheseshouldbehandedovertothecustodyofsomeProtestantwhowasrequiredtobringthemupintheProtestantreligion；thatnoCatholiccouldpurchaseanylands，tenements，orhereditaments，oranyprofitsorrentsfromsuchpossessions，oracquireleasesforatermexceedingthirty-oneyearsorinheritasnearestofkintoanyProtestant；theestatesofaCatholiclandownerdyingwithoutaProtestantheirweretobedividedequallyamonghissons；nopersoncouldholdanyoffice，civilormilitary，withoutsubscribingtotheDeclarationagainstTransubstantiation，andtheoathofabjuration，andreceivingthesacrament；noCatholics，unlessunderveryexceptionalcircumstances，couldbeallowedtoliveinGalwayandLimerick，andnopersoncouldvoteatanyelectionwithouttakingtheoathsofallegianceandabjuration。SirTheobaldButlerappearedatthebaroftheHouseofCommonstopleadagainstthesemeasures，andtopointoutthatasnolawsofthekingwereinforceinthedaysofCharlesII。theproposedbillwasindirectoppositiontothetermsoftheTreatyofLimerick，[12]buthisprotestproducednoeffectinEnglandorinIreland。
Thewholearmyofgovernmentofficials，Protestantministers，andspiesweresettoworktodiscoverwhatpersonshadleftIrelandtogoabroadforeducation，toseizeallpriestsfoundenteringthecountry，andtotakemeasuresagainstthoseinthecountrywhoneglectedtoregisterthemselvesastheyhadbeencommandedtodo。Onehundredandeighty-ninepriestswereregisteredinUlster，threehundredandfifty-twoinLeinster，twohundredandeighty-nineinMunster，andtwohundredandfifty-nineinConnaught。[13]Againstthelaity，too，thefullpenaltiesofthelawwereenforced，butyetitissatisfactorytonotethatintheyear1703onlyfourcertificatesofconformitywerefiled，sixteenin1704，threein1705，fivein1706，twoin1707，andsevenin1708。[14]Itwasclear，therefore，thatiftheCatholicreligionwastobesuppressedrecoursemustbehadtoevenmoreextrememeasures。In1709anactwaspassedorderingallprieststotaketheOathofAbjurationbeforethe25thMarch1710，unlesstheywishedtoincurallthepainsandpenaltieslevelledagainsttheregularclergy。[15]BytheOathofAbjurationtheyweresupposedtodeclarethatthePretender"hathnotanyrightortitlewhatsoevertothecrownofthisrealmoranyotherthedominionsthereuntobelonging，"thattheywouldupholdtheProtestantsuccession，andthattheymadethisdeclaration"heartily，willingly，andtruly。"Rewardswerelaiddownfortheencouragementofinformers，￡50beingallowedfordiscoveringanarchbishop，bishop，vicar，oranypersonexercisingforeignjurisdiction，￡20forthediscoveryofaregularoranon-
registeredsecularpriest，and￡10forthediscoveryofaPopishschoolmaster。TofacilitatethearrestoftheclergyitwasprovidedthatanytwojusticesofthepeacemightsummonCatholicsbeforethemandinterrogatethemunderoathwhenandwheretheyheardMasslast，whatpriestofficiated，andwhowerepresentattheceremony。FailuretogivetherequiredinformationaboutMass，priests，orschool-
masterswastobepunishedbyimprisonmentfortwelvemonthsoruntiltheguiltypersonpaidafineof￡20。Apensionof￡20ayear，increasedafterwardsto￡40，wasprovidedforthosepriestswholefttheCatholicChurch。[16]AsregardslayCatholicsfurthermeasuresweretakentoencouragethechildrenofCatholicparentstobecomeProtestantbyordainingthatinsuchacasetheCourtofChancerycouldinterfereanddictatetothefatherwhatprovisionhemustmakeforsuchchildren。SimilarlywivesofCatholicswereencouragedtosubmitbythepromisethattheCourtofChancerywouldinterferetosafeguardtheirinterests。StringentregulationsweremadetoensurethatallpretendedconvertsengagedintheprofessionsandinpublicofficesshouldreartheirchildrenintheProtestantfaith，andtoensurethatnoCatholiccouldteachschoolpubliclyorprivatelyorevenactasusherinaProtestantschool。
Thepriests，thoughnotunwillingtotakeasimpleoathofallegiance，refusedasabodytotaketheOathofAbjuration，andimmediatelytheybecameliabletoallthepunishmentsdirectedagainstthebishopsandregulars。Wholesalearreststookplaceoverthecountry；spieswereemployedtotrackthemdown；themenwhohadgonesecurityfortheirgoodbehaviourin1704werecommandedtobringtheminunderthreatofhavingtherecognisancesestreated；judgeswereorderedtomakeinquiriesattheassizes；andCatholicswerecalledupontodiscoverontheirclergybygivinginformationaboutthepriestswhocelebratedMass。ThesearchwascarriedonevenmorevigorouslyinMunsterandConnaughtthaninUlsterandLeinster，sothatduringtheremainderofthereignofQueenAnnenopriestinanypartofIrelandcouldofficiatepubliclywithsafety。[17]PetitionsweredrawnupandforwardedtoalltheCatholicsovereignsofEurope，askingthemtointercedefortheirco-religionistsinIreland，butthoughmanyofthemdidinstructtheirrepresentativesinLondontotakeaction，theirappealsandremonstrancesproducedverylittleeffect。[18]AtthesametimethelawsinregardtoCatholicproperty，andCatholiceducationwereenforcedwithgreatseverity，particularcarebeingtakenthatonlyProtestantsshouldberecognisedasguardiansofCatholicminorsororphans，andthattheguardiansshouldrearthechildrenasProtestants。Againstthelaw，thewishesoreventhelasttestamentofadyingfatherwereofnoavail。[19]
DuringthereignofGeorgeI。1714-27therewasverylittleimprovementintheconditionoftheCatholicsofIreland。Indeed，inregardtolegalenactmentstheirconditionwasrenderedmuchworse。
TheywereobligedtopaydoublethecontributionoftheirProtestantneighboursforthesupportofthemilitia；theirhorsescouldbeseizedfortheuseofthemilitia；theywerepreventedfromactingaspettyconstablesorfromhavinganyvoiceindeterminingtheamounttobeleviedoffthemforthebuildingandrepairingofProtestantchurchesorforthemaintenanceofProtestantworship。In1719anewandmoreviolentmeasurewaspassedbytheHouseofCommons，accordingtooneoftheclausesofwhichallunregisteredpriestscaughtinIrelandweretobebrandedwithared-hotironuponthecheek。TheIrishprivycouncilchangedthispenaltyintomutilation，butwhenthebillwassenttoEnglandforapprovaltheoriginalclausewasrestored。Forpurelytechnicalreasonsthebillneverbecamelaw。[20]
In1742anotherbillwasintroducedandpassedbybothHousesinDublinbywhichallunregisteredpriestswhodidnotdepartoutofIrelandbeforeMarch1724weretobepunishedasguiltyofhightreasonunlesstheyconsentedtotaketheOathofAbjuration；asimilarpunishmentwasdecreedagainstbishops，vicars，deans，andmonkswithoutallowingthemanyalternative；allpersonsadjudgedguiltyofreceivingoraffordingassistancetopriestsweretobeputtodeathasfelons"withoutbenefitofclergy；"Popishschoolmastersandtutorsweretoundergoalikepunishment，andtoensurethatthelawwouldbeenforcedamplerewardsweregiventoallinformers。ButwhenthebillwassenttoEnglanditfailedtoreceivethesanctionofthekingandprivycouncil，andwasthereforeallowedtolapse。[21]
TheresultsoftheselawsmadetosecuretheextirpationoftheCatholicreligionweretobeseenin1731whenasystematicinquirywasconductedbytheProtestantministersandbishopsintotheconditionoftheCatholicsineverysingleparishinIreland。InArmaghtherewereonlytwenty-five"Mass-houses，"someofthembeingmerecabins；inMeaththerewereonehundredandeight；inClogheronlyninealthoughinadditionitwasreportedthattherewereforty-
sixaltarswherethepeopleheardMassintheopenair；inRaphoeone"oldMass-house，"onerecentlyerected，"onecabin，andtwosheds；"inDerrytherewerenineMass-houses，all"mean，inconsiderablebuildings，"butMasswassaidinmostpartsofthedioceseinopenfields，orundersomeshedsetupoccasionallyforshelter；inDromorethereweretwoMass-houses，and"twooldfortswereMassesareconstantlysaid；"andinDowntherewerefiveMass-houses，butinadditionthepriestscelebrated"inprivatehousesoronthemountains。"InthedioceseofDublinitwasreportedthatthenumberofMass-housesamountedtofifty-eight，sixteenofwhichweresituatedwithinthecity；inFernstherewerethirty-onetogetherwitheleven"moveablealtarsinthefields；"inLeighlin，twenty-eight，besidesthreealtarsinthefieldsandthreeprivatechapels，andinOssorytheirwerethirty-two"oldMass-houses"andeighteenbuiltsincethereignofGeorgeI。InCasheltherewereforty"Mass-houses，"anditwasnotedparticularlythatonewasbeingbuiltatTipperary，"intheformofacross，ninety-twofeetbyseventy-two；"inCloynetherewereseventyMass-houses。InTuamtheProtestantarchbishopreportedthattherewereMass-housesinmostparishes；inElphinitwasreckonedthattherewereforty-seven"Mass-houses，"afewofthembeinghuts；
inKillalatherewerefour，inAchonrythirteen，inClonfertforty，andinKilmacduaghtherewerethirteen。Butinaremarkablefactthatinspiteofallthelegalpenaltiesdirectedagainstthepriests，andofalltheworkthatwasbeingdonebythegovernmentofficials，the"priest-catchers，"whoseprofessionaccordingtotheIrishHouseofCommonswasanhonourableone，andbythemagistrates，andministers，therewasaverylargenumberofsecularpriestsstillministeringtothepeopleandalsooffriars，whowerereportedasbeingactiveinpreachingtothepeoplesometimesinprivatehousesandsometimesintheopenfields。AnditisevenstillmoreremarkablethatdespitethevigilanceoftheProtestantbishopstherewereeventhenoverfivehundred"popishschools"insomeofwhichtheclassicsweretaught，andtherewerebesidesseveralschoolmasterswhomovedfromplacetoplace。TheProtestantBishopofDerryannouncedwithaconsiderableamountofpridethattherewerenotanypopishschoolsinhisdiocese。
"Sometimes，"hesaid，"astragglingschoolmastersetsupinsomeofthemountainouspartsofsomeparishes，butuponbeingthreatened，astheyconstantlyare，withawarrant，orapresentmentbythechurch-
wardens，theygenerallythinkpropertowithdraw。"[22]
DuringthereignofGeorgeII。1727-60thepersecutionbegantoabate，thoughmorethanonenewmeasurewasaddedtothepenallaws。
PrimateBoulter，whowaspracticallyspeakingrulerofthecountryduringhistermofoffice，wasalarmedatthelargenumberofPapistsstillinthecountry——fivetoonewashisestimate——andatthepresenceofcloseonthreethousandpriests，andsuggestednewschemesfortheoverthrowofPopery。TheCatholicsweredeprivedoftheirvotesatparliamentaryormunicipalelectionslestProtestantmembersmightbeinclinedtocurryfavourwiththembyopposingthepenalcode；barristers，clerks，attornies，solicitors，etc。，werenottobeadmittedtopracticeunlesstheyhadtakentheoathsanddeclarationswhichnoCatholiccouldtake；convertstoProtestantismweretobetreatedsimilarlyunlesstheycouldproducereliableevidencethattheyhadlivedasProtestantsfortwoyears，andthattheywererearingtheirchildrenasProtestants。VeryseverelawshadbeenlaiddownalreadyagainstmarriagesbetweenCatholicsandProtestants，butassuchmarriagesstilltookplace，itwasdeclaredthatthepriestwhocelebratedsuchmarriageswastobereputedguiltyoffelony，thatafterthe1stMay1746allmarriagesbetweenCatholicsandpersonswhohadbeenProtestantswithinthetwelvemonthsprecedingthemarriage，shouldbenullandvoid，asshouldalsoallmarriagesbetweenProtestantsifcelebratedinthepresenceofapriest。Lateronthedeathpenaltywasdecreedagainstpriestswhoassistedatsuchunions。[23]Finally，throughtheexertionsofPrimateBoulterandBishopMarsh，theCharterSchoolswereestablished。Theywereintended，aswasexplainedintheprospectus，"torescuethesoulsofthousandsofpoorchildrenfromthedangersofPopishsuperstitionandidolatry，andtheirbodiesfromthemiseriesofidlenessandbeggary。"
TheschoolswereentirelyProtestantinmanagement，andthechildrenwererearedasProtestants。OnceaCatholicparentsurrenderedhischildrenhecouldneverclaimthemagain。In1745theIrishParliamentappropriatedthefeesderivedfromthelicencesrequiredbyallhawkersandpedlarstothesupportoftheCharterSchools，anditiscomputedthatbetweentheyears1745and1767thesesameinstitutionsreceivedabout￡112，000fromthepublicfunds。[24]Thoughemancipationwasstillalongwayoff，yetafter1760itbegantoberecognisedthatthepenalcodehadfailedtoachievetheobjectforwhichithadbeendesigned——
[1]Lecky，op。cit。，i。，140。
[2]Lecky，op。cit。，i。，140。
[3]/IrishStatutes/，iii。，241sqq。
[4]/TheJournalsoftheHouseofCommons/Irelandii。，44-5。
[5]/IrishStatutes/，ii。，249-67。
[6]/JournalsoftheHouseofLords/Ireland，i。，635-6。
[7]/IrishStatutes/，ii。，339sqq。
[8]Cf。Burke，op。cit。，131sqq。
[9]/Statutes/，2Anne，cap。6。
[10]Id。，2Anne，cap。3。
[11]Id。，2Anne，cap。7；8Anne，cap。3。
[12]Curry，op。cit。，ii。，387。
[13]Cf。/IrishEccl。Record/，1875。/Cath。Directory/，1838。
[14]/Ir。Th。Quart。/，ix。，148。
[15]/Statutes/，8Anne，cap。3。
[16]/Statutes/，2Anne，cap。7；8Anne，cap。3。In1780itwasenactedthatthispensionshould"beleviedofftheinhabitantsofthecountryortownwhereinsuchpriestresidedorofficiatedbeforeconformity"19&20GeorgeIII。，cap。39。
[17]Cf。Burke，op。cit。，chap。iv。afullaccountgivenoftheproceedingsagainsttheclergyinallthediocesesofIreland。
[18]Cf。Moran，/Spicil。Ossor。/，ii。，399sqq。
[19]Lecky，op。cit。，i。，154sqq。
[20]Lecky，op。cit。，i。，162-3。
[21]Id。，164-5。
[22]/ReportontheStateofPopery，1731/。/Archiv。Hib。/，i。，ii。，iii。
[23]/Statutes/，19GeorgeII。，cap。13；23GeorgeII。cap。10。
[24]Lecky，op。cit。，i。，234。/ReportsofRoyalCommissiononEducation/，1825，1854。
End