Iam，yourstruly，JOHNH。NEWMAN。’
　　Suchwordswerenotthewordsofwisdom。ItiseasytoimaginethefeelingsofMonsignorTalbot。’Newman’sworknoneherecanunderstand，’heburstouttohisfriend。’Poorman，bylivingalmosteversincehehasbeenaCatholic，surroundedbyasetofinferiormenwhoidolisehim，IdonotthinkhehaseveracquiredtheCatholicinstincts。’AsforhisviewsontheTemporalPower——
　　’well，peoplesaidthathehadactuallysentasubscriptiontoGaribaldi。Yes，themanwasincomprehensible，heretical，dangerous；hewas“uncatholicandunchristian。”’MonsignorTalboteventrembledforthepositionofManninginEngland。’IamafraidthattheoldschoolofCatholicswillrallyroundNewmaninoppositiontoyouandRome。Standfirm，donotyieldabitinthelineyouhavetaken。AsIhavepromised，Ishallstandbyyou。YouwillhavebattlestofightbecauseeveryEnglishmanisnaturallyanti-Roman。TobeRomanisandefforttoanEnglishman。
　　Dr。NewmanismoreEnglishthantheEnglish。Hisspiritmustbecrushed。’
　　Hisspiritmustbecrushed！Certainlytherecouldbenodoubtofthat。’WhatyouwriteaboutDrNewman，’Manningreplied，’istrue。Whetherheknowsitornot，hehasbecomethecentreofthosewhoholdlowviewsabouttheHolySee，areanti-Roman，coldandsilent，tosaynomore，abouttheTemporalPower；national，English，criticalofCatholicdevotions，andalwaysonthelowerside……Youwilltakecare，’heconcluded，’thatthingsarecorrectlyknownandunderstoodwhereyouare。’
　　Theconfederatesmaturedtheirplans。WhileNewmanwasmakinghisarrangementsfortheOxfordOratory，CardinalReisachvisitedLondon。’CardinalReisachhasjustleft，’wroteManningtoMonsignorTalbot：’hehasseenandunderstandsallthatisgoingoninEngland。’ButNewmanhadnosuspicions。Itwastruethatpersistentrumoursofhisunorthodoxyandhisanti-Romanleaningshadbeguntofloatabout，andtheserumourshadbeentracedtoRome。Butwhatwererumours？Then，too，NewmanfoundoutthatCardinalReisachhadbeentoOxfordwithouthisknowledge，andhadinspectedthelandfortheOratory。Thatseemedodd；butalldoubtsweresetatrestbythearrivalfromPropagandaofanofficialratificationofhisscheme。Therewouldbenothingbutplainsailingnow。Newmanwasalmosthappy；radiantvisionscameintohismindofawonderfulfutureinOxford，thegradualgrowthofCatholicprinciples，thedecayofliberalism，theinaugurationofasecondOxfordMovement，theconversion——whoknows？——ofMarkPattison，thetriumphoftheChurch……’Earlierfailuresdonotmatternow，’heexclaimedtoafriend。’IseethatIhavebeenreservedbyGodforthis。’
　　Justthenalongblueenvelopewasbroughtintotheroom。Newmanopenedit。’Allisover，’hesaid，’Iamnotallowedtogo。’TheenvelopecontainedaletterfromtheBishopannouncingthat，togetherwiththeformalpermissionforanOratoryatOxford，PropagandahadissuedasecretinstructiontotheeffectthatNewmanhimselfwasbynomeanstoresidethere。Ifheshowedsignsofdoingso，hewasblandlyandsuavely’blandesuaviterque’werethewordsoftheLatininstrumenttobeprevented。Andnowthesecretinstructionhadcomeintooperation——blandesuaviterque：Dr。Newman’sspirithadbeencrushed。
　　Hisfriendsmadesomegallanteffortstoretrievethesituation；
　　but，itwasinvain。FatherSt。JohnhurriedtoRomeandtheindignantlaityofEngland，headedbyLordEdwardHoward，theguardianoftheyoungDukeofNorfolk，seizedtheopportunityofaparticularlyvirulentanonymousattackuponNewman，tosendhimanaddressinwhichtheyexpressedtheirfeelingthat’everyblowthattouchesyouinflictsawoundupontheCatholicChurchinthiscountry’。TheonlyresultwasanoutburstofredoubledfuryuponthepartofMonsignorTalbot。Theaddress，hedeclared，wasaninsulttotheHolySee。’Whatistheprovinceofthelaity？’heinterjected。’Tohunt，toshoot，toentertain。Thesematterstheyunderstand，buttomeddlewithecclesiasticalmatterstheyhavenorightatall。’OncemorehewarnedManningtobecareful。’Dr。NewmanisthemostdangerousmaninEngland，andyouwillseethathewillmakeuseofthelaityagainstyourGrace。Youmustnotbeafraidofhim。Itwillrequiremuchprudence，butyoumustbefirm。TheHolyFatherstillplaceshisconfidenceinyou；butifyouyieldanddonotfightthebattleoftheHolySeeagainstthedetestablespiritgrowingupinEngland，hewillbegintoregretCardinalWiseman，whoknewhowtokeepthelaityinorder。’Manninghadnothoughtof’yielding’；but，hepointedouttohisagitatedfriendthatanopenconflictbetweenhimselfandNewmanwouldbe’asgreatascandaltotheChurchinEngland，andasgreatavictorytotheAnglicans，ascouldbe’。Hewouldactquietly，andtherewouldbenomoredifficulty。TheBishopswereunited，andtheChurchwassound。
　　Onthis，MonsignorTalbothurriedtoFatherSt。John’slodgingsinRometoexpresshisregretatthemisunderstandingthathadarisen，towonderhowitcouldpossiblyhaveoccurred，andtohopethatDr。NewmanmightconsenttobemadeaProtonotaryApostolic。ThatwasallthesatisfactionthatFatherSt。JohnwastoobtainfromhisvisittoRome。Afewweekslater，theschemeoftheOxfordOratorywasfinallyquashed。
　　Whenallwasover，Manningthoughtthatthetimehadcomeforareconciliation。Hemadeadvancesthroughacommonfriend；whathadhedone，heasked，tooffendDr。Newman？Letterspassed，and，naturallyenough，theyonlywidenedthebreach。Newmanwasnotthemantobepolite。’Icanonlyrepeat，’hewroteatlast，’whatIsaidwhenyoulastheardfromme。IdonotknowwhetherI
　　amonmyheadormyheelswhenIhaveactiverelationswithyou。
　　Inspiteofmyfriendlyfeelings，thisisthejudgmentofmyintellect。’’Meanwhile，’heconcluded，’Iproposetosaysevenmassesforyourintentionamidthedifficultiesandanxietiesofyourecclesiasticalduties。’AndManningcouldonlyreturnthecompliment。
　　Ataboutthistime，theCurateofLittlemorehadasingularexperience。AshewaspassingbytheChurchhenoticedanoldman，verypoorlydressedinanoldgreycoatwiththecollarturnedup，leaningoverthelychgate，infloodsoftears。Hewasapparentlyingreattrouble，andhishatwaspulleddownoverhiseyesasifhewishedtohidehisfeatures。Foramoment，however，heturnedtowardstheCurate，whowassuddenlystruckbysomethingfamiliarintheface。Coulditbe——？AphotographhungovertheCurate’smantelpieceofthemanwhohadmadeLittlemorefamousbyhissojourntheremorethantwentyyearsago——hehadneverseentheoriginal；butnow，wasitpossible——？Helookedagain，andhecoulddoubtnolonger。ItwasDr。Newman。Hesprangforward，withproffersofassistance。Couldhebeofanyuse？’Ohno，no！’wasthereply。’Ohno，no！’ButtheCuratefeltthathecouldnotrunawayandleavesoeminentacharacterinsuchdistress。’WasitnotDr。Newmanhehadthehonourofaddressing？’
　　heasked，withalltherespectandsympathyathiscommand。’Wastherenothingthatcouldbedone？’Buttheoldmanhardlyseemedtounderstandwhatwasbeingsaidtohim。’Ohno，no！’herepeated，withthetearsstreamingdownhisface，’Ohno，no！’
　　VII
　　MEANWHILE，aremarkableproblemwasabsorbingtheattentionoftheCatholicChurch。Oncemore，foramoment，theeyesofallChristendomwerefixeduponRome。ThetemporalPowerofthePopehadnowalmostvanished；but，ashisworldlydominionssteadilydiminished，thespiritualpretensionsoftheHolyFathernolesssteadilyincreased。ForsevencenturiestheimmaculateconceptionoftheVirginhadbeenhighlyproblematical；PioNonospoke，andthedoctrinebecameanarticleoffaith。Afewyearslater，theCourtofRometookanotherstep：aSyllabusErrorumwasissued，inwhichallthefavouritebeliefsofthemodernworld——therightsofdemocracies，theclaimsofscience，thesanctityoffreespeech，theprinciplesoftoleration——werecategoricallydenounced，andtheirsupportersabandonedtotheDivinewrath。
　　Yetitwasobservedthatthemodernworldproceededasbefore。
　　Somethingmoredrasticappearedtobenecessary——someboldandstrikingmeasurewhichshouldconcentratetheforcesofthefaithful，andconfoundtheirenemies。ThetremendousdoctrineofPapalInfallibility，belovedofallgoodCatholics，seemedtoofferjusttheopeningthatwasrequired。Letthatdoctrinebeproclaimed，withtheassentofthewholeChurch，anarticleoffaith，and，inthefaceofsuchanaffirmation，letthemodernworlddoitsworst！Accordingly，aGeneralCouncil——thefirsttobeheldsincetheCouncilofTrentmorethan300yearsbefore——
　　wassummonedtotheVatican，forthepurpose，soitwasannounced，ofproviding’anadequateremedytothedisorders，intellectualandmoral，ofChristendom’。Theprogrammemightseemalargeone，evenforaGeneralCouncil；buteveryoneknewwhatitmeant。
　　Everyone，however，wasnotquiteofonemind。Therewerethosetowhomeventhemysteriesofinfallibilitycausedsomesearchingsofheart。Itwastrue，nodoubt，thatOurLord，bysayingtoPeter，’ThouartCephas，whichisbyinterpretationastone’，therebyendowedthatApostlewiththesupremeandfullprimacyandprincipalityovertheUniversalCatholicChurch；itwasequallycertainthatPeterafterwardsbecametheBishopofRome；norcoulditbedoubtedthattheRomanPontiffwashissuccessor。ThusitfolloweddirectlythattheRomanPontiffwasthehead，heart，mind，andtongueoftheCatholicChurch；andmoreover，itwasplainthatwhenOurLordprayedforPeterthathisfaithshouldnotfail，thatprayerimpliedthedoctrineofPapalInfallibility。Allthesethingswereobvious，andyet——andyet——mightnottheformaldeclarationofsuchtruthsintheyearofhisgrace1870be，tosaytheleastofit，inopportune？Mightitnotcomeasanoffence，asascandaleven，tothoseunacquaintedwiththenicetiesofCatholicdogma？SuchweretheuneasyreflectionsofgraveandlearnedecclesiasticsandtheologiansinEngland，France，andGermany。Newmanwasmorethanusuallyupset；
　　MonseigneurDupanloupwasdisgusted；andDr。Dollingerpreparedhimselfforresistance。ItwasclearthattherewouldbeadisaffectedminorityattheCouncil。
　　CatholicapologistshaveoftenarguedthatthePope’sclaimtoinfallibilityimpliesnomorethanthenecessaryclaimofeveryruler，ofeverygovernment，totherightofsupremecommand。InEngland，forinstance，theEstatesoftheRealmexerciseanabsoluteauthorityinsecularmatters；noonequestionsthisauthority，noonesuggeststhatitisabsurdorexorbitant；inotherwords，bygeneralconsenttheEstatesoftheRealmare，withintheirsphere，infallible。Why，therefore，shouldthePope，withinhissphere——thesphereoftheCatholicChurch——bedeniedasimilarinfallibility？IfthereisnothingmonstrousinanActofParliamentlayingdownwhatallmenshalldo，whyshouldtherebeanythingmonstrousinaPapalEncyclicallayingdownwhatallmenshallbelieve？Theargumentissimple；infact，itistoosimple；
　　forittakesforgrantedtheveryquestionwhichisindispute。
　　Isthereindeednoradicalandessentialdistinctionbetweensupremacyandinfallibility？BetweentherightofaBoroughCounciltoregulatethetrafficandtherightoftheVicarofChristtodecideuponthequalificationsforEverlastingBliss？
　　Thereisonedistinction，atanyrate，whichispalpable：thedecisionsofasupremeauthoritycanbealtered；thoseofaninfallibleauthoritycannot。ABoroughCouncilmaychangeitstrafficregulationsatthenextmeeting；buttheVicarofChrist，whenincertaincircumstancesandwithcertainprecautions，hehasoncespoken，hasexpressed，foralltheages，apartoftheimmutable，absolute，andeternalTruth。Itisthisthatmakesthepapalpretensionssoextraordinaryandsoenormous。Itisalsothisthatgivesthemtheircharm。Catholicapologists，whentheytrytotonedownthosepretensionsandtoexplainthemaway，forgetthatitisintheirveryexorbitancethattheirfascinationlies。IfthePopewereindeednothingmorethanamagnifiedBoroughCouncillor，weshouldhardlyhaveheardsomuchofhim。Itisnotbecausehesatisfiesthereason，butbecauseheastoundsit，thatmenabasethemselvesbeforetheVicarofChrist。
　　AndcertainlythedoctrineofPapalInfallibilitypresentstothereasonasufficiencyofstumbling-blocks。Inthefourteenthcentury，forinstance，thefollowingcasearose。JohnXXII
　　assertedinhisbull’Cuminternonnullos’thatthedoctrineofthepovertyofChristwasheretical。Now，accordingtothelightofreason，oneoftwothingsmustfollowfromthis——eitherJohnXXIIwashimselfaheretic，orhewasnoPope。Forhispredecessor，NicholasIII，hadassertedinhisbull’Exiitquiseminat’thatthedoctrineofthepovertyofChristwasthetruedoctrine，thedenialofwhichwasheresy。ThusifJohnXXIIwasright，NicholasIIIwasaheretic，andinthatcaseNicholas’snominationsofCardinalswerevoid，andtheconclavewhichelectedJohnwasillegal——sothatJohnwasnoPope，hisnominationsofCardinalswerevoid，andthewholePapalsuccessionvitiated。Ontheotherhand，ifJohnwaswrong——well，hewasaheretic；andthesameinconvenientresultsfollowed。
　　And，ineithercase，whatbecomesofPapalInfallibility？
　　ButsuchcrudeandfundamentalquestionsasthesewerenotlikelytotroubletheCouncil。Thediscordantminoritytookanotherline。Infallibilitytheyadmittedreadilyenough，theinfallibility，thatistosay，oftheChurch；whattheyshrankfromwasthepronouncementthatthisinfallibilitywasconcentratedintheBishopofRome。Theywouldnotactuallydenythat，asamatteroffact，itwassoconcentrated；buttodeclarethatitwas，tomakethebeliefthatitwasanarticleoffaith——
　　whatcouldbemore——itwastheirfavouriteexpression——moreinopportune？Intruth，theGallicanspiritstilllingeredamongthem。Atheart，theyhatedtheautocracyofRome——thedominationofthecentralisedItalianorganisationoverthewholevastbodyoftheChurch。Theysecretlyhankered，evenatthislatehour，aftersomeformofconstitutionalgovernment，andtheyknewthatthelastfaintvestigeofsuchadreamwouldvanishutterlywiththedeclarationoftheinfallibilityofthePope。Itdidnotoccurtothem，apparently，thataconstitutionalCatholicismmightbeacontradictioninterms，andthattheCatholicChurch，withouttheabsolutedominionofthePope，mightresembletheplayofHamletwithoutthePrinceofDenmark。
　　PiusIXhimselfwastroubledbydoubts。’BeforeIwasPope，’
　　heobserved，’IbelievedinPapalInfallibility，nowIfeelit。’
　　AsforManning，hiscertaintywasnolesscompletethanhismaster’s。ApartfromtheHolyGhost，hisappointmenttotheSeeofWestminsterhadbeenduetoPioNono’sshrewdappreciationofthefactthathewastheonemaninEnglanduponwhosefidelitytheRomanGovernmentcouldabsolutelyrely。Thevoicewhichkeptrepeating’Metteteloli，metteteloli’inhisHoliness’sear，whetherornotitwasinspiredbyGod，wascertainlyinspiredbypoliticalsagacity。FornowManningwastoshowthathewasnotunworthyofthetrustwhichhadbeenreposedinhim。HeflewtoRomeinawhirlwindofPapalenthusiasm。Ontheway，inParis，hestoppedforamomenttointerviewthosetwogreatpropsofFrenchrespectability，M。GuizotandM。Thiers。Bothwerecarefulnottocommitthemselves，butbothwereexceedinglypolite。’IamawaitingyourCouncil，’saidM。Guizot，’withgreatanxiety。ItisthelastgreatmoralpowerandmayrestorethepeaceofEurope。’M。ThiersdeliveredabriefharangueinfavouroftheprinciplesoftheRevolution，which，hedeclared，weretheverymarrowofallFrenchmen；yet，headded，hehadalwayssupportedtheTemporalPowerofthePope。’Mais，M。Thiers，’saidManning，’vouseteseffectivementcroyant。’’EnDieu，’repliedM。Thiers。
　　TheRomewhichManningreachedtowardsthecloseof1869wasstilltheRomewhich，forsomanycenturies，hadbeentheproudandvisibleapex，thepalpitatingheart，thesacredsanctuary，ofthemostextraordinaryminglingofspiritualandearthlypowersthattheworldhaseverknown。ThePopenow，itistrue，ruledoverlittlemorethantheCityitself——thePatrimonyofSt。
　　Peter——andheruledtherelessbytheGraceofGodthanbythegoodwillofNapoleonIII；yethewasstillasovereignPrince，andRomewasstillthecapitalofthePapalState；shewasnotyetthecapitalofItaly。Thelasthourofthisstrangedominionhadalmoststruck。Asifsheknewthatherdoomwasuponher，theEternalCityarrayedherselftomeetitinallherglory。
　　Thewholeworldseemedtobegatheredtogetherwithinherwalls。HerstreetswerefilledwithcrownedheadsandPrincesoftheChurch，greatladiesandgreattheologians，artistsandfriars，diplomatsandnewspaperreporters。SevenhundredbishopsweretherefromallthecornersofChristendom，andinallthevarietiesofecclesiasticalmagnificenceinfallinglaceandsweepingpurpleandflowingvioletveils。
　　ZouavesstoodinthecolonnadeofStPeter’s，andPapaltroopswereontheQuirinal。Cardinalspassed，hattedandrobed，intheirenormouscarriageofstate，likemysteriouspaintedidols。Thentherewasasuddenhush：thecrowdgrewthickerandexpectationfilled，theair。Yes！itwashe！Hewascoming！TheHolyFather！Butfirstthereappeared，mountedonawhitemuleandclothedinamagentamantle，agravedignitarybearingaloftasilvercross。Thegoldencoachfollowed，drawnbysixhorsesgorgeouslycaparisoned，andwithin，thesmilingwhite-
　　hairedPioNono，scatteringhisbenedictions，whilethemultitudefelluponitskneesasoneman。Suchwerethedailyspectaclesofcolouredpompandofantiquesolemnity，whichsolongasthesunwasshining，atanyrate——dazzledtheonlookerintoahappyforgetfulnessofthereversesideofthePapaldispensation——thenauseatingfilthofthehighways，thecattlestabledinthepalacesofthegreat，andthefeverflittingthroughtheghastlytenementsofthepoor。
　　InSt。Peter’s，theNorthTransepthadbeenscreenedoff；rowsofwoodenseatshadbeenerectedcoveredwithBrusselscarpet；andupontheseseatssateachcrownedwithawhitemitre，the700
　　BishopsinCouncil。Herealldaylongrolledforth，insonorousLatin，theinterminableperiodsofepiscopaloratory；butitwasnotherethattheissueoftheCouncilwasdetermined。TheassembledFathersmighttalktillthemarblesofSt。Peter’sthemselvesgrewwearyofthereverberations；thefateoftheChurchwasdecidedinaverydifferentmanner——bylittleknotsofinfluentialpersonsmeetingquietlyofamorninginthebackroomofsomeinconspicuouslodging-house，byasunsetrendezvousintheBorgheseGardensbetweenaCardinalandaDiplomatistbyawhisperedconferenceinanalcoveataPrincess’seveningparty，withthegayworldchatteringallabout。And，ofcourse，onsuchmomentousoccasionsasthese，Manningwasinhiselement。Noneknewthosedifficultropesbetterthanhe；noneusedthemwithamoreserviceableandyetdiscreetalacrity。Ineveryjuncturehehadtherightword，ortherightsilence；hisinfluenceramifiedinalldirections，fromthePope’saudiencechambertotheEnglishCabinet。’IlDiavolodelConcilio’hisenemiescalledhim；andhegloriedinthename。
　　Therealcruxofthepositionwaslessecclesiasticalthandiplomatic。ThePapalCourt，withitshugemajorityofItalianBishops，couldmakesureenough，whenitcametothepoint，ofcarryingitswishesthroughtheCouncil；whatwasfarmoredubiouswastheattitudeoftheforeignGovernments——
　　especiallythoseofFranceandEngland。TheFrenchGovernmentdreadedaschismamongitsCatholicsubjects；itdislikedtheprospectofanextensionoftheinfluenceofthePopeoverthemassofthepopulationofFrance；and，sincetheveryexistenceofthelastremnantofthePope’sTemporalPowerdependedupontheFrencharmy，itwasabletoapplyconsiderablepressureupontheVatican。TheinterestsofEnglandwerelessdirectlyinvolved，butithappenedthatatthismomentMr。GladstonewasPrimeMinister，andMr。GladstoneentertainedstrongviewsupontheInfallibilityofthePope。HisopinionsuponthesubjectwereinparttheoutcomeofhisfriendshipwithLordActon，ahistoriantowhomlearningandjudgmenthadnotbeengrantedinequalproportions，andwho，afteryearsofincredibleandindeedwell-nighmythicalresearch，hadcometotheconclusionthatthePopecoulderr。InthisMr。Gladstoneentirelyconcurred，thoughhedidnotsharetherestofhisfriend’stheologicalopinions；
　　forLordActon，whilestrainingatthegnatofInfallibility，hadswallowedthecameloftheRomanCatholicFaith。’Quediableallait-ilfairedanscettegalere？’onecannothelpasking，asonewatchedthatlaboriousandscrupulousscholar，thatlifelongenthusiastforliberty，thatalmosthystericalrevilerofpriesthoodandpersecution，trailinghislearningsodiscrepantlyalongthedustyRomanway。But，therearesomewhoknowhowtoweartheirRomewithadifference；andLordActonwasoneofthese。
　　HewasnowengagedinflutteringlikeamothroundtheCouncilandinwritinglongletterstoMr。Gladstone，impressinguponhimthegravityofthesituation，andurginghimtobringhisinfluencetobear。Ifthe，Dogmawerecarried——hedeclared，nomanwhoaccepteditcouldremainaloyalsubjectandCatholicswouldeverywherebecome’irredeemableenemiesofcivilandreligiousliberty’。Inthesecircumstances，wasitnotplainlyincumbentupontheEnglishGovernment，involvedasitwaswiththepowerfulRomanCatholicforcesinIreland，tointervene？Mr。
　　Gladstoneallowedhimselftobecomeconvinced，andLordActonbegantohopethathiseffortswouldbesuccessful。But，hehadforgottenoneelementinthesituation；hehadreckonedwithouttheArchbishopofWestminster。ThesharpnoseofManningsniffedoutthewholeintrigue。ThoughhedespisedLordActonalmostasmuchashedislikedhim——’suchmen，’hesaid，’areallvanity：
　　theyhavetheinflationofGermanprofessors，andtheruthlesstalkofundergraduates’——yetherealisedclearlyenoughthedangerofhiscorrespondencewiththePrimeMinister，andimmediatelytookstepstocounteractit。Therewasasemi-
　　officialagentoftheEnglishGovernmentinRome，Mr。OdoRussell，andaroundhimManningsettoworktospinhisspider’swebofdelicateandclingingdiplomacy。PreliminarypolitenesseswerefollowedbylongwalksuponthePincio，andthegradualinterchangeofmoreandmoreimportantandconfidentialcommunications。SoonpoorMr。Russellwaslittlebetterthanaflybuzzingingossamer。AndManningwascarefultoseethathebuzzedontherightnote。InhisdispatchestotheForeignSecretary，LordClarendon，Mr。RussellexplainedindetailthetruenatureoftheCouncil，thatitwasmerelyameetingofafewRomanCatholicprelatestodiscusssomeinternalmattersofChurchdiscipline，thatithadnopoliticalsignificancewhatever，thatthequestionofInfallibility，aboutwhichtherehadbeensomuchrandomtalk，wasapurelytheologicalquestion，andthat，whateverdecisionmightbecometoonthesubject，thepositionofRomanCatholicsthroughouttheworldwouldremainunchanged。
　　WhethertheeffectoftheseaffirmationsuponLordClarendonwasasgreatasManningsupposedissomewhatdoubtful；butitisatanyratecertainthatMr。GladstonefailedtocarrytheCabinetwithhim；and，whenatlastaproposalwasdefinitelymadethattheEnglishGovernmentshouldinvitethePowersofEuropetointerveneattheVatican，itwasrejected。ManningalwaysbelievedthatthiswasthedirectresultofMr。Russell’sdispatches，whichhadactedasanantidotetothepoisonofLordActon’sletters，andthuscarriedtheday。Ifthatwasso，thediscretionofbiographershasnotyetentirelyliftedtheveilfromtheseproceedingsManninghadassuredlyperformednosmallserviceforhiscause。Yethismodestywouldnotallowhimtoassumeforhimselfacreditwhich，afterall，wasdueelsewhere；
　　andwhenhetoldthestoryofthosedays，hewouldadd，withmorethanwontedseriousness，’ItwasbytheDivineWillthatthedesignsofHisenemieswerefrustrated’。
　　Meanwhile，intheNorthTranseptofSt。Peter’sacertainamountofpreliminarybusinesshadbeencarriedthrough。VariousmiscellaneouspointsinChristiandoctrinehadbeensatisfactorilydetermined。Amongothers，thefollowingCanonswerelaiddownbytheFathers：’IfanyonedoesnotacceptforsacredandcanonicalthewholeandeverypartoftheBooksofHolyScripture，ordenythattheyaredivinelyinspired，lethimbeanathema。’’Ifanyonesaysthatmiraclescannotbe，andtherefore，theaccountsofthem，eventhoseinHolyScripturesmustbeassignedaplaceamongfablesandmyths，orthatthedivineoriginoftheChristianreligioncannotrightlybeprovedfromthem，lethimbeanathema。’’IfanyonesaysthatthedoctrinesoftheChurchcaneverreceiveasenseinaccordancewiththeprogressofscience，otherthanthatsensewhichtheChurchhasunderstoodandstillunderstands，lethimbeanathema。’
　　’Ifanyonesaysthatitisnotpossible，bythenaturallightofhumanreason，toacquireacertainknowledgeoftheOneandTrueGod，lethimbeanathema。’Inotherwords，itbecameanarticleofFaiththatFaithwasnotnecessaryforatrueknowledgeofGod。Havingdisposedoftheseminormatters，theFathersfoundthemselvesatlastapproachingthegreatquestionofInfallibility。
　　Twomainissues，itsoonappeared，werebeforethem：the。Pope’sinfallibilitywasadmitted，ostensiblyatleast，byall；whatremainedtobedeterminedwas：1whetherthedefinitionofthePope’sInfallibilitywasopportune，and2whatthedefinitionofthePope’sInfallibilitywas。
　　1ItsoonbecameclearthatthesenseoftheCouncilwasoverwhelminglyinfavourofadefinition。TheInopportunistswereasmallminority；
　　theywereoutvoted，andtheywereobligedtogiveway。Itonlyremained，therefore，tocometoadecisionuponthesecondquestion——whatthedefinitionshouldactuallybe。
　　2ItnowbecametheobjectoftheInopportuniststolimitthescopeofthedefinitionasmuchaspossible，whiletheInfallibilistswerenolesseagertoextendit。Noweveryone，ornearlyeveryone，wasreadytolimitthePapalInfallibilitytopronouncementsexcathedra——thatistosay，tothosemadebythePopeinhiscapacityofUniversalDoctor；
　　butthisonlyservedtoraisetheulterior，theportentous，andindeedthereallycrucialquestion——toWHICHofthePapalpronouncementsexcathedradidInfallibilityadhere？
　　Thediscussionswhichfollowedwere，naturallyenough，numerous，complicated，andembittered，andinallofthemManningplayedaconspicuouspart。FortwomonthstheFathersdeliberated；throughfiftysessionstheysoughttheguidanceoftheHolyGhost。Thewoodenseats，coveredthoughtheywerewithBrusselscarpet，grewharderandharder；andstillthemitredCouncillorssaton。ThePopehimselfbegantogrowimpatient；foronething，hedeclared，hewasbeingruinedbythemereexpenseoflodgingandkeepingthemultitudeofhisadherents。’Questiinfallibilistimifarannofallire’，saidhisHoliness。AtlengthitappearedthattheInopportunistsweredraggingouttheproceedingsinthehopeofobtaininganindefinitepostponement。Thentheauthoritiesbegantoact；abishopwasshouteddown，andtheclosurewasbroughtintooperation。AtthispointtheFrenchGovernment，afterlonghesitation，finallydecidedtointervene，andCardinalAntonelliwasinformedthatiftheDefinitionwasproceededwith，theFrenchtroopswouldbewithdrawnfromRome。ButtheastuteCardinaljudgedthathecouldsafelyignorethethreat。HesawthatNapoleonIIIwastotteringtohisfallandwouldneverriskanopenrupturewiththeVatican。Accordingly，itwasdeterminedtobringtheproceedingstoaclosebyafinalvote。AlreadytheInopportunists，seeingthatthegamewasup，hadshakenthedustofRomefromtheirfeet。OnJuly18th，1870，theCouncilmetforthelasttime。AsthefirstoftheFatherssteppedforwardtodeclarehisvote，astormofthunderandlightningsuddenlyburstoverSt。Peter’s。Allthroughthemorningthevotingcontinued，andeveryvotewasaccompaniedbyaflashandaroarfromheaven。
　　Bothsides，withequaljustice，claimedtheportentasamanifestationoftheDivineOpinion。Whenthevoteswereexamined，itwasfoundthat533wereinfavouroftheproposeddefinitionandtwoagainstit。Nextday，warwasdeclaredbetweenFranceandGermany，andafewweekslatertheFrenchtroopswerewithdrawnfromRome。Almostinthesamemoment，thesuccessorofSt。PeterhadlosthisTemporalPower，andgainedInfallibility。
　　WhattheCouncilhaddonewasmerelytoassenttoadefinitionofthedogmaoftheInfallibilityoftheRomanPontiffwhichPiusIX
　　hadissued，propriomotu，afewdaysbefore。Thedefinitionitselfwasperhapssomewhatlessextremethanmighthavebeenexpected。ThePope，itdeclared，ispossessed，whenhespeaksexcathedra，of’thatinfallibilitywithwhichtheRedeemerwilledthatHisChurchshouldbeendowedfordefiningdoctrineregardingfaithormorals’。ThusitbecameadogmaoffaiththataPapaldefinitionregardingfaithormoralsisinfallible；butbeyondthat，boththeHolyFatherandtheCouncilmaintainedajudiciousreserve。OverwhatOTHERmattersbesidesfaithandmoralsthePapalinfallibilitymightormightnotextendstillremainedindoubt。Andtherewerefurtherquestions，nolessserious，towhichnodecisiveanswerwasthen，oreverhasbeensince，provided。
　　Howwasittobedetermined，forinstance，whichparticularPapaldecisionsdidinfactcomewithinthescopeofthedefinition？
　　Whowastodecidewhatwasorwasnotamatteroffaithormorals？OrpreciselyWHENtheRomanPontiffwasspeakingexcathedra？WasthefamousSyllabusErrorum，forexample，issuedexcathedraornot？
　　Gravetheologianshaveneverbeenabletomakeuptheirminds。Yettoadmitdoubtsinsuchmattersastheseissurelydangerous。’Indutytooursupremepastoraloffice，’proclaimedtheSovereignPontiff，’bythebowelsofChristweearnestlyentreatallChrist’sfaithfulpeople，andwealsocommandthembytheauthorityofGodandourSaviour，thattheystudyandlabourtoexpelandeliminateerrorsanddisplaythelightofthepurestfaith。’Wellmightthefaithfulstudyandlabourtosuchends！For，whiletheoffenceremainedambiguous，therewasnoambiguityaboutthepenalty。Onehair’s-breadthfromtheunknownpathoftruth，oneshadowofimpurityinthemysteriouslightoffaith，andthereshallbeanathema！anathema！
　　anathema！WhentheframersofsuchedictscalleduponthebowelsofChristtojustifythem，mighttheynothavedonewelltohavepausedalittle，andtohavecalledtomindthecounselofanothersovereignruler，thoughaheretic——OliverCromwell？
　　’Bethinkye，bethinkye，inthebowelsofChrist，thatyemaybemistaken！’
　　OneofthesecondaryresultsoftheCouncilwastheexcommunicationofDr。Dollinger，andafewmoreofthemostuncompromisingoftheInopportunists。Amongthese，however，LordActonwasnotincluded。Nobodyeverdiscoveredwhy。WasitbecausehewastooimportantfortheHolySeetocaretointerferewithhim？Orwasitbecausehewasnotimportantenough？
　　AnotherulteriorconsequencewastheappearanceofapamphletbyMr。Gladstone，entitled’Vaticanism’，inwhichtheawfulimplicationsinvolvedinthedeclarationofInfallibilitywerelaidbeforetheBritishPublic。Howwasitpossible，Mr。
　　Gladstoneasked，withallthefulminatingaccompanimentsofhismostagitatedrhetoric，todependhenceforwarduponthecivilallegianceofRomanCatholics？TothisquestionthewordsofCardinalAntonellitotheAustrianAmbassadormighthaveseemedasufficientreply。’Thereisagreatdifference，’saidhisEminence，betweentheoryandpractice。NoonewilleverpreventtheChurchfromproclaimingthegreatprinciplesuponwhichitsDivinefabricisbased；but，asregardstheapplicationofthosesacredlaws，theChurch，imitatingtheexampleofitsDivineFounder，isinclinedtotakeintoconsiderationthenaturalweaknessesofmankind。’And，inanycase，itwashardtoseehowthesystemofFaith，whichhadenabledPopeGregoryXIIItoeffect，bythehandsofEnglishCatholics，awholeseriesofattemptstomurderQueenElizabeth，canhavebeenrenderedamuchmoredangerousengineofdisloyaltybytheDefinitionof1870。
　　ButsuchconsiderationsfailedtoreassureMr。Gladstone；theBritishPublicwasofalikemind；and145，000copiesofthepamphletweresoldwithintwomonths。Variousrepliesappeared，andManningwasnotbehindhand。Hisshareinthecontroversyledtoacuriouspersonalencounter。
　　HisconversionhadcomeasagreatshocktoMr。Gladstone。
　　Manninghadbreathednowordofitsapproachtohisoldandintimatefriend，andwhenthenewsreachedhim，itseemedalmostanactofpersonalinjury。’Ifelt，’Mr。Gladstonesaid，’asifManninghadmurderedmymotherbymistake。’Fortwelveyearsthetwomendidnotmeet，afterwhichtheyoccasionallysaweachotherandrenewedtheircorrespondence。ThiswastheconditionofaffairswhenMr。Gladstonepublishedhispamphlet。Assoonasitappeared，ManningwrotealettertotheNewYorkHerald，contradictingitsconclusionsanddeclaringthatitspublicationwas’thefirsteventthathasovercastafriendshipofforty-fiveyears’。Mr。
　　Gladstonerepliedtothisletterinasecondpamphlet。Atthecloseofhistheologicalarguments，headdedthefollowingpassage：’Ifeelitnecessary，inconcludingthisanswer，tostatethatArchbishopManninghasfallenintomostseriousinaccuracyinhisletterofNovember10th，whereinhedescribes’myExpostulationasthefirsteventwhichhasovercastafriendshipofforty-fiveyears。Ialludetothesubjectwithregret；andwithoutenteringintodetails。’
　　Manningrepliedinaprivateletter：
　　’MydearGladstone，’hewrote，’yousaythatIaminerrorinstatingthatyourformerpamphletisthefirstactwhichhasovercastourfriendship。
　　’Ifyourefertomyactin1851insubmittingtotheCatholicChurchbywhichwewereseparatedforsometwelveyears，Icanunderstandit。
　　’IfyourefertoanyotheracteitheronyourpartormineIamnotconsciousofit，andwoulddesiretoknowwhatitmaybe。
　　’Myactin1851mayhaveovercastyourfriendshipforme。Itdidnotovercastmyfriendshipforyou，asIthinkthelastyearshaveshown。
　　’Youwillnot，Ihope，thinkmeover-sensitiveinaskingforthisexplanation。Believeme，yoursaffectionately，’H。E。M。’
　　’MydearArchbishopManning，’Mr。Gladstoneanswered，’itdid，I
　　confess，seemtomeanastonishingerrortostateinpublicthatafriendshiphadnotbeenovercastforforty-fiveyearsuntilnow，whichyourletterdeclareshasbeensuspendedastoallactionfortwelve……
　　’Iwonder，too，atyourforgettingthatduringtheforty-fiveyearsIhadbeenchargedbyyouwithdoingtheworkoftheAntichristinregardtotheTemporalPowerofthePope。
　　’Ourdifferences，mydearArchbishop，areindeedprofound。Wereferthem，Isuppose，inhumblesilencetoaHigherPower……
　　Youassuredmeonceofyourprayersatallandatthemostsolemntime。Ireceivedthatassurancewithgratitude，andstillcherishit。Asandwhentheymoveupwards，thereisameeting-pointforthosewhomachasmseparatesbelow。Iremainalways，affectionatelyyours，’W。E。GLADSTONE。’
　　Speakingofthiscorrespondenceinafteryears，CardinalManningsaid：’FromthewayinwhichMr。Gladstonealludedtotheovercastingofourfriendship，peoplemighthavethoughtthatI
　　hadpickedhispocket。’
　　VIII
　　IN1875，Manning’slaboursreceivedtheirfinalreward：hewasmadeaCardinal。Hislongandstrangecareer，withitshighhopes，itsbitterdisappointments，itsstruggles，itsrenunciations，hadcomeatlasttofruitioninaPrincedomoftheChurch。’Askinfaithandinperfectconfidence，’hehimselfoncewrote，andGodwillgiveuswhatweask。Youmaysay，“ButdoyoumeanthatHewillgiveustheverything？“That，Godhasnotsaid。GodhassaidthatHewillgiveyouwhatsoeveryouask；buttheforminwhichitwillcome，andthetimeinwhichHewillgiveit，HekeepsinHisownpower。Sometimesourprayersareansweredintheverythingswhichweputfromus；sometimesitmaybeachastisement，oraloss，oravisitationagainstwhichourheartsrise，andweseemtoseethatGodhasnotonlyforgottenus，buthasbeguntodealwithusinseverity。Thoseverythingsaretheanswerstoourprayers。Heknowswhatwedesire，andHegivesusthethingsforwhichweask；butintheformwhichHisownDivineWisdomseestobebest。’
　　TherewasonetowhomManning’selevationwouldnodoubthavegivenapeculiarsatisfaction——hisoldfriendMonsignorTalbot。
　　Butthiswasnottobe。ThatindustriousworkerinthecauseofRomehadbeenremovedsomeyearspreviouslytoasequesteredhomeatPassy，whosepaddedwallswereimpervioustotherumoursoftheouterworld。PiusIXhadbeenmuchafflictedbythisunfortunateevent；hehadnotbeenabletoresignhimselftothelossofhissecretary，andhehadgivenordersthatMonsignorTalbot’sapartmentintheVaticanshouldbepreservedpreciselyashehadleftit，incaseofhisreturn。ButMonsignorTalbotneverreturned。Manning’sfeelingsuponthesubjectappeartohavebeenlesstenderthanthePope’s。Inallhisletters，inallhispapers，inallhisbiographicalmemoranda，notawordofallusionistobefoundtothemisfortune，nortothedeath，ofthemostloyalofhisadherents。MonsignorTalbot’snamedisappearssuddenlyandforever——likeastonecastintothewaters。
　　Manningwasnowanoldman，andhisoutwardformhadassumedthatappearanceofaustereasceticismwhichis，perhaps，theonethingimmediatelysuggestedbyhisnametotheordinaryEnglishman。Thespareandstatelyform，thehead——massive，emaciated，terrible——
　　withthegreatnose，theglitteringeyes，andthemouthdrawnbackandcompressedintothegrimrigiditiesofage，self-
　　mortification，andauthority——suchisthevisionthatstilllingersinthepublicmind——thevisionwhich，actualandpalpablelikesomeembodiedmemoryoftheMiddleAges，usedtopassandrepass，lessthanagenerationsince，throughthestreetsofLondon。Fortheactivitiesofthisextraordinaryfigureweregreatandvaried。Heruledhisdiocesewiththedespoticzealofabornadministrator。Hethrewhimselfintosocialworkofeverykind；heorganisedcharities，helecturedontemperance；hedeliveredinnumerablesermons；heproducedanunendingseriesofdevotionalbooks。Andhebrookednobrothernearthethrone：
　　NewmanlanguishedinBirmingham；andeventheJesuitstrembledandobeyed。
　　Norwasitonlyamonghisowncommunitythathisenergyandhisexperiencefoundscope。Hegraduallycametoplayanimportantpartinpublicaffairs，uponquestionsoflabour，poverty，andeducation。HesatonRoyalCommissionsandcorrespondedwithCabinetMinisters。Atlast，nophilanthropicmeetingattheGuildhallwasconsideredcompletewithoutthepresenceofCardinalManning。Aspecialdegreeofprecedencewasaccordedtohim。ThoughtherankofaCardinal-ArchbishopisofficiallyunknowninEngland，hisnameappearedinpublicdocuments——asatoken，itmustbesupposed，ofpersonalconsideration——abovethenamesofpeersandbishops，andimmediatelybelowthatofthePrinceofWales。
　　Inhisprivatelifehewassecluded。Theambiguitiesofhissocialposition，andhisdesiretomaintainintactthepeculiareminenceofhisoffice，combinedtoholdhimalooffromtheordinarygatheringsofsociety，thoughontherareoccasionsofhisappearanceamongfashionableandexaltedpersons，hecarriedallbeforehim。HisfavouritehauntwastheAthenaeumClub，wherehesatscanningthenewspapers，orconversingwiththeoldfriendsofformerdays。Hewasamember，too，ofthatdistinguishedbody，theMetaphysicalSociety，whichmetonceamonthduringthepalmyyearsoftheseventiestodiscuss，instrictprivacy，thefundamentalproblemsofthedestinyofman。
　　AfteracomfortabledinnerattheGrosvenorHotel，theSociety，whichincludedProfessorHuxleyandProfessorTyndall，Mr。JohnMorleyandSirJamesStephen，theDukeofArgyll，LordTennyson，andDeanChurch，wouldgatheraroundtohearanddiscussapaperreadbyoneofthemembersuponsuchquestionsas：’Whatisdeath？’’IsGodunknowable？’or’ThenatureoftheMoralPrinciple’。Sometimes，however，thespeculationsoftheSocietyrangedinotherdirections。’Ithinkthepaperthatinterestedmemostofallthatwereeverreadatourmeetings，’saysSirMountstuartElphinstoneGrant-Duff，’wasoneon“Whereinconsiststhespecialbeautyofimperfectionanddecay？“inwhichwerepropoundedthequestions“Arenotruinsrecognisedandfelttobemorebeautifulthanperfectstructures？Whyaretheyso？Oughttheytobeso？’’Unfortunately，however，theanswersgiventothesequestionsbytheMetaphysicalSocietyhavenotbeenrecordedfortheinstructionofmankind。
　　Manningreadseveralpapers，andProfessorHuxleyandMr。JohnMorleylistenedwithattentionwhileheexpressedhisviewsupon’TheSoulbeforeandafterDeath’，orexplainedwhyitis’ThatlegitimateAuthorityisanEvidenceofTruth’。Yet，somehoworother，hisEminenceneverfeltquiteateaseintheseassemblies；
　　hewasmoreathomewithaudiencesofadifferentkind；andwemustlookinotherdirectionsforthefreeandfullmanifestationofhisspeculativegifts。
　　Inaseriesoflectures，forinstance，deliveredin1861——itwasthefirstyearoftheunificationofItaly——upon’ThePresentCrisisoftheHolySee，testedbyprophecy’，wecatchsomeglimpsesofthekindofproblemswhichweretrulycongenialtohismind。’Inthefollowingpages，’hesaid，’Ihaveendeavoured，butforsogreatasubjectmostinsufficiently，toshowthatwhatispassinginourtimesisthepreludeoftheantichristianperiodofthefinaldethronementofChristendom，andoftherestorationofsocietywithoutGodintheworld。’’Myintentionis，’hecontinued，’toexaminethepresentrelationoftheChurchtothecivilpowersoftheworldbythelightofaprophecyrecordedbyStPaul。’Thisprophecy2
　　Thess。ii3to11isconcernedwiththecomingoftheAntichrist，andthegreaterpartofthelecturesisdevotedtoaminuteexaminationofthissubject。ThereisnopassageinScripture，Manningpointedout，relatingtothecomingofChristmoreexplicitandexpressthanthoseforetellingAntichrist；itthereforebehovedthefaithfultoconsiderthemattermorefullythantheyarewonttodo。Inthefirstplace，Antichristisaperson。’TodenythepersonalityofAntichrististodenytheplaintestimonyofHolyScripture。’Andwemustrememberthat’itisalawofHolyScripturethatwhenpersonsareprophesiedof，personsappear’。
　　Again，therewaseveryreasontobelievethatAntichrist，whenhedidappear，wouldturnouttobeaJew。’SuchwastheopinionofSt。
　　Irenaeus，St。Jerome，andoftheauthoroftheworkDeConsummationeMundi，ascribedtoSt。Hippolytus，andofawriterofaCommentaryontheEpistletotheThessalonians，ascribedtoSt。Ambrose，ofmanyothers，whosaidthathewillbeofthetribeofDan：as，forinstance，St。GregorytheGreat，Theodoret，AretasofCaesarea，andmanymore。SuchalsoistheopinionofBellarmine，whocallsitcertain。LessiusaffirmsthattheFathers，withunanimousconsent，teachasundoubtedthatAntichristwillbeaJew。Riberarepeatsthesameopinion，andaddsthatAretas，St。Bede，Haymo，St。Anselm，andRupertaffirmthatforthisreasonthetribeofDanisnotnumberedamongthosewhoaresealedintheApocalypse……Now，IthinknoonecanconsiderthedispersionandprovidentialpreservationoftheJewsamongallthenationsoftheworldandtheindestructiblevitalityoftheirracewithoutbelievingthattheyarereservedforsomefutureactionofHisjudgmentandGrace。AndthisisforetoldagainandagainintheNewTestament。’
　　’OurLord，’continuedManning，wideningthesweepofhisspeculations，’hassaidoftheselattertimes：“ThereshallarisefalseChristsandfalseprophets，insomuchastodeceiveeventheelect“；thatis，theyshallnotbedeceived；butthosewhohavelostfaithintheIncarnation，suchashumanitarians，rationalists，andpantheists，maywellbedeceivedbyanypersonofgreatpoliticalpowerandsuccess，whoshouldrestoretheJewstotheirownland，andpeopleJerusalemoncemorewiththesonsofthePatriarchs。And，thereisnothinginthepoliticalaspectoftheworldwhichrenderssuchacombinationimpossible；indeed，thestateofSyria，andthetideofEuropeandiplomacy，which’iscontinuallymovingeastward，rendersuchaneventwithinareasonableprobability。’ThenManningthrewoutaboldsuggestion。’Asuccessfulmedium，’hesaid，’mightwellpasshimselfoffbyhispreternaturalendowmentsasthepromisedMessiahs。’
　　Manningwentontodiscussthecourseofeventswhichwouldleadtothefinalcatastrophe。Butthissubject，heconfessed，’dealswithagenciessotranscendentandmysterious，thatallIshallventuretodowillbetosketchinoutlinewhatthebroadandluminousprophecies，especiallyoftheBookofDanielandtheApocalypse，setforthwithoutattemptingtoenterintominutedetails，whichcanonlybeinterpretedbytheevent’。Whileapplaudinghismodesty，weneedfollowManningnofurtherinhiscommentaryuponthosebroadandluminousworks；excepttoobservethat’theapostasyoftheCityofRomefromtheVicarofChristanditsdestructionbytheAntichrist’was，inhisopinion，certain。Norwashewithoutauthorityforthisbelief。Foritwasheldby’Malvenda，whowritesexpresslyonthesubject’，andwho，besides，’statesastheopinionofRibera，GasparMelus，Viegas，Suarez，Bellarmine，andBosiusthatRomeshallapostatisefromthefaith’。
　　IX
　　THEdeathofPiusIXbroughttoManningalastflatteringtestimonyoftheconfidencewithwhichhewasregardedattheCourtofRome。InoneoftheprivateconsultationsprecedingtheConclave，aCardinalsuggestedthatManningshouldsucceedtothePapacy。Herepliedthathewasunfitfortheposition，becauseitwasessentialfortheinterestsoftheHolySeethatthenextPopeshouldbeanItalian。Thesuggestionwaspressed，butManningheldfirm。ThusithappenedthattheTripleTiaraseemedtocome，foramoment，withinthegraspofthelateArchdeaconofChichester；andthecautioushandrefrained。LeoXIIIwaselected，andtherewasagreatchangeinthepolicyoftheVatican。Liberalismbecametheorderoftheday。Andnowatlasttheopportunityseemedripeforanactwhich，intheopinionofthemajorityofEnglishCatholics，hadlongbeendue——thebestowalofsomemarkofrecognitionfromtheHolySeeuponthelaboursandthesanctityofFatherNewman。ItwasfeltthataCardinal’shatwastheonefittingrewardforsuchalife，andaccordinglytheDukeofNorfolk，representingtheCatholiclaityofEngland，visitedManning，andsuggestedthatheshouldforwardtheproposaltotheVatican。Manningagreed，andthentherefollowedacuriousseriesofincidents——thelastencounterinthejarringlivesofthosetwomen。AletterwasdrawnupbyManningfortheeyeofthePope，embodyingtheDukeofNorfolk’sproposal；buttherewasanunaccountabledelayinthetransmissionofthisletter；monthspassed，andithadnotreachedtheHolyFather。Thewholematterwould，perhaps，havedroppedoutofsightandbeenforgotten，inawaywhichhadbecomecustomarywhenhonoursforNewmanwereconcerned，hadnottheDukeofNorfolkhimself，whenhewasnextinRome，venturedtorecommendtoLeoXIIIthatDr。NewmanshouldbemadeaCardinal。HisHolinesswelcomedtheproposal；but，hesaid，hecoulddonothinguntilheknewtheviewsofCardinalManning。
　　Thereupon，theDukeofNorfolkwrotetoManning，explainingwhathadoccurred；shortlyafterwards，Manning’sletterofrecommendation，afteradelayofsixmonths，reachedthePope，andtheofferofaCardinalatewasimmediatelydispatchedtoNewman。
　　Buttheaffairwasnotyetover。Theofferhadbeenmade；woulditbeaccepted？Therewasonedifficultyintheway。Newmanwasnowaninfirmoldmanofseventy-eight；anditisarulethatallCardinalswhoarenotalsodiocesanBishopsorArchbishopsreside，asamatterofcourse，atRome。Thechangewouldhavebeenimpossibleforoneofhisyears——forone，too，whosewholelifewasnowboundupwiththeOratoryatBirmingham。But，ofcourse，therewasnothingtopreventHisHolinessfrommakinganexceptioninNewman’scase，andallowinghimtoendhisdaysinEngland。YethowwasNewmanhimselftosuggestthis？TheofferoftheHathadcometohimasanalmostmiraculoustokenofrenewedconfidence，ofultimatereconciliation。Theold，long，bitterestrangementwasendedatlast。’Thecloudisliftedfrommeforever！’heexclaimedwhenthenewsreachedhim。Itwouldbemelancholyindeedifthecupwerenowtobeoncemoredashedfromhislipsandhewasobligedtorefusethesignalhonour。InhisperplexityhewenttotheBishopofBirminghamandexplainedthewholesituation。TheBishopassuredhimthatallwouldbewell；
　　thathehimselfwouldcommunicatewiththeauthorities，andputthefactsofthecasebeforethem。Accordingly，whileNewmanwroteformallyrefusingtheHat，onthegroundofhisunwillingnesstoleavetheOratory，theBishopwrotetwoletterstoManning，oneofficialandoneprivate，inwhichthefollowingpassagesoccurred：
　　’Dr。NewmanhasfartoohumbleanddelicateamindtodreamofthinkingorsayinganythingwhichwouldlooklikehintingatanykindoftermswiththeSovereignPontiff……Ithink，however，thatIoughttoexpressmyownsenseofwhatDr。Newman’sdispositionsare，andthatitwillbeexpectedofme……Iamthoroughlyconfidentthatnothingstandsinthewayofhismostgratefulacceptance，exceptwhathetellsmegreatlydistresseshim——namely，thehavingtoleavetheOratoryatacriticalperiodofitsexistence，andtheimpossibilityofhisbeginninganewlifeathisadvancedage。’
　　AndinhisprivatelettertheBishopsaid：’Dr。Newmanisverymuchaged，andsoftenedwithageandthetrialshehashad，especiallythelossofhistwobrethren，St。JohnandCaswall；hecanneverrefertotheselosseswithoutweepingandbecomingspeechlessforatime。HeisverymuchaffectedbythePope’skindnessandwould，Iknow，liketoreceivethegreathonourofferedhim，butfeelsthewholedifficultyathisageofchanginghislifeorhavingtoleavetheOratory——whichIamsurehecouldnotdo。IftheHolyFatherthinkswelltoconferonhimthedignity，leavinghimwhereheis，Iknowhowimmenselyhewouldbegratified，andyouwillknowhowgenerallytheconferringonhimtheCardinalatewillbeapplauded。’
　　Thesetwoletters，togetherwithNewman’srefusal，reachedManningashewasonthepointofstartingforRome。AfterhehadleftEngland，thefollowingstatementappearedin“TheTimes“：
　　’PopeLeoXIIIhasintimatedhisdesiretoraiseDr。NewmantotherankofCardinal，butwithexpressionsofdeeprespectfortheHolySee，Dr。NewmanhasexcusedhimselffromacceptingthePurple。’
　　WhenNewman’seyesfellupontheannouncement，herealisedatoncethatasecretandpowerfulforcewasworkingagainsthim。Hetrembled，ashehadsooftentrembledbefore；andcertainlythedangerwasnotimaginary。Intheordinarycourseofthings，howcouldsuchaparagraphhavebeeninsertedwithouthisauthority？
　　Andconsequently，diditnotconveytotheworld，notonlyanabsoluterefusalwhichhehadneverintended，butawishonhisparttoemphasisepubliclyhisrejectionoftheprofferedhonour？
　　Diditnotimplythathehadlightlydeclinedaproposalforwhichinrealityhewasdeeplythankful？AndwhenthefatalparagraphwasreadinRome，mightitnotactuallyleadtotheofferoftheCardinalatebeingfinallywithheld？
　　Ingreatagitation，NewmanappealedtotheDukeofNorfolk。’Astothestatement，’hewrote，’ofmyrefusingaCardinal’sHat，whichisinthepapers，youmustnotbelieveit，forthisreason：
　　’Ofcourse，itimpliesthatanofferhasbeenmademe，andIhavesentananswertoit。NowIhaveeverunderstoodthatitisapointofproprietyandhonourtoconsidersuchcommunicationssacred。Thisstatement，therefore，cannotcomefromme。NorcoulditcomefromRome，foritwasmadepublicbeforemyanswergottoRome。
　　’Itcouldonlycome，then，fromsomeonewhonotonlyreadmyletter，but，insteadofleavingtothePopetointerpretit，tookuponhimselftoputaninterpretationuponit，andpublishedthatinterpretationtotheworld。
　　’Aprivateletter，addressedtoRomanAuthorities，isinterpretedonitswayandpublishedintheEnglishpapers。Howisitpossiblethatanyonecanhavedonethis？’
　　ThecrushingindictmentpointedstraightatManning。Anditwastrue。Manninghaddonetheimpossibledeed。Knowingwhathedid，withtheBishopofBirmingham’stwolettersinhispocket，hehadputitaboutthatNewmanhadrefusedtheHat。ButachangehadcomeoverthespiritoftheHolySee。Thingswerenotastheyhadoncebeen：MonsignorTalbotwasatPassy，andPioNonowas——
　　where？TheDukeofNorfolkintervenedonceagain；ManningwasprofuseinhisapologiesforhavingmisunderstoodNewman’sintentions，andhurriedtothePopetorectifytheerror。Withouthesitation，theSovereignPontiffrelaxedtheruleofRomanresidence，andNewmanbecameaCardinal。
　　Helivedtoenjoyhisgloryformorethantenyears。SinceherarelylefttheOratory，andsinceManningnevervisitedBirmingham，thetwoCardinalsmetonlyonceortwice。Afteroneoftheseoccasions，onreturningtotheOratory，CardinalNewmansaid，’WhatdoyouthinkCardinalManningdidtome？Hekissedme！’
　　OnNewman’sdeath，Manningdeliveredafuneraloration，whichopenedthus：
　　’WehavelostourgreatestwitnessfortheFaith，andweareallpoorerandlowerbytheloss。
　　’Whenthesetidingscametome，myfirstthoughtwasthis，inwhatwaycanI，oncemore，showmyloveandvenerationformybrotherandfriendofmorethansixtyyears？’
　　Inprivate，however，thesurvivingCardinal’stonewasapttobemore……direct。’PoorNewman！’heonceexclaimedinamomentofgenialexpansion。’PoorNewman！Hewasagreathater！’
　　X
　　INthatgauntandgloomybuilding——morelikeabarracksthananEpiscopalpalace——Archbishop’sHouse，Westminster，Manning’sexistencestretcheditselfoutintoanextremeoldage。Ashisyearsincreased，hisactivities，ifthatwerepossible，increasedtoo。Meetings，missions，lectures，sermons，articles，interviews，letters——suchthingscameuponhiminredoubledmultitudes，andweredispatchedwithanunrelentingzeal。Butthiswasnotall；
　　withage，heseemedtoacquirewhatwasalmostanewfervour，anunaccustomed，unexpected，freeingofthespirit，fillinghimwithpreoccupationswhichhehadhardlyfeltbefore。’TheysayIamambitious，’henotedinhisDiary，’butdoIrestinmyambition？’
　　No，assuredlyhedidnotrest；butheworkednowwithnoarrierepenseeforthegreatergloryofGod。Akindoffrenzyfelluponhim。
　　Poverty，drunkenness，vice，allthehorrorsandterrorsofourcivilisationseizeduponhismind，andurgedhimforwardtonewfieldsofactionandnewfieldsofthought。Thetemperofhissoulassumedalmostarevolutionarycast。’IamaMosaicRadical，’heexclaimed；and，indeed，intheexaltationofhisenergies，theincoherenceofhisconceptions，thedemocraticurgencyofhisdesires，combinedwithhisawe-inspiringaspectandhisvenerableage，itwaseasyenoughtotracethemingledqualitiesofthepatriarch，theprophet，andthedemagogue。As，inhissoiledandshabbygarments，theoldmanharanguedthecrowdsofBermondseyorPeckhamuponthevirtuesofTemperance，assuringthem，withallthepassionofconviction，asafinalargument，thatthemajorityoftheApostlesweretotalabstainers，thisPrinceoftheChurchmighthavepassedasaleaderoftheSalvationArmy。Hispopularitywasimmense，reachingitsheightduringthegreatDockStrikesof1889，when，afterthevictoryofthemenwasassured，Manningwasable，byhispersuasiveeloquenceandtheweightofhischaracter，topreventitsbeingcarriedtoexcess。Afterotherconciliators——
　　amongwhomwastheBishopofLondon——hadgivenupthetaskindisgust，theoctogenarianCardinalworkedonwithindefatigableresolution。Atlast，lateatnight，intheschoolsinKirbyStreet，Bermondsey，herosetoaddressthestrikers。Anenthusiasticeye-witnesshasdescribedthescene：’Unaccustomedtearsglistenedintheeyesofhisroughandwork-stainedhearersastheCardinalraisedhishandandsolemnlyurgedthemnottoprolongonemomentmorethantheycouldhelptheperilousuncertaintyandthesufferingsoftheirwivesandchildren。JustabovehisupliftedhandwasafigureoftheMadonnaandChild；
　　andsomeamongthementellhowasuddenlightseemedtoswimarounditasthespeakerpleadedforthewomenandchildren。Whenhesatdownallintheroomknewthathehadwontheday，andthat，sofarastheStrikeCommitteewasconcerned，thematterwasatanend。’
　　Inthosedays，therewerestrangevisitorsattheArchbishop’sHouse。
　　CarefulpriestsandconscientioussecretarieswonderedwhattheworldwascomingtowhentheysawlabourleaderslikeM。rJohnBurnsandMr。BenTillett，andland-reformerslikeMr。HenryGeorge，beingusheredintothepresenceofhisEminence。EventhenotoriousMr。Steadappeared，andhisscandalouspaperwithitsunspeakablerevelationslayupontheCardinal’stable。Thisprovedtoomuchforoneofthefaithfultonsureddependentsoftheplace，andheventuredtoexpostulatewithhismaster。Butheneverdidsoagain。
　　Whentheguestsweregone，andthegreatroomwasempty，theoldmanwoulddrawhimselfnearertotheenormousfire，andreviewoncemore，forthethousandthtime，thelongadventureofhislife。Hewouldbringouthisdiariesandhismemoranda，hewouldrearrangehisnotes，hewouldturnoveragaintheyellowleavesoffadedcorrespondences；seizinghispen，hewouldpourouthiscommentsandreflections，andfill，withanextraordinarysolicitude，pageafterpagewithelucidations，explanations，justifications，ofthevanishedincidentsofaremotepast。Hewouldsnipwithscissorsthepagesofancientjournals，andwithdelicateecclesiasticalfingers，dropunknownmysteriesintotheflames。
　　Sometimeshewouldturntothefourredfolioscrapbookswiththeircollectionofnewspapercuttings，concerninghimself，overaperiodofthirtyyears。Thenthepalecheekswouldflushandtheclose-drawnlipswouldgrowevenmoremenacingthanbefore。
　　’Stupid，mulishmalice，’hewouldnote。’Purelying——conscious，deliberateanddesigned。’’Suggestivelying。Personalanimosityisatthebottomofthis。’
　　Andthenhewouldsuddenlybegintodoubt。Afterall，wherewashe？Whathadheaccomplished？Hadanyofitbeenworthwhile？Hadhenotbeenoutoftheworldallhislife！Outoftheworld！
　　’Croker’s“LifeandLetters“，andHayward’s“Letters“，’henotes，’aresofullofpolitics，literature，action，events，collisionofmindwithmind，andthatwithsuchamultitudeofmenineverystateoflife，thatwhenIlookback，itseemsasifIhadbeensimplyuseless。’Andagain，’ThecompleteisolationandexclusionfromtheofficiallifeofEnglandinwhichIhavelived，makesmefeelasifIhaddonenothing’。Hestruggledtoconsolehimselfwiththereflexionthatallthiswasonly’thenaturalorder’。
　　’Ifthenaturalorderismovedbythesupernaturalorder，thenI
　　maynothavedonenothing。FiftyyearsofwitnessforGodandHisTruth，Ihope，hasnotbeeninvain。’Butthesamethoughtsrecurred。’InreadingMacaulay’slifeIhadahauntingfeelingthathishadbeenalifeofpublicutilityandmineavitaumbratilis，alifeintheshade。’Ah！itwasGod’swill。’MinehasbeenalifeoffiftyyearsoutoftheworldasGladstone’shasbeeninit。Theworkofhislifeinthisworldismanifest。I
　　hopeminemaybeinthenext。IsupposeourLordcalledmeoutoftheworldbecauseHesawthatIshouldlosemysoulinit。’
　　Clearly，thatwastheexplanation。
　　Andyetheremainedsufficientlyintheworldtodischargewithabsoluteefficiencythecomplexgovernmentofhisdiocesealmostuptothelastmomentofhisexistence。Thoughhisbodilystrengthgraduallyebbed，thevigourofhismindwasundismayed。
　　Atlast，supportedbycushions，hecontinued，bymeansofadictatedcorrespondence，toexerthisaccustomedrule。Onlyoccasionallywouldhelayasidehisworktoplungeintotheyetmorenecessarydutiesofdevotion。Neveragainwouldhepreach；
　　neveragainwouldheputintopracticethosethreesalutaryrulesofhisinchoosingasubjectforasermon：’1askingGodtoguidethechoice；2applyingthemattertomyself；3makingthesignofthecrossonmyheadandheartandlipsinhonouroftheSacredMouth；’buthecouldstillpray；hecouldturnespeciallytotheHolyGhost。’Averysimplebutdevoutperson，’
　　hewroteinoneofhislatestmemoranda，’askedmewhyinmyfirstvolumeofsermonsIsaidsolittleabouttheHolyGhost。I
　　wasnotawareofit；butIfoundittobetrue。IatonceresolvedthatIwouldmakeareparationeverydayofmylifetotheHolyGhost。ThisIhaveneverfailedtodotothisday。TothisIowethelightandfaithwhichbroughtmeintothetruefold。IboughtallthebooksIcouldabouttheHolyGhost。I
　　workedoutthetruthsaboutHispersonality，Hispresence，andHisoffice。ThismademeunderstandthelastparagraphintheApostles’Creed，andmademeaCatholicChristian。’
　　So，thoughDeathcameslowly，strugglingstepbystepwiththatboldandtenaciousspirit，whenhedidcomeatlasttheCardinalwasready。Robedinhisarchiepiscopalvestments，hisrochet，hisgirdle，andhismozzetta，withthescarletbirettaonhishead，andthepectoralcrossuponhisbreast，hemadehissolemnProfessionofFaithintheHolyRomanChurch。Acrowdoflesserdignitaries，eachinthegarmentsofhisoffice，attendedtheceremonial。TheBishopofSalfordheldupthePontificaleandtheBishopofAmyclaborethewaxtaper。TheprovostofWestminster，onhisknees，readaloudtheProfessionofFaith，surroundedbytheCanonsoftheDiocese。Towardsthosewhogatheredabouthim，thedyingmanwasstillabletoshowsomesignsofrecognition，andeven，perhaps，ofaffection；yetitseemedthathischiefpreoccupation，uptotheveryend，waswithhisobediencetotherulesprescribedbytheDivineAuthority。’Iamgladtohavebeenabletodoeverythingindueorder’，wereamonghislastwords。’Sifortqu’onsoit，’saysoneoftheprofoundestoftheobserversofthehumanheart，’onpeuteprouverlebesoindes’inclinerdevantquelqu’unouquelquechose。
　　S’inclinerdevantDieu，c’esttoujourslemoinshumiliant。’
　　ManningdiedonJanuary14th，1892，intheeighty-fifthyearofhisage。AfewdayslaterMr。Gladstonetookoccasion，inalettertoafriend，torefertohisrelationswiththelateCardinal。
　　Manning’sconversionwas，hesaid，’altogethertheseverestblowthateverbefellme。InalatelettertheCardinaltermeditaquarrel，butinmyreplyItoldhimitwasnotaquarrel，butadeath；andthatwasthetruth。Sincethentherehavebeenvicissitudes。ButIamquitecertainthattothelasthispersonalfeelingsneverchanged；andIbelievealsothathekeptapromisemadein1851，toremembermebeforeGodatthemostsolemnmoments；apromisewhichIgreatlyvalued。Thewholesubjectistomeatonceofextremeinterestandofconsiderablerestraint。’’Hisreluctancetodie，’concludedMr。Gladstone，’maybeexplainedbyanintenseanxietytocompleteunfulfilledservice。’
　　ThefuneralwastheoccasionofapopulardemonstrationsuchashasrarelybeenwitnessedinthestreetsofLondon。Therouteoftheprocessionwaslinedbyvastcrowdsofworkingpeople，whoseimaginations，insomeinstinctivemanner，hadbeentouched。ManywhohadhardlyseenhimdeclaredthatinCardinalManningtheyhadlosttheirbestfriend。Wasitthemagneticvigourofthedeadman’sspiritthatmovedthem？Orwasithisvaliantdisregardofcommoncustomandthoseconventionalreservesandpoorpunctilioswhicharewonttohemaboutthegreat？Orwasitsomethinguntameableinhisglancesandinhisgestures？Orwasit，perhaps，themysteriousglamourlingeringabouthim，oftheantiqueorganisationofRome？Forwhatevercause，themindofthepeoplehadbeenimpressed；andyet，afterall，theimpressionwasmoreacutethanlasting。TheCardinal’smemoryisadimthingtoday。
　　AndhewhodescendsintothecryptofthatCathedralwhichManningneverlivedtosee，willobserve，inthequietnichewiththesepulchralmonument，thatthedustliesthickonthestrange，theincongruous，thealmostimpossibleobjectwhich，withitselaborationsofdependenttassels，hangsdownfromthedimvaultlikesomeforlornandforgottentrophy——theHat。
　　BIBLIOGRAPHY
　　E。S。Purcell。LifeofCardinalManning。
　　A。W。Hutton。CardinalManning。
　　J。E。C。Bodley。CardinalManningandOtherEssays。
　　F。W。Cornish。TheEnglishChurchintheNineteenthCentury。
　　DeanChurch。TheOxfordMovement。
　　SirJ。T。Coleridge。MemoiroftheRev。JohnKeble。
　　HurrellFroude。Remains。
　　CardinalNewman。LettersandCorrespondenceintheEnglishChurch。
　　ApologiaproVitaSua。
　　WilfridWard。LifeofCardinalNewman。W。G。WardandtheOxfordMovement。W。G。WardandtheCatholicRevival。LifeofCardinalWiseman。
　　H。P。Liddon。LifeofE。B。Pusey。
　　TractsfortheTimes，byMembersoftheUniversityofOxford。
　　LordMorley。LifeofGladstone。
　　LivesoftheSaints，editedbyJ。H。Newman。
　　HerbertPaul。LifeofJ。A。Froude。
　　MarkPattison。Autobiography。
　　T。Mozley。LettersfromRomeontheOccasionoftheOecumenicalCouncil。
　　LordActon。Letters。
　　H。L。SmithandV。Nash。TheStoryoftheDockers’Strike。
　　FlorenceNightingaleEVERYoneknowsthepopularconceptionofFlorenceNightingale。
　　Thesaintly，self-sacrificingwoman，thedelicatemaidenofhighdegreewhothrewasidethepleasuresofalifeofeasetosuccourtheafflicted；theLadywiththeLamp，glidingthroughthehorrorsofthehospitalatScutari，andconsecratingwiththeradianceofhergoodnessthedyingsoldier’scouch。Thevisionisfamiliartoall——butthetruthwasdifferent。TheMissNightingaleoffactwasnotasfacileasfancypaintedher。Sheworkedinanotherfashionandtowardsanotherend；shemovedunderthestressofanimpetuswhichfindsnoplaceinthepopularimagination。ADemonpossessedher。Nowdemons，whateverelsetheymaybe，arefullofinterest。AndsoithappensthatintherealMissNightingaletherewasmorethatwasinterestingthaninthelegendaryone；therewasalsolessthatwasagreeable。
　　Herfamilywasextremelywell-to-do，andconnectedbymarriagewithaspreadingcircleofotherwell-to-dofamilies。TherewasalargecountryhouseinDerbyshire；therewasanotherintheNewForest；therewereMayfairroomsfortheLondonseasonandallitsfinestparties；thereweretoursontheContinentwithevenmorethantheusualnumberofItalianoperasandofglimpsesatthecelebritiesofParis。Broughtupamongsuchadvantages，itwasonlynaturaltosupposethatFlorencewouldshowaproperappreciationofthembydoingherdutyinthatstateoflifeuntowhichithadpleasedGodtocallher——inotherwords，bymarrying，afterafittingnumberofdancesanddinner-parties，aneligiblegentleman，andlivinghappilyeverafterwards。Hersister，hercousins，alltheyoungladiesofheracquaintance，wereeithergettingreadytodothisorhadalreadydoneit。
　　ItwasinconceivablethatFlorenceshoulddreamofanythingelse；
　　yetdreamshedid。Ah！TodoherdutyinthatstateoflifeuntowhichithadpleasedGodtocallher！Assuredly，shewouldnotbebehindhandindoingherduty；butuntowhatstateoflifeHADitpleasedGodtocallher？Thatwasthequestion。God’scallsaremany，andtheyarestrange。UntowhatstateoflifehaditpleasedHimtocallCharlotteCorday，orElizabethofHungary？