ThatStateactionalwayshasbeenmoreorlessmisdirected，andalwayswillbeso，is，Ibelieve，perfectlytrue。ButIamnotawarethatitismoretrueoftheactionofmenintheircorporatecapacitythanitisofthedoingsofindividuals。Thewisestandmostdispassionatemaninexistence，merelywishingtogofromonestileinafieldtotheopposite，willnotwalkquitestraight——heisalwaysgoingalittlewrong，andalwayscorrectinghimself；andIcanonlycongratulatetheindividualistwhoisabletosaythathisgeneralcourseoflifehasbeenofalessundulatorycharacter。ToabolishStateaction，becauseitsdirectionisnevermorethanapproximatelycorrect，appearstometobemuchthesamethingasabolishingthemanatthewheelaltogether，because，dowhathewill，theshipyawsmoreorless。“WhyshouldIberobbedofmypropertytopayforteachinganotherman’schildren？“isanindividualistquestion，whichisnotunfrequentlyputasifitsettledthewholebusiness。Perhapsitdoes，butIfinddifficultiesinseeingwhyitshould。TheparishinwhichIlivemakesmepaymyshareforthepavingandlightingofagreatmanystreetsthatIneverpassthrough；[230]andImightpleadthatIamrobbedtosmooththewayandlightenthedarknessofotherpeople。ButIamafraidtheparochialauthoritieswouldnotletmeoffonthisplea；
andImustconfessIdonotseewhytheyshould。
Icannotspeakofmyownknowledge，butIhaveeveryreasontobelievethatIcameintothisworldasmallreddishperson，certainlywithoutagoldspooninmymouth，andinfactwithnodiscernibleabstractorconcrete“rights“orpropertyofanydescription。Ifafootwasnotsetuponme，atonce，asasquallingnuisance，itwaseitherthenaturalaffectionofthoseaboutme，whichIcertainlyhaddonenothingtodeserve，orthefearofthelawwhich，agesbeforemybirth，waspainfullybuiltupbythesocietyintowhichIintruded，thatpreventedthatcatastrophe。IfIwasnourished，caredfor，taught，savedfromthevagabondageofawastrel，IcertainlyamnotawarethatIdidanythingtodeservethoseadvantages。And，ifI
possessanythingnow，itstrikesmethat，thoughImayhavefairlyearnedmyday’swagesformyday’swork，andmayjustlycallthemmyproperty——yet，withoutthatorganizationofsociety，createdoutofthetoilandbloodoflonggenerationsbeforemytime，Ishouldprobablyhavehadnothingbutaflintaxeandanindifferenthuttocallmyown；andeventhosewouldbemineonlysolongasnostrongersavagecamemyway。
Sothatifsociety，having，quitegratuitously，[231]doneallthesethingsforme，asksmeinturntodosomethingtowardsitspreservation——evenifthatsomethingistocontributetotheteachingofothermen’schildren——Ireallyinspiteofallmyindividualistleanings，feelratherashamedtosayno。AndifIwerenotashamed，I
cannotsaythatIthinkthatsocietywouldbedealingunjustlywithmeinconvertingthemoralobligationintoalegalone。Thereisamanifestunfairnessinlettingalltheburdenbebornebythewillinghorse。
Itdoesnotappeartome，then，thatthereisanyvalidobjectiontotaxationforpurposesofeducation；but，inthecaseoftechnicalschoolsandclasses，Ithinkitispracticallyexpedientthatsuchataxationshouldbelocal。Ourindustrialpopulationaccumulatesinparticulartownsanddistricts；thesedistrictsarethosewhichimmediatelyprofitbytechnicaleducation；anditisonlyinthemthatwecanfindthemenpracticallyengagedinindustries，amongwhomsomemayreasonablybeexpectedtobecompetentjudgesofthatwhichiswanted，andofthebestmeansofmeetingthewant。
Inmybelief，allmethodsoftechnicaltrainingareatpresenttentative，and，tobesuccessful，eachmustbeadaptedtothespecialpeculiaritiesofitslocality。Thisisacaseinwhichwewanttwentyyears，notof“stronggovernment。”butofcheerfulandhopefulblundering；andwemaybe[232]thankfulifwegetthingsstraightinthattime。
TheprincipleoftheBillintroduced，butdropped，bytheGovernmentlastsession，appearstometobewise，andsomeoftheobjectionstoitIthinkareduetoamisunderstanding。Thebillproposedinsubstancetoallowlocalitiestotaxthemselvesforpurposesoftechnicaleducation——ontheconditionthatanyschemeforsuchpurposeshouldbesubmittedtotheScienceandArtDepartment，anddeclaredbythatdepartmenttobeinaccordancewiththeintentionoftheLegislature。
AcrywasraisedthattheBillproposedtothrowtechnicaleducationintothehandsoftheScienceandArtDepartment。But，inreality，nopowerofinitiation，norevenofmeddlingwithdetails，wasgiventothatDepartment——thesolefunctionofwhichwastodecidewhetheranyplanproposeddidordidnotcomewithinthelimitsof“technicaleducation。”Thenecessityforsuchcontrol，somewhere，isobvious。Nolegislature，certainlynotours，islikelytograntthepowerofself-taxationwithoutsettinglimitstothatpowerinsomeway；anditwouldneitherhavebeenpracticabletodevisealegaldefinitionoftechnicaleducation，norcommendabletoleavethequestiontotheAuditor-General，tobefoughtoutinthelaw-courts。TheonlyalternativewastoleavethedecisiontoanappropriateStateauthority。Ifitis[233]askedwhatistheneedofsuchcontrolifthepeopleofthelocalitiesarethebestjudges，theobviousreplyisthattherearelocalitiesandlocalities，andthatwhileManchester，orLiverpool，orBirmingham，orGlasgowmight，perhaps，besafelylefttodoastheythoughtfit，smallertowns，inwhichthereislesscertaintyoffulldiscussionbycompetentpeopleofdifferentwaysofthinking，mighteasilyfallapreytocrocheteers。
Supposingourintermediatescienceteachingandourtechnicalschoolsandclassesareestablished，thereisyetathirdneedtobesupplied，andthatisthewantofgoodteachers。Anditisnecessarynotonlytogetthem，buttokeepthemwhenyouhavegotthem。
Itisimpossibletoinsisttoostronglyuponthefactthattheefficientteachersofscienceandoftechnologyarenottobemadebytheprocessesinvogueatordinarytrainingcolleges。Thememoryloadedwithmerebookworkisnotthethingwanted——is，infact，ratherworsethanuseless——intheteacherofscientificsubjects。Itisabsolutelyessentialthathismindshouldbefullofknowledgeandnotofmerelearning，andthatwhatheknowsshouldhavebeenlearnedinthelaboratoryratherthaninthelibrary。Therearehappilyalready，bothinLondonandintheprovinces，variousplacesinwhichsuchtrainingistobehad，andthemainthingatpresentistomakeitinthefirstplaceaccessible，andinthenext[234]indispensable，tothosewhoundertakethebusinessofteaching。Butwhenthewell-trainedmenaresupplied，itmustberecollectedthattheprofessionofteacherisnotaverylucrativeorotherwisetemptingone，andthatitmaybeadvisabletoofferspecialinducementstogoodmentoremaininit。These，however，arequestionsofdetailintowhichitisunnecessarytoenterfurther。
Last，butnotleast，comesthequestionofprovidingthemachineryforenablingthosewhoarebynaturespeciallyqualifiedtoundertakethehigherbranchesofindustrialwork，toreachthepositioninwhichtheymayrenderthatservicetothecommunity。Ifalloureducationalexpendituredidnothingbutpickonemanofscientificorinventivegenius，eachyear，fromamidstthehewersofwoodanddrawersofwater，andgivehimthechanceofmakingthebestofhisinbornfaculties，itwouldbeaverygoodinvestment。Ifthereisonesuchchildamongthehundredsofthousandsofourannualincrease，itwouldbeworthanymoneytodraghimeitherfromthesloughofmisery，orfromthehotbedofwealth，andteachhimtodevotehimselftotheserviceofhispeople。Here，again，wehavemadeabeginningwithourscholarshipsandthelike，andneedonlyfollowinthetracksalreadyworn。
TheprogrammeofindustrialdevelopmentbrieflysetforthintheprecedingpagesisnotwhatKantcallsa“Hirngespinnst。”acobweb[235]spuninthebrainofaUtopianphilosopher。Moreorlessofithastakenbodilyshapeinmanypartsofthecountry，andtherearetownsofnogreatsizeorwealthinthemanufacturingdistrictsKeighley，forexampleinwhichalmostthewholeofithas，forsometime，beencarriedout，sofarasthemeansatthedisposaloftheenergeticandpublic-spiritedmenwhohavetakenthematterinhandpermitted。Thethingcanbedone；Ihaveendeavouredtoshowgoodgroundsforthebeliefthatitmustbedone，andthatspeedily，ifwewishtoholdourowninthewarofindustry。Idoubtnotthatitwillbedone，wheneveritsabsolutenecessitybecomesasapparenttoallthosewhoareabsorbedintheactualbusinessofindustriallifeasitistosomeofthelookerson。
Perhapsitisnecessaryformetoaddthattechnicaleducationisnothereproposedasapanaceaforsocialdiseases，butsimplyasamedicamentwhichwillhelpthepatienttopassthroughanimminentcrisis。
Anophthalmicsurgeonmayrecommendanoperationforcataractinamanwhoisgoingblind，withoutbeingsupposedtoundertakethatitwillcurehimofgout。AndImaypursuethemetaphorsofarastoremark，thatthesurgeonisjustifiedinpointingoutthatadietofpork-chopsandburgundywillprobablykillhispatient，thoughhemaybequiteabletosuggestamodeofliving[236]whichwillfreehimfromhisconstitutionaldisorder。
Mr。Boothasksme，Whydoyounotproposesomeplanofyourown？
Really，thatisnoanswertomyargumentthathistreatmentwillmakethepatientverymuchworse。[NoteaddedinSocialDiseasesandWorseRemedies，January，1891。]
[237]
LETTERSTOTHE“Times“
ONTHE
“DARKESTENGLANDSCHEME。”
I。
The“Times。”December1st，1890
SIR：Ashorttimeagoagenerousandphilanthropicfriendwrotetome，placingatmydisposalalargesumofmoneyforthefurtheranceofthevastschemewhichthe“General“oftheSalvationArmyhaspropounded，ifIthoughtitworthyofsupport。Theresponsibilityofadvisingmybenevolentcorrespondenthasweighedheavilyuponme，butIfeltthatitwouldbecowardly，aswellasungracious，torefusetoacceptit。I
havethereforestudiedMr。Booth’sbookwithsomecare，forthepurposeofseparatingtheessentialfromtheaccessoryfeaturesofhisproject，andIhavebasedmyjudgment——Iamsorrytosayanunfavourableone——uponthedatathusobtained。Beforecommunicatingmyconclusionstomyfriend，however，Iamdesiroustoknowwhattheremaybetobesaidinarrestofthatjudgment；[238]andthematterisofsuchvastpublicimportancethatItrustyouwillaidmebypublishingthisletter，notwithstandingitslength。
ThereareoneortwopointsuponwhichIimagineallthinkingmenhavearrivedatthesameconvictionsasthosefromwhichMr。Boothstarts。
Itiscertainthatthereisanimmenseamountofremediablemiseryamongus，that，inadditiontothepoverty，disease，anddegradationwhicharetheconsequencesofcausesbeyondhumancontrol，thereisavast，probablyaverymuchlarger，quantityofmiserywhichistheresultofindividualignorance，ormisconduct，andoffaultysocialarrangements。Further，Ithinkitisnottobedoubtedthat，unlessthisremediablemiseryiseffectuallydealtwith，thehordesofviceandpauperismwilldestroymoderncivilizationaseffectuallyasuncivilizedtribesofanotherkinddestroyedthegreatsocialorganizationwhichprecededours。Moreover，Ithinkallwillagreethatnoreformsandimprovementswillgototherootoftheevilunlesstheyattackitinitsultimatesource——namely，themotivesoftheindividualman。Honest，industrious，andself-restrainingmenwillmakeaverybadsocialorganizationprosper；whilevicious，idle，andrecklesscitizenswillbringtoruinthebestthateverwas，oreverwillbe，invented。
TheleadingpropositionswhicharepeculiartoMr。BoothItaketobethese：——
[239]1ThattheonlyadequatemeanstosuchreformationoftheindividualmanistheadoptionofthatformofsomewhatcorybanticChristianityofwhichthesoldiersoftheSalvationArmyarethemilitantmissionaries。Thisimpliesthebeliefthattheexcitementofthereligiousemotionslargelybyprocessesdescribedbytheiremployersas“rousing“and“convivial“isadesirableandtrustworthymethodofpermanentlyamendingtheconductofmankind。
Idemurtothesepropositions。Iamofopinionthatthetestimonyofhistory，nolessthanthecoolobservationofthatwhichlieswithinthepersonalexperienceofmanyofus，iswhollyadversetoit。
2ThattheappropriateinstrumentforthepropagationandmaintenanceofthispeculiarsacramentalenthusiasmistheSalvationArmy——abodyofdevotees，drilledanddisciplinedasamilitaryorganization，andprovidedwithanumeroushierarchyofofficers，everyoneofwhomispledgedtoblindandunhesitatingobediencetothe“General。”whofranklytellsusthatthefirstconditionoftheserviceis“implicit，unquestioningobedience。”“Atelegramfrommewillsendanyofthemtotheuttermostpartsoftheearth“；everyone“hastakenserviceontheexpressconditionthatheorshewillobey，withoutquestioning，orgainsaying，theordersfromheadquarters“
“DarkestEngland。”p。243。
[240]Thispropositionseemstometobeindisputable。Historyconfirmsit。FrancisofAssisiandIgnatiusLoyolamadetheirgreatexperimentsonthesameprinciple。Nothingismorecertainthanthatabodyofreligiousenthusiastsperhapswemayevensayfanatics
pledgedtoblindobediencetotheirchief，isoneofthemostefficientinstrumentsforeffectinganypurposethatthewitofmanhasyetsucceededindevising。AndIcanbutadmiretheinsightintohumannaturewhichhasledMr。Boothtoleavehisunquestioningandunhesitatinginstrumentsunboundbyvows。Avolunteerslaveisworthtenswornbondsmen。
3ThatthesuccessoftheSalvationArmy，withitspresentforceof9416officers“whollyengagedinthework。”itscapitalofthreequartersofamillion，itsincomeofthesameamount，its1375corpsathome，and1499inthecoloniesandforeigncountriesAppendix，pp。
3and4，isaproofthatDivineassistancehasbeenvouchsafedtoitsefforts。
HereIamnotabletoagreewiththesanguineCommander-in-chiefofthenewmodel，whoselaboursincreatingithaveprobablyinterferedwithhisacquisitionofinformationrespectingthefateofpreviousenterprisesoflikekind。
ItdoesnotappeartomethathissuccessisinanydegreemoreremarkablethanthatofFrancisofAssisiorthatofIgnatiusLoyola，thanthat[241]ofGeorgeFox，oreventhanthatoftheMormons，inourowntime。WhenIobservethediscrepanciesofthedoctrinalfoundationsfromwhicheachofthesegreatmovementssetout，Ifinditdifficulttosupposethatsupernaturalaidhasbeengiventoallofthem；stillmore，thatMr。Booth’ssmallermeasureofsuccessisevidencethatithasbeengrantedtohim。
ButwhatbecameoftheFranciscanexperiment？*Iftherewasoneruleratherthananotheronwhichthefounderlaidstress，itwasthathisarmyoffriarsshouldbeabsolutemendicants，keepingthemselvessternlyapartfromallworldlyentanglements。Yet，evenbeforethedeathofFrancis，in1226，astrongparty，headedbyEliasofCortona，thedeputyofhisownappointment，begantohankeraftertheseverythings；and，withinthirtyyearsofthattime，theFranciscanshadbecomeoneofthemostpowerful，wealthy，andworldlycorporationsinChristendom，withtheirfingersineverysinkofpoliticalandsocialcorruption，ifsobeprofitfortheordercouldbefishedoutofit；
theirprincipalinterestbeingtofighttheirrivals，theDominicans，andtopersecutesuchoftheirownbrethrenaswerehonestenoughtotrytocarryouttheirfounder’splainestinjunctions。WealsoknowwhathasbecomeofLoyola’sexperiment。FortwocenturiestheJesuitshavebeenthehopeoftheenemiesofthePapacy；wheneveritbecomestooprosperous，theyaresuretobringaboutacatastrophebytheircorruptuseofthepoliticalandsocialinfluencewhichtheirorganizationandtheirwealthsecure。
*Seenotepp。245-247]
[242]Withtheseexamplesofthatwhichmayhappentoinstitutionsfoundedbynoblemen，withhighaims，inthehandsofsuccessorsofadifferentstamp，armedwithdespoticauthority，beforeme，commonprudencesurelyrequiresthat，beforeadvisingthehandingoverofalargesumofmoneytothegeneralofaneworderofmendicants，I
shouldaskwhatguaranteethereisthat，thirtyyearshence，the“General“whothenautocraticallycontrolstheaction，say，of100，000
officerspledgedtoblindobedience，distributedthroughthewholelengthandbreadthofthepoorerclasses，andeachwithhisfingeronthetriggerofaminechargedwithdiscontentandreligiousfanaticism；withtheabsolutecontrol，say，ofeightortenmillionssterlingofcapitalandasmanyofincome；withbarracksineverytown，withestatesscatteredoverthecountry，andwithsettlementsinthecolonies——willexercisehisenormouspowers，notmerelyhonestly，butwisely？Whatshadowofsecurityistherethatthepersonwhowieldsthisuncontrolledauthorityovermanythousandsofmenshalluseitsolelyforthosephilanthropicandreligiousobjectswhich，Idonotdoubt，arealoneinthemindofMr。Booth？WhoistosaythattheSalvationArmy，intheyear[243]1920，shallnotbeareplicaofwhattheFranciscanorderhadbecomeintheyear1260？
Thepersonalcharacterandtheintentionsofthefoundersofsuchorganizationsasweareconsideringcountforverylittleintheformationofaforecastoftheirfuture；andiftheydid，itisnodisrespecttoMr。BoothtosaythatheisnotthepeerofFrancisofAssisi。ButifFrancis’sjudgmentofmenwassoimperfectastopermithimtoappointanambitiousintriguerofthestampofBrotherEliashisdeputy，wehavenorighttobesanguineabouttheperspicacityofMr。Boothinalikematter。
AddingtoalltheseconsiderationsthefactthatMr。LlewelynDavies，thewarmthofwhosephilanthropyisbeyondquestion，andinwhosecompetencyandfairnessI，forone，placeimplicitreliance，flatlydeniestheboastedsuccessoftheSalvationArmyinitsprofessedmission，Ihavearrivedattheconclusionthat，asatpresentadvised，Icannotbetheinstrumentofcarryingoutmyfriend’sproposal。
Mr。Boothhaspithilycharacterizedcertainbenevolentschemesasdoingsixpennyworthofgoodandashilling’sworthofharm。Igrievetosaythat，inmyopinion，thedefinitionexactlyfitshisownproject。Fewsocialevilsareofgreatermagnitudethanuninstructedandunchastenedreligiousfanaticism；nopersonalhabitmoresurelydegradestheconscienceandtheintellectthan[244]blindandunhesitatingobediencetounlimitedauthority。Undoubtedly，harlotryandintemperancearesoreevils，andstarvationishardtobear，oreventoknowof；buttheprostitutionofthemind，thesoddeningoftheconscience，thedwarfingofmanhoodareworsecalamities。Itisagreatereviltohavetheintellectofanationputdownbyorganizedfanaticism；toseeitspoliticalandindustrialaffairsatthemercyofadespotwhosechiefthoughtistomakethatfanaticismprevail；towatchthedegradationofmen，whoshouldfeelthemselvesindividuallyresponsiblefortheirownandtheircountry’sfates，tomerebruteinstruments，readytothehandofamasterforanyusetowhichhemayputthem。
Butthatistheendtowhich，inmyopinion，allsuchorganizationsasthattowhichkindlypeople，whodonotlooktotheconsequencesoftheiracts，arenowgivingtheirthousands，inevitablytend。UnlessclearproofthatIamwrongisfurnished，anotherthousandshallnotbeaddedbymyinstrumentality。
Iam，Sir，yourobedientservant，T。H。Huxley。
[245]
NOTE。
Anauthoritativecontemporaryhistorian，MatthewParis，writesthusoftheMinorite，orFranciscan，FriarsinEnglandin1235，justnineyearsafterthedeathofFrancisofAssisi：——
“AtthistimesomeoftheMinoritebrethren，aswellassomeoftheOrderofPreachers，unmindfuloftheirprofessionandtherestrictionsoftheirorder，impudentlyenteredtheterritoriesofsomenoblemonasteries，underpretenseoffulfillingtheirdutiesofpreaching，asifintendingtodepartafterpreachingthenextday。Underpretenceofsickness，oronsomeotherpretext，however，theyremained，and，constructinganaltarofwood，theyplacedonitaconsecratedstonealtar，whichtheyhadbroughtwiththem，andclandestinelyandinalowvoiceperformedmass，andevenreceivedtheconfessionsofmanyoftheparishioners，totheprejudiceofthepriests。Andifbychancetheywerenotsatisfiedwiththis，theybrokeforthininsultsandthreats，revilingeveryotherorderexcepttheirown，andassertingthatalltherestweredoomedtodamnation，andthattheywouldnotsparethesolesoftheirfeettilltheyhadexhaustedthewealthoftheiropposers，howevergreatitmightbe。Thereligiousmen，therefore，gavewaytotheminmanypoints，yieldingtoavoidscandal，andoffendingthoseinpower。Fortheywerethecouncillorsandmessengersofthenobles，andevensecretariesofthePope，andthereforeobtainedmuch[246]secularfavour。Some，however，findingthemselvesopposedbytheCourtofRome，wererestrainedbyobviousreasons，andwentawayinconfusion；fortheSupremePontiff，withascowlinglook，saidtothem，’Whatmeansthis，mybrethren？Towhatlengthsareyougoing？Haveyounotprofessedvoluntarypoverty，andthatyouwouldtraversetownsandcastlesanddistantplaces，asthecaserequired，barefootedandunostentatiously，inordertopreachthewordofGodinallhumility？Anddoyounowpresumetousurptheseestatestoyourselvesagainstthewillofthelordsofthesefees？
Yourreligionappearstobeinagreatmeasuredyingaway，andyourdoctrinestobeconfuted。”
Underdateof1243，Matthewwrites：——
“Forthreeorfourhundredyearsormorethemonasticorderdidnothastentodestructionsoquicklyastheirorder[MinoritesandPreachers]ofwhomnowthebrothers，twenty-fouryearshavingscarcelyelapsed，hadfirstbuiltinEnglanddwellingswhichrivalledregalpalacesinheight。Thesearetheywhodailyexposetoviewtheirinestimabletreasures，inenlargingtheirsumptuousedifices，anderectingloftywalls，therebyimpudentlytransgressingthelimitsoftheiroriginalpovertyandviolatingthebasisoftheirreligion，accordingtotheprophecyofGermanHildegarde。Whennoblemenandrichmenareatthepointofdeath，whomtheyknowtobepossessedofgreatriches，they，intheirloveofgain，diligentlyurgethem，totheinjuryandlossoftheordinarypastors，andextortconfessionsandhiddenwills，laudingthemselvesandtheirownorderonly，[247]andplacingthemselvesbeforeallothers。Sonofaithfulmannowbelieveshecanbesaved，exceptheisdirectedbythecounselsofthePreachersandMinorites。”——MatthewParis’sEnglishHistory。TranslatedbytheRev。J。A。Giles，1889，Vol。I。
II
The“Times。”December9th，1890
Sir，——ThepurposeofmypreviousletteraboutMr。Booth’sschemewastoarousethecontributorstothemilitarychestoftheSalvationArmytoaclearsenseofwhattheyaredoing。Ithoughtitdesirablethattheyshouldbedistinctlyawarethattheyaresettingupandendowingasect，inmanywaysanalogoustothe“Ranters“and“Revivalists“ofundesirablenotorietyinformertimes；butwiththisimmenselyimportantdifference，thatitpossessesastrong，far-reaching，centralizedorganization，thedisposalofthephysical，moral，andfinancialstrengthofwhichrestswithanirresponsiblechief，who，accordingtohisownaccount，isassuredoftheblindobedienceofnearly10，000subordinates。Iwishthemtoaskthemselves，Oughtprudentmenandgoodcitizenstoaidintheestablishmentofanorganizationwhich，undersundry，bynomeansimprobable，contingencies，mayeasilybecomeaworseandmore[248]dangerousnuisancethanthemendicantfriarsofthemiddleages？Ifthisisanacademicquestion，Ireallydonotknowwhatquestionsdeservetobecalledpractical。Asyoudivined，IpurposelyomittedanyconsiderationofthedetailsoftheSalvationistscheme，andoftheprincipleswhichanimatethosewhoworkit，becauseIdesiredthatthepublicappreciationoftheevils，necessarilyinherentinallsuchplansofdespoticsocialandreligiousregimentationshouldnotbeobscuredbytheraisingofpointsoflesscomparative，howevergreatabsolute，importance。
Butitisnowtimetoundertakeamoreparticularcriticismof“DarkestEngland。”Attheoutsetofmyexaminationofthatwork，IwasstartledtofindthatMr。Boothhadputforwardhisschemewithanalmostincrediblyimperfectknowledgeofwhathadbeendoneandisdoinginthesamedirection。Asimplereadermightwellimaginethattheauthorof“DarkestEngland“posedastheColumbus，oratanyratetheCortez，ofthatregion。“GotoMudie’s。”hetellsus，andyouwillbesurprisedtoseehowfewbooksthereareuponthesocialproblem。Thatmayormaynotbecorrect；butifMr。Boothhadgonetoacertainreading-roomnotfarfromMudie’s，Iundertaketosaythatthewell-informedandobligingstaffofthenationallibraryinBloomsburywouldhaveprovidedhimwithmorebooksonthistopic，inalmostallEuropeanlanguages，thanhewould[249]readinthreemonths。Hassocialismnoliterature？Andwhatissocialismbutanincarnationofthesocialquestion？Moreover，Iampersuadedthateven“Mudie’s“resourcescouldhavefurnishedMr。Boothwiththe“LifeofLordShaftesbury“andCarlyle’sworks。Mr。Boothseemstohaveundertakentoinstructtheworldwithouthavingheardof“PastandPresent“orof“Latter-DayPamphlets“；though，somewhatlateintheday，ajudiciousfriendcallshisattentiontothem。Tothoseofmycontemporariesonwhom，asonmyself，Carlyle’swritingsonthistopicmadeanineffaceableimpressionfortyyearsago，whoknowthat，forallthattime，hundredsofableanddevotedmen，bothclericalandlay，haveworkedheartandsoulforthepermanentamendmentoftheconditionofthepoor，Mr。Booth’s“GotoMudie’s“affordsanaptmeasureofthedepthofhispreliminarystudies。However，Iamboundtoadmitthattheseearlierlabourersinthefieldlabouredinsuchadifferentfashion，thattheoriginalityoftheplanstartedbyMr。
Boothremainslargelyunaffected。Forthemnodrumshavebeat，notrombonesbrayed；nosanctifiedbuffoonery，afterthemodeloftheorationoftheFriarinWallenstein’scampdeartothereadersofSchiller，hastickledtheearsofthegroundlingsontheirbehalf。
Sadlybehindthegreatageofrowdyself-advertisementinwhichtheirlothasfallen，theyseemnottohaveadvancedonewhit[250]beyondJohntheBaptistandtheApostles，1800yearsago，intheirnotionsofthewayinwhichthemetanoia，thechangeofmindoftheill-doer，istobebroughtabout。Yetthenewmodelwasthere，readyfortheimitationofthoseancientsaversofsouls。TherantingandroaringmystagoguesofsomeofthemostvenerableofGreekandSyriancultsalsohadtheirprocessionsandbanners，theirfifesandcymbalsandholychants，theirhierarchyofofficerstowhomtheartofmakingcollectionswasnotwhollyunknown；andwho，asfreelyastheirmodernimitators，promisedanElysianfuturetocontributoryconverts。ThesuccessoftheseantiqueSalvationarmieswasenormous。SimonMaguswasquiteasnotoriousapersonage，andprobablyhadasstrongafollowingasMr。Booth。YettheApostles，withtheirold-fashionedways，wouldnotacceptsuchasuccessasasatisfactorysignoftheDivinesanction，nordepartfromtheirownmethodsofleadingthewaytothehigherlife。
IdeemitunessentialtoverifyMr。Booth’sstatistics。Theexactstrengthofthepopulationoftherealmofmisery，beitone，two，orthreemillions，hasnothingtodowiththeefficacyofanymeansproposedforthehighlydesirableendofreducingittoaminimum。Thesolequestionforconsiderationatpresentiswhetherthescheme，keepingspeciallyinviewthespiritinwhichitistobeworked，islikelytodomoregoodthanharm。
[251]Mr。Boothtellsus，withcommendablefrankness，that“itisprimarilyandmainlyforthesakeofsavingthesoulthatIseekthesalvationofthebody“p。45，whichlanguage，beinginterpreted，meansthatthepropagationofthespecialSalvationistcreedcomesfirst，andthepromotionofthephysical，intellectual，andpurelymoralwelfareofmankindsecondinhisestimation。Menaretobemadesoberandindustrious，mainly，that，aswashed，shorn，anddocilesheep，theymaybedrivenintothenarrowtheologicalfoldwhichMr。
Boothpatronizes。Iftheyrefusetoenter，foralltheirmoralcleanliness，theywillhavetotaketheirplaceamongthegoatsassinners，onlylessdirtythantherest。
IhavebeeninthehabitofthinkingandIbelievetheopinionislargelysharedbyreasonablementhatself-respectandthriftaretherungsoftheladderbywhichmenmaymostsurelyclimboutofthesloughofdespondofwant；andIhaveregardedthemasperhapsthemosteminentofthepracticalvirtues。ThatisnotMr。Booth’sopinion。Forhimtheyaremerevarnishedsins——nothingbetterthan“Pridere-baptised“p。46。Shuttinghiseyestothenecessaryconsequencesofthestruggleforlife，theexistenceofwhichheacceptsasfullyasanyDarwinian，*Mr。Boothtellsmen，whoseevilcaseisoneofthoseconsequences，thatenvyisacorner-stoneofour[252]competitivesystem。Withthriftandself-respectdenouncedassin，withthesufferingofstarvingmenreferredtothesinsofthecapitalist，thegospelaccordingtoMr。Boothmaysavesouls，butitwillhardlysavesociety。
*Seep。100
InestimatingthesocialandpoliticalinfluencewhichtheSalvationArmyislikelytoexert，itisimportanttoreflectthattheofficerspledgedtoblindobediencetotheir“General“arenottoconfinethemselvestothefunctionsofmeredeaconsandcatechiststhough，undera“General“likeCyril，Alexandriaknewtohercostwhateventheycouldeffect；theyaretobe“tribunesofthepeople。”whoaretoactastheirgratuitouslegaladvisers；and，whenlawisnotsufficientlyeffective，thewholeforceofthearmyistoobtainwhatthesaidtribunesmayconceivetobejustice，bythepracticeofruthlessintimidation。Society，saysMr。Booth，needs“mothering“；andhesetsforth，withmuchcomplacency，avarietyof“cases。”bywhichwemayestimatethesortof“mothering“tobeexpectedathisparentalhands。Thosewhostudythematerialsthussetbeforethemwill，I
think，bedriventotheconclusionthatthe“mother“hasalreadyprovedherselfamostunscrupulousmeddler，evenifshehasnotfallenwithinreachofthearmofthelaw。
Considerthis“case。”A，assertingherselftohavebeenseducedtwice，“appliedtoourpeople。Wehunteduptheman，followedhimtothecountry，[253]threatenedhimwithpublicexposure，andforcedfromhimthepaymenttohisvictimof[Pounds]60down，anallowanceof[Pounds]1aweek，andaninsurancepolicyonhislifefor[Pounds]
450inherfavour“p。222。
Jedburghjusticethis。We“constituteourselvesprosecutor，judge，jury，sheriff’sofficer，allinone；“we“practiceintimidationasdeftlyasifwewereabranchofanotherLeague；and，underthreatofexposure。”we“extortatolerablyheavyhush-moneyinpaymentofoursilence。“
Well，really，mypoormoralsenseisunabletodistinguishtheseremarkableproceedingsofthenewpopulartribunatefromwhat，inFrench，iscalledchantageand，inplainEnglish，blackmailing。Andwhenweconsiderthatanybody，foranyreasonofjealousy，orpersonalspite，orpartyhatred，mightbethus“hunted。”“followed。”
“threatened。”andfinanciallysqueezedorruined，withoutaparticleoflegalinvestigation，atthewillofamanwhomthefamiliarchargedwiththeinquisitorialbusinessdarenothesitatetoobey，surelyitisnotunreasonabletoaskhowfardoestheSalvationArmy，inits“tribuneofthepeople“aspect，differfromaSicilianMafia？Iamnoapologistofmenguiltyoftheactschargedagainstthepersonwhoyet，Ithink，mightbeasfairlycalleda“victim。”inthiscase，ashispartnerinwrong-doing。Itispossiblethat，insopeculiaracase，Solomonhimselfmighthavebeenpuzzled[254]toapportiontherelativemoraldelinquencyoftheparties。Howeverthatmaybe，themanwasmorallyandlegallyboundtosupporthischild，andanyonewouldhavebeenjustifiedinhelpingthewomantoherlegalrights，andthemantothelegalconsequencesinwhichexposureisincluded
ofhisfault。
Theactionofthe“General“oftheSalvationArmyinextortingtheheavyfinehechosetoimposeasthepriceofhissilence，howeverexcellenthismotives，appearstometobeasimmoralas，Ihope，itisillegal。
SomuchfortheSalvationArmyasateacherofquestionableethicsandofeccentriceconomics，asthelegaladviserwhorecommendsandpracticestheextractionofmoneybyintimidation，asthefairygodmotherwhoproposesto“mother“society，inafashionwhichisnottomytaste，howevermuchitmaycommenditselftosomeofMr。Booth’ssupporters。
Iam，Sir，yourobedientservant，T。H。Huxley。
[255]
III
The“Times。”December11th，1890
Sir，——WhenIfirstaddressedyouonthesubjectoftheprojectedoperationsoftheSalvationArmy，allthatIknewaboutthatbodywasderivedfromthestudyofMr。Booth’sbook，fromcommonrepute，andfromoccasionalattentiontothesayingsanddoingsofhisnoisysquadrons，withwhichmywalksaboutLondon，inpastyears，havemademefamiliar。IwasquiteunawareoftheexistenceofevidencerespectingthepresentadministrationoftheSalvationforces，whichwouldhaveenabledmetoactuponthesagaciousmaximoftheAmericanhumourist，“Don’tprophesyunlessyouknow。”Theletteryouweregoodenoughtopublishhasbroughtuponmeaswarmoflettersandpamphlets。Somefavourmewithabuse；somethoughtfulcorrespondentswarmlyagreewithme，andthenproceedtopointouthowmuchworthiercertainschemesoftheirownareofmyfriend’ssupport；somesendvaluableencouragement，forwhichIoffermyheartythanks，andaskthemtoexcuseanymorespecialacknowledgment。ButthatwhichIfindmosttothepurpose，justnow，istherevelationmadebysomeofthedocumentswhichhavereachedme，ofafactofwhichIwaswhollyignorant——namely，that[256]personswhohavefaithfullyandzealouslyservedintheSalvationArmy，whoexpressunchangedattachmenttoitsoriginalprinciplesandpractice，andwhohavebeenincloseofficialrelationswiththe“General“havepubliclydeclaredthattheprocessofdegradationoftheorganizationintoamereengineoffanaticalintoleranceandpersonalambition，whichIdeclaredwasinevitable，hasalreadysetinandismakingrapidprogress。
Itisoutofthequestion，Sir，thatIshouldoccupythecolumnsofthe“Times“withadetailedexpositionandcriticismofthesepiecesjustificativesofmyforecast。Isaycriticism，becausetheassertionsofpersonswhohavequittedanysocietymust，infairness，betakenwiththecautionthatisrequiredinthecaseofallexpartestatementsofhostilewitnesses。Butitis，atanyrate，anotablefactthattherearepartsofmyfirstletter，indicatingtheinherentandnecessaryevilconsequencesofanysuchorganization，whichmightserveforabstractsofportionsofthisevidence，longsinceprintedandpublishedunderthepublicresponsibilityofthewitnesses。
Letusasktheattentionofyourreaders，inthefirstplace，to“Anex-Captain’sExperienceoftheSalvationArmy。”byJ。J。R。Redstone，thegenuinenessofwhichisguaranteedbytheprefacedatedApril5th，1888whichtheRev。Dr。CunninghamGeikiehassupplied。Mr。
Redstone’sstoryiswellworthreadingonitsownaccount。
[257]Toldinsimple，directlanguagesuchasJohnBunyanmighthaveused，itpermitsnodoubtofthesingle-mindedsincerityoftheman，whogaveupeverythingtobecomeanofficeroftheSalvationArmy，but，exhibitingasadwantofthatcapacityforunhesitatingandblindobedienceonwhichMr。Boothlayssomuchstress，wasthrownaside，penniless——no，Iamwrong，with2s。4d。forhislastweek’ssalary——toshift，withhisequallydevotedwife，ashebestmight。IwishIcouldinduceintendingcontributorstoMr。Booth’sarmychesttoreadMr。
Redstone’sstory。IwouldparticularlyaskthemtocontrastthepuresimplicityofhisplaintalewiththeartificialpietismandslobberingunctionoftheletterswhichMr。BallingtonBoothaddressestohis“dearboy“amarriedmanapparentlyolderthanhimself，solongasthesaid“dearboy“isfacingbrickbatsandstarvation，asperorder。
IconfessthatmyopinionofthechiefsoftheSalvationArmyhasbeensodistinctlymodifiedbytheperusalofthispamphletthatIamgladtoberelievedfromthenecessityofexpressingit。ItwillbemuchbetterthatIshouldciteafewsentencesfromtheprefacewrittenbyDr。CunninghamGeikie，whoexpresseswarmadmirationfortheearlyanduncorruptedworkoftheSalvationArmy，andcannotpossiblybeaccusedofprejudiceagainstitonreligiousgrounds：——
1“TheSalvationArmyisemphaticallya[258]familyconcern。Mr。
Booth，senior，isGeneral；onesonischiefofthestaff，andtheremainingsonsanddaughtersengrosstheotherchiefpositions。ItisBoothallover；indeed，likethesuninyoureyes，youcanseenothingelsewhereveryouturn。And，asDr。Geikieshrewdlyremarks，’tobetheheadofawidelyspreadsectcarrieswithitmanyadvantages——notallexclusivelyspiritual。’“
2“WhoeverbecomesaSalvationofficerishenceforthaslave，helplesslyexposedtothecapriceofhissuperiors。”
“Mr。Redstoneboreanexcellentcharacterbothbeforeheenteredthearmyandwhenheleftit。Tojoinit，thoughamarriedman，hegaveupasituationwhichhehadheldforfiveyears，andheservedMr。Boothtwoyears，workinghardinmostdifficultposts。Hisonefault，MajorLawleytellsus，was，thathewas’toostraight’——thatis，toohonest，truthful，andmanly——or，inotherwords，toorealaChristian。Yetwithouttrial，withoutformulatedcharges，onthestrengthofsecretcomplaintswhichwerenever，apparently，tested，hewasdismissedwithlesscourtesythanmostpeoplewouldshowabeggar——with2s。4d。forhislastweek’ssalary。Iftherebeanymistakeinthismatter，I
shallbegladtolearnit。”
3Dr。Geikieconfirms，onthegroundofinformationgivenconfidentiallybyotherofficers，[259]Mr。Redstone’sassertionthattheyarewatchedandreportedbyspiesfromheadquarters。
4Mr。Boothrefusestoguaranteehisofficersanyfixedamountofsalary。Whileheandhisfamilyofhighofficialsliveincomfort，ifnotinluxury，thepledgedslaveswhosedevotionisthefoundationofanytruesuccesstheArmyhasmetwithoftenhave“hardlyfoodenoughtosustainlife。Onegoodfellowfranklytoldmethatwhenhehadnothinghejustwentandbegged。”
Atthispoint，itisproperthatIshouldinterposeanapologyforhavinghastilyspokenofsuchmenasFrancisofAssisi，evenforpurposesofwarning，inconnectionwithMr。Booth。Whatevermaybethoughtofthewisdomoftheplansofthefoundersofthegreatmonasticordersofthemiddleages，theytooktheirfullshareofsufferingandprivation，andnevershirkedintheirownpersonsthesacrificestheyimposedontheirfollowers。
Ihavealreadyexpressedtheopinion，thatwhatevertheostensiblepurposeoftheschemeunderdiscussion，oneofitsconsequenceswillbethesettingupandendowmentofanewRanter-Socialistsect。Imaynowaddthatanothereffectwillbe——indeed，hasbeen——tosetupandendowtheBoothdynastywithunlimitedcontrolofthephysical，moral，andfinancialresourcesofthesect。Mr。Boothisalreadyaprinterandpublisher，who，itisplainlydeclared，utilizestheofficersofthe[260]Armyasagentsforadvertisingandsellinghispublications；
andsomeofthemaresostronglyimpressedwiththebeliefthatactivepushingofMr。Booth’sbusinessisthebestroadtotheirmaster’sfavour，thatwhenthepublicobstinatelyrefusetopurchasehispaperstheybuythemthemselvesandsendtheproceedstoheadquarters。Mr。
Boothisalsoaretailtraderonalargescale，andtheDeanofWellshas，mostseasonably，drawnattentiontotheverynotablebankingprojectwhichheistryingtofloat。AnyonewhofollowsDeanPlumptre’sclearexpositionoftheprinciplesofthisfinancialoperationcanhavelittledoubtthat，whethertheyare，orarenot，adequatetotheattainmentofthefirstandsecondofMr。Booth’sostensibleobjects，theymaybetrustedtoeffectawideextensionofanykingdominwhichworldlypossessionsareofnovalue。Weare，infact，insightofafinancialcatastrophelikethatofLawacenturyago。Onlyitisthepoorwhowillsuffer。
Ihavealreadyoccupiedtoomuchofyourspace，andyetIhavedrawnupononlyoneofthesourcesofinformationabouttheinnerworkingoftheSalvationArmyatmydisposition。Fargraverchargesthananyheredealtwitharepubliclybroughtintheothers。
Iam，Sir，yourobedientservant，T。H。Huxley。
[261]P。S——IhavejustreadMr。Buchanan’sletterintheTimesofto-day。Mr。Buchananis，Ibelieve，animaginativewriter。Iamnotacquaintedwithhisworks，butnothinginthewayoffictionhehasyetachievedcanwellsurpasshisaccountofmyopinionsandofthepurportofmywritings。
IV
The“Times“December20th，1890
Sir，——IndiscussingMr。Booth’sprojectsIhavehithertoleftinthebackgroundadistinctionwhichmustbekeptwellinsightbythosewhowishtoformafairjudgmentoftheinfluence，forgoodorevil，oftheSalvationArmy。Salvationism，theworkof“savingsouls“byrevivalistmethods，isonething；Boothism，theutilizationoftheworkersforthefurtheranceofMr。Booth’speculiarprojects，isanother。Mr。Boothhascaptured，andharnessedwithsharpbitsandeffectualblinkers，amultitudeofultra-Evangelicalmissionariesoftherevivalistschoolwhowerewanderingatlarge。Itisthisskilfully，ifsomewhatmercilessly，driventeamwhichhasdraggedthe“General’s“coach-loadofprojectsintotheirpresentposition。
[262]Looking，then，atthehostofSalvationistsproper，fromthe“captains“downwardstowhom，inmyjudgment，thefamilyhierarchystandsintherelationoftheOldManoftheSeatoSinbad，asanindependententity，Idesiretosaythattheevidencebeforeme，whetherhostileorfriendlytotheGeneralandhisschemes，isdistinctlyfavourabletothem。Itexhibitsthemas，inthemain，poor，uninstructed，notunfrequentlyfanatical，enthusiasts，thepurityofwhoselives，thesincerityofwhosebelief，andthecheerfulnessofwhoseenduranceofprivationandroughusage，inwhattheyconsiderajustcause，commandsincererespect。Formypart，thoughIconceivethecorybanticmethodofsoul-savingtobefullofdangers，andthoughthetheologicalspeculationsofthesegoodpeoplearetomewhollyunacceptable，yetIbelievethattheevilswhichmustfollowinthetrackofsucherrors，asofallothererrors，willbelargelyoutweighedbythemoralandsocialimprovementofthepeoplewhomtheyconvert。IwouldnomoreraisemyvoiceagainstthemsolongastheyabstainfromannoyingtheirneighboursthanIwouldquarrelwithaman，vigorouslysweepingoutastye，onaccountoftheshapeofhisbroom，orbecausehemadeagreatnoiseoverhiswork。I
havealwayshadastrongfaithintheprincipleoftheinjunction，“Thoushaltnotmuzzletheoxthattreadethoutthecorn。”IfakingdomisworthaMass，asagreat[263]rulersaid，surelythereignofcleanliving，industry，andthriftisworthanyquantityoftambourinesandeccentricdoctrinalhypotheses。AllthatIhavehithertosaid，andproposefurthertosay，isdirectedagainstMr。
Booth’sextremelyclever，audacious，andhithertosuccessfulattempttoutilizethecreditwonbyallthishonestdevotionandself-sacrificeforthepurposesofhissocialisticautocracy。
InowproposetobringforwardalittlemoreevidenceastohowthingsreallystandwhereMr。Booth’ssystemhashadafairtrial。Iobtainit，mainly，fromacuriouspamphlet，thetitleofwhichruns：“TheNewPapacy。BehindtheScenesintheSalvationArmy。”byanex-StaffOfficer。“MakenotmyFather’shouseahouseofmerchandise“Johnii。
16。1889。PublishedatToronto，byA。Britnell。Onthecoveritisstatedthat“ThisisthebookwhichwasburnedbytheauthoritiesoftheSalvationArmy。”Iremindthereader，oncemore，thatthestatementswhichIshallcitemustberegardedasexparte；allIcanvouchforisthat，ongroundsofinternalevidenceandfromotherconcurrenttestimonyrespectingthewaysoftheBoothhierarchy，I
feeljustifiedinusingthem。
ThisisthepicturethewriterdrawsofthearmyintheearlydaysofitsinvasionoftheDominionofCanada：——
[264]“Then，itwillberemembered，itprofessedtobethehumblehandmaidoftheexistingchurches；itsprofessedobjectwastheevangelizationofthemasses。Itrepudiatedtheideaofbuildingupaseparatereligiousbody，anditdenouncedthepracticeofgatheringtogetherwealthandtheaccumulationofproperty。Menandwomenotherthanitsownconvertsgatheredarounditandthrewthemselvesheartandsoulintothework，forthesimplereasonthatitoffered，astheysupposed，amoreextendedandwidelyopenfieldforevangelicaleffort。Ministerseverywherewereinvitedandwelcomedtoitsplatforms，majorsandcolonelswerefewandfarbetween，andthesupremacyandpoweroftheGeneralwerethingsunknown……Carewastakentoavoidanythinglikeproselytism；itsconvertswerenevercoercedintojoiningitsranks……Inaword，theorganizationoccupiedthepositionofanauxiliarymissionandrecruitingagencyforthevariousreligiousbodies……Themeetingswerecrowded，peopleprofessedconversionbythescore，thepublicliberallysuppliedthemeanstocarryontheworkintheirrespectivecommunities；thereforeeverycorpswaswhollyself-supporting，itsofficerswereproperly，ifnotluxuriously，caredfor，thelocalexpenditurewasamplyprovided，and，underthesupervisionofthesecretary，alocalmember，andtheofficerincharge，thefundsweredisbursedinthetownswheretheywerecollected，andthe[265]spiritofsatisfactionandconfidencewasmutualallaround“pp。4，5。
Suchwasthearmyasthegreentree。Nowforthedry：——
“Thosewhohavebeendailyconversantwiththearmy’smachineryarewellawarehowentirelyandradicallythewholesystemhaschanged，andhow，fromabandofdevotedanddisinterestedworkers，unitedinthebondsofzealandcharityforthegoodoftheirfellows，ithasdevelopedintoacolossalandaggressiveagencyforthebuildingupofasystemandasect，boundbyrulesandregulationsaltogethersubversiveofreligiouslibertyandantagonistictoeveryother？
branchofChristianendeavour，andboundhandandfoottothewillofonesupremeheadandruler……Astheworkhasspreadthroughthecountry，andastheareaofitsendeavourshasenlarged，eachleadingpositionhasbeenfilled，oneaftertheother，byindividualsstrangerstothecountry，totallyignorantofthesentimentsandidiosyncrasiesoftheCanadianpeople，trainedinoneschoolundertheteachingsanddominanceofamemberoftheBoothfamily，andoutofwhomeveryideahasbeencrushed，exceptthatofunquestioningobediencetotheGeneral，andtheabsolutenecessityofgoingforwardtohisbiddingwithouthesitationorquestion“p。6。
[266]“Whatistheresultofallthis？Inthefirstplace，whilstmaterialprosperityhasundoubtedlybeenattained，spiritualityhasbeenquenched，and，asanevangelicalagency，thearmyhasbecomealmostadeadletter……Inseventy-fivepercentofitsstationsitsofficerssufferneedandprivation，chieflyonaccountoftheheavytaxationthatisplaceduponthemtomaintainanimposingheadquartersandalargeornamentalstaff。Thewholefinancialarrangementsarecarriedonbyasystemofinflationandahand-to-mouthextravaganceandblindnessastofuturecontingencies。Nearlyallofitsoriginalworkersandmembershavedisappeared“p。7。“Inreferencetothereligiousbodiesatlargethearmyhasbecomeentirelyantagonistic。
Soldiersareforbiddenbyitsrulestoattendotherplacesofworshipwithoutthepermissionoftheirofficers……Officersorsoldierswhomayconscientiouslyleavetheserviceortheranksarelookeduponandoftendenouncedpubliclyasbacksliders……Meansofthemostdespicabledescriptionhavebeenresortedtoinordertostarvethembacktotheservice“p。8。“InitsinnerworkingsthearmysystemisidenticalwithJesuitism……That’theendjustifiesthemeans，’ifnotopenlytaught，isastacitlyagreedasinthatcelebratedorder“
p。9。
Surelyabitter，overcharged，anonymouslibel，isthereflectionwhichwilloccurtomanywhoread[267]thesepassages，especiallythelast。
Well，Iturntootherevidencewhich，atanyrate，isnotanonymous。
Itiscontainedinapamphletentitled“GeneralBooth，theFamily，andtheSalvationArmy，showingitsRise，Progress，andMoralandSpiritualDecline。”byS。H。Hodges，LL。B。，lateMajorintheArmy，andformerlyprivatesecretarytoGeneralBoothManchester，1890。I
recommendpotentialcontributorstoMr。Booth’swealthtostudythislittleworkalso。Ihavelearnedagreatdealfromit。Amongotherinterestingnovelties，ittellsmethatMr。Boothhasdiscovered“thenecessityofathirdsteporblessing，intheworkofSalvation。Hesaidtomeoneday，’Hodges，youhaveonlytwobarrelstoyourgun；I
havethree’“p。31。AndifMr。Hodges’sdescriptionofthisthirdbarreliscorrect——“givingupyourconscience“and，“forGodandthearmy，stoopingtodothingswhichevenhonourableworldlymenwouldnotconsenttodo“p。32——itissurelycalculatedtobringdownagoodmanythings，thefirstprinciplesofmoralityamongthem。
Mr。Hodgesgivessomeremarkableexamplesofthearmypracticewiththe“General’s“newrifle。ButImustreferthecurioustohisinstructivepamphlet。ThepositionIamabouttotakeupisaseriousone；andIprefertofortifyitbythehelpofevidencewhich，thoughsomeofitmaybeanonymous，cannotbesneeredaway。AndIshall[268]
bebelieved，whenIsaythatnothingbutasenseofthegreatsocialdangerofthespreadofBoothismcouldinducemetoreviveascandal，eventhoughitisbarelyentitledtothebenefitoftheStatuteofLimitations。
Onthe7thofJuly，1883，you，Sir，didthepublicagreatservicebywritingaleadingarticleonthenotorious“Eagle“case，fromwhichI
takethefollowingextract：——
“Mr。JusticeKayrefusedtheapplication，buthewasinducedtorefuseitbymeanswhich，asMr。JusticeStephenjustlyremarked，werehighlydiscreditabletoMr。Booth。Mr。BoothfiledanaffidavitwhichappearstotallytohavemisledMr。JusticeKay，asitwouldhavemisledanyonewhoregardeditasafrankandhoneststatementbyaprofessedteacherofreligion。”
WhenIaddressedmyfirstlettertoyouIhadneversomuchasheardofthe“Eagle“scandal。ButIamthankfulthatmyperceptionoftheinevitabletendencyofallreligiousautocraciestowardsevilwasclearenoughtobringaboutaprovisionalcondemnationofMr。Booth’sschemesinmymind。SupposingthatIhaddecidedtheotherway，withwhatsortoffeelingshouldIhavefacedmyfriend，whenIhadtoconfessthatthemoneyhadpassedintotheabsolutecontrolofapersonaboutthecharacterofwhoseadministrationthis[269]
concurrenceofdamnatoryevidencewasalreadyextant？
IhavenothingtosayaboutMr。Boothpersonally，forIknownothing。
Onthatsubject，asonseveralothers，Iprofessmyselfanagnostic。
But，ifheis，ashemaybe，asaintactuatedbythepurestofmotives，heisnotthefirstsaintwho，asyouhavesaid，hasshownhimself“intheardourofprosecutingawell-meantobject“tobecapableofoverlooking“theplainmaximsofevery-daymorality。”IfI
wereaSalvationistsoldier，IshouldcrywithOthello，“Cassio，I
lovethee；butnevermorebeofficerofmine。”
Iam，Sir，yourobedientservant，T。H。Huxley。
V
The“Times。”December24th，1890——
Sir，——IfIhaveanystrongpoints，financeiscertainlynotoneofthem。Butthefinancial，orratherfiscal，operationsoftheGeneraloftheSalvationArmy，astheyaresetforthandexemplifiedin“TheNewPapacy。”possessthatgrandsimplicitywhichisthemarkofgenius；[270]andevenIcancomprehendthem——or，tobemoremodest，I
canportraytheminsuchamannerthateverylineament，howeverharsh，andeveryshade，howeverdark，canbeverifiedbypublishedevidence。
Supposethereisathriving，expandingcolonialtown，andthat，scatteredamongitsartisansandlabourers，thereisasprinklingofMethodists，orothersuchultra-evangelicalgoodpeople，doingtheirbest，inaquietway，to“savesouls。”Clearly，thisisanoutpostwhichitisdesirabletocapture。“We。”therefore，takemeasurestogetupaSalvation“boom“oftheordinarypattern。Enthusiasmisroused。AscoreortwoofsoldiersareenlistedintotheranksoftheSalvationArmy。“We“selectthemanwhopromisestoserveourpurposesbest，makea“captain“ofhim，andputhimincommandofthe“corps。”
Heisverypleasedandgrateful；andindeedheoughttobe。Allhehasdoneisthathehasgivenuphistrade；thathehaspromisedtoworkatleastninehoursadayinourservicenoneofyoureight-hournonsenseforusascollector，bookseller，generalagent，andanythingelsewemayorderhimtobe。“We。”ontheotherhand，guaranteehimnothingwhatever；todosomightweakenhisfaithandsubstituteworldlyforspiritualtiesbetweenus。Knowingthat，ifheexertshimselfinarightspirit，hislabourswillsurelybeblessed，wecontentourselveswithtellinghimthatif，afterall[271]expensesarepaidandourdemandsaresatisfiedeachweek，25s。remains，hemaytakeit。And，ifnothingremains，hemaytakethat，andstayhisstomachwithwhatthefaithfulmaygivehim。Withacertaingrimplayfulness，weaddthatthevalueofthesecontributionswillbereckonedassomuchsalary。Solongasour“captain“issuccessful，therefore，abeneficentspringofcashtricklesunseenintoourtreasury；whenitbeginstodryupwesay，“Godblessyou，dearboy。”
turnhimadriftwithorwithout2s。4d。inhispocket，andputsomeotherwillinghorseintheshafts。
The“General。”Ibelieve，proposes，amongotherthings，todoawaywith“sweating。”Mayhenotaswellsetagoodexamplebybeginningathome？Mylittlesketch，however，lookssolikeamonstrouscaricaturethat，afterall，ImustproducetheoriginalfromthepagesofmyCanadianauthority。Hesaysthata“captain““hastopay10percent。
ofallcollectionsanddonationstothedivisionalfundforthesupportofhisdivisionalofficer，whohasalsotheprivilegeofarrangingforsuchspecialmeetingsasheshallthinkfit，theproceedsofwhichhetakesawayforthegeneralneedsofthedivision。
Headquarters，too，hastherighttoholdsuchspecialmeetingsatthecorpsandsendaroundsuchspecialattractionsasitswisdomseesfit，andtotakeawaytheproceedsforthepurposesitdecidesupon。
[272]Hehastopaytherentofhisbuilding，eithertoheadquartersoraprivateindividual；hehastosendthewholecollectionoftheafternoonmeetingofthefirstSundayinthemonthtothe’ExtensionFund’atheadquarters；hehastopayfortheheating，lighting，andcleaningofhishall，togetherwithsuchnecessaryrepairsasmaybeneeded；hehastoprovidethefood，lodging，andclothingofhiscadet，ifhehasone；headquarterstaxeshimwithsomanycopiesofthearmypaperseachweek，forwhichhehastopay，soldorunsold；
andwhenhehasdonethis，hemaytake$6or$5，beingawoman，orsuchproportionofitasmaybeleft，withwhichtoclotheandfeedhimselfandtopaytherentandprovidefortheheatingandlightingofhisquarters。Ifhehasalieutenanthehastopayhim$6perweek，orsuchproportionofitashehimselfgets，andsharethehouseexpenseswithhim。Now，itwillbeeasilyunderstoodthatatleast60
percent。ofthestationsinCanadatheofficergetsnomoneyatall，andhehastobegspeciallyamongsthispeopleforhishouse-rentandfood。TherearefewplacesintheDominioninwhichthesoldiersdonotfindtheirofficersinallthefoodtheyneed；butitmustberememberedthatthevalueofthefoodsoreceivedhastobeaccountedforatheadquartersandentereduponthebooksofthecorpsascashreceived，theamountbeingdeductedfromanymoneysthattheofficerisabletotakefromthe[273]week’scollections。Sothat，nomatterhowmuchmaybespeciallygiven，theofficercannotreceivemorethanthevalueof$6perweek。Theofficercannotcollectanyarrearsofsalary，aseachweekhastopayitsownexpenses；andifthereisanysurpluscashafteralldemandsaremetitmustbesenttothe’warchest’atheadquarters。”——“TheNewPapacy“pp。35，36。
Evidently，Sir，“headquarters“hastakentohearttheinjunctionaboutcastingyourbreaduponthewaters。Itcaststhecrumbofadayortwo’sworkofanemissary，andgetsbackanyquantityofloavesofcash，solongas“captains“presentthemselvestobeusedupandreplacedbynewvictims。Whatcanbesaidofthesedevotedpoorfellowsexcept，Osanctasimplicitas！
Butitwouldbeagreatmistaketosupposethatthemoney-gatheringefficacyofMr。Booth’sfiscalagenciesisexhaustedbytheforegoingenumerationoftheirregularoperations。Considerthefollowingedifyinghistoryofthe“RescueHome“inToronto：——
“Itisafinebuildingintheheartofthecity；thelotcost$7，000，andabuildingwasputupatacostof$7，000more，andthereisamortgageonitamountingtohalfthecostofthewhole。Thelandto-daywouldprobablyfetchdoubleitsoriginalprice，andeveryyearenhancesitsvalue……Inthefirstfivemonthsofits[274]existencethisinstitutionreceivedfromthepublicanincomeof$1，81270c。；
outofthis$600waspaidtoheadquartersforrent，$59052c。wasspentuponthebuildinginvariousways，andthebalanceof$62218c。
paidthesalariesofthestaffandsupportedtheinmates“pp。24，25。
SaidInottrulythatMr。Booth’sfiscbearsthestampofgenius？Whoelsecouldhavegotthepublictobuyhima“cornerlot。”putabuildinguponit，payallitsworkingexpenses：andthen，notcontentwithpayinghimaheavyrentfortheuseofthehandsomepresenttheyhadmadehim，theysaynotawordagainsthismortgagingittohalfitsvalue？And，sofarasanyoneknows，thereisnothingtostopheadquartersfromsellingthewholeestatetomorrow，andusingthemoneyasthe“General“maydirect。
Oncemorelistentotheauthorof“TheNewPapacy。”whoaffirmsthat“outofthefundsgivenbytheDominionfortheevangelizationofthepeoplebymeansoftheSalvationArmy，onesixthhadbeenspentintheextensionoftheKingdomofGod，andtheotherfivesixthshadbeeninvestedinvaluableproperty，allhandedovertoMr。Boothandhisheirsandassigns，aswehavealreadystated“p。26。
AndthisbringsmetothelastpointuponwhichIwishtotouch。Theanswertoallinquiriesastowhathasbecomeoftheenormous[275]
personalandrealestatewhichhasbeengivenovertoMr。Boothisthatitisheld“intrust。”ThesupportersofMr。Boothmayfeeljustifiedintakingthatstatement“ontrust。”Idonot。Anyhow，themorecompletelysatisfactorythis“trust“is，thelesscananymanwhoasksthepublictoputblindfaithinhisintegrityandhiswisdomobjecttoacquaintthemexactlywithitsprovisions。IsthetrustdrawnupinfavouroftheSalvationArmy？ButwhatisthelegalstatusoftheSalvationArmy？Havethesoldiersanyclaim？Certainlynot。
Havetheofficersanylegalinterestinthe“trust“？Surelynot。The“General“hastakengoodcaretoinsistontheirrenouncingallclaimsasaconditionoftheirappointment。Thus，toallappearance，thearmy，asalegalperson，isidenticalwithMr。Booth。And，inthatcase，any“trust“ostensiblyforthebenefitofthearmyis——whatshallwesaythatisatonceaccurateandpolite？
Iconcludewiththeseplainquestions——WillMr。Boothtakecounsel’sopinionastowhetherthereisanythinginsuchlegalarrangementsashehasatpresentmadewhichpreventshimfromdisposingofthewealthhehasaccumulatedathisownwillandpleasure？Willanybodybeinapositiontoseteitherthecivilorthecriminallawinmotionagainsthimorhissuccessorsifheortheychoosetospendeveryfarthinginwaysverydifferentfromthosecontemplatedbythedonors？
[276]Imayaddthatacarefulstudyofthetermsofa“DeclarationofTrustbyWilliamBoothinfavouroftheChristianMission。”madein1878，hasnotenabledpersonsofmuchgreatercompetencethanmyselftoanswerthesequestionssatisfactorily。*
Iam，Sir，yourobedientservant，T。H。Huxley。
*SeePrefacetothisvolume，pp。ix-xiii。
OnDecember24thaletterappearedinthe“Times“signed“J。S。
Trotter。”inwhichthefollowingpassagesappear：——
“ItseemsapitytoputadamperonthespiritsofthosewhoagreewithProfessorHuxleyinhisdenunciationofGeneralBoothandallhisworks。MayIgiveafewparticularsastothe’book’whichwaspublishedinCanada？IhadthepleasureofaninterviewwiththeauthorofabookwritteninCanada。ThebookwasprintedatToronto，andtwocopiesonlystruckoffbytheprinters；oneofthesecopieswasstolenfromtheprinter，andthequotationsenttoyoubyProfessorHuxleywasinsertedinthebook，andisconsequentlyaforgery。Thebookwaspublishedwithouttheconsentandagainstthewilloftheauthor。
[277]“Sothequotationisnotonly’abitter，overchargedanonymouslibel，’asProfessorHuxleyintimates，butaforgeryaswell。AstoMr。Hodges，itseemstometobesimplytriflingwithyourreaderstobringhiminasanauthority。Hewasturnedoutofthearmy，outofkindnesstakenonagain，andagaindismissed。Ifthishadhappenedtooneofyourstaff，wouldhisopinionofthe’Times’asanewspaperbetakenforgospel？“
Butinthe“Times“ofDecember29thMr。J。S。Trotterwrites：——
“IfindIwasmistakeninsaying，inmyletterofWednesday，tothe’Times’thatMr。HodgeswasdismissedfromtheserviceofGeneralBooth，andregretanyinconveniencethestatementmayhavecausedtoMr。Hodges。”
AndonDecember30ththe“Times“publishedaletterfromMr。HodgesinwhichhesaysthatMr。Trotter’sstatementsastheyregardhimself“aretheveryreverseoftruth——IwasneverturnedoutoftheSalvationArmy。Nor，sofarasIwasmadeacquaintedwithGeneralBooth’smotives，wasItakenonagainoutofkindness。InordertorejointheSalvationArmy，IresignedthepositionofmanagerinamillwhereIwasin[278]receiptofasalaryof[Pounds]250perannum，withhouse-rentandonethirdoftheprofits。InsteadofthisMr。Boothallowedme[Pounds]2perweekandhouse-rent。”
VI
The“Times。”December26th，1890
Sir，——IammuchobligedtoMr。J。S。Trotterfortheletterwhichyoupublishedthismorning。Itfurnishesevidence，whichImuchdesiredtopossessonthefollowingpoints：——
1。Theauthorof“TheNewPapacy“isaresponsible，trustworthyperson；otherwiseMr。Trotterwouldnotspeakofhavinghad“thepleasureofaninterview“withhim。
2。Afterthisresponsiblepersonhadtakenthetroubletowriteapamphletofsixty-fourcloselyprintedpages，someinfluencewasbroughttobearuponhim，theeffectofwhichwasthatherefusedhisconsenttoitspublication。Mr。Trotter’sexcellentinformationwillsurelyenablehimtotelluswhatinfluencethatwas。
3。HowdoesMr。TrotterknowthatanypassageIhavequotedisaninterpolation？Doeshepossessthatothercopyofthe“two“whichalone，asheaffirms，wereprinted？
[279]4。Ifso，hewillbeabletosaywhichofthepassagesIhavecitedisgenuineandwhichisnot；andwhetherthetenorofthewholeuninterpolatedcopydiffersinanyimportantrespectfromthatofthecopyIhavequoted。
ItwillbeinterestingtohearwhatMr。J。S。Trotterhastosayuponthesepoints。Butthereallyimportantthingwhichhehasdoneisthathehastestified，ofhisownknowledge，thattheanonymousauthorof“TheNewPapacy“isnomereirresponsiblelibeller，butapersonofwhomevenanardentSalvationisthastospeakwithrespect。
Iam，Sir，yourobedientservant，T。H。Huxley。
[ImayaddthattheunfortunateMr。TrotterdidmethefurtherserviceofelicitingtheletterfromMr。Hodgesreferredtoonp。277——whichsufficientlyestablishesthatgentleman’scredit，andleadsmetoattachfullweighttohisevidenceaboutthethirdbarrel。]
January，1891。
[280]
VII
The“Times。”December27th，1890
SIR，——InmakinguseoftheonlyevidenceoftheactualworkingofMr。
Booth’sautocraticgovernmentaccessibletome，IwasfullyawareoftheslipperynatureofthegrounduponwhichIwastreading。For，asI
pointedoutinmyfirstletter，“nopersonalhabitmoresurelydegradestheconscienceandtheintellectthanblindandunhesitatingobediencetounlimitedauthority。”Nowwehaveit，onMr。Booth’sownshowingthateveryofficerofhishasundertakento“obeywithoutquestioningorgainsayingtheordersfromheadquarters。”AndthepossiblerelationsofsuchorderstohonourandveracityaredemonstratednotonlybythejudicialdeliveranceonMr。Booth’saffidavitinthe“Eagle“case，whichIhavealreadycited；notonlybyMr。BramwellBooth’sadmissionbeforeMr。JusticeLopesthathehadstatedwhatwas“notquitecorrect“becausehehad“promisedMr。Steadnottodivulge“thefactsofthecasethe“Times。”November4th，1885；butbythefollowingpassageinMr。Hodges’saccountofthereasonsofhiswithdrawalfromtheSalvationArmy：——
“ThegeneralandChiefdidnotandcould[281]notdenydoingthesethings；theonlyquestionwasthis，Wasitrighttopractisethisdeception？ThesepointsofdifferencewerefullydiscussedbetweenmyselfandtheChiefoftheStaffonmywithdrawal，especiallytheLeamingtonincident，whichwastheonethatfinallydrovemetodecision。Ihadcometotheconclusion，fromthefirst，thattheyhadactedastheysupposedwithasingleeyetothegoodofGod’scause，andhadpersuadedmyselfthatthethingswere，asagainstthedevil，righttobedone，thatasinbattleonepartycapturedandturnedtheenemy’sowngunsuponthem，so，astheywerefightingagainstthedevil，itwouldbefairtouseagainsthimhisweapons。AndIwrotetothiseffecttothe“General“p。63。”
Now，Idonotwishtosayanythingneedlesslyharsh，butIaskanyprudentmanthesequestions。CouldI，underthesecircumstances，trustanyuncorroboratedstatementemanatingfromheadquarters，ormadebytheGeneral’sorder？HadIanyreasontodoubtthetruthofMr。
Hodges’snaiveconfessionofthecorruptinginfluenceofMr。Booth’ssystem？Anddiditnotbehovemetopickmywaycarefullythroughthemassofstatementsbeforeme，manyofthemduetopeoplewhosemoralsensemight，bypossibility，havebeenasmuchbluntedbythearmydisciplineinthe[282]useoftheweaponsofthedevilasMr。Hodgesaffirmsthathiswas？
Therefore，inmythirdletter，IcommencedmyillustrationsofthepracticalworkingofBoothismwiththeevidenceofMr。Redstone，fortifiedandsupplementedbythatofanon-Salvationist，Dr。
CunninghamGeikie。Thattestimonyhasnotbeenchallenged，and，untilitis，Ishallassumethatitcannotbe。Inmyfourthletter，IcitedadefinitestatementbyMr。HodgesinevidenceoftheJesuiticalprinciplesofheadquarters。WhatsortofanswerisittotellusthatMr。Hodgeswasdismissedthearmy？Achildmightexpectthatsomesuchredherringwouldbedrawnacrossthetrail；and，inanticipationofthestaletrick，Iaddedthestrongprimafacieevidenceofthetrustworthinessofmywitness，inthisparticular，whichisaffordedbythe“Eagle“case。ItwasnotuntilIwrotemyfourthlettertoyou，Sir——untiltheexploitationofthe“captains“andtheJesuitryofheadquarterscouldbeproveduptothehilt——thatIventuredtohaverecourseto“TheNewPapacy。”Sofarasthepamphletitselfgoes，thisisananonymouswork；and，forsufficientreasons，Ididnotchoosetogobeyondwhatwastobefoundbetweenitscovers。Toanyoneaccustomedtodealwiththefactsofevolution，theBoothismof“TheNewPapacy“wasmerelythenaturalandnecessarydevelopmentoftheBoothismofMr。Redstone’scaseandofthe[283]“Eagle“case。
Therefore，Ifeltfullyjustifiedinusingit，atthesametimecarefullywarningmyreadersthatitmustbetakenwithduecaution。
Mr。Trotter’susefulletteradmitsthatsuchabookwaswrittenbyapersonwithwhomhehadthe“pleasureofaninterview。”andthataversionofitinterpolated，accordingtohisassertionwaspublishedagainstthewilloftheauthor。HenceIamjustifiedinbelievingthatthereisafoundationoftruthincertainstatements，someofwhichhavelongbeeninmypossession，butwhichforlackofMr。Trotter’svaluablecorroborationIhaverefrainedfromusing。ThetimeiscomewhenIcansetforthsomeoftheheadsofthisinformation，withtherequestthatMr。Trotter，whoknowsallaboutthebusiness，willbesogoodastopointoutanyerrorthattheremaybeinthem。Iamboundtosupposethathissoleobject，likemine，istheelucidationofthetruth，andtoassumehiswillingnesstohelpmethereintothebestofhisability。
1。“Theauthorof’TheNewPapacy’isaMr。Sumner，apersonofperfectrespectability，andgreatlyesteemedinToronto，whoheldahighpositionintheArmy。Whenheleft，alargepublicmeeting，presidedoverbyapopularMethodistminister，passedavoteofsympathywithhim。”
[284]Isthistrueorfalse？