Anarchism and Other Essays_第1章_无广告免费看-丁香书院

　　BiographicSketchPrefaceAnarchism:WhatItReallyStandsForMinoritiesVersusMajoritiesThePsychologyofPoliticalViolencePrisons:ASocialCrimeandFailurePatriotism:AMenacetoLibertyFranciscoFerrerandTheModernSchoolTheHypocrisyofPuritanismTheTrafficinWomenWomanSuffrageTheTragedyofWoman’sEmancipationMarriageandLoveTheDrama:APowerfulDisseminatorofRadicalThoughtEMMAGOLDMAN
　　Propagandismisnot，assomesuppose，a"trade，"becausenobodywillfollowa"trade"atwhichyoumayworkwiththeindustryofaslaveanddiewiththereputationofamendicant。Themotivesofanypersonstopursuesuchaprofessionmustbedifferentfromthoseoftrade，deeperthanpride，andstrongerthaninterest。
　　GEORGEJACOBHOLYOAKE。
　　AmongthemenandwomenprominentinthepubliclifeofAmericatherearebutfewwhosenamesarementionedasoftenasthatofEmmaGoldman。YettherealEmmaGoldmanisalmostquiteunknown。Thesensationalpresshassurroundedhernamewithsomuchmisrepresentationandslander，itwouldseemalmostamiraclethat，inspiteofthiswebofcalumny，thetruthbreaksthroughandabetterappreciationofthismuchmalignedidealistbeginstomanifestitself。Thereisbutlittleconsolationinthefactthatalmosteveryrepresentativeofanewideahashadtostruggleandsufferundersimilardifficulties。IsitofanyavailthataformerpresidentofarepublicpayshomageatOsawatomietothememoryofJohnBrown？OrthatthepresidentofanotherrepublicparticipatesintheunveilingofastatueinhonorofPierreProudhon，andholdsuphislifetotheFrenchnationasamodelworthyofenthusiasticemulation？Ofwhatavailisallthiswhen，atthesametime，theLIVINGJohnBrownsandProudhonsarebeingcrucified？ThehonorandgloryofaMaryWollstonecraftorofaLouiseMichelarenotenhancedbytheCityFathersofLondonorParisnamingastreetafterthem——thelivinggenerationshouldbeconcernedwithdoingjusticetotheLIVINGMaryWollstonecraftsandLouiseMichels。PosterityassignstomenlikeWendelPhillipsandLloydGarrisonthepropernicheofhonorinthetempleofhumanemancipation；butitisthedutyoftheircontemporariestobringthemduerecognitionandappreciationwhiletheylive。
　　Thepathofthepropagandistofsocialjusticeisstrewnwiththorns。
　　Thepowersofdarknessandinjusticeexertalltheirmightlestarayofsunshineenterhischeerlesslife。Nay，evenhiscomradesinthestruggle——indeed，toooftenhismostintimatefriends——showbutlittleunderstandingforthepersonalityofthepioneer。Envy，sometimesgrowingtohatred，vanityandjealousy，obstructhiswayandfillhisheartwithsadness。Itrequiresaninflexiblewillandtremendousenthusiasmnottolose，undersuchconditions，allfaithintheCause。Therepresentativeofarevolutionizingideastandsbetweentwofires:ontheonehand，thepersecutionoftheexistingpowerswhichholdhimresponsibleforallactsresultingfromsocialconditions；and，ontheother，thelackofunderstandingonthepartofhisownfollowerswhooftenjudgeallhisactivityfromanarrowstandpoint。Thusithappensthattheagitatorstandsquitealoneinthemidstofthemultitudesurroundinghim。Evenhismostintimatefriendsrarelyunderstandhowsolitaryanddesertedhefeels。Thatisthetragedyofthepersonprominentinthepubliceye。
　　ThemistinwhichthenameofEmmaGoldmanhassolongbeenenvelopedisgraduallybeginningtodissipate。HerenergyinthefurtheranceofsuchanunpopularideaasAnarchism，herdeepearnestness，hercourageandabilities，findgrowingunderstandingandadmiration。
　　ThedebtAmericanintellectualgrowthowestotherevolutionaryexileshasneverbeenfullyappreciated。Theseeddisseminatedbythem，thoughsolittleunderstoodatthetime，hasbroughtarichharvest。Theyhaveatalltimesheldaloftthebannerofliberty，thusimpregnatingthesocialvitalityoftheNation。ButveryfewhavesucceedinginpreservingtheirEuropeaneducationandculturewhileatthesametimeassimilatingthemselveswithAmericanlife。
　　Itisdifficultfortheaveragemantoformanadequateconceptionwhatstrength，energy，andperseverancearenecessarytoabsorbtheunfamiliarlanguage，habits，andcustomsofanewcountry，withoutthelossofone’sownpersonality。
　　EmmaGoldmanisoneofthefewwho，whilethoroughlypreservingtheirindividuality，havebecomeanimportantfactorinthesocialandintellectualatmosphereofAmerica。Thelifesheleadsisrichincolor，fullofchangeandvariety。Shehasrisentothetopmostheights，andshehasalsotastedthebitterdregsoflife。
　　EmmaGoldmanwasbornofJewishparentageonthe27thdayofJune，1869，intheRussianprovinceofKovno。Surelytheseparentsneverdreamedwhatuniquepositiontheirchildwouldsomedayoccupy。Likeallconservativeparentsthey，too，werequiteconvincedthattheirdaughterwouldmarryarespectablecitizen，bearhimchildren，androundoutherallottedyearssurroundedbyaflockofgrandchildren，agood，religiouswoman。Asmostparents，theyhadnoinklingwhatastrange，impassionedspiritwouldtakeholdofthesouloftheirchild，andcarryittotheheightswhichseparategenerationsineternalstruggle。Theylivedinalandandatatimewhenantagonismbetweenparentandoffspringwasfatedtofinditsmostacuteexpression，irreconcilablehostility。Inthistremendousstrugglebetweenfathersandsons——andespeciallybetweenparentsanddaughters——therewasnocompromise，noweakyielding，notruce。Thespiritofliberty，ofprogress——anidealismwhichknewnoconsiderationsandrecognizednoobstacles——drovetheyounggenerationoutoftheparentalhouseandawayfromthehearthofthehome。Justasthissamespiritoncedroveouttherevolutionarybreederofdiscontent，Jesus，andalienatedhimfromhisnativetraditions。
　　WhatroletheJewishrace——notwithstandingallanti-semiticcalumniestheraceoftranscendentalidealism——playedinthestruggleoftheOldandtheNewwillprobablyneverbeappreciatedwithcompleteimpartialityandclarity。OnlynowarewebeginningtoperceivethetremendousdebtweowetoJewishidealistsintherealmofscience，art，andliterature。ButverylittleisstillknownoftheimportantpartthesonsanddaughtersofIsraelhaveplayedintherevolutionarymovementand，especially，inthatofmoderntimes。
　　ThefirstyearsofherchildhoodEmmaGoldmanpassedinasmall，idyllicplaceintheGerman-RussianprovinceofKurland，whereherfatherhadchargeofthegovernmentstage。AtthetimeKurlandwasthoroughlyGerman；eventheRussianbureaucracyofthatBalticprovincewasrecruitedmostlyfromGermanJUNKERS。Germanfairytalesandstories，richinthemiraculousdeedsoftheheroicknightsofKurland，wovetheirspellovertheyouthfulmind。Butthebeautifulidylwasofshortduration。Soonthesoulofthegrowingchildwasovercastbythedarkshadowsoflife。AlreadyinhertenderestyouththeseedsofrebellionandunrelentinghatredofoppressionweretobeplantedintheheartofEmmaGoldman。EarlyshelearnedtoknowthebeautyoftheState:shesawherfatherharassedbytheChristianCHINOVNIKSanddoublypersecutedaspettyofficialandhatedJew。Thebrutalityofforcedconscriptioneverstoodbeforehereyes:shebeheldtheyoungmen，oftenthesolesupporterofalargefamily，brutallydraggedtothebarrackstoleadthemiserablelifeofasoldier。Sheheardtheweepingofthepoorpeasantwomen，andwitnessedtheshamefulscenesofofficialvenalitywhichrelievedtherichfrommilitaryserviceattheexpenseofthepoor。Shewasoutragedbytheterribletreatmenttowhichthefemaleservantsweresubjected:maltreatedandexploitedbytheirBARINYAS，theyfelltothetendermerciesoftheregimentalofficers，whoregardedthemastheirnaturalsexualprey。Thegirls，madepregnantbyrespectablegentlemenanddrivenoutbytheirmistresses，oftenfoundrefugeintheGoldmanhome。Andthelittlegirl，herheartpalpitatingwithsympathy，wouldabstractcoinsfromtheparentaldrawertoclandestinelypressthemoneyintothehandsoftheunfortunatewomen。ThusEmmaGoldman’smoststrikingcharacteristic，hersympathywiththeunderdog，alreadybecamemanifestintheseearlyyears。
　　AttheageofsevenlittleEmmawassentbyherparentstohergrandmotheratKonigsberg，thecityofEmanuelKant，inEasternPrussia。Saveforoccasionalinterruptions，sheremainedtheretillher13thbirthday。Thefirstyearsinthesesurroundingsdonotexactlybelongtoherhappiestrecollections。Thegrandmother，indeed，wasveryamiable，butthenumerousauntsofthehouseholdwereconcernedmorewiththespiritofpracticalratherthanpurereason，andthecategoricimperativewasappliedalltoofrequently。ThesituationwaschangedwhenherparentsmigratedtoKonigsberg，andlittleEmmawasrelievedfromherroleofCinderella。Shenowregularlyattendedpublicschoolandalsoenjoyedtheadvantagesofprivateinstruction，customaryinmiddleclasslife；Frenchandmusiclessonsplayedanimportantpartinthecurriculum。ThefutureinterpreterofIbsenandShawwasthenalittleGermanGretchen，quiteathomeintheGermanatmosphere。HerspecialpredilectionsinliteraturewerethesentimentalromancesofMarlitt；shewasagreatadmirerofthegoodQueenLouise，whomthebadNapoleonBuonapartetreatedwithsomarkedalackofknightlychivalry。Whatmighthavebeenherfuturedevelopmenthadsheremainedinthismilieu？Fate——orwasiteconomicnecessity？——willeditotherwise。HerparentsdecidedtosettleinSt。Petersburg，thecapitaloftheAlmightyTsar，andtheretoembarkinbusiness。Itwasherethatagreatchangetookplaceinthelifeoftheyoungdreamer。
　　Itwasaneventfulperiod——theyearof1882——inwhichEmmaGoldman，theninher13thyear，arrivedinSt。Petersburg。AstruggleforlifeanddeathbetweentheautocracyandtheRussianintellectualssweptthecountry。AlexanderIIhadfallenthepreviousyear。
　　SophiaPerovskaia，Zheliabov，Grinevitzky，Rissakov，Kibalchitch，Michailov，theheroicexecutorsofthedeathsentenceuponthetyrant，hadthenenteredtheWalhallaofimmortality。JessieHelfman，theonlyregicidewhoselifethegovernmenthadreluctantlysparedbecauseofpregnancy，followedtheunnumberedRussianmartyrstotheetapesofSiberia。Itwasthemostheroicperiodinthegreatbattleofemancipation，abattleforfreedomsuchastheworldhadneverwitnessedbefore。ThenamesoftheNihilistmartyrswereonalllips，andthousandswereenthusiastictofollowtheirexample。
　　ThewholeINTELLIGENZIAofRussiawasfilledwiththeILLEGAL
　　spirit:revolutionarysentimentspenetratedintoeveryhome，frommansiontohovel，impregnatingthemilitary，theCHINOVNIKS，factoryworkers，andpeasants。Theatmospherepiercedtheverycasematesoftheroyalpalace。Newideasgerminatedintheyouth。Thedifferenceofsexwasforgotten。Shouldertoshoulderfoughtthemenandthewomen。TheRussianwoman！Whoshalleverdojusticeoradequatelyportrayherheroismandself-sacrifice，herloyaltyanddevotion？
　　Holy，Turgenievcallsherinhisgreatprosepoem，ONTHETHRESHOLD。
　　ItwasinevitablethattheyoungdreamerfromKonigsbergshouldbedrawnintothemaelstrom。Toremainoutsideofthecircleoffreeideasmeantalifeofvegetation，ofdeath。Oneneednotwonderattheyouthfulage。Youngenthusiastswerenotthen——and，fortunately，arenotnow——ararephenomenoninRussia。ThestudyoftheRussianlanguagesoonbroughtyoungEmmaGoldmanintouchwithrevolutionarystudentsandnewideas。TheplaceofMarlittwastakenbyNekrassovandTchernishevsky。ThequondamadmirerofthegoodQueenLouisebecameaglowingenthusiastofliberty，resolving，likethousandsofothers，todevoteherlifetotheemancipationofthepeople。
　　ThestruggleofgenerationsnowtookplaceintheGoldmanfamily。
　　Theparentscouldnotcomprehendwhatinteresttheirdaughtercouldfindinthenewideas，whichtheythemselvesconsideredfantasticutopias。Theystrovetopersuadetheyounggirloutofthesechimeras，anddailyrepetitionofsoul-rackingdisputeswastheresult。Onlyinonememberofthefamilydidtheyoungidealistfindunderstanding——inhereldersister，Helene，withwhomshelateremigratedtoAmerica，andwhoseloveandsympathyhaveneverfailedher。EveninthedarkesthoursoflaterpersecutionEmmaGoldmanalwaysfoundahavenofrefugeinthehomeofthisloyalsister。
　　EmmaGoldmanfinallyresolvedtoachieveherindependence。ShesawhundredsofmenandwomensacrificingbrilliantcareerstogoV
　　NAROD，tothepeople。Shefollowedtheirexample。Shebecameafactoryworker；atfirstemployedasacorsetmaker，andlaterinthemanufactureofgloves。Shewasnow17yearsofageandproudtoearnherownliving。HadsheremainedinRussia，shewouldhaveprobablysoonerorlatersharedthefateofthousandsburiedinthesnowsofSiberia。Butanewchapteroflifewastobeginforher。SisterHelenedecidedtoemigratetoAmerica，whereanothersisterhadalreadymadeherhome。EmmaprevaileduponHelenetobeallowedtojoinher，andtogethertheydepartedforAmerica，filledwiththejoyoushopeofagreat，freeland，thegloriousRepublic。
　　America！Whatmagicword。Theyearningoftheenslaved，thepromisedlandoftheoppressed，thegoalofalllongingforprogress。
　　Hereman’sidealshadfoundtheirfulfillment:noTsar，noCossack，noCHINOVNIK。TheRepublic！Glorioussynonymofequality，freedom，brotherhood。
　　Thusthoughtthetwogirlsastheytravelled，intheyear1886，fromNewYorktoRochester。Soon，alltoosoon，disillusionmentawaitedthem。TheidealconceptionofAmericawaspuncturedalreadyatCastleGarden，andsoonburstlikeasoapbubble。HereEmmaGoldmanwitnessedsightswhichremindedheroftheterriblescenesofherchildhoodinKurland。ThebrutalityandhumiliationthefuturecitizensofthegreatRepublicweresubjectedtoonboardship，wererepeatedatCastleGardenbytheofficialsofthedemocracyinamoresavageandaggravatingmanner。Andwhatbitterdisappointmentfollowedastheyoungidealistbegantofamiliarizeherselfwiththeconditionsinthenewland！InsteadofoneTsar，shefoundscoresofthem；theCossackwasreplacedbythepolicemanwiththeheavyclub，andinsteadoftheRussianCHINOVNIKtherewasthefarmoreinhumanslave-driverofthefactory。
　　EmmaGoldmansoonobtainedworkintheclothingestablishmentoftheGarsonCo。Thewagesamountedtotwoandahalfdollarsaweek。Atthattimethefactorieswerenotprovidedwithmotorpower，andthepoorsewinggirlshadtodrivethewheelsbyfoot，fromearlymorningtilllateatnight。Aterriblyexhaustingtoilitwas，withoutarayoflight，thedrudgeryofthelongdaypassedincompletesilence——theRussiancustomoffriendlyconversationatworkwasnotpermissibleinthefreecountry。Buttheexploitationofthegirlswasnotonlyeconomic；thepoorwageworkerswerelookeduponbytheirforemenandbossesassexualcommodities。Ifagirlresentedtheadvancesofher"superiors"，shewouldspeedilyfindherselfonthestreetasanundesirableelementinthefactory。Therewasneveralackofwillingvictims:thesupplyalwaysexceededthedemand。
　　ThehorribleconditionsweremadestillmoreunbearablebythefearfuldrearinessoflifeinthesmallAmericancity。ThePuritanspiritsuppressestheslightestmanifestationofjoy；adeadlydullnessbecloudsthesoul；nointellectualinspiration，nothoughtexchangebetweencongenialspiritsispossible。EmmaGoldmanalmostsuffocatedinthisatmosphere。She，aboveallothers，longedforidealsurroundings，forfriendshipandunderstanding，forthecompanionshipofkindredminds。MentallyshestilllivedinRussia。
　　Unfamiliarwiththelanguageandlifeofthecountry，shedweltmoreinthepastthaninthepresent。ItwasatthisperiodthatshemetayoungmanwhospokeRussian。Withgreatjoytheacquaintancewascultivated。Atlastapersonwithwhomshecouldconverse，onewhocouldhelpherbridgethedullnessofthenarrowexistence。Thefriendshipgraduallyripenedandfinallyculminatedinmarriage。
　　EmmaGoldman，too，hadtowalkthesorrowfulroadofmarriedlife；
　　she，too，hadtolearnfrombitterexperiencethatlegalstatutessignifydependenceandself-effacement，especiallyforthewoman。
　　ThemarriagewasnoliberationfromthePuritandrearinessofAmericanlife；indeed，itwasratheraggravatedbythelossofself-ownership。Thecharactersoftheyoungpeopledifferedtoowidely。Aseparationsoonfollowed，andEmmaGoldmanwenttoNewHaven，Conn。Thereshefoundemploymentinafactory，andherhusbanddisappearedfromherhorizon。TwodecadeslatershewasfatedtobeunexpectedlyremindedofhimbytheFederalauthorities。
　　TherevolutionistswhowereactiveintheRussianmovementofthe80’swerebutlittlefamiliarwiththesocialideasthenagitatingWesternEuropeandAmerica。Theirsoleactivityconsistedineducatingthepeople，theirfinalgoalthedestructionoftheautocracy。SocialismandAnarchismweretermshardlyknownevenbyname。EmmaGoldman，too，wasentirelyunfamiliarwiththesignificanceofthoseideals。
　　ShearrivedinAmerica，asfouryearspreviouslyinRussia，ataperiodofgreatsocialandpoliticalunrest。Theworkingpeoplewereinrevoltagainsttheterriblelaborconditions；theeight-hourmovementoftheKnightsofLaborwasatitsheight，andthroughoutthecountryechoedthedinofsanguinestrifebetweenstrikersandpolice。ThestruggleculminatedinthegreatstrikeagainsttheHarvesterCompanyofChicago，themassacreofthestrikers，andthejudicialmurderofthelaborleaders，whichfolloweduponthehistoricHaymarketbombexplosion。TheAnarchistsstoodthemartyrtestofbloodbaptism。TheapologistsofcapitalismvainlyseektojustifythekillingofParsons，Spies，Lingg，Fischer，andEngel。
　　SincethepublicationofGovernorAltgeld’sreasonforhisliberationofthethreeincarceratedHaymarketAnarchists，nodoubtisleftthatafivefoldlegalmurderhadbeencommittedinChicago，in1887。
　　VeryfewhavegraspedthesignificanceoftheChicagomartyrdom；
　　leastofalltherulingclasses。Bythedestructionofanumberoflaborleaderstheythoughttostemthetideofaworld-inspiringidea。Theyfailedtoconsiderthatfromthebloodofthemartyrsgrowsthenewseed，andthatthefrightfulinjusticewillwinnewconvertstotheCause。
　　ThetwomostprominentrepresentativesoftheAnarchistideainAmerica，VoltairinedeCleyreandEmmaGoldman——theoneanativeAmerican，theotheraRussian——havebeenconverted，likenumerousothers，totheideasofAnarchismbythejudicialmurder。Twowomenwhohadnotknowneachotherbefore，andwhohadreceivedawidelydifferenteducation，werethroughthatmurderunitedinoneidea。
　　LikemostworkingmenandwomenofAmerica，EmmaGoldmanfollowedtheChicagotrialwithgreatanxietyandexcitement。She，too，couldnotbelievethattheleadersoftheproletariatwouldbekilled。the11thofNovember，1887，taughtherdifferently。Sherealizedthatnomercycouldbeexpectedfromtherulingclass，thatbetweentheTsarismofRussiaandtheplutocracyofAmericatherewasnodifferencesaveinname。Herwholebeingrebelledagainstthecrime，andshevowedtoherselfasolemnvowtojointheranksoftherevolutionaryproletariatandtodevoteallherenergyandstrengthtotheiremancipationfromwageslavery。Withtheglowingenthusiasmsocharacteristicofhernature，shenowbegantofamiliarizeherselfwiththeliteratureofSocialismandAnarchism。Sheattendedpublicmeetingsandbecameacquaintedwithsocialisticallyandanarchisticallyinclinedworkingmen。JohannaGreie，thewell-knownGermanlecturer，wasthefirstSocialistspeakerheardbyEmmaGoldman。InNewHaven，Conn。，whereshewasemployedinacorsetfactory，shemetAnarchistsactivelyparticipatinginthemovement。
　　HereshereadtheFREIHEIT，editedbyJohnMost。TheHaymarkettragedydevelopedherinherentAnarchisttendencies:thereadingoftheFREIHEITmadeheraconsciousAnarchist。SubsequentlyshewastolearnthattheideaofAnarchismfounditshighestexpressionthroughthebestintellectsofAmerica:theoreticallybyJosiahWarren，StephenPearlAndrews，LysanderSpooner；philosophicallybyEmerson，Thoreau，andWaltWhitman。
　　Madeillbytheexcessivestrainoffactorywork，EmmaGoldmanreturnedtoRochesterwheresheremainedtillAugust，1889，atwhichtimesheremovedtoNewYork，thesceneofthemostimportantphaseofherlife。Shewasnowtwentyyearsold。Featurespallidwithsuffering，eyeslargeandfullofcompassion，greetoneinherpicturedlikenessofthosedays。Herhairis，ascustomarywithRussianstudentgirls，wornshort，givingfreeplaytothestrongforehead。
　　ItistheheroicepochofmilitantAnarchism。Byleapsandboundsthemovementhadgrownineverycountry。Inspiteofthemostseveregovernmentalpersecutionnewconvertsswelltheranks。Thepropagandaisalmostexclusivelyofasecretcharacter。Therepressivemeasuresofthegovernmentdrivethedisciplesofthenewphilosophytoconspirativemethods。Thousandsofvictimsfallintothehandsoftheauthoritiesandlanguishinprisons。Butnothingcanstemtherisingtideofenthusiasm，ofself-sacrificeanddevotiontotheCause。TheeffortsofteacherslikePeterKropotkin，LouiseMichel，EliseeReclus，andothers，inspirethedevoteeswithevergreaterenergy。
　　DisruptionisimminentwiththeSocialists，whohavesacrificedtheideaoflibertyandembracedtheStateandpolitics。Thestruggleisbitter，thefactionsirreconcilable。ThisstruggleisnotmerelybetweenAnarchistsandSocialists；italsofindsitsechowithintheAnarchistgroups。Theoreticdifferencesandpersonalcontroversiesleadtostrifeandacrimoniousenmities。Theanti-SocialistlegislationofGermanyandAustriahaddriventhousandsofSocialistsandAnarchistsacrosstheseastoseekrefugeinAmerica。JohnMost，havinglosthisseatintheReichstag，finallyhadtofleehisnativeland，andwenttoLondon。There，havingadvancedtowardAnarchism，heentirelywithdrewfromtheSocialDemocraticParty。Later，comingtoAmerica，hecontinuedthepublicationoftheFREIHEITinNewYork，anddevelopedgreatactivityamongtheGermanworkingmen。
　　WhenEmmaGoldmanarrivedinNewYorkin1889，sheexperiencedlittledifficultyinassociatingherselfwithactiveAnarchists。Anarchistmeetingswereanalmostdailyoccurrence。ThefirstlecturersheheardontheAnarchistplatformwasDr。A。Solotaroff。OfgreatimportancetoherfuturedevelopmentwasheracquaintancewithJohnMost，whoexertedatremendousinfluenceovertheyoungerelements。
　　Hisimpassionedeloquence，untiringenergy，andthepersecutionhehadenduredfortheCause，allcombinedtoenthusethecomrades。ItwasalsoatthisperiodthatshemetAlexanderBerkman，whosefriendshipplayedanimportantpartthroughoutherlife。Hertalentsasaspeakercouldnotlongremaininobscurity。Thefireofenthusiasmswepthertowardthepublicplatform。Encouragedbyherfriends，shebegantoparticipateasaGermanandYiddishspeakeratAnarchistmeetings。SoonfollowedabrieftourofagitationtakingherasfarasCleveland。WiththewholestrengthandearnestnessofhersoulshenowthrewherselfintothepropagandaofAnarchistideas。Thepassionateperiodofherlifehadbegun。Throughconstantlytoilinginsweatshops，thefieryyoungoratorwasatthesametimeveryactiveasanagitatorandparticipatedinvariouslaborstruggles，notablyinthegreatcloakmakers’strike，in1889，ledbyProfessorGarsydeandJosephBarondess。
　　AyearlaterEmmaGoldmanwasadelegatetoanAnarchistconferenceinNewYork。ShewaselectedtotheExecutiveCommittee，butlaterwithdrewbecauseofdifferencesofopinionregardingtacticalmatters。TheideasoftheGerman-speakingAnarchistshadatthattimenotyetbecomeclarified。Somestillbelievedinparliamentarymethods，thegreatmajoritybeingadherentsofstrongcentralism。
　　Thesedifferencesofopinioninregardtotacticsledin1891toabreachwithJohnMost。EmmaGoldman，AlexanderBerkman，andothercomradesjoinedthegroupAUTONOMY，inwhichJosephPeukert，OttoRinke，andClausTimmermannplayedanactivepart。ThebittercontroversieswhichfollowedthissecessionterminatedonlywiththedeathofMost，in1906。
　　AgreatsourceofinspirationtoEmmaGoldmanprovedtheRussianrevolutionistswhowereassociatedinthegroupZNAMYA。Goldenberg，Solotaroff，Zametkin，Miller，Cahan，thepoetEdelstadt，IvanvonSchewitsch，husbandofHelenevonRacowitzaandeditoroftheVOLKSZEITUNG，andnumerousotherRussianexiles，someofwhomarestillliving，weremembersofthisgroup。ItwasalsoatthistimethatEmmaGoldmanmetRobertReitzel，theGerman-AmericanHeine，whoexertedagreatinfluenceonherdevelopment。Throughhimshebecameacquaintedwiththebestwritersofmodernliterature，andthefriendshipthusbegunlastedtillReitzel’sdeath，in1898。
　　ThelabormovementofAmericahadnotbeendrownedintheChicagomassacre；themurderoftheAnarchistshadfailedtobringpeacetotheprofit-greedycapitalist。Thestrugglefortheeight-hourdaycontinued。In1892brokeoutthegreatstrikeinPittsburg。TheHomesteadfight，thedefeatofthePinkertons，theappearanceofthemilitia，thesuppressionofthestrikers，andthecompletetriumphofthereactionaremattersofcomparativelyrecenthistory。Stirredtotheverydepthsbytheterribleeventsattheseatofwar，AlexanderBerkmanresolvedtosacrificehislifetotheCauseandthusgiveanobjectlessontothewageslavesofAmericaofactiveAnarchistsolidaritywithlabor。HisattackuponFrick，theGesslerofPittsburg，failed，andthetwenty-two-year-oldyouthwasdoomedtoalivingdeathoftwenty-twoyearsinthepenitentiary。Thebourgeoisie，whichfordecadeshadexaltedandeulogizedtyrannicide，nowwasfilledwithterriblerage。ThecapitalistpressorganizedasystematiccampaignofcalumnyandmisrepresentationagainstAnarchists。ThepoliceexertedeveryefforttoinvolveEmmaGoldmanintheactofAlexanderBerkman。Thefearedagitatorwastobesilencedbyallmeans。ItwasonlyduetothecircumstanceofherpresenceinNewYorkthatsheescapedtheclutchesofthelaw。Itwasasimilarcircumstancewhich，nineyearslater，duringtheMcKinleyincident，wasinstrumentalinpreservingherliberty。Itisalmostincrediblewithwhatamountofstupidity，baseness，andvilenessthejournalistsoftheperiodsoughttooverwhelmtheAnarchist。Onemustperusethenewspaperfilestorealizetheenormityofincriminationandslander。ItwouldbedifficulttoportraytheagonyofsoulEmmaGoldmanexperiencedinthosedays。
　　ThepersecutionsofthecapitalistpressweretobebornebyanAnarchistwithcomparativeequanimity；buttheattacksfromone’sownrankswerefarmorepainfulandunbearable。TheactofBerkmanwasseverelycriticizedbyMostandsomeofhisfollowersamongtheGermanandJewishAnarchists。Bitteraccusationsandrecriminationsatpublicmeetingsandprivategatheringsfollowed。Persecutedonallsides，bothbecauseshechampionedBerkmanandhisact，andonaccountofherrevolutionaryactivity，EmmaGoldmanwasharassedeventotheextentofinabilitytosecureshelter。Tooproudtoseeksafetyinthedenialofheridentity，shechosetopassthenightsinthepublicparksratherthanexposeherfriendstodangerorvexationbyhervisits。ThealreadybittercupwasfilledtooverflowingbytheattemptedsuicideofayoungcomradewhohadsharedlivingquarterswithEmmaGoldman，AlexanderBerkman，andamutualartistfriend。
　　Manychangeshavesincetakenplace。AlexanderBerkmanhassurvivedthePennsylvaniaInferno，andisbackagainintheranksofthemilitantAnarchists，hisspiritunbroken，hissoulfullofenthusiasmfortheidealsofhisyouth。Theartistcomradeisnowamongthewell-knownillustratorsofNewYork。ThesuicidecandidateleftAmericashortlyafterhisunfortunateattempttodie，andwassubsequentlyarrestedandcondemnedtoeightyearsofhardlaborforsmugglingAnarchistliteratureintoGermany。He，too，haswithstoodtheterrorsofprisonlife，andhasreturnedtotherevolutionarymovement，sinceearningthewelldeservedreputationofatalentedwriterinGermany。
　　ToavoidindefinitecampingintheparksEmmaGoldmanfinallywasforcedtomoveintoahouseonThirdStreet，occupiedexclusivelybyprostitutes。There，amongtheoutcastsofourgoodChristiansociety，shecouldatleastrentabitofaroom，andfindrestandworkathersewingmachine。ThewomenofthestreetshowedmorerefinementoffeelingandsinceresympathythanthepriestsoftheChurch。Buthumanendurancehadbeenexhaustedbyovermuchsufferingandprivation。Therewasacompletephysicalbreakdown，andtherenownedagitatorwasremovedtothe"BohemianRepublic"——alargetenementhousewhichderiveditseuphoniousappellationfromthefactthatitsoccupantsweremostlyBohemianAnarchists。HereEmmaGoldmanfoundfriendsreadytoaidher。JustusSchwab，oneofthefinestrepresentativesoftheGermanrevolutionaryperiodofthattime，andDr。Solotaroffwereindefatigableinthecareofthepatient。Here，too，shemetEdwardBrady，thenewfriendshipsubsequentlyripeningintocloseintimacy。BradyhadbeenanactiveparticipantintherevolutionarymovementofAustriaandhad，atthetimeofhisacquaintancewithEmmaGoldman，latelybeenreleasedfromanAustrianprisonafteranincarcerationoftenyears。
　　Physiciansdiagnosedtheillnessasconsumption，andthepatientwasadvisedtoleaveNewYork。ShewenttoRochester，inthehopethatthehomecirclewouldhelprestorehertohealth。HerparentshadseveralyearspreviouslyemigratedtoAmerica，settlinginthatcity。
　　AmongtheleadingtraitsoftheJewishraceisthestrongattachmentbetweenthemembersofthefamily，and，especially，betweenparentsandchildren。ThoughherconservativeparentscouldnotsympathizewiththeidealistaspirationsofEmmaGoldmananddidnotapproveofhermodeoflife，theynowreceivedtheirsickdaughterwithopenarms。Therestandcareenjoyedintheparentalhome，andthecheeringpresenceofthebelovedsisterHelene，provedsobeneficialthatwithinashorttimeshewassufficientlyrestoredtoresumeherenergeticactivity。
　　ThereisnorestinthelifeofEmmaGoldman。Ceaselesseffortandcontinuousstrivingtowardtheconceivedgoalaretheessentialsofhernature。Toomuchprecioustimehadalreadybeenwasted。Itwasimperativetoresumeherlaborsimmediately。Thecountrywasinthethroesofacrisis，andthousandsofunemployedcrowdedthestreetsofthelargeindustrialcenters。Coldandhungrytheytrampedthroughthelandinthevainsearchforworkandbread。TheAnarchistsdevelopedastrenuouspropagandaamongtheunemployedandthestrikers。AmonsterdemonstrationofstrikingcloakmakersandoftheunemployedtookplaceatUnionSquare，NewYork。EmmaGoldmanwasoneoftheinvitedspeakers。Shedeliveredanimpassionedspeech，picturinginfierywordsthemiseryofthewageslave’slife，andquotedthefamousmaximofCardinalManning:"Necessityknowsnolaw，andthestarvingmanhasanaturalrighttoashareofhisneighbor’sbread。"Sheconcludedherexhortationwiththewords:
　　"Askforwork。Iftheydonotgiveyouwork，askforbread。Iftheydonotgiveyouworkorbread，thentakebread。"
　　ThefollowingdaysheleftforPhiladelphia，whereshewastoaddressapublicmeeting。Thecapitalistpressagainraisedthealarm。IfSocialistsandAnarchistsweretobepermittedtocontinueagitating，therewasimminentdangerthattheworkingmenwouldsoonlearntounderstandthemannerinwhichtheyarerobbedofthejoyandhappinessoflife。Suchapossibilitywastobepreventedatallcost。TheChiefofPoliceofNewYork，Byrnes，procuredacourtorderforthearrestofEmmaGoldman。ShewasdetainedbythePhiladelphiaauthoritiesandincarceratedforseveraldaysintheMoyamensingprison，awaitingtheextraditionpaperswhichByrnesintrustedtoDetectiveJacobs。ThismanJacobswhomEmmaGoldmanagainmetseveralyearslaterunderveryunpleasantcircumstances
　　proposedtoher，whileshewasreturningaprisonertoNewYork，tobetraythecauseoflabor。Inthenameofhissuperior，ChiefByrnes，heofferedlucrativereward。Howstupidmensometimesare！
　　WhatpovertyofpsychologicobservationtoimaginethepossibilityofbetrayalonthepartofayoungRussianidealist，whohadwillinglysacrificedallpersonalconsiderationstohelpinlabor’semancipation。
　　InOctober，1893，EmmaGoldmanwastriedinthecriminalcourtsofNewYorkonthechargeofincitingtoriot。The"intelligent"juryignoredthetestimonyofthetwelvewitnessesforthedefenseinfavoroftheevidencegivenbyonesingleman——DetectiveJacobs。ShewasfoundguiltyandsentencedtoserveoneyearinthepenitentiaryatBlackwell’sIsland。SincethefoundationoftheRepublicshewasthefirstwoman——Mrs。Surrattexcepted——tobeimprisonedforapoliticaloffense。RespectablesocietyhadlongbeforestampeduponhertheScarletLetter。
　　EmmaGoldmanpassedhertimeinthepenitentiaryinthecapacityofnurseintheprisonhospital。Hereshefoundopportunitytoshedsomeraysofkindnessintothedarklivesoftheunfortunateswhosesistersofthestreetdidnotdisdaintwoyearspreviouslytosharewithherthesamehouse。ShealsofoundinprisonopportunitytostudyEnglishanditsliterature，andtofamiliarizeherselfwiththegreatAmericanwriters。InBretHarte，MarkTwain，WaltWhitman，Thoreau，andEmersonshefoundgreattreasures。
　　SheleftBlackwell’sIslandinthemonthofAugust，1894，awomanoftwenty-five，developedandmatured，andintellectuallytransformed。
　　Backintothearena，richerinexperience，purifiedbysuffering。
　　Shedidnotfeelherselfdesertedandaloneanymore。Manyhandswerestretchedouttowelcomeher。TherewereatthetimenumerousintellectualoasesinNewYork。ThesaloonofJustusSchwab，atNumberFifty，FirstStreet，wasthecenterwheregatheredAnarchists，litterateurs，andbohemians。AmongothersshealsometatthistimeanumberofAmericanAnarchists，andformedthefriendshipofVoltairinedeCleyre，Wm。C。Owen，MissVanEtton，andDyerD。Lum，formereditoroftheALARMandexecutorofthelastwishesoftheChicagomartyrs。InJohnSwinton，thenobleoldfighterforliberty，shefoundoneofherstaunchestfriends。Otherintellectualcenterstherewere:SOLIDARITY，publishedbyJohnEdelman；LIBERTY，bytheIndividualistAnarchist，BenjaminR。Tucker；theREBEL，byHarryKelly；DERSTURMVOGEL，aGermanAnarchistpublication，editedbyClausTimmermann；DERARMETEUFEL，whosepresidinggeniuswastheinimitableRobertReitzel。ThroughArthurBrisbane，nowchieflieutenantofWilliamRandolphHearst，shebecameacquaintedwiththewritingsofFourier。Brisbanethenwasnotyetsubmergedintheswampofpoliticalcorruption。HesentEmmaGoldmananamiablelettertoBlackwell’sIsland，togetherwiththebiographyofhisfather，theenthusiasticAmericandiscipleofFourier。
　　EmmaGoldmanbecame，uponherreleasefromthepenitentiary，afactorinthepubliclifeofNewYork。Shewasappreciatedinradicalranksforherdevotion，heridealism，andearnestness。Variouspersonssoughtherfriendship，andsometriedtopersuadehertoaidinthefurtheranceoftheirspecialsideissues。ThusRev。Parkhurst，duringtheLexowinvestigation，didhisutmosttoinducehertojointheVigilanceCommitteeinordertofightTammanyHall。MariaLouise，themovingspiritofasocialcenter，actedasParkhurst’sgo-between。ItishardlynecessarytomentionwhatreplythelatterreceivedfromEmmaGoldman。Incidentally，MariaLouisesubsequentlybecameaMahatma。Duringthefreesilvercampaign，ex-BurgessMcLuckie，oneofthemostgenuinepersonalitiesintheHomesteadstrike，visitedNewYorkinanendeavortoenthusethelocalradicalsforfreesilver。HealsoattemptedtointerestEmmaGoldman，butwithnogreatersuccessthanMahatmaMariaLouiseofParkhurst-Lexowfame。
　　In1894thestruggleoftheAnarchistsinFrancereacheditshighestexpression。ThewhiteterroronthepartoftheRepublicanupstartswasansweredbytheredterrorofourFrenchcomrades。WithfeverishanxietytheAnarchiststhroughouttheworldfollowedthissocialstruggle。Propagandabydeedfounditsreverberatingechoinalmostallcountries。Inordertobetterfamiliarizeherselfwithconditionsintheoldworld，EmmaGoldmanleftforEurope，intheyear1895。AfteralecturetourinEnglandandScotland，shewenttoViennawheresheenteredtheALLGEMEINEKRANKENHAUStoprepareherselfasmidwifeandnurse，andwhereatthesametimeshestudiedsocialconditions。ShealsofoundopportunitytoacquaintherselfwiththenewestliteratureofEurope:Hauptmann，Nietzsche，Ibsen，Zola，ThomasHardy，andotherartistrebelswerereadwithgreatenthusiasm。
　　Intheautumnof1896shereturnedtoNewYorkbywayofZurichandParis。TheprojectofAlexanderBerkman’sliberationwasonhand。
　　Thebarbaricsentenceoftwenty-twoyearshadrousedtremendousindignationamongtheradicalelements。ItwasknownthatthePardonBoardofPennsylvaniawouldlooktoCarnegieandFrickforadviceinthecaseofAlexanderBerkman。ItwasthereforesuggestedthattheseSultansofPennsylvaniabeapproached——notwithaviewofobtainingtheirgrace，butwiththerequestthattheydonotattempttoinfluencetheBoard。ErnestCrosbyofferedtoseeCarnegie，onconditionthatAlexanderBerkmanrepudiatehisact。That，however，wasabsolutelyoutofthequestion。Hewouldneverbeguiltyofsuchforswearingofhisownpersonalityandself-respect。TheseeffortsledtofriendlyrelationsbetweenEmmaGoldmanandthecircleofErnestCrosby，BoltonHall，andLeonardAbbott。Intheyear1897sheundertookherfirstgreatlecturetour，whichextendedasfarasCalifornia。Thistourpopularizedhernameastherepresentativeoftheoppressed，hereloquenceringingfromcoasttocoast。InCaliforniaEmmaGoldmanbecamefriendlywiththemembersoftheIsaakfamily，andlearnedtoappreciatetheireffortsfortheCause。UndertremendousobstaclestheIsaaksfirstpublishedtheFIREBRANDand，uponitssuppressionbythePostalDepartment，theFREESOCIETY。ItwasalsoduringthistourthatEmmaGoldmanmetthatgrandoldrebelofsexualfreedom，MosesHarman。
　　DuringtheSpanish-Americanwarthespiritofchauvinismwasatitshighesttide。Tocheckthisdangeroussituation，andatthesametimecollectfundsfortherevolutionaryCubans，EmmaGoldmanbecameaffiliatedwiththeLatincomrades，amongotherswithGori，Esteve，Palaviccini，Merlino，Petruccini，andFerrara。Intheyear1899
　　followedanotherprotractedtourofagitation，terminatingonthePacificCoast。Repeatedarrestsandaccusations，thoughwithoutultimatebadresults，markedeverypropagandatour。
　　InNovemberofthesameyeartheuntiringagitatorwentonasecondlecturetourtoEnglandandScotland，closingherjourneywiththefirstInternationalAnarchistCongressatParis。ItwasatthetimeoftheBoerwar，andagainjingoismwasatitsheight，astwoyearspreviouslyithadcelebrateditsorgiesduringtheSpanish-Americanwar。Variousmeetings，bothinEnglandandScotland，weredisturbedandbrokenupbypatrioticmobs。EmmaGoldmanfoundonthisoccasiontheopportunityofagainmeetingvariousEnglishcomradesandinterestingpersonalitieslikeTomMannandthesistersRossetti，thegifteddaughtersofDanteGabrielRossetti，thenpublishersoftheAnarchistreview，theTORCH。Oneofherlife-longhopesfoundhereitsfulfillment:shecameincloseandfriendlytouchwithPeterKropotkin，EnricoMalatesta，NicholasTchaikovsky，W。Tcherkessov，andLouiseMichel。Oldwarriorsinthecauseofhumanity，whosedeedshaveenthusedthousandsoffollowersthroughouttheworld，andwhoselifeandworkhaveinspiredotherthousandswithnobleidealismandself-sacrifice。Oldwarriorsthey，yeteveryoungwiththecourageofearlierdays，unbrokeninspiritandfilledwiththefirmhopeofthefinaltriumphofAnarchy。
　　Thechasmintherevolutionarylabormovement，whichresultedfromthedisruptionoftheINTERNATIONALE，couldnotbebridgedanymore。
　　Twosocialphilosophieswereengagedinbittercombat。TheInternationalCongressin1889，atParis；in1892，atZurich，andin1896，atLondon，producedirreconcilabledifferences。ThemajorityofSocialDemocrats，forswearingtheirlibertarianpastandbecomingpoliticians，succeededinexcludingtherevolutionaryandAnarchistdelegates。Thelatterdecidedthenceforthtoholdseparatecongresses。Theirfirstcongresswastotakeplacein1900，atParis。TheSocialistrenegade，Millerand，whohadclimbedintotheMinistryoftheInterior，hereplayedaJudasrole。Thecongressoftherevolutionistswassuppressed，andthedelegatesdispersedtwodayspriortotheirscheduledopening。ButMillerandhadnoobjectionsagainsttheSocialDemocraticCongress，whichwasafterwardsopenedwithallthetrumpetsoftheadvertiser’sart。
　　However，therenegadedidnotaccomplishhisobject。AnumberofdelegatessucceededinholdingasecretconferenceinthehouseofacomradeoutsideofParis，wherevariouspointsoftheoryandtacticswerediscussed。EmmaGoldmantookconsiderablepartintheseproceedings，andonthatoccasioncameincontactwithnumerousrepresentativesoftheAnarchistmovementofEurope。
　　Owingtothesuppressionofthecongress，thedelegateswereindangerofbeingexpelledfromFrance。AtthistimealsocamethebadnewsfromAmericaregardinganotherunsuccessfulattempttoliberateAlexanderBerkman，provingagreatshocktoEmmaGoldman。InNovember，1900，shereturnedtoAmericatodevoteherselftoherprofessionofnurse，atthesametimetakinganactivepartintheAmericanpropaganda。AmongotheractivitiessheorganizedmonstermeetingsofprotestagainsttheterribleoutragesoftheSpanishgovernment，perpetrateduponthepoliticalprisonerstorturedinMontjuich。
　　InhervocationasnurseEmmaGoldmanenjoyedmanyopportunitiesofmeetingthemostunusualandpeculiarcharacters。Fewwouldhaveidentifiedthe"notoriousAnarchist"inthesmallblondewoman，simplyattiredintheuniformofanurse。SoonafterherreturnfromEuropeshebecameacquaintedwithapatientbythenameofMrs。
　　Stander，amorphinefiend，sufferingexcruciatingagonies。Sherequiredcarefulattentiontoenablehertosuperviseaveryimportantbusinesssheconducted，——thatofMrs。Warren。InThirdStreet，nearThirdAvenue，wassituatedherprivateresidence，andnearit，connectedbyaseparateentrance，washerplaceofbusiness。
　　Oneevening，thenurse，uponenteringtheroomofherpatient，suddenlycamefacetofacewithamalevisitor，bull-neckedandofbrutalappearance。ThemanwasnootherthanMr。Jacobs，thedetectivewhosevenyearspreviouslyhadbroughtEmmaGoldmanaprisonerfromPhiladelphiaandwhohadattemptedtopersuadeher，ontheirwaytoNewYork，tobetraythecauseoftheworkingmen。ItwouldbedifficulttodescribetheexpressionofbewildermentonthecountenanceofthemanashesounexpectedlyfacedEmmaGoldman，thenurseofhismistress。Thebrutewassuddenlytransformedintoagentleman，exertinghimselftoexcusehisshamefulbehavioronthepreviousoccasion。Jacobswasthe"protector"ofMrs。Stander，andgo-betweenforthehouseandthepolice。Severalyearslater，asoneofthedetectivestaffofDistrictAttorneyJerome，hecommittedperjury，wasconvicted，andsenttoSingSingforayear。Heisnowprobablyemployedbysomeprivatedetectiveagency，adesirablepillarofrespectablesociety。
　　In1901PeterKropotkinwasinvitedbytheLowellInstituteofMassachusettstodeliveraseriesoflecturesonRussianliterature。
　　ItwashissecondAmericantour，andnaturallythecomradeswereanxioustousehispresenceforthebenefitofthemovement。EmmaGoldmanenteredintocorrespondencewithKropotkinandsucceededinsecuringhisconsenttoarrangeforhimaseriesoflectures。ShealsodevotedherenergiestoorganizingthetoursofotherwellknownAnarchists，principallythoseofCharlesW。MowbrayandJohnTurner。
　　Similarlyshealwaystookpartinalltheactivitiesofthemovement，everreadytogivehertime，ability，andenergytotheCause。
　　OnthesixthofSeptember，1901，PresidentMcKinleywasshotbyLeonCzolgoszatBuffalo。ImmediatelyanunprecedentedcampaignofpersecutionwassetinmotionagainstEmmaGoldmanasthebestknownAnarchistinthecountry。Althoughtherewasabsolutelynofoundationfortheaccusation，she，togetherwithotherprominentAnarchists，wasarrestedinChicago，keptinconfinementforseveralweeks，andsubjectedtoseverestcross-examination。Neverbeforeinthehistoryofthecountryhadsuchaterribleman-hunttakenplaceagainstapersoninpubliclife。ButtheeffortsofpoliceandpresstoconnectEmmaGoldmanwithCzolgoszprovedfutile。Yettheepisodeleftherwoundedtotheheart。Thephysicalsuffering，thehumiliationandbrutalityatthehandsofthepoliceshecouldbear。
　　Thedepressionofsoulwasfarworse。Shewasoverwhelmedbyrealizationofthestupidity，lackofunderstanding，andvilenesswhichcharacterizedtheeventsofthoseterribledays。TheattitudeofmisunderstandingonthepartofthemajorityofherowncomradestowardCzolgoszalmostdrovehertodesperation。Stirredtotheveryinmostofhersoul，shepublishedanarticleonCzolgoszinwhichshetriedtoexplainthedeedinitssocialandindividualaspects。Asoncebefore，afterBerkman’sact，shenowalsowasunabletofindquarters；likeaveritablewildanimalshewasdrivenfromplacetoplace。Thisterriblepersecutionand，especially，theattitudeofhercomradesmadeitimpossibleforhertocontinuepropaganda。Thesorenessofbodyandsoulhadfirsttoheal。During1901-1903shedidnotresumetheplatform。As"MissSmith"shelivedaquietlife，practicingherprofessionanddevotingherleisuretothestudyofliteratureand，particularly，tothemoderndrama，whichsheconsidersoneofthegreatestdisseminatorsofradicalideasandenlightenedfeeling。
　　YetonethingthepersecutionofEmmaGoldmanaccomplished。Hernamewasbroughtbeforethepublicwithgreaterfrequencyandemphasisthaneverbefore，themaliciousharassingofthemuchmalignedagitatorarousingstrongsympathyinmanycircles。Personsinvariouswalksoflifebegantogetinterestedinherstruggleandherideas。Abetterunderstandingandappreciationwerenowbeginningtomanifestthemselves。
　　ThearrivalinAmericaoftheEnglishAnarchist，JohnTurner，inducedEmmaGoldmantoleaveherretirement。Againshethrewherselfintoherpublicactivities，organizinganenergeticmovementforthedefenseofTurner，whomtheImmigrationauthoritiescondemnedtodeportationonaccountoftheAnarchistexclusionlaw，passedafterthedeathofMcKinley。
　　WhenPaulOrleneffandMme。NazimovaarrivedinNewYorktoacquainttheAmericanpublicwithRussiandramaticart，EmmaGoldmanbecamethemanageroftheundertaking。BymuchpatienceandperseveranceshesucceededinraisingthenecessaryfundstointroducetheRussianartiststothetheater-goersofNewYorkandChicago。Thoughfinanciallynotasuccess，theventureprovedofgreatartisticvalue。AsmanageroftheRussiantheaterEmmaGoldmanenjoyedsomeuniqueexperiences。M。OrleneffcouldconverseonlyinRussian，and"MissSmith"wasforcedtoactashisinterpreteratvariouspolitefunctions。MostofthearistocraticladiesofFifthAvenuehadnottheleastinklingthattheamiablemanagerwhosoentertaininglydiscussedphilosophy，drama，andliteratureattheirfiveo’clockteas，wasthe"notorious"EmmaGoldman。Ifthelattershouldsomedaywriteherautobiography，shewillnodoubthavemanyinterestinganecdotestorelateinconnectionwiththeseexperiences。
　　TheweeklyAnarchistpublication，FREESOCIETY，issuedbytheIsaakfamily，wasforcedtosuspendinconsequenceofthenation-widefurythatsweptthecountryafterthedeathofMcKinley。TofilloutthegapEmmaGoldman，inco-operationwithMaxBaginskiandothercomrades，decidedtopublishamonthlymagazinedevotedtothefurtheranceofAnarchistideasinlifeandliterature。ThefirstissueofMOTHEREARTHappearedinthemonthofMarch，1906，theinitialexpensesoftheperiodicalpartlycoveredbytheproceedsofatheaterbenefitgivenbyOrleneff，Mme。Nazimova，andtheircompany，infavoroftheAnarchistmagazine。UndertremendousdifficultiesandobstaclesthetirelesspropagandisthassucceededincontinuingMOTHEREARTHuninterruptedlysince1906——anachievementrarelyequalledintheannalsofradicalpublications。
　　InMay，1906，AlexanderBerkmanatlastleftthehellofPennsylvania，wherehehadpassedthebestfourteenyearsofhislife。Noonehadbelievedinthepossibilityofhissurvival。HisliberationterminatedanightmareoffourteenyearsforEmmaGoldman，andanimportantchapterofhercareerwasthusconcluded。
　　NowherehadthebirthoftheRussianrevolutionarousedsuchvitalandactiveresponseasamongtheRussianslivinginAmerica。TheheroesoftherevolutionarymovementinRussia，Tchaikovsky，Mme。
　　Breshkovskaia，Gershuni，andothersvisitedtheseshorestowakenthesympathiesoftheAmericanpeopletowardthestruggleforliberty，andtocollectaidforitscontinuanceandsupport。Thesuccessoftheseeffortswastoaconsiderableextentduetotheexertions，eloquence，andthetalentfororganizationonthepartofEmmaGoldman。Thisopportunityenabledhertogivevaluableservicestothestruggleforlibertyinhernativeland。ItisnotgenerallyknownthatitistheAnarchistswhoaremainlyinstrumentalininsuringthesuccess，moralaswellasfinancial，ofmostoftheradicalundertakings。TheAnarchistisindifferenttoacknowledgedappreciation；theneedsoftheCauseabsorbhiswholeinterest，andtothesehedevoteshisenergyandabilities。Yetitmaybementionedthatsomeotherwisedecentfolks，thoughatalltimesanxiousforAnarchistsupportandco-operation，areeverwillingtomonopolizeallthecreditfortheworkdone。DuringthelastseveraldecadesitwaschieflytheAnarchistswhohadorganizedallthegreatrevolutionaryefforts，andaidedineverystruggleforliberty。Butforfearofshockingtherespectablemob，wholooksupontheAnarchistsastheapostlesofSatan，andbecauseoftheirsocialpositioninbourgeoissociety，thewould-beradicalsignoretheactivityoftheAnarchists。
　　In1907EmmaGoldmanparticipatedasdelegatetothesecondAnarchistCongress，atAmsterdam。ShewasintenselyactiveinallitsproceedingsandsupportedtheorganizationoftheAnarchistINTERNATIONALE。TogetherwiththeotherAmericandelegate，MaxBaginski，shesubmittedtothecongressanexhaustivereportofAmericanconditions，closingwiththefollowingcharacteristicremarks:
　　"ThechargethatAnarchismisdestructive，ratherthanconstructive，andthat，therefore，Anarchismisopposedtoorganization，isoneofthemanyfalsehoodsspreadbyouropponents。Theyconfoundourpresentsocialinstitutionswithorganization；hencetheyfailtounderstandhowwecanopposetheformer，andyetfavorthelatter。
　　Thefact，however，isthatthetwoarenotidentical。
　　"TheStateiscommonlyregardedasthehighestformoforganization。
　　Butisitinrealityatrueorganization？Isitnotratheranarbitraryinstitution，cunninglyimposeduponthemasses？
　　"Industry，too，iscalledanorganization；yetnothingisfartherfromthetruth。Industryistheceaselesspiracyoftherichagainstthepoor。
　　"WeareaskedtobelievethattheArmyisanorganization，butacloseinvestigationwillshowthatitisnothingelsethanacruelinstrumentofblindforce。
　　"ThePublicSchool！Thecollegesandotherinstitutionsoflearning，aretheynotmodelsoforganization，offeringthepeoplefineopportunitiesforinstruction？Farfromit。Theschool，morethananyotherinstitution，isaveritablebarrack，wherethehumanmindisdrilledandmanipulatedintosubmissiontovarioussocialandmoralspooks，andthusfittedtocontinueoursystemofexploitationandoppression。
　　"Organization，asWEunderstandit，however，isadifferentthing。
　　Itisbased，primarily，onfreedom。Itisanaturalandvoluntarygroupingofenergiestosecureresultsbeneficialtohumanity。
　　"Itistheharmonyoforganicgrowthwhichproducesvarietyofcolorandform，thecompletewholeweadmireintheflower。Analogouslywilltheorganizedactivityoffreehumanbeings，imbuedwiththespiritofsolidarity，resultintheperfectionofsocialharmony，whichwecallAnarchism。Infact，Anarchismalonemakesnon-authoritarianorganizationofcommoninterestspossible，sinceitabolishestheexistingantagonismbetweenindividualsandclasses。
　　"Underpresentconditionstheantagonismofeconomicandsocialinterestsresultsinrelentlesswaramongthesocialunits，andcreatesaninsurmountableobstacleinthewayofaco-operativecommonwealth。
　　"Thereisamistakennotionthatorganizationdoesnotfosterindividualfreedom；that，onthecontrary，itmeansthedecayofindividuality。Inreality，however，thetruefunctionoforganizationistoaidthedevelopmentandgrowthofpersonality。
　　"Justastheanimalcells，bymutualco-operation，expresstheirlatentpowersinformationofthecompleteorganism，sodoestheindividual，byco-operativeeffortwithotherindividuals，attainhishighestformofdevelopment。
　　"Anorganization，inthetruesense，cannotresultfromthecombinationofmerenonentities。Itmustbecomposedofself-conscious，intelligentindividualities。Indeed，thetotalofthepossibilitiesandactivitiesofanorganizationisrepresentedintheexpressionofindividualenergies。
　　"Itthereforelogicallyfollowsthatthegreaterthenumberofstrong，self-consciouspersonalitiesinanorganization，thelessdangerofstagnation，andthemoreintenseitslifeelement。
　　"Anarchismassertsthepossibilityofanorganizationwithoutdiscipline，fear，orpunishment，andwithoutthepressureofpoverty:
　　anewsocialorganismwhichwillmakeanendtotheterriblestruggleforthemeansofexistence，——thesavagestrugglewhichunderminesthefinestqualitiesinman，andeverwidensthesocialabyss。Inshort，Anarchismstrivestowardsasocialorganizationwhichwillestablishwell-beingforall。
　　"Thegermofsuchanorganizationcanbefoundinthatformoftradesunionismwhichhasdoneawaywithcentralization，bureaucracy，anddiscipline，andwhichfavorsindependentanddirectactiononthepartofitsmembers。"
　　TheveryconsiderableprogressofAnarchistideasinAmericacanbestbegaugedbytheremarkablesuccessofthethreeextensivelecturetoursofEmmaGoldmansincetheAmsterdamCongressof1907。Eachtourextendedovernewterritory，includinglocalitieswhereAnarchismhadneverbeforereceivedahearing。ButthemostgratifyingaspectofheruntiringeffortsisthetremendoussaleofAnarchistliterature，whosepropagandisteffectcannotbeestimated。
　　Itwasduringoneofthesetoursthataremarkableincidenthappened，strikinglydemonstratingtheinspiringpotentialitiesoftheAnarchistidea。InSanFrancisco，in1908，EmmaGoldman’slectureattractedasoldieroftheUnitedStatesArmy，WilliamBuwalda。FordaringtoattendanAnarchistmeeting，thefreeRepubliccourt-martialedBuwaldaandimprisonedhimforoneyear。Thankstotheregeneratingpowerofthenewphilosophy，thegovernmentlostasoldier，butthecauseoflibertygainedaman。
　　ApropagandistofEmmaGoldman’simportanceisnecessarilyasharpthorntothereaction。Sheislookeduponasadangertothecontinuedexistenceofauthoritarianusurpation。Nowonder，then，thattheenemyresortstoanyandallmeanstomakeherimpossible。
　　Asystematicattempttosuppressheractivitieswasorganizedayearagobytheunitedpoliceforceofthecountry。Butlikeallprevioussimilarattempts，itfailedinamostbrilliantmanner。EnergeticprotestsonthepartoftheintellectualelementofAmericasucceededinoverthrowingthedastardlyconspiracyagainstfreespeech。
　　AnotherattempttomakeEmmaGoldmanimpossiblewasessayedbytheFederalauthoritiesatWashington。Inordertodepriveheroftherightsofcitizenship，thegovernmentrevokedthecitizenshippapersofherhusband，whomshehadmarriedattheyouthfulageofeighteen，andwhosewhereabouts，ifhebealive，couldnotbedeterminedforthelasttwodecades。ThegreatgovernmentofthegloriousUnitedStatesdidnothesitatetostooptothemostdespicablemethodstoaccomplishthatachievement。ButashercitizenshiphadneverprovedofusetoEmmaGoldman，shecanbearthelosswithalightheart。
　　Therearepersonalitieswhopossesssuchapowerfulindividualitythatbyitsveryforcetheyexertthemostpotentinfluenceoverthebestrepresentativesoftheirtime。MichaelBakuninwassuchapersonality。Butforhim，RichardWagnerhadneverwrittenDIEKUNST
　　UNDDIEREVOLUTION。EmmaGoldmanisasimilarpersonality。Sheisastrongfactorinthesocio-politicallifeofAmerica。Byvirtueofhereloquence，energy，andbrilliantmentality，shemouldsthemindsandheartsofthousandsofherauditors。
　　Deepsympathyandcompassionforsufferinghumanity，andaninexorablehonestytowardherself，aretheleadingtraitsofEmmaGoldman。Noperson，whetherfriendorfoe，shallpresumetocontrolhergoalordictatehermodeoflife。Shewouldperishratherthansacrificeherconvictions，ortherightofself-ownershipofsoulandbody。RespectabilitycouldeasilyforgivetheteachingoftheoreticAnarchism；butEmmaGoldmandoesnotmerelypreachthenewphilosophy；shealsopersistsinlivingit，——andthatistheonesupreme，unforgivablecrime。Wereshe，likesomanyradicals，toconsiderheridealasmerelyanintellectualornament；wereshetomakeconcessionstoexistingsocietyandcompromisewitholdprejudices，——theneventhemostradicalviewscouldbepardonedinher。Butthatshetakesherradicalismseriously；thatithaspermeatedherbloodandmarrowtotheextentwhereshenotmerelyteachesbutalsopracticesherconvictions——thisshockseventheradicalMrs。Grundy。EmmaGoldmanlivesherownlife；sheassociateswithpublicans——hencetheindignationofthePhariseesandSadducees。
　　ItisnomerecoincidencethatsuchdivergentwritersasPietroGoriandWilliamMarionReedyfindsimilartraitsintheircharacterizationofEmmaGoldman。InacontributiontoLAQUESTIONE
　　SOCIALE，PietroGoricallshera"moralpower，awomanwho，withthevisionofasibyl，prophesiesthecomingofanewkingdomfortheoppressed；awomanwho，withlogicanddeepearnestness，analysestheillsofsociety，andportrays，withartisttouch，thecomingdawnofhumanity，foundedonequality，brotherhood，andliberty。"
　　WilliamReedyseesinEmmaGoldmanthe"daughterofthedream，hergospelavisionwhichisthevisionofeverytrulygreat-souledmanandwomanwhohaseverlived。"
　　CowardswhofeartheconsequencesoftheirdeedshavecoinedthewordofphilosophicAnarchism。EmmaGoldmanistoosincere，toodefiant，toseeksafetybehindsuchpaltrypleas。SheisanAnarchist，pureandsimple。SherepresentstheideaofAnarchismasframedbyJosiahWarrn，Proudhon，Bakunin，Kropotkin，Tolstoy。YetshealsounderstandsthepsychologiccauseswhichinduceaCaserio，aVaillant，aBresci，aBerkman，oraCzolgosztocommitdeedsofviolence。Tothesoldierinthesocialstruggleitisapointofhonortocomeinconflictwiththepowersofdarknessandtyranny，andEmmaGoldmanisproudtocountamongherbestfriendsandcomradesmenandwomenwhobearthewoundsandscarsreceivedinbattle。
　　InthewordsofVoltairinedeCleyre，characterizingEmmaGoldmanafterthelatter’simprisonmentin1893:ThespiritthatanimatesEmmaGoldmanistheonlyonewhichwillemancipatetheslavefromhisslavery，thetyrantfromhistyranny——thespiritwhichiswillingtodareandsuffer。
　　HIPPOLYTEHAVEL。
　　NewYork，December，1910。

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