gaveupthelifeoftheconventionalworld，recognizingittobenolife，butaparodyonlife，whichitssuperfluitiessimplykeepusfromcomprehending。”——andTolstoythereuponembracedthelifeofthepeasants，andhasfeltrightandhappy，oratleastrelativelyso，eversince。[96]
　　[96]IhaveconsiderablyabridgedTolstoy’swordsinmytranslation。
　　AsIinterprethismelancholy，then，itwasnotmerelyanaccidentalvitiationofhishumors，thoughitwasdoubtlessalsothat。Itwaslogicallycalledforbytheclashbetweenhisinnercharacterandhisouteractivitiesandaims。Althoughaliteraryartist，Tolstoywasoneofthoseprimitiveoaksofmentowhomthesuperfluitiesandinsincerities，thecupidities，complications，andcrueltiesofourpolitecivilizationareprofoundlyunsatisfying，andforwhomtheeternalveracitiesliewithmorenaturalandanimalthings。Hiscrisiswasthegettingofhissoulinorder，thediscoveryofitsgenuinehabitatandvocation，theescapefromfalsehoodsintowhatforhimwerewaysoftruth。Itwasacaseofheterogeneouspersonalitytardilyandslowlyfindingitsunityandlevel。AndthoughnotmanyofuscanimitateTolstoy，nothavingenough，perhaps，oftheaboriginalhumanmarrowinourbones，mostofusmayatleastfeelasifitmightbebetterforusifwecould。
　　Bunyan’srecoveryseemstohavebeenevenslower。ForyearstogetherhewasalternatelyhauntedwithtextsofScripture，nowupandnowdown，butatlastwithanevergrowingreliefinhissalvationthroughthebloodofChrist。
　　“Mypeacewouldbeinandouttwentytimesaday；comfortnowandtroublepresently；peacenowandbeforeIcouldgoafurlongasfullofguiltandfearaseverheartcouldhold。”Whenagoodtextcomeshometohim，“This。”hewrites，“gavemegoodencouragementforthespaceoftwoorthreehours“；or“Thiswasagooddaytome，IhopeIshallnotforgetit“，or“ThegloryofthesewordswasthensoweightyonmethatIwasreadytoswoonasIsat；yet，notwithgriefandtrouble，butwithsolidjoyandpeace“；or“Thismadeastrangeseizureonmyspirit；itbroughtlightwithit，andcommandedasilenceinmyheartofallthosetumultuousthoughtsthatbeforediduse，likemasterlesshell-hounds，toroarandbellowandmakeahideousnoisewithinme。ItshowedmethatJesusChristhadnotquiteforsakenandcastoffmySoul。”
　　Suchperiodsaccumulateuntilhecanwrite：“Andnowremainedonlythehinderpartofthetempest，forthethunderwasgonebeyondme，onlysomedropswouldstillremain，thatnowandthenwouldfalluponme“；——andatlast：“Nowdidmychainsfalloffmylegsindeed；Iwasloosedfrommyafflictionsandirons；mytemptationsalsofledaway；sothatfromthattime，thosedreadfulScripturesofGodleftofftotroubleme；nowwentI
　　alsohomerejoicing，forthegraceandloveofGod……NowcouldIseemyselfinHeavenandEarthatonce；inHeavenbymyChrist，bymyHead，bymyRighteousnessandLife，thoughonEarthbymybodyorperson……ChristwasapreciousChristtomysoulthatnight；IcouldscarcelieinmybedforjoyandpeaceandtriumphthroughChrist。”
　　Bunyanbecameaministerofthegospel，andinspiteofhisneuroticconstitution，andofthetwelveyearshelayinprisonforhisnon-conformity，hislifewasturnedtoactiveuse。Hewasapeacemakeranddoerofgood，andtheimmortalAllegorywhichhewrotehasbroughttheveryspiritofreligiouspatiencehometoEnglishhearts。
　　ButneitherBunyannorTolstoycouldbecomewhatwehavecalledhealthy-minded。Theyhaddrunktoodeeplyofthecupofbitternessevertoforgetitstaste，andtheirredemptionisintoauniversetwostoriesdeep。Eachofthemrealizedagoodwhichbroketheeffectiveedgeofhissadness；yetthesadnesswaspreservedasaminoringredientintheheartofthefaithbywhichitwasovercome。ThefactofinterestforusisthatasamatteroffacttheycouldanddidfindSOMETHINGwellingupintheinnerreachesoftheirconsciousness，bywhichsuchextremesadnesscouldbeovercome。TolstoydoeswelltotalkofitasTHATBYWHICHMENLIVE；forthatisexactlywhatitis，astimulus，anexcitement，afaith，aforcethatre-infusesthepositivewillingnesstolive，eveninfullpresenceoftheevilperceptionsthaterewhilemadelifeseemunbearable。ForTolstoy’sperceptionsofevilappearwithintheirspheretohaveremainedunmodified。Hislaterworksshowhimimplacabletothewholesystemofofficialvalues：theignobilityoffashionablelife；theinfamiesofempire；thespuriousnessofthechurch，thevainconceitoftheprofessions；themeannessesandcrueltiesthatgowithgreatsuccess；andeveryotherpompouscrimeandlyinginstitutionofthisworld。Toallpatiencewithsuchthingshisexperiencehasbeenforhimaperroanentministryofdeath。
　　Bunyanalsoleavesthisworldtotheenemy。
　　“Imustfirstpassasentenceofdeath。”hesays，“uponeverythingthatcanproperlybecalledathingofthislife，eventoreckonmyself，mywife，mychildren，myhealth，myenjoyments，andall，asdeadtome，andmyselfasdeadtothem；totrustinGodthroughChrist，astouchingtheworldtocome，andastouchingthisworld，tocountthegravemyhouse，tomakemybedindarkness，andtosaytocorruption，Thouartmyfatherandtotheworm，Thouartmymotherandsister……Thepartingwithmywifeandmypoorchildrenhathoftenbeentomeasthepullingofmyfleshfrommybones，especiallymypoorblindchildwholaynearermyheartthanallIhadbesides。Poorchild，thoughtI，whatsorrowartthouliketohaveforthyportioninthisworld！
　　Thoumustbebeaten，mustbeg，sufferhunger，cold，nakedness，andathousandcalamities，thoughIcannotnowendurethatthewindshouldblowuponthee。ButyetImustventureyouallwithGod，thoughitgoethtothequicktoleaveyou。”[97]
　　[97]InmyquotationsfromBunyanIhaveomittedcertaininterveningportionsofthetext。
　　The“hueofresolution“isthere，butthefullfloodofecstaticliberationseemsnevertohavepouredoverpoorJohnBunyan’ssoul。
　　Theseexamplesmaysufficetoacquaintusinageneralwaywiththephenomenontechnicallycalled“Conversion。”InthenextlectureIshallinviteyoutostudyitspeculiaritiesandconcomitantsinsomedetail。
　　Tobeconverted，toberegenerated，toreceivegrace，toexperiencereligion，togainanassurance，aresomanyphraseswhichdenotetheprocess，gradualorsudden，bywhichaselfhithertodivided，andconsciouslywronginferiorandunhappy，becomesunifiedandconsciouslyrightsuperiorandhappy，inconsequenceofitsfirmerholduponreligiousrealities。Thisatleastiswhatconversionsignifiesingeneralterms，whetherornotwebelievethatadirectdivineoperationisneededtobringsuchamoralchangeabout。
　　Beforeenteringuponaminuterstudyoftheprocess，letmeenlivenourunderstandingofthedefinitionbyaconcreteexample。Ichoosethequaintcaseofanunletteredman，StephenH。Bradley，whoseexperienceisrelatedinascarceAmericanpamphlet。[98]
　　[98]AsketchofthelifeofStephenH。Bradley，fromtheageoffivetotwentyfouryears，includinghisremarkableexperienceofthepoweroftheHolySpiritonthesecondeveningofNovember，1829。Madison，Connecticut，1830。
　　Iselectthiscasebecauseitshowshowintheseinneralterationsonemayfindoneunsuspecteddepthbelowanother，asifthepossibilitiesofcharacterlaydisposedinaseriesoflayersorshells，ofwhoseexistencewehavenopremonitoryknowledge。
　　Bradleythoughtthathehadbeenalreadyfullyconvertedattheageoffourteen。
　　“IthoughtIsawtheSaviour，byfaith，inhumanshape，foraboutonesecondintheroom，witharmsextended，appearingtosaytome，Come。ThenextdayIrejoicedwithtrembling；soonafter，myhappinesswassogreatthatIsaidthatIwantedtodie；thisworldhadnoplaceinmyaffections，asIknewof，andeverydayappearedassolemntomeastheSabbath。IhadanardentdesirethatallmankindmightfeelasIdid；IwantedtohavethemallloveGodsupremely。PrevioustothistimeIwasveryselfishandself-righteous；butnowIdesiredthewelfareofallmankind，andcouldwithafeelingheartforgivemyworstenemies，andIfeltasifIshouldbewillingtobearthescoffsandsneersofanyperson，andsufferanythingforHissake，ifIcouldbethemeansinthehandsofGod，oftheconversionofonesoul。”
　　Nineyearslater，in1829，Mr。Bradleyheardofarevivalofreligionthathadbeguninhisneighborhood。“Manyoftheyoungconverts。”hesays，“wouldcometomewheninmeetingandaskmeifIhadreligion，andmyreplygenerallywas，IhopeIhave。
　　Thisdidnotappeartosatisfythem；theysaidtheyKNEWTHEYhadit。Irequestedthemtoprayforme，thinkingwithmyself，thatifIhadnotgotreligionnow，aftersolongatimeprofessingtobeaChristian，thatitwastimeIhad，andhopedtheirprayerswouldbeansweredinmybehalf。
　　“OneSabbath，IwenttoheartheMethodistattheAcademy。Hespokeoftheusheringinofthedayofgeneraljudgment；andhesetitforthinsuchasolemnandterriblemannerasIneverheardbefore。Thesceneofthatdayappearedtobetakingplace，andsoawakenedwereallthepowersofmymindthat，likeFelix，ItrembledinvoluntarilyonthebenchwhereIwassitting，thoughIfeltnothingatheart。ThenextdayeveningIwenttohearhimagain。HetookhistextfromRevelation：’AndIsawthedead，smallandgreat，standbeforeGod。’Andherepresentedtheterrorsofthatdayinsuchamannerthatitappearedasifitwouldmelttheheartofstone。Whenhefinishedhisdiscourse，anoldgentlemanturnedtomeandsaid’ThisiswhatIcallpreaching。’Ithoughtthesame，butmyfeelingswerestillunmovedbywhathesaid，andIdidnotenjoyreligion，butI
　　believehedid。
　　“IwillnowrelatemyexperienceofthepoweroftheHolySpiritwhichtookplaceonthesamenight。HadanypersontoldmeprevioustothisthatIcouldhaveexperiencedthepoweroftheHolySpiritinthemannerwhichIdid，Icouldnothavebelievedit，andshouldhavethoughtthepersondeludedthattoldmeso。Iwentdirectlyhomeafterthemeeting，andwhenIgothomeIwonderedwhatmademefeelsostupid。IretiredtorestsoonafterIgothome，andfeltindifferenttothethingsofreligionuntilIbegantobeexercisedbytheHolySpirit，whichbeganinaboutfiveminutesafter，inthefollowingmanner：——
　　“Atfirst，Ibegantofeelmyheartbeatveryquickallonasudden，whichmademeatfirstthinkthatperhapssomethingisgoingtoailme，thoughIwasnotalarmed，forIfeltnopain。
　　Myheartincreasedinitsbeating，whichsoonconvincedmethatitwastheHolySpiritfromtheeffectithadonme。Ibegantofeelexceedinglyhappyandhumble，andsuchasenseofunworthinessasIneverfeltbefore。Icouldnotverywellhelpspeakingout，whichIdid，andsaid，Lord，Idonotdeservethishappiness，orwordstothateffect，whiletherewasastreamresemblingairinfeelingcameintomymouthandheartinamoresensiblemannerthanthatofdrinkinganything，whichcontinued，asnearasIcouldjudge，fiveminutesormore，whichappearedtobethecauseofsuchapalpitationofmyheart。Ittookcompletepossessionofmysoul，andIamcertainthatI
　　desiredtheLord，whileinthemidstofit，nottogivemeanymorehappiness，foritseemedasifIcouldnotcontainwhatI
　　hadgot。Myheartseemedasifitwouldburst，butitdidnotstopuntilIfeltasifIwasunutterablyfulloftheloveandgraceofGod。Inthemeantimewhilethusexercised，athoughtaroseinmymind，whatcanitmean？andallatonce，asiftoanswerit，mymemorybecameexceedinglyclear，anditappearedtomejustasiftheNewTestamentwasplacedopenbeforeme，eighthchapterofRomans，andaslightasifsomecandlelightedwasheldformetoreadthe26thand27thversesofthatchapter，andIreadthesewords：’TheSpirithelpethourinfirmitieswithgroaningswhichcannotbeuttered。’Andallthetimethatmyheartwasa-beating，itmademegroanlikeapersonindistress，whichwasnotveryeasytostop，thoughIwasinnopainatall，andmybrotherbeinginbedinanotherroomcameandopenedthedoor，andaskedmeifIhadgotthetoothache。Itoldhimno，andthathemightgettosleep。Itriedtostop。Ifeltunwillingtogotosleepmyself，Iwassohappy，fearingIshouldloseit——thinkingwithinmyself’MywillingsoulwouldstayInsuchaframeasthis。’
　　AndwhileIlayreflecting，aftermyheartstoppedbeating，feelingasifmysoulwasfulloftheHolySpirit，Ithoughtthatperhapstheremightbeangelshoveringroundmybed。IfeltjustasifIwantedtoconversewiththem，andfinallyIspoke，saying’Oyeaffectionateangels！howisitthatyecantakesomuchinterestinourwelfare，andwetakesolittleinterestinourown。’Afterthis，withdifficultyIgottosleep；andwhenI
　　awokeinthemorningmyfirstthoughtswere：Whathasbecomeofmyhappiness？and，feelingadegreeofitinmyheart，Iaskedformore，whichwasgiventomeasquickasthought。Ithengotuptodressmyself，andfoundtomysurprisethatIcouldbutjuststand。Itappearedtomeasifitwasalittleheavenuponearth。Mysoulfeltascompletelyraisedabovethefearsofdeathasofgoingtosleep；andlikeabirdinacage，Ihadadesire，ifitwasthewillofGod，togetreleasedfrommybodyandtodwellwithChrist，thoughwillingtolivetodogoodtoothers，andtowarnsinnerstorepent。IwentdownstairsfeelingassolemnasifIhadlostallmyfriends，andthinkingwithmyself，thatIwouldnotletmyparentsknowituntilIhadfirstlookedintotheTestament。Iwentdirectlytotheshelfandlookedintoit，attheeighthofRomans，andeveryverseseemedtoalmostspeakandtoconfirmittobetrulytheWordofGod，andasifmyfeelingscorrespondedwiththemeaningoftheword。