or29，iftheprobablyimportedplantsbesubtracted。Hencewehavethetrulywonderfulfact，thatinJamesIsland，ofthethirty-eightGalapageianplants，orthosefoundinnootherpartoftheworld，thirtyareexclusivelyconfinedtothisoneisland；andinAlbemarleIsland，ofthetwenty-sixaboriginalGalapageianplants，twenty-twoareconfinedtothisoneisland，thatis，onlyfourareatpresentknowntogrowintheotherislandsofthearchipelago；andsoon，asshownintheabovetable，withtheplantsfromChathamandCharlesIslands。Thisfactwill，perhaps，berenderedevenmorestriking，bygivingafewillustrations：——
　　thus，Scalesia，aremarkablearborescentgenusoftheCompositae，isconfinedtothearchipelago：ithassixspecies：onefromChatham，onefromAlbemarle，onefromCharlesIsland，twofromJamesIsland，andthesixthfromoneofthethreelatterislands，butitisnotknownfromwhich：
　　notoneofthesesixspeciesgrowsonanytwoislands。Again，Euphorbia，amundaneorwidelydistributedgenus，hashereeightspecies，ofwhichsevenareconfinedtothearchipelago，andnotonefoundonanytwoislands：
　　AcalyphaandBorreria，bothmundanegenera，haverespectivelysixandsevenspecies，noneofwhichhavethesamespeciesontwoislands，withtheexceptionofoneBorreria，whichdoesoccurontwoislands。ThespeciesoftheCompositaeareparticularlylocal；andDr。Hookerhasfurnishedmewithseveralothermoststrikingillustrationsofthedifferenceofthespeciesonthedifferentislands。Heremarksthatthislawofdistributionholdsgoodbothwiththosegeneraconfinedtothearchipelago，andthosedistributedinotherquartersoftheworld：inlikemannerwehaveseenthatthedifferentislandshavetheirproperspeciesofthemundanegenusoftortoise，andofthewidelydistributedAmericangenusofthemocking-thrush，aswellasoftwooftheGalapageiansub-groupsoffinches，andalmostcertainlyoftheGalapageiangenusAmblyrhynchus。
　　Thedistributionofthetenantsofthisarchipelagowouldnotbenearlysowonderful，if，forinstance，oneislandhadamocking-thrush，andasecondislandsomeotherquitedistinctgenus，——ifoneislandhaditsgenusoflizard，andasecondislandanotherdistinctgenus，ornonewhatever；——
　　orifthedifferentislandswereinhabited，notbyrepresentativespeciesofthesamegeneraofplants，butbytotallydifferentgenera，asdoestoacertainextentholdgood：for，togiveoneinstance，alargeberry-bearingtreeatJamesIslandhasnorepresentativespeciesinCharlesIsland。Butitisthecircumstance，thatseveraloftheislandspossesstheirownspeciesofthetortoise，mocking-thrush，finches，andnumerousplants，thesespecieshavingthesamegeneralhabits，occupyinganalogoussituations，andobviouslyfillingthesameplaceinthenaturaleconomyofthisarchipelago，thatstrikesmewithwonder。Itmaybesuspectedthatsomeoftheserepresentativespecies，atleastinthecaseofthetortoiseandofsomeofthebirds，mayhereafterprovetobeonlywell-markedraces；butthiswouldbeofequallygreatinteresttothephilosophicalnaturalist。Ihavesaidthatmostoftheislandsareinsightofeachother：ImayspecifythatCharlesIslandisfiftymilesfromthenearestpartofChathamIsland，andthirty-threemilesfromthenearestpartofAlbemarleIsland。ChathamIslandissixtymilesfromthenearestpartofJamesIsland，buttherearetwointermediateislandsbetweenthemwhichwerenotvisitedbyme。JamesIslandisonlytenmilesfromthenearestpartofAlbemarleIsland，butthetwopointswherethecollectionsweremadearethirty-twomilesapart。Imustrepeat，thatneitherthenatureofthesoil，norheightoftheland，northeclimate，northegeneralcharacteroftheassociatedbeings，andthereforetheiractiononeonanother，candiffermuchinthedifferentislands。Iftherebeanysensibledifferenceintheirclimates，itmustbebetweentheWindwardgroupnamely，CharlesandChathamIslands，andthattoleeward；butthereseemstobenocorrespondingdifferenceintheproductionsofthesetwohalvesofthearchipelago。
　　TheonlylightwhichIcanthrowonthisremarkabledifferenceintheinhabitantsofthedifferentislands，is，thatverystrongcurrentsofthesearunninginawesterlyandW。N。W。directionmustseparate，asfarastransportalbytheseaisconcerned，thesouthernislandsfromthenorthernones；andbetweenthesenorthernislandsastrongN。W。currentwasobserved，whichmusteffectuallyseparateJamesandAlbemarleIslands。Asthearchipelagoisfreetoamostremarkabledegreefromgalesofwind，neitherthebirds，insects，norlighterseeds，wouldbeblownfromislandtoisland。Andlastly，theprofounddepthoftheoceanbetweentheislands，andtheirapparentlyrecentinageologicalsensevolcanicorigin，renderithighlyunlikelythattheywereeverunited；andthis，probably，isafarmoreimportantconsiderationthananyother，withrespecttothegeographicaldistributionoftheirinhabitants。Reviewingthefactsheregiven，oneisastonishedattheamountofcreativeforce，ifsuchanexpressionmaybeused，displayedonthesesmall，barren，androckyislands；andstillmoreso，atitsdiverseyetanalogousactiononpointssoneareachother。IhavesaidthattheGalapagosArchipelagomightbecalledasatelliteattachedtoAmerica，butitshouldratherbecalledagroupofsatellites，physicallysimilar，organicallydistinct，yetintimatelyrelatedtoeachother，andallrelatedinamarked，thoughmuchlesserdegree，tothegreatAmericancontinent。
　　Iwillconcludemydescriptionofthenaturalhistoryoftheseislands，bygivinganaccountoftheextremetamenessofthebirds。
　　Thisdispositioniscommontoalltheterrestrialspecies；namely，tothemocking-thrushes，thefinches，wrens，tyrant-flycatchers，thedove，andcarrion-buzzard。Allofthemareoftenapproachedsufficientlyneartobekilledwithaswitch，andsometimes，asImyselftried，withacaporhat。Agunisherealmostsuperfluous；forwiththemuzzleIpushedahawkoffthebranchofatree。Oneday，whilstlyingdown，amocking-thrushalightedontheedgeofapitcher，madeoftheshellofatortoise，whichIheldinmyhand，andbeganveryquietlytosipthewater；itallowedmetoliftitfromthegroundwhilstseatedonthevessel：Ioftentried，andverynearlysucceeded，incatchingthesebirdsbytheirlegs。Formerlythebirdsappeartohavebeeneventamerthanatpresent。Cowleyintheyear1684saysthatthe“Turtledovesweresotame，thattheywouldoftenalightonourhatsandarms，soasthatwecouldtakethemalive，theynotfearingman，untilsuchtimeassomeofourcompanydidfireatthem，wherebytheywererenderedmoreshy。”Dampieralso，inthesameyear，saysthatamaninamorning’swalkmightkillsixorsevendozenofthesedoves。
　　Atpresent，althoughcertainlyverytame，theydonotalightonpeople’sarms，nordotheysufferthemselvestobekilledinsuchlargenumbers。
　　Itissurprisingthattheyhavenotbecomewilder；fortheseislandsduringthelasthundredandfiftyyearshavebeenfrequentlyvisitedbybucaniersandwhalers；andthesailors，wanderingthroughthewoodinsearchoftortoises，alwaystakecrueldelightinknockingdownthelittlebirds。Thesebirds，althoughnowstillmorepersecuted，donotreadilybecomewild。InCharlesIsland，whichhadthenbeencolonizedaboutsixyears，Isawaboysittingbyawellwithaswitchinhishand，withwhichhekilledthedovesandfinchesastheycametodrink。Hehadalreadyprocuredalittleheapofthemforhisdinner，andhesaidthathehadconstantlybeeninthehabitofwaitingbythiswellforthesamepurpose。Itwouldappearthatthebirdsofthisarchipelago，nothavingasyetlearntthatmanisamoredangerousanimalthanthetortoiseortheAmblyrhynchus，disregardhim，inthesamemannerasinEnglandshybirds，suchasmagpies，disregardthecowsandhorsesgrazinginourfields。
　　TheFalklandIslandsofferasecondinstanceofbirdswithasimilardisposition。TheextraordinarytamenessofthelittleOpetiorhynchushasbeenremarkedbyPernety，Lesson，andothervoyagers。Itisnot，however，peculiartothatbird：thePolyborus，snipe，uplandandlowlandgoose，thrush，bunting，andevensometruehawks，areallmoreorlesstame。Asthebirdsaresotamethere，wherefoxes，hawks，andowlsoccur，wemayinferthattheabsenceofallrapaciousanimalsattheGalapagos，isnotthecauseoftheirtamenesshere。TheuplandgeeseattheFalklandsshow，bytheprecautiontheytakeinbuildingontheislets，thattheyareawareoftheirdangerfromthefoxes；buttheyarenotbythisrenderedwildtowardsman。Thistamenessofthebirds，especiallyofthewaterfowl，isstronglycontrastedwiththehabitsofthesamespeciesinTierradelFuego，whereforagespasttheyhavebeenpersecutedbythewildinhabitants。
　　IntheFalklands，thesportsmanmaysometimeskillmoreoftheuplandgeeseinonedaythanhecancarryhome；whereasinTierradelFuegoitisnearlyasdifficulttokillone，asitisinEnglandtoshootthecommonwildgoose。
　　InthetimeofPernety1763，allthebirdsthereappeartohavebeenmuchtamerthanatpresent；hestatesthattheOpetiorhynchuswouldalmostperchonhisfinger；andthatwithawandhekilledteninhalfanhour。
　　AtthatperiodthebirdsmusthavebeenaboutastameastheynowareattheGalapagos。TheyappeartohavelearntcautionmoreslowlyattheselatterislandsthanattheFalklands，wheretheyhavehadproportionatemeansofexperience；forbesidesfrequentvisitsfromvessels，thoseislandshavebeenatintervalscolonizedduringtheentireperiod。Evenformerly，whenallthebirdsweresotame，itwasimpossiblebyPernety’saccounttokilltheblack-neckedswan——abirdofpassage，whichprobablybroughtwithitthewisdomlearntinforeigncountries。
　　Imayaddthat，accordingtoDuBois，allthebirdsatBourbonin1571-72，withtheexceptionoftheflamingoesandgeese，weresoextremelytame，thattheycouldbecaughtbythehand，orkilledinanynumberwithastick。
　　Again，atTristand’AcunhaintheAtlantic，Carmichael[6]statesthattheonlytwoland-birds，athrushandabunting，were“sotameastosufferthemselvestobecaughtwithahand-net。”Fromtheseseveralfactswemay，Ithink，conclude，first，thatthewildnessofbirdswithregardtoman，isaparticularinstinctdirectedagainst_him_，andnotdependentuponanygeneraldegreeofcautionarisingfromothersourcesofdanger；secondly，thatitisnotacquiredbyindividualbirdsinashorttime，evenwhenmuchpersecuted；butthatinthecourseofsuccessivegenerationsitbecomeshereditary。Withdomesticatedanimalsweareaccustomedtoseenewmentalhabitsorinstinctsacquiredorrenderedhereditary；butwithanimalsinastateofnature，itmustalwaysbemostdifficulttodiscoverinstancesofacquiredhereditaryknowledge。Inregardtothewildnessofbirdstowardsman，thereisnowayofaccountingforit，exceptasaninheritedhabit：comparativelyfewyoungbirds，inanyoneyear，havebeeninjuredbymaninEngland，yetalmostall，evennestlings，areafraidofhim；manyindividuals，ontheotherhand，bothattheGalapagosandattheFalklands，havebeenpursuedandinjuredbyman，yethavenotlearnedasalutarydreadofhim。Wemayinferfromthesefacts，whathavoctheintroductionofanynewbeastofpreymustcauseinacountry，beforetheinstinctsoftheindigenousinhabitantshavebecomeadaptedtothestranger’scraftorpower。[1]Theprogressofresearchhasshownthatsomeofthesebirds，whichwerethenthoughttobeconfinedtotheislands，occurontheAmericancontinent。Theeminentornithologist，Mr。Sclater，informsmethatthisisthecasewiththeStrixpunctatissimaandPyrocephalusnanus；andprobablywiththeOtusGalapagoensisandZenaidaGalapagoensis：
　　sothatthenumberofendemicbirdsisreducedtotwenty-three，orprobablytotwenty-one。Mr。Sclaterthinksthatoneortwooftheseendemicformsshouldberankedratherasvarietiesthanspecies，whichalwaysseemedtomeprobable。
　　[2]ThisisstatedbyDr。GuntherZoolog。Soc。
　　Jan24th，1859tobeapeculiarspecies，notknowntoinhabitanyothercountry。
　　[3]VoyageauxQuatreIlesd’Afrique。WithrespecttotheSandwichIslands，seeTyermanandBennett’sJournal，vol。i。p。
　　434。ForMauritius，seeVoyageparunOfficier，etc。，parti。p。170。TherearenofrogsintheCanaryIslandsWebbetBerthelot，Hist。Nat。desIlesCanaries。IsawnoneatSt。JagointheCapedeVerds。TherearenoneatSt。Helena。
　　[4]Ann。andMag。ofNat。Hist。，vol。xvi。p。19。
　　[5]VoyageintheU。S。shipEssex，vol。i。p。215。
　　[6]Linn。Trans。，vol。xii。p。496。ThemostanomalousfactonthissubjectwhichIhavemetwithisthewildnessofthesmallbirdsintheArcticpartsofNorthAmericaasdescribedbyRichardson，FaunaBor。，vol。ii。p。332，wheretheyaresaidnevertobepersecuted。
　　Thiscaseisthemorestrange，becauseitisassertedthatsomeofthesamespeciesintheirwinter-quartersintheUnitedStatesaretame。Thereismuch，asDr。Richardsonwellremarks，utterlyinexplicableconnectedwiththedifferentdegreesofshynessandcarewithwhichbirdsconcealtheirnests。HowstrangeitisthattheEnglishwood-pigeon，generallysowildabird，shouldveryfrequentlyrearitsyounginshrubberiesclosetohouses！PreviousChapterNextChapterTheVoyageoftheBeagle-Chapter18TheVoyageoftheBeaglebyCharlesDarwinPreviousChapterNextChapterChapter18-TahitiandNewZealandOCTOBER20th——ThesurveyoftheGalapagosArchipelagobeingconcluded，westeeredtowardsTahitiandcommencedourlongpassageof3200miles。
　　Inthecourseofafewdayswesailedoutofthegloomyandcloudedocean-districtwhichextendsduringthewinterfarfromthecoastofSouthAmerica。Wethenenjoyedbrightandclearweather，whilerunningpleasantlyalongattherateof150or160milesadaybeforethesteadytrade-wind。ThetemperatureinthismorecentralpartofthePacificishigherthanneartheAmericanshore。Thethermometerinthepoopcabin，bynightandday，rangedbetween80and83degs。，whichfeelsverypleasant；butwithonedegreeortwohigher，theheatbecomesoppressive。WepassedthroughtheLoworDangerousArchipelago，andsawseveralofthosemostcuriousringsofcoralland，justrisingabovethewater’sedge，whichhavebeencalledLagoonIslands。
　　Alongandbrilliantlywhitebeachiscappedbyamarginofgreenvegetation；
　　andthestrip，lookingeitherway，rapidlynarrowsawayinthedistance，andsinksbeneaththehorizonFromthemast-headawideexpanseofsmoothwatercanbeseenwithinthering。Theselowhollowcoralislandsbearnoproportiontothevastoceanoutofwhichtheyabruptlyrise；anditseemswonderful，thatsuchweakinvadersarenotoverwhelmed，bytheall-powerfulandnever-tiringwavesofthatgreatsea，miscalledthePacific。