Sincehisvoyageahemispherehasbeenaddedtothecivilizedworld。
　　Ifapersonsuffermuchfromsea-sickness，lethimweighitheavilyinthebalance。Ispeakfromexperience：itisnotriflingevil，curedinaweek。If，ontheotherhand，hetakepleasureinnavaltactics，hewillassuredlyhavefullscopeforhistaste。Butitmustbeborneinmind，howlargeaproportionofthetime，duringalongvoyage，isspentonthewater，ascomparedwiththedaysinharbour。Andwhataretheboastedgloriesoftheillimitableocean。Atediouswaste，adesertofwater，astheArabiancallsit。Nodoubttherearesomedelightfulscenes。Amoonlightnight，withtheclearheavensandthedarkglitteringsea，andthewhitesailsfilledbythesoftairofagentlyblowingtrade-wind，adeadcalm，withtheheavingsurfacepolishedlikeamirror，andallstillexcepttheoccasionalflappingofthecanvas。Itiswelloncetobeholdasquallwithitsrisingarchandcomingfury，ortheheavygaleofwindandmountainouswaves。
　　Iconfess，however，myimaginationhadpaintedsomethingmoregrand，moreterrificinthefull-grownstorm。Itisanincomparablyfinerspectaclewhenbeheldonshore，wherethewavingtrees，thewildflightofthebirds，thedarkshadowsandbrightlights，therushingofthetorrentsallproclaimthestrifeoftheunloosedelements。Atseathealbatrossandlittlepetrelflyasifthestormweretheirpropersphere，thewaterrisesandsinksasiffulfillingitsusualtask，theshipaloneanditsinhabitantsseemtheobjectsofwrath。Onaforlornandweather-beatencoast，thesceneisindeeddifferent，butthefeelingspartakemoreofhorrorthanofwilddelight。
　　Letusnowlookatthebrightersideofthepasttime。Thepleasurederivedfrombeholdingthesceneryandthegeneralaspectofthevariouscountrieswehavevisited，hasdecidedlybeenthemostconstantandhighestsourceofenjoyment。ItisprobablethatthepicturesquebeautyofmanypartsofEuropeexceedsanythingwhichwebeheld。Butthereisagrowingpleasureincomparingthecharacterofthesceneryindifferentcountries，whichtoacertaindegreeisdistinctfrommerelyadmiringitsbeauty。
　　Itdependschieflyonanacquaintancewiththeindividualpartsofeachview。Iamstronglyinducedtobelievethatasinmusic，thepersonwhounderstandseverynotewill，ifhealsopossessesapropertaste，morethoroughlyenjoythewhole，sohewhoexamineseachpartofafineview，mayalsothoroughlycomprehendthefullandcombinedeffect。Hence，atravellershouldbeabotanist，forinallviewsplantsformthechiefembellishment。
　　Groupmassesofnakedrock，eveninthewildestforms，andtheymayforatimeaffordasublimespectacle，buttheywillsoongrowmonotonous。
　　Paintthemwithbrightandvariedcolours，asinNorthernChile，theywillbecomefantastic；clothethemwithvegetation，theymustformadecent，ifnotabeautifulpicture。
　　WhenIsaythatthesceneryofpartsofEuropeisprobablysuperiortoanythingwhichwebeheld，Iexcept，asaclassbyitself，thatoftheintertropicalzones。Thetwoclassescannotbecomparedtogether；butI
　　havealreadyoftenenlargedonthegrandeurofthoseregions。Astheforceofimpressionsgenerallydependsonpreconceivedideas，Imayadd，thatmineweretakenfromthevividdescriptionsinthePersonalNarrativeofHumboldt，whichfarexceedinmeritanythingelsewhichIhaveread。Yetwiththesehigh-wroughtideas，myfeelingswerefarfrompartakingofatingeofdisappointmentonmyfirstandfinallandingontheshoresofBrazil。
　　Amongthesceneswhicharedeeplyimpressedonmymind，noneexceedinsublimitytheprimevalforestsundefacedbythehandofman；whetherthoseofBrazil，wherethepowersofLifearepredominant，orthoseofTierradelFuego，whereDeathanddecayprevail。BotharetemplesfilledwiththevariedproductionsoftheGodofNature：——noonecanstandinthesesolitudesunmoved，andnotfeelthatthereismoreinmanthanthemerebreathofhisbody。Incallingupimagesofthepast，IfindthattheplainsofPatagoniafrequentlycrossbeforemyeyes；yettheseplainsarepronouncedbyallwretchedanduseless。Theycanbedescribedonlybynegativecharacters；withouthabitations，withoutwater，withouttrees，withoutmountains，theysupportmerelyafewdwarfplants。Why，then，andthecaseisnotpeculiartomyself，havethesearidwastestakensofirmaholdonmymemory？Whyhavenotthestillmorelevel，thegreenerandmorefertilePampas，whichareserviceabletomankind，producedanequalimpression？Icanscarcelyanalyzethesefeelings：butitmustbepartlyowingtothefreescopegiventotheimagination。TheplainsofPatagoniaareboundless，fortheyarescarcelypassable，andhenceunknown：theybearthestampofhavinglasted，astheyarenow，forages，andthereappearsnolimittotheirdurationthroughfuturetime。If，astheancientssupposed，theflatearthwassurroundedbyanimpassablebreadthofwater，orbydesertsheatedtoanintolerableexcess，whowouldnotlookattheselastboundariestoman’sknowledgewithdeepbutill-definedsensations？
　　Lastly，ofnaturalscenery，theviewsfromloftymountains，throughcertainlyinonesensenotbeautiful，areverymemorable。WhenlookingdownfromthehighestcrestoftheCordillera，themind，undisturbedbyminutedetails，wasfilledwiththestupendousdimensionsofthesurroundingmasses。
　　Ofindividualobjects，perhapsnothingismorecertaintocreateastonishmentthanthefirstsightinhisnativehauntofabarbarian——ofmaninhislowestandmostsavagestate。One’smindhurriesbackoverpastcenturies，andthenasks，couldourprogenitorshavebeenmenlikethese？——men，whoseverysignsandexpressionsarelessintelligibletousthanthoseofthedomesticatedanimals；men，whodonotpossesstheinstinctofthoseanimals，noryetappeartoboastofhumanreason，oratleastofartsconsequentonthatreason。Idonotbelieveitispossibletodescribeorpaintthedifferencebetweensavageandcivilizedman。Itisthedifferencebetweenawildandtameanimal：andpartoftheinterestinbeholdingasavage，isthesamewhichwouldleadeveryonetodesiretoseethelioninhisdesert，thetigertearinghispreyinthejungle，ortherhinoceroswanderingoverthewildplainsofAfrica。
　　Amongtheothermostremarkablespectacleswhichwehavebeheld，mayberanked，theSouthernCross，thecloudofMagellan，andtheotherconstellationsofthesouthernhemisphere——thewater-spout——theglacierleadingitsbluestreamofice，over-hangingtheseainaboldprecipice——alagoon-islandraisedbythereef-buildingcorals——anactivevolcano——andtheoverwhelmingeffectsofaviolentearthquake。Theselatterphenomena，perhaps，possessformeapeculiarinterest，fromtheirintimateconnectionwiththegeologicalstructureoftheworld。Theearthquake，however，mustbetoeveryoneamostimpressiveevent：theearth，consideredfromourearliestchildhoodasthetypeofsolidity，hasoscillatedlikeathincrustbeneathourfeet；
　　andinseeingthelabouredworksofmaninamomentoverthrown，wefeeltheinsignificanceofhisboastedpower。
　　Ithasbeensaid，thattheloveofthechaseisaninherentdelightinman——arelicofaninstinctivepassion。Ifso，Iamsurethepleasureoflivingintheopenair，withtheskyforaroofandthegroundforatable，ispartofthesamefeeling，itisthesavagereturningtohiswildandnativehabits。Ialwayslookbacktoourboatcruises，andmylandjourneys，whenthroughunfrequentedcountries，withanextremedelight，whichnoscenesofcivilizationcouldhavecreated。Idonotdoubtthateverytravellermustremembertheglowingsenseofhappinesswhichheexperienced，whenhefirstbreathedinaforeignclime，wherethecivilizedmanhadseldomornevertrod。
　　Thereareseveralothersourcesofenjoymentinalongvoyage，whichareofamorereasonablenature。Themapoftheworldceasestobeablank；
　　itbecomesapicturefullofthemostvariedandanimatedfigures。Eachpartassumesitsproperdimensions：continentsarenotlookedatinthelightofislands，orislandsconsideredasmerespecks，whichare，intruth，largerthanmanykingdomsofEurope。Africa，orNorthandSouthAmerica，arewell-soundingnames，andeasilypronounced；butitisnotuntilhavingsailedforweeksalongsmallportionsoftheirshores，thatoneisthoroughlyconvincedwhatvastspacesonourimmenseworldthesenamesimply。
　　Fromseeingthepresentstate，itisimpossiblenottolookforwardwithhighexpectationstothefutureprogressofnearlyanentirehemisphere。
　　Themarchofimprovement，consequentontheintroductionofChristianitythroughouttheSouthSea，probablystandsbyitselfintherecordsofhistory。
　　Itisthemorestrikingwhenwerememberthatonlysixtyyearssince，Cook，whoseexcellentjudgmentnonewilldispute，couldforeseenoprospectofachange。YetthesechangeshavenowbeeneffectedbythephilanthropicspiritoftheBritishnation。
　　InthesamequarteroftheglobeAustraliaisrising，orindeedmaybesaidtohaverisen，intoagrandcentreofcivilization，which，atsomenotveryremoteperiod，willruleasempressoverthesouthernhemisphere。
　　ItisimpossibleforanEnglishmantobeholdthesedistantcolonies，withoutahighprideandsatisfaction。TohoisttheBritishflag，seemstodrawwithitasacertainconsequence，wealth，prosperity，andcivilization。
　　Inconclusion，itappearstomethatnothingcanbemoreimprovingtoayoungnaturalist，thanajourneyindistantcountries。Itbothsharpens，andpartlyallaysthatwantandcraving，which，asSirJ。Herschelremarks，amanexperiencesalthougheverycorporealsensebefullysatisfied。Theexcitementfromthenoveltyofobjects，andthechanceofsuccess，stimulatehimtoincreasedactivity。Moreover，asanumberofisolatedfactssoonbecomeuninteresting，thehabitofcomparisonleadstogeneralization。
　　Ontheotherhand，asthetravellerstaysbutashorttimeineachplace，hisdescriptionsmustgenerallyconsistofmeresketches，insteadofdetailedobservations。Hencearises，asIhavefoundtomycost，aconstanttendencytofillupthewidegapsofknowledge，byinaccurateandsuperficialhypotheses。
　　ButIhavetoodeeplyenjoyedthevoyage，nottorecommendanynaturalist，althoughhemustnotexpecttobesofortunateinhiscompanionsasIhavebeen，totakeallchances，andtostart，ontravelsbylandifpossible，ifotherwise，onalongvoyage。Hemayfeelassured，hewillmeetwithnodifficultiesordangers，exceptinginrarecases，nearlysobadashebeforehandanticipates。Inamoralpointofview，theeffectoughttobe，toteachhimgood-humouredpatience，freedomfromselfishness，thehabitofactingforhimself，andofmakingthebestofeveryoccurrence。Inshort，heoughttopartakeofthecharacteristicqualitiesofmostsailors。Travellingoughtalsototeachhimdistrust；butatthesametimehewilldiscover，howmanytrulykind-heartedpeoplethereare，withwhomheneverbeforehad，oreveragainwillhaveanyfurthercommunication，whoyetarereadytoofferhimthemostdisinterestedassistance。End[1]Afterthevolumesofeloquencewhichhavepouredforthonthissubject，itisdangerouseventomentionthetomb。Amoderntraveller，intwelvelines，burdensthepoorlittleislandwiththefollowingtitles，——itisagrave，tomb，pyramid，cemetery，sepulchre，catacomb，sarcophagus，minaret，andmausoleum！
　　[2]Itdeservesnotice，thatallthemanyspecimensofthisshellfoundbymeinonespot，differasamarkedvariety，fromanothersetofspecimensprocuredfromadifferentspot。
　　[3]Beatson’sSt。Helena。Introductorychapter，p。4。
　　[4]Amongthesefewinsects，IwassurprisedtofindasmallAphodiusnov。spec。andanOryctes，bothextremelynumerousunderdung。Whentheislandwasdiscovereditcertainlypossessednoquadruped，exceptingperhapsamouse：itbecomes，therefore，adifficultpointtoascertain，whetherthesestercovorousinsectshavesincebeenimportedbyaccident，orifaborigines，onwhatfoodtheyformerlysubsisted。OnthebanksofthePlata，where，fromthevastnumberofcattleandhorses，thefineplainsofturfarerichlymanured，itisvaintoseekthemanykindsofdung-feedingbeetles，whichoccursoabundantlyinEurope。IobservedonlyanOryctestheinsectsofthisgenusinEuropegenerallyfeedondecayedvegetablematterandtwospeciesofPhanaeus，commoninsuchsituations。
　　OntheoppositesideoftheCordillerainChiloe，anotherspeciesofPhanaeusisexceedinglyabundant，anditburiesthedungofthecattleinlargeearthenballsbeneaththeground。ThereisreasontobelievethatthegenusPhanaeus，beforetheintroductionofcattle，actedasscavengerstoman。
　　InEurope，beetles，whichfindsupportinthematterwhichhasalreadycontributedtowardsthelifeofotherandlargeranimals，aresonumerousthattheremustbeconsiderablymorethanonehundreddifferentspecies。
　　Consideringthis，andobservingwhataquantityoffoodofthiskindislostontheplainsofLaPlata，IimaginedIsawaninstancewheremanhaddisturbedthatchain，bywhichsomanyanimalsarelinkedtogetherintheirnativecountry。InVanDiemen’sLand，however，IfoundfourspeciesofOnthophagus，twoofAphodius，andoneofathirdgenus，veryabundantlyunderthedungofcows；yettheselatteranimalshadbeenthenintroducedonlythirty-threeyears。Previoustothattimethekangarooandsomeothersmallanimalsweretheonlyquadrupeds；andtheirdungisofaverydifferentqualityfromthatoftheirsuccessorsintroducedbyman。InEnglandthegreaternumberofstercovorousbeetlesareconfinedintheirappetites；
　　thatis，theydonotdependindifferentlyonanyquadrupedforthemeansofsubsistence。Thechange，therefore，inhabitswhichmusthavetakenplaceinVanDiemen’sLandishighlyremarkable。IamindebtedtotheRev。
　　F。W。Hope，who，Ihope，willpermitmetocallhimmymasterinEntomology，forgivingmethenamesoftheforegoinginsects。
　　Monats。derKonig。Akad。d。Wiss。zuBerlin。
　　VomApril，1845。
　　IhavedescribedthisBarindetail，intheLond。andEdin。Phil。Mag。，vol