InattemptingourselvesanexplanationoftheAutomaton，wewill，inthefirstplace，endeavortoshowhowitsoperationsareeffected，andafterwardsdescribe，asbrieflyaspossible，thenatureofthe_observations_fromwhichwehavededucedourresult。
　　Itwillbenecessaryforaproperunderstandingofthesubject，thatwerepeathereinafewwords，theroutineadoptedbytheexhibiterindisclosingtheinterioroftheboxaroutinefromwhichhe_never_deviatesinanymaterialparticular。InthefirstplaceheopensthedoorNo。I。Leavingthisopen，hegoesroundtotherearofthebox，andopensadoorpreciselyatthebackofdoorNo。I。Tothisbackdoorheholdsalightedcandle。Hethen_closesthebackdoor，_locksit，and，comingroundtothefront，opensthedrawertoitsfullextent。Thisdone，heopensthedoorsNo。2andNo。3，thefoldingdoorsanddisplaystheinteriorofthemaincompartment。Leavingopenthemaincompartment，thedrawer，andthefrontdoorofcupboardNo。I，henowgoestotherearagain，andthrowsopenthebackdoorofthemaincompartment。Inshuttinguptheboxnoparticularorderisobserved，exceptthatthefoldingdoorsarealwaysclosedbeforethedrawer。
　　Now，letussupposethatwhenthemachineisfirstrolledintothepresenceofthespectators，amanisalreadywithinit。HisbodyissituatedbehindthedensemachineryincupboardNo。T。therearportionofwhichmachineryissocontrivedastoslip_enmasse，_fromthemaincompartmenttothecupboardNo。I，asoccasionmayrequire，andhislegslieatfulllengthinthemaincompartment。
　　WhenMaelzelopensthedoorNo。I，themanwithinisnotinanydangerofdiscovery，forthekeenestevecannotpenetratemorethanabouttwoinchesintothedarknesswithin。ButthecaseisotherwisewhenthebackdoorofthecupboardNo。I，isopened。Abrightlightthenpervadesthecupboard，andthebodyofthemanwouldbediscoveredifitwerethere。Butitisnot。Theputtingthekeyinthelockofthebackdoorwasasignalonhearingwhichthepersonconcealedbroughthisbodyforwardtoanangleasacuteaspossiblethrowingitaltogether，ornearlyso，intothemaincompartment。This，however，isapainfulposition，andcannotbelongmaintained。AccordinglywefindthatMaelzel_closesthebackdoor。
　　_Thisbeingdone，thereisnoreasonwhythebodyofthemanmaynotresumeitsformersituationforthecupboardisagainsodarkastodefyscrutiny。Thedrawerisnowopened，andthelegsofthepersonwithindropdownbehinditinthespaceitformerlyoccupied。{*4}
　　Thereis，consequently，nownolongeranypartofthemaninthemaincompartmenthisbodybeingbehindthemachineryincupboardNo。1，andhislegsinthespaceoccupiedbythedrawer。Theexhibiter，therefore，findshimselfatlibertytodisplaythemaincompartment。
　　ThishedoesopeningbothitsbackandfrontdoorsandnopersonIsdiscovered。Thespectatorsarenowsatisfiedthatthewholeoftheboxisexposedtoviewandexposedtoo，allportionsofitatoneandthesametime。Butofcoursethisisnotthecase。Theyneitherseethespacebehindthedrawer，northeinteriorofcupboardNo。1
　　thefrontdoorofwhichlattertheexhibitervirtuallyshutsinshuttingitsbackdoor。Maelzel，havingnowrolledthemachinearound，liftedupthedraperyoftheTurk，openedthedoorsinhisbackandthigh，andshownhistrunktobefullofmachinery，bringsthewholebackintoitsoriginalposition，andclosesthedoors。Themanwithinisnowatlibertytomoveabout。HegetsupintothebodyoftheTurkjustsohighastobringhiseyesabovethelevelofthechess-board。Itisveryprobablethatheseatshimselfuponthelittlesquareblockorprotuberancewhichisseeninacornerofthemaincompartmentwhenthedoorsareopen。Inthispositionheseesthechess-boardthroughthebosomoftheTurkwhichisofgauze。
　　Bringinghisrightarmacrosshisbreastheactuatesthelittlemachinerynecessarytoguidetheleftarmandthefingersofthefigure。ThismachineryissituatedjustbeneaththeleftshoulderoftheTurk，andisconsequentlyeasilyreachedbytherighthandofthemanconcealed，ifwesupposehisrightarmbroughtacrossthebreast。
　　Themotionsoftheheadandeyes，andoftherightarmofthefigure，aswellasthesound_echec_areproducedbyothermechanismintheinterior，andactuatedatwillbythemanwithin。Thewholeofthismechanismthatistosayallthemechanismessentialtothemachineismostprobablycontainedwithinthelittlecupboardofaboutsixinchesinbreadthpartitionedoffattherightthespectators’rightofthemaincompartment。
　　InthisanalysisoftheoperationsoftheAutomaton，wehavepurposelyavoidedanyallusiontothemannerinwhichthepartitionsareshifted，anditwillnowbereadilycomprehendedthatthispointisamatterofnoimportance，since，bymechanismwithintheabilityofanycommoncarpenter，itmightbeeffectedinaninfinityofdifferentways，andsincewehaveshownthat，howeverperformed，itisperformedoutoftheviewofthespectators。Ourresultisfoundeduponthefollowing_observations_takenduringfrequentvisitstotheexhibitionofMaelzel。{*5}
　　I。ThemovesoftheTurkarenotmadeatregularintervalsoftime，butaccommodatethemselvestothemovesoftheantagonistalthoughthispointofregularitysoimportantinallkindsofmechanicalcontrivance，mighthavebeenreadilybroughtaboutbylimitingthetimeallowedforthemovesoftheantagonist。Forexample，ifthislimitwerethreeminutes，themovesoftheAutomatonmightbemadeatanygivenintervalslongerthanthreeminutes。Thefactthenofirregularity，whenregularitymighthavebeensoeasilyattained，goestoprovethatregularityisunimportanttotheactionoftheAutomatoninotherwords，thattheAutomatonisnota_puremachine。_
　　2。WhentheAutomatonisabouttomoveapiece，adistinctmotionisobservablejustbeneaththeleftshoulder，andwhichmotionagitatesinaslightdegree，thedraperycoveringthefrontoftheleftshoulder。Thismotioninvariablyprecedes，byabouttwoseconds，themovementofthearmitselfandthearmnever，inanyinstance，moveswithoutthispreparatorymotionintheshoulder。Nowlettheantagonistmoveapiece，andletthecorrespondingmovebemadebyMaelzel，asusual，upontheboardoftheAutomaton。ThenlettheantagonistnarrowlywatchtheAutomaton，untilhedetectthepreparatorymotionintheshoulder。Immediatelyupondetectingthismotion，andbeforethearmitselfbeginstomove，lethimwithdrawhispiece，asifperceivinganerrorinhismanoeuvre。Itwillthenbeseenthatthemovementofthearm，which，inallothercases，immediatelysucceedsthemotionintheshoulder，iswithheldisnotmadealthoughMaelzelhasnotyetperformed，ontheboardoftheAutomaton，anymovecorrespondingtothewithdrawaloftheantagonist。Inthiscase，thattheAutomatonwasabouttomoveisevidentandthathedidnotmove，wasaneffectplainlyproducedbythewithdrawaloftheantagonist，andwithoutanyinterventionofMaelzel。
　　Thisfactfullyproves，~thattheinterventionofMaelzel，inperformingthemovesoftheantagonistontheboardoftheAutomaton，isnotessentialtothemovementsoftheAutomaton，2thatitsmovementsareregulatedby_mind_bysomepersonwhoseestheboardoftheantagonist，3thatitsmovementsarenotregulatedbythemindofMaelzel，whosebackwasturnedtowardstheantagonistatthewithdrawalofhismove。
　　3。TheAutomatondoesnotinvariablywinthegame。Werethemachineapuremachinethiswouldnotbethecaseitwouldalwayswin。The_principle_beingdiscoveredbywhichamachinecanbemadeto_play_agameofchess，anextensionofthesameprinciplewouldenableittowinagameafartherextensionwouldenableittowin_all_gamesthatis，tobeatanypossiblegameofanantagonist。Alittleconsiderationwillconvinceanyonethatthedifficultyofmakingamachinebeatallgames，Isnotintheleastdegreegreater，asregardstheprincipleoftheoperationsnecessary，thanthatofmakingitbeatasinglegame。IfthenweregardtheChess-Playerasamachine，wemustsuppose，whatishighlyimprobable，thatitsinventorpreferredleavingitincompletetoperfectingitasuppositionrenderedstillmoreabsurd，whenwereflectthattheleavingitincompletewouldaffordanargumentagainstthepossibilityofitsbeingapuremachinetheveryargumentwenowadduce。
　　4。Whenthesituationofthegameisdifficultorcomplex，weneverperceivetheTurkeithershakehisheadorrollhiseyes。Itisonlywhenhisnextmoveisobvious，orwhenthegameissocircumstancedthattoamanintheAutomaton’splacetherewouldbenonecessityforreflection。Nowthesepeculiarmovementsoftheheadandevesaremovementscustomarywithpersonsengagedinmeditation，andtheingeniousBaronKempelenwouldhaveadaptedthesemovementswerethemachineapuremachinetooccasionsproperfortheirdisplaythatis，tooccasionsofcomplexity。Butthereverseisseentobethecase，andthisreverseappliespreciselytooursuppositionofamanintheinterior。WhenengagedinmeditationaboutthegamehehasnotimetothinkofsettinginmotionthemechanismoftheAutomatonbywhicharemovedtheheadandtheeyes。Whenthegame，however，isobvious，hehastimetolookabouthirn，and，accordingly，weseetheheadshakeandtheeyesroll。
　　5。WhenthemachineisrolledroundtoallowthespectatorsanexaminationofthebackoftheTurk，andwhenhisdraperyisliftedupandthedoorsinthetrunkandthighthrownopen，theinteriorofthetrunkisseentobecrowdedwithmachinery。InscrutinizingthismachinerywhiletheAutomatonwasinmotion，thatistosaywhilethewholemachinewasmovingonthecastors，itappearedtousthatcertainportionsofthemechanismchangedtheirshapeandpositioninadegreetoogreattobeaccountedforbythesimplelawsofperspective；andsubsequentexaminationsconvincedusthattheseunduealterationswereattributabletomirrorsintheinteriorofthetrunk。Theintroductionofmirrorsamongthemachinerycouldnothavebeenintendedtoinfluence，inanydegree，themachineryitself。
　　Theiroperation，whateverthatoperationshouldprovetobe，mustnecessarilyhavereferencetotheeveofthespectator。Weatonceconcludedthatthesemirrorsweresoplacedtomultiplytothevisionsomefewpiecesofmachinerywithinthetrunksoastogiveittheappearanceofbeingcrowdedwithmechanism。Nowthedirectinferencefromthisisthatthemachineisnotapuremachine。Forifitwere，theinventor，sofarfromwishingitsmechanismtoappearcomplex，andusingdeceptionforthepurposeofgivingitthisappearance，wouldhavebeenespeciallydesirousofconvincingthosewhowitnessedhisexhibition，ofthe_simplicity_ofthemeansbywhichresultssowonderfulwerebroughtabout。
　　6。Theexternalappearance，and，especially，thedeportmentoftheTurk，are，whenweconsiderthemasimitationsof_life，_butveryindifferentimitations。Thecountenanceevincesnoingenuity，andissurpassed，initsresemblancetothehumanface，bytheverycommonestofwax-works。Theeyesrollunnaturallyinthehead，withoutanycorrespondingmotionsofthelidsorbrows。Thearm，particularly，performsitsoperationsinanexceedinglystiff，awkward，jerking，andrectangularmanner。Now，allthisistheresulteitherofinabilityinMaelzeltodobetter，orofintentionalneglectaccidentalneglectbeingoutofthequestion，whenweconsiderthatthewholetimeoftheingeniousproprietorisoccupiedintheimprovementofhismachines。Mostassuredlywemustnotrefertheunlife-likeappearancestoinabilityforalltherestofMaelzel’sautomataareevidenceofhisfullabilitytocopythemotionsandpeculiaritiesoflifewiththemostwonderfulexactitude。
　　Therope-dancers，forexample，areinimitable。Whentheclownlaughs，hislips，hiseyes，hiseye-brows，andeyelidsindeed，allthefeaturesofhiscountenanceareimbuedwiththeirappropriateexpressions。Inbothhimandhiscompanion，everygestureissoentirelyeasy，andfreefromthesemblanceofartificiality，that，wereitnotforthediminutivenessoftheirsize，andthefactoftheirbeingpassedfromonespectatortoanotherprevioustotheirexhibitionontherope，itwouldbedifficulttoconvinceanyassemblageofpersonsthatthesewoodenautomatawerenotlivingcreatures。Wecannot，therefore，doubtMr。Maelzel’sability，andwemustnecessarilysupposethatheintentionallysufferedhisChessPlayertoremainthesameartificialandunnaturalfigurewhichBaronKempelennodoubtalsothroughdesignoriginallymadeit。Whatthisdesignwasitisnotdifficulttoconceive。WeretheAutomatonlife-likeinitsmotions，thespectatorwouldbemoreapttoattributeitsoperationstotheirtruecause，thatis，tohumanagencywithinthanheisnow，whentheawkwardandrectangularmanoeuvresconveytheideaofpureandunaidedmechanism。
　　7。When，ashorttimeprevioustothecommencementofthegame，theAutomatoniswoundupbytheexhibiterasusual，anearinanydegreeaccustomedtothesoundsproducedinwindingupasystemofmachinery，willnotfailtodiscover，instantaneously，thattheaxisturnedbythekeyintheboxoftheChess-Player，cannotpossiblybeconnectedwitheitheraweight，aspring，oranysystemofmachinerywhatever。Theinferencehereisthesameasinourlastobservation。
　　ThewindingupisinessentialtotheoperationsoftheAutomaton，andisperformedwiththedesignofexcitinginthespectatorsthefalseideaofmechanism。