QuayhadbecomeparticularlyconcernedabouttheDelawaresintheIndianTerritory。HefeltthattheInteriorDepartmentdidnotdothemjustice。HealsofeltthathiscolleaguesoftheSenatetooknointerestinthem。Wheninthespringof1904helayinhishousemortallysick，hesentmewordthathehadsomethingimportanttosaytome，andwouldhavehimselfcarriedroundtoseeme。Isentbackwordnottothinkofdoingso，andthatonmywaybackfromchurchnextSundayIwouldstopinandcallonhim。ThisIaccordinglydid。
　　Hewaslyinginhisbed，deathwrittenonhisface。Hethankedmeforcoming，andthenexplainedthat，ashewasonthepointofdeathandknewhewouldneverreturntoWashington——itwaslatespringandhewasabouttoleave——hewishedtoseemetogetmypersonalpromisethat，afterhedied，IwouldmyselflookaftertheinterestsoftheDelawareIndians。HeaddedthathedidnottrusttheInteriorDepartment——althoughheknewthatIdidnotsharehisviewsonthispoint——andthatstilllessdidhebelievethatanyofhiscolleaguesintheSenatewouldexertthemselvesintheinterestsoftheDelawares，andthatthereforehewishedmypersonalassurancethatI
　　wouldpersonallyseethatnoinjusticewasdonethem。ItoldhimI
　　woulddoso，andthenadded，inratherperfunctoryfashion，thathemustnottakesuchagloomyviewofhimself，thatwhenhegotawayforthesummerIhopedhewouldrecoverandbebackallrightwhenCongressopened。Agleamcameintotheoldfighter’seyesandheanswered：“No，Iamdying，andyouknowit。Idon’tminddying；butI
　　dowishitwerepossibleformetogetoffintothegreatnorthwoodsandcrawloutonarockinthesunanddielikeawolf！”
　　Ineversawhimagain。WhenhediedIsentatelegramofsympathytohiswife。Apaperwhichconstantlypreachedreform，andwhichkeptupitscirculationbythenolessconstantpracticeofslander，apaperwhichintheorycondemnedallpublicmenwhoviolatedtheeighthcommandment，andinpracticesubsistedbyincessantviolationoftheninth，assailedmeforsendingmymessagetothedeadman’swife。I
　　knewtheeditorsofthispaper，andtheeditorwhowastheirpredecessor。Theyhadledlivesofbodilyeaseandtheavoidanceofbodilyrisk；theyearnedtheirlivelihoodbythepracticeofmendacityforprofit；andtheydeliveredmalignantjudgmentonadeadmanwho，whateverhisfaults，hadinhisyouthfreelyriskedhislifeforagreatideal，andwhowhendeathwasalreadyclutchinghisbreasthadspentalmosthislastbreathonbehalfofhumbleandfriendlesspeoplewhomhehadservedwithdisinterestedloyalty。
　　Thereisnogreaterdutythantowaronthecorruptandunprincipledboss，andonthecorruptandunprincipledbusinessman；andforthematterofthat，onthecorruptandunprincipledlaborleaderalso，andonthecorruptandunprinciplededitor，andonanyoneelsewhoiscorruptandunprincipled。Butwheretheconditionsaresuch，whetherinpoliticsorinbusiness，thatthegreatmajorityofmenhavebehavedinawaywhichisgraduallyseentobeimproper，butwhichatonetimedidnotconflictwiththegenerallyacceptedmorality，thenthewarfareonthesystemshouldnotincludewarfareonthementhemselves，unlesstheydeclinetoamendtheirwaysandtodissociatethemselvesfromthesystem。Therearemanygood，unimaginativecitizenswhoinpoliticsorinbusinessactinaccordancewithacceptedstandards，inamatter-of-courseway，withoutquestioningthesestandards；untilsomethinghappenswhichsharplyarousesthemtothesituation，whereupontheytrytoworkforbetterthings。Thepropercourseinsucheventistoletbygonesbebygones，andifthemenprovebytheiractionsthesincerityoftheirconversion，heartilytoworkwiththemforthebettermentofbusinessandpoliticalconditions。
　　BythetimethatIwasendingmycareerasCivilServiceCommissionerIwasalreadygrowingtounderstandthatmereimprovementinpoliticalconditionsbyitselfwasnotenough。Idimlyrealizedthatanevengreaterfightmustbewagedtoimproveeconomicconditions，andtosecuresocialandindustrialjustice，justiceasbetweenindividualsandjusticeasbetweenclasses。Ibegantoseethatpoliticaleffortwaslargelyvaluableasitfoundexpressionandresultedinsuchsocialandindustrialbetterment。Iwasgraduallypuzzlingout，ortryingtopuzzleout，theanswerstovariousquestions——someasyetunsolvabletoanyofus，butforthesolutionofwhichitistheboundendutyofallofustowork。IhadgrowntorealizeverykeenlythatthedutyoftheGovernmenttoprotectwomenandchildrenmustbeextendedtoincludetheprotectionofallthecrushableelementsoflabor。Isawthatitwastheaffairofallourpeopletoseethatjusticeobtainedbetweenthebigcorporationanditsemployees，andbetweenthebigcorporationanditssmallerrivals，aswellasitscustomersandthegeneralpublic。Isawthatitwastheaffairofallofus，andnotonlyoftheemployer，ifdividendswentupandwageswentdown；thatitwastotheinterestofallofusthatafullshareofthebenefitofimprovedmachineryshouldgototheworkmanwhousedthemachinery；andalsothatitwastotheinterestofallofusthateachman，whetherbrainworkerorhandworker，shoulddothebestworkofwhichhewascapable，andthatthereshouldbesomecorrespondencebetweenthevalueoftheworkandthevalueofthereward。Itistheseandmanysimilarquestionswhichintheirsummakeupthegreatsocialandindustrialproblemsofto-day，themostinterestingandimportantoftheproblemswithwhichourpubliclifemustdeal。
　　InhandlingtheseproblemsIbelievethatmuchcanbedonebytheGovernment。Furthermore，Ibelievethat，afterallthattheGovernmentcandohasbeendone，therewillremainasthemostvitalofallfactorstheindividualcharacteroftheaveragemanandtheaveragewoman。Nogovernmentalactioncandomorethansupplementindividualaction。Moreover，theremustbecollectiveactionofkindsdistinctfromgovernmentalaction。Abodyofpublicopinionmustbeformed，mustmakeitselffelt，andintheendtransform，andbetransformedby，thegradualraisingofindividualstandardsofconduct。
　　Itiscurioustoseehowdifficultitistomakesomemenunderstandthatinsistenceupononefactordoesnotandmustnotmeanfailurefullytorecognizeotherfactors。Theselfishindividualneedstobetaughtthatwemustnowshacklecunningbylawexactlyasafewcenturiesbackweshackledforcebylaw。Unrestrictedindividualismspellsruintotheindividualhimself。Butsodoestheeliminationofindividualism，whetherbylaworcustom。Itisacapitalerrortofailtorecognizethevitalneedofgoodlaws。Itisalsoacapitalerrortobelievethatgoodlawswillaccomplishanythingunlesstheaveragemanhastherightstuffinhim。Thetoiler，themanuallaborer，hasreceivedlessthanjustice，andhemustbeprotected，bothbylaw，bycustom，andbytheexerciseofhisrighttoincreasehiswage；andyettodecreasethequantityandqualityofhisworkwillworkonlyevil。
　　Theremustbeafargreatermeedofrespectandrewardforthehandworkerthanwenowgivehim，ifoursocietyistobeputonasoundbasis；andthisrespectandrewardcannotbegivenhimunlessheisasambitioustodothebestpossibleworkasisthehighesttypeofbrainworker，whetherdoctororwriterorartist。Theremustbearaisingofstandards，andnotalevelingdowntothestandardofthepoorestandmostinefficient。Thereisurgentneedofintelligentgovernmentalactiontoassistinmakingthelifeofthemanwhotillsthesoilallthatitshouldbe，andtoseethatthemanualworkergetshisfullshareoftherewardforwhathehelpsproduce；butifeitherfarmer，mechanic，ordaylaborerisshiftlessorlazy，ifheshirksdownrighthardwork，ifheisstupidorself-indulgent，thennolawcansavehim，andhemustgivewaytoabettertype。
　　IsupposethatsomegoodpeoplewillmisunderstandwhatIsay，andwillinsistontakingonlyhalfofitasrepresentingthewhole。Letmerepeat。WhenIsay，that，evenafterwehaveallthegoodlawsnecessary，thechieffactorinanygivenman’ssuccessorfailuremustbethatman’sowncharacter，itmustnotbeinferredthatIamintheleastminimizingtheimportanceoftheselaws，therealandvitalneedforthem。Thestruggleforindividualadvancementanddevelopmentcanbebroughttonaught，orindefinitelyretarded，bytheabsenceoflaworbybadlaw。ItcanbeimmeasurablyaidedbyorganizedeffortonthepartoftheState。Collectiveactionandindividualaction，publiclawandprivatecharacter，arebothnecessary。Itisonlybyaslowandpatientinwardtransformationsuchastheselawsaidinbringingaboutthatmenarereallyhelpedupwardintheirstruggleforahigherandafullerlife。Recognitionofindividualcharacterasthemostimportantofallfactorsdoesnotmeanfailurefullytorecognizethatwemusthavegoodlaws，andthatwemusthaveourbestmeninofficetoenforcetheselaws。TheNationcollectivelywillinthiswaybeabletobeofrealandgenuineservicetoeachofusindividually；and，ontheotherhand，thewisdomofthecollectiveactionwillmainlydependonthehighindividualaverageofcitizenship。
　　Therelationshipofmanandwomanisthefundamentalrelationshipthatstandsatthebaseofthewholesocialstructure。Muchcanbedonebylawtowardsputtingwomenonafootingofcompleteandentireequalrightswithman——includingtherighttovote，therighttoholdanduseproperty，andtherighttoenteranyprofessionshedesiresonthesametermsasaman。Yetwhenthishasbeendoneitwillamounttolittleunlessontheonehandthemanhimselfrealizeshisdutytothewoman，andunlessontheotherhandthewomanrealizesthatshehasnoclaimtorightsunlesssheperformsthedutiesthatgowiththoserightsandthatalonejustifyherinappealingtothem。Acruel，selfish，orlicentiousmanisanabhorrentmemberofthecommunity；
　　but，afterall，hisactionsarenoworseinthelongrunthanthoseofthewomanwhoiscontenttobeaparasiteonothers，whoiscold，selfish，caringfornothingbutfrivolouspleasureandignobleease。
　　Thelawofworthyeffort，thelawofserviceforaworthyend，withoutregardtowhetheritbringspleasureorpain，istheonlyrightlawoflife，whetherformanorforwoman。Themanmustnotbeselfish；nor，ifthewomaniswise，willsheletthemangrowselfish，andthisnotonlyforherownsakebutforhis。Oneoftheprimeneedsistorememberthatalmosteverydutyiscomposedoftwoseeminglyconflictingelements，andthatover-insistenceonone，totheexclusionoftheother，maydefeatitsownend。Anymanwhostudiesthestatisticsofthebirth-rateamongthenativeAmericansofNewEngland，oramongthenativeFrenchofFrance，needsnottobetoldthatwhenprudenceandforethoughtarecarriedtothepointofcoldselfishnessandself-indulgence，theraceisboundtodisappear。
　　Takingintoaccountthewomenwhoforgoodreasonsdonotmarry，orwhowhenmarriedarechildlessorareabletohavebutoneortwochildren，itisevidentthatthemarriedwomanabletohavechildrenmustonanaveragehavefourortheracewillnotperpetuateitself。
　　Thisisthemerestatementofaself-evidenttruth。Yetfoolishandself-indulgentpeopleoftenresentthisstatementasifitwereinsomewaypossiblebydenunciationtoreversethefactsofnature；and，ontheotherhand，improvidentandshiftlesspeople，inconsiderateandbrutalpeople，treatthestatementasifitjustifiedheadsoffamiliesinhavingenormousnumbersofbadlynourished，badlybroughtup，andbadlycaredforchildrenforwhomtheymakenoefforttoprovide。Amanmustthinkwellbeforehemarries。Hemustbeatenderandconsideratehusbandandrealizethatthereisnootherhumanbeingtowhomheowessomuchofloveandregardandconsiderationashedoestothewomanwhowithpainbearsandwithlaborrearsthechildrenthatarehis。Nowordscanpaintthescornandcontemptwhichmustbefeltbyallright-thinkingmen，notonlyforthebrutalhusband，butforthehusbandwhofailstoshowfullloyaltyandconsiderationtohiswife。Moreover，hemustwork，hemustdohispartintheworld。Ontheotherhand，thewomanmustrealizethatshehasnomorerighttoshirkthebusinessofwifehoodandmotherhoodthanthemanhastoshirkhisbusinessasbreadwinnerforthehousehold。
　　Womenshouldhavefreeaccesstoeveryfieldoflaborwhichtheycaretoenter，andwhentheirworkisasvaluableasthatofamanitshouldbepaidashighly。Yetnormallyforthemanandthewomanwhosewelfareismoreimportantthanthewelfareofanyotherhumanbeings，thewomanmustremainthehousemother，thehomekeeper，andthemanmustremainthebreadwinner，theproviderforthewifewhobearshischildrenandforthechildrenshebringsintotheworld。Nootherworkisasvaluableorasexactingforeithermanorwoman；itmustalways，ineveryhealthysociety，beforbothmanandwomantheprimework，themostimportantwork；normallyallotherworkisofsecondaryimportance，andmustcomeasanadditionto，notasubstitutefor，thisprimarywork。Thepartnershipshouldbeoneofequalrights，oneoflove，ofself-respect，andunselfishness，aboveallapartnershipfortheperformanceofthemostvitallyimportantofallduties。Theperformanceofduty，andnotanindulgenceinvapideaseandvapidpleasure，isallthatmakeslifeworthwhile。
　　Suffrageforwomenshouldbelookedonfromthisstandpoint。