vi，p。426，andvol。xli，p。487。ForSt。Boniface’spart，seeBonifaciiEpistolae，ed。Giles，i，173。BergerdeXivrey，TraditionsTeratologiques，pp。186-188，makesacuriousattempttoshowthatPopeZacharydenouncedthewrongman；thattherealoffenderwasaRomanpoet——inthesixthbookoftheAeneidandthefirstbookoftheGeorgics。
Thisdecisionseemstohavebeenregardedasfinal，andfivecenturieslaterthegreatencyclopedistoftheMiddleAges，VincentofBeauvais，thoughheacceptsthesphericityoftheearth，treatsthedoctrineoftheantipodesasdisproved，becausecontrarytoScripture。Yetthedoctrinestilllived。JustasithadbeenpreviouslyrevivedbyWilliamofConchesandthenlaidtorest，sonowitissomewhattimidlybroughtoutinthethirteenthcenturybynolessapersonagethanAlberttheGreat，themostnotedmanofscienceinthattime。Buthisutterancesareperhapspurposelyobscure。Againitdisappearsbeneaththetheologicalwave，andahundredyearslaterNicolasd’Oresme，geographeroftheKingofFrance，alightofscience，isforcedtoyieldtotheclearteachingoftheScriptureascitedbySt。
Augustine。
Norwasthistheworst。InItaly，atthebeginningofthefourteenthcentury，theChurchthoughtitnecessarytodealwithquestionsofthissortbyrackandfagot。In1316PeterofAbano，famousasaphysician，havingpromulgatedthiswithotherobnoxiousdoctrinesinscience，onlyescapedtheInquisitionbydeath；andin1327Ceccod’Ascoli，notedasanastronomer，wasforthisandotherresultsofthought，whichbroughthimundersuspicionofsorcery，drivenfromhisprofessorshipatBolognaandburnedaliveatFlorence。Norwasthisallhispunishment：
Orcagna，whoseterriblefrescoesstillexistonthewallsoftheCampoSantoatPisa，immortalizedCeccobyrepresentinghimintheflamesofhell。[35]
[35]ForVincentofBeauvaisandtheantipode，seehisSpeculumNaturale，BookVII，withcitationsfromSt。Augustine，DeCivitateDei，cap。xvi。ForAlberttheGreat’sdoctrineregardingtheantipodes，compareKretschmer，asabove，withEicken，Geschichte，etc。，p。621。KretschmerfindsthatAlbertsupportsthedoctrine，andEickenfindsthathedeniesit——afairproofthatAlbertwasnotinclinedtostatehisviewswithdangerousclearness。ForD’Oresme，seeSanterem，HistoiredelaCosmographie，vol。i，p。142。ForPeterofAbano，orApono，asheisoftencalled，seeTiraboschi，alsoGuinguene，vol。ii，p。
293；alsoNaude，HistoiredesGrandsHommessoupconnesdeMagie。
ForCeccod’Ascoli，seeMontucla，HistoiredeMathematiques，i，528；alsoDaunou，EtudesHistoriques，vol。vi，p。320；alsoKretschmer，p。59。ConcerningOrcagna’srepresentationofCeccointheflamesofhell，seeRenan，Averroesetl’Averroisme，Paris，1867，p。328。
Yearsrolledon，andtherecameinthefifteenthcenturyonefromwhomtheworldhadarighttoexpectmuch。Pierred’Ailly，byforceofthoughtandstudy，hadrisentobeProvostoftheCollegeofSt。DieinLorraine；hisabilityhadmadethatlittlevillageacentreofscientificthoughtforallEurope，andfinallymadehimArchbishopofCambrayandacardinal。TowardtheendofthefifteenthcenturywasprintedwhatCardinald’Aillyhadwrittenlongbeforeasasummingupofhisbestthoughtandresearch——thecollectionofessaysknownastheYmagoMundi。Itgivesusoneofthemoststrikingexamplesinhistoryofagreatmanintheologicalfetters。Asheapproachesthisquestionhestatesitwithsuchclearnessthatweexpecttohearhimassertthetruth；buttherestandstheargumentofSt。
Augustine；there，too，standthebiblicaltextsonwhichitisfounded——thetextfromthePsalmsandtheexplicitdeclarationofSt。PaultotheRomans，“Theirsoundwentintoalltheearth，andtheirwordsuntotheendsoftheworld。”D’Aillyattemptstoreason，butheisoverawed，andgivestotheworldvirtuallynothing。
Still，thedoctrineoftheantipodeslivedandmoved：somuchsothattheeminentSpanishtheologianTostatus，evenaslateastheageofColumbus，feltcalledupontoprotestagainstitas“unsafe。”HehadshapedtheoldmissileofSt。Augustineintothefollowingsyllogism：“Theapostleswerecommandedtogointoalltheworldandtopreachthegospeltoeverycreature；theydidnotgotoanysuchpartoftheworldastheantipodes；theydidnotpreachtoanycreaturesthere：ergo，noantipodesexist。”
ThewarfareofColumbustheworldknowswell：howtheBishopofCeutaworstedhiminPortugal；howsundrywisemenofSpainconfrontedhimwiththeusualquotationsfromthePsalms，fromSt。Paul，andfromSt。Augustine；how，evenafterhewastriumphant，andafterhisvoyagehadgreatlystrengthenedthetheoryoftheearth’ssphericity，withwhichthetheoryoftheantipodeswassocloselyconnected，theChurchbyitshighestauthoritysolemnlystumbledandpersistedingoingastray。In1493PopeAlexanderVI，havingbeenappealedtoasanumpirebetweentheclaimsofSpainandPortugaltothenewlydiscoveredpartsoftheearth，issuedabulllayingdownupontheearth’ssurfacealineofdemarcationbetweenthetwopowers。ThislinewasdrawnfromnorthtosouthahundredleagueswestoftheAzores；andthePopeintheplenitudeofhisknowledgedeclaredthatalllandsdiscoveredeastofthislineshouldbelongtothePortuguese，andallwestofitshouldbelongtotheSpaniards。
ThiswashailedasanexerciseofdivinelyilluminatedpowerbytheChurch；butdifficultiesarose，andin1506anotherattemptwasmadebyPopeJuliusIItodrawthelinethreehundredandseventyleagueswestoftheCapeVerdeIslands。This，again，wassupposedtobringdivinewisdomtosettlethequestion；but，shortly，overwhelmingdifficultiesarose；forthePortugueseclaimedBrazil，and，ofcourse，hadnodifficultyinshowingthattheycouldreachitbysailingtotheeastoftheline，providedtheysailedlongenough。ThelineslaiddownbyPopesAlexanderandJuliusmaystillbefounduponthemapsoftheperiod，buttheirbullshavequietlypassedintothecatalogueofludicrouserrors。
Yetthetheologicalbarrierstothisgeographicaltruthyieldedbutslowly。Plainasithadbecometoscholars，theyhesitatedtodeclareittotheworldatlarge。ElevenhundredyearshadpassedsinceSt。AugustinehadproveditsantagonismtoScripture，whenGregoryReyschgaveforthhisfamousencyclopaedia，theMargaritaPhilosophica。Editionaftereditionwasissued，andeverywhereappearedinittheorthodoxstatements；buttheywereevidentlystrainedtothebreakingpoint；forwhile，intreatingoftheantipodes，ReyschrefersrespectfullytoSt。Augustineasobjectingtothescientificdoctrine，heiscarefulnottociteScriptureagainstit，andnotlesscarefultosuggestgeographicalreasoninginfavourofit。
Butin1519sciencegainsacrushingvictory。Magellanmakeshisfamousvoyage。Heprovestheearthtoberound，forhisexpeditioncircumnavigatesit；heprovesthedoctrineoftheantipodes，forhisshipmatesseethepeoplesoftheantipodes。
Yeteventhisdoesnotendthewar。Manyconscientiousmenopposethedoctrinefortwohundredyearslonger。ThentheFrenchastronomersmaketheirmeasurementsofdegreesinequatorialandpolarregions，andaddtotheirproofsthatofthelengthenedpendulum。Whenthiswasdone，whenthedeductionsofsciencewereseentobeestablishedbythesimpletestofmeasurement，beautifullyandperfectly，andwhenalonglineoftrustworthyexplorers，includingdevotedmissionaries，hadsenthomeaccountsoftheantipodes，then，andthenonly，thiswaroftwelvecenturiesended。
Suchwasthemainresultofthislongwar；buttherewereotherresultsnotsofortunate。TheeffortsofEusebius，Basil，andLactantiustodeadenscientificthought；theeffortsofAugustinetocombatit；theeffortsofCosmastocrushitbydogmatism；theeffortsofBonifaceandZacharytocrushitbyforce，conscientiousastheyallwere，hadresultedsimplyinimpressinguponmanyleadingmindstheconvictionthatscienceandreligionareenemies。
Ontheotherhand，whatwasgainedbythewarriorsofscienceforreligion？Certainlyafarmoreworthyconceptionoftheworld，andafarmoreennoblingconceptionofthatpowerwhichpervadesanddirectsit。Whichismoreconsistentwithagreatreligion，thecosmographyofCosmasorthatofIsaacNewton？Whichpresentsanoblerfieldforreligiousthought，thediatribesofLactantiusorthecalmstatementsofHumboldt？[36]
[36]ForD’Ailly’sacceptanceofSt。Augustine’sargument，seetheYmagoMundi，cap。vii。ForTostatus，seeZockler，vol。i，pp。467，468。HebasedhisoppositiononRomansx，18。ForColumbus，seeWinsor，Fiske，andAdams；alsoHumboldt，HistoiredelaGeographieduNouveauContinent。ForthebullofAlexanderVI，seeDaunou，EtudesHistoriques，vol。ii，p。417；alsoPeschel，ZeitalterderEntdeckungen，BookII，chap。iv。ThetextofthebullisgivenwithanEnglishtranslationinArber’sreprintofTheFirstThreeEnglishBooksonAmerica，etc。，Birmingham，1885，pp。201-204；alsoespeciallyPeschel，DieTheilungderErdeunterPapstAlexanderVIandJuliusII，Leipsic，1871，pp。14etseq。ForremarksonthepowerunderwhichthelinewasdrawnbyAlexanderVI，seeMamiani，DelPapatoneiTreUltimiSecoli，p。170。Formapsshowinglinesofdivision，seeKohl，DiebeidenaltestenGeneral-KartenvonAmerika，Weimar，1860，wheremapsof1527and1529arereproduced；alsoMercator，Atlas，tenthedition，Amsterdam，1628，pp。70，71。ForlatestdiscussiononTheDemarcationLineofAlexanderVI，seeE。G。BourneinYaleReview，May，1892。FortheMargaritaPhilosophica，seetheeditionsof1503，1509，1517，lib。vii，cap。48。FortheeffectofMagellan’svoyages，andthereluctancetoyieldtoproof，seeHenriMartin，HistoiredeFrance，vol。xiv，p。395；St。Martin’sHistoiredelaGeographie，p。369；Peschel，GeschichtedesZeitaltersderEntdeckungen，concludingchapters；andforanadmirablesummary，Draper，Hist。
Int。Devel。ofEurope，pp。451-453；alsoaninterestingpassageinSirThomasBrown’sVulgarandCommonErrors，BookI，chap。vi；
alsoastrikingpassageinAcosta，chap。ii。Forgeneralstatementastosupplementaryproofbymeasurementofdegreesandbypendulum，seeSomerville，Phys。Geog。，chap。i，par。6，note；
alsoHumboldt，Cosmos，vol。ii，p。736，andvol。v，pp。16，32；
alsoMontucla，iv，138。Astotheeffectoftravel，seeAcosta’shistoryabovecited。Thegoodmissionarysays，inGrimston’squainttranslation，“WhatsoeverLactantiussaith，weethatlivenowatPeru，andinhabitethatparteoftheworldewhichisoppositetoAsiaandtheireAntipodes，findenotourselvestobeehangingintheaire，ourheadesdownwardandourfeeteonhigh。”
IV。THESIZEOFTHEEARTH。
Butatanearlyperiodanothersubjectingeographyhadstirredthemindsofthinkingmen——THEEARTH’SSIZE。Variousancientinvestigatorshadbydifferentmethodsreachedmeasurementsmoreorlessnearthetruth；thesemethodswerecontinuedintotheMiddleAges，supplementedbynewthought，andamongthemorestrikingresultswerethoseobtainedbyRogerBaconandGerbert，afterwardPopeSylvesterII。Theyhandeddowntoafter-timethetorchofknowledge，but，astheirrewardamongtheircontemporaries，theyfellunderthechargeofsorcery。
FarmoreconsonantwiththetheologicalspiritoftheMiddleAgeswasasolutionoftheproblemfromScripture，andthissolutiondeservestobegivenasanexampleofaverycurioustheologicalerror，chancingtoresultintheestablishmentofagreattruth。
ThesecondbookofEsdras，whichamongProtestantsisplacedintheApocrypha，washeldbymanyoftheforemostmenoftheancientChurchasfullyinspired：thoughJeromelookedwithsuspiciononthisbook，itwasregardedaspropheticbyClementofAlexandria，Tertullian，andAmbrose，andtheChurchacquiescedinthatview。IntheEasternChurchitheldanespeciallyhighplace，andintheWesternChurch，beforetheReformation，wasgenerallyconsideredbythemosteminentauthoritiestobepartofthesacredcanon。Inthesixthchapterofthisbookthereisasummaryoftheworksofcreation，andinitoccurthefollowingverses：
“Uponthethirddaythoudidstcommandthatthewatersshouldbegatheredintheseventhpartoftheearth；sixpartshastthoudriedupandkeptthemtotheintentthatofthesesome，beingplantedofGodandtilled，mightservethee。”
“Uponthefifthdaythousaidstuntotheseventhpartwherethewatersweregathered，thatitshouldbringforthlivingcreatures，fowlsandfishes，andsoitcametopass。”
Thesestatementswerereiteratedinotherverses，andwerenaturallyconsideredasofcontrollingauthority。
AmongthescholarswhoponderedonthisasonallthingslikelytoincreaseknowledgewasCardinalPierred’Ailly。Aswehaveseen，thisgreatman，whilehedeniedtheexistenceoftheantipodes，asSt。Augustinehaddone，believedfirmlyinthesphericityoftheearth，and，interpretingthesestatementsofthebookofEsdrasinconnectionwiththisbelief，heheldthat，asonlyoneseventhoftheearth’ssurfacewascoveredbywater，theoceanbetweenthewestcoastofEuropeandtheeastcoastofAsiacouldnotbeverywide。Knowing，ashethought，theextentofthelandupontheglobe，hefeltthatinviewofthisdivinelyauthorizedstatementtheglobemustbemuchsmaller，andthelandof“Zipango。”reachedbyMarcoPolo，ontheextremeeastcoastofAsia，muchnearerthanhadbeengenerallybelieved。