WhileLutheranismwasthuscondemningthetheoryoftheearth’smovement，otherbranchesoftheProtestantChurchdidnotremainbehind。Calvintookthelead，inhisCommentaryonGenesis，bycondemningallwhoassertedthattheearthisnotatthecentreoftheuniverse。Heclinchedthematterbytheusualreferencetothefirstverseoftheninety-thirdPsalm，andasked，“WhowillventuretoplacetheauthorityofCopernicusabovethatoftheHolySpirit？”Turretin，Calvin’sfamoussuccessor，evenafterKeplerandNewtonhadvirtuallycompletedthetheoryofCopernicusandGalileo，putforthhiscompendiumoftheology，inwhichheproved，fromamultitudeofscripturaltexts，thattheheavens，sun，andmoonmoveabouttheearth，whichstandsstillinthecentre。InEnglandweseesimilartheologicalefforts，evenaftertheyhadbecomeevidentlyfutile。Hutchinson’sMoses’sPrincipia，Dr。SamuelPike’sSacredPhilosophy，thewritingsofHorne，BishopHorsley，andPresidentForbescontainmostearnestattacksupontheideasofNewton，suchattacksbeingbaseduponScripture。Dr。JohnOwen，sofamousintheannalsofPuritanism，declaredtheCopernicansystema“delusiveandarbitraryhypothesis，contrarytoScripture“；andevenJohnWesleydeclaredthenewideasto“tendtowardinfidelity。”[51]
[51]OntheteachingsonProtestantismasregardstheCopernicantheory，seecitationsinCanonFarrar’sHistoryofInterpretation，preface，xviii；alsoRev。Dr。Shields，ofPrinceton，TheFinalPhilosophy，pp。60，61。
AndProtestantpeopleswerenotawhitbehindCatholicinfollowingoutsuchteachings。ThepeopleofElbingmadethemselvesmerryoverafarceinwhichCopernicuswasthemainobjectofridicule。ThepeopleofNuremberg，aProtestantstronghold，causedamedaltobestruckwithinscriptionsridiculingthephilosopherandhistheory。
Whythepeopleatlargetookthisviewiseasilyunderstoodwhenwenotetheattitudeoftheguardiansoflearning，bothCatholicandProtestant，inthatage。Itthrowsgreatlightuponsundryclaimsbymoderntheologianstotakechargeofpublicinstructionandoftheevolutionofscience。Soimportantwasitthoughttohave“soundlearning“guardedand“safescience“taught，thatinmanyoftheuniversities，aslateastheendoftheseventeenthcentury，professorswereforcedtotakeanoathnottoholdthe“Pythagorean“——thatis，theCopernican——ideaastothemovementoftheheavenlybodies。Asthecontestwenton，professorswereforbiddentomakeknowntostudentsthefactsrevealedbythetelescope。SpecialorderstothiseffectwereissuedbytheecclesiasticalauthoritiestotheuniversitiesandcollegesofPisa，Innspruck，Louvain，Douay，Salamanca，andothers。DuringgenerationswefindtheauthoritiesoftheseUniversitiesboastingthatthesegodlessdoctrineswerekeptawayfromtheirstudents。Itistouchingtohearsuchboastsmadethen，justasitistouchingnowtohearsundryexcellentuniversityauthoritiesboastthattheydiscouragethereadingofMill，Spencer，andDarwin。NorweresuchattemptstokeepthetruthfromstudentsconfinedtotheRomanCatholicinstitutionsoflearning。Strangeasitmayseem，nowherewerethefactsconfirmingtheCopernicantheorymorecarefullykeptoutofsightthanatWittenberg——theuniversityofLutherandMelanchthon。
AboutthemiddleofthesixteenthcenturytherewereatthatcentreofProtestantinstructiontwoastronomersofaveryhighorder，RheticusandReinhold；bothofthese，afterthoroughstudy，hadconvincedthemselvesthattheCopernicansystemwastrue，butneitherofthemwasallowedtotellthistruthtohisstudents。NeitherinhislectureannouncementsnorinhispublishedworksdidRheticusventuretomakethenewsystemknown，andheatlastgaveuphisprofessorshipandleftWittenberg，thathemighthavefreedomtoseekandtellthetruth。Reinholdwasevenmorewretchedlyhumiliated。Convincedofthetruthofthenewtheory，hewasobligedtoadvocatetheold；ifhementionedtheCopernicanideas，hewascompelledtooverlaythemwiththePtolemaic。Eventhiswasnotthoughtsafeenough，andin1571thesubjectwasintrustedtoPeucer。Hewaseminently“sound。”anddenouncedtheCopernicantheoryinhislecturesas“absurd，andunfittobeintroducedintotheschools。”
Toclinchanti-scientificideasmorefirmlyintoGermanProtestantteaching，RectorHenselwroteatext-bookforschoolsentitledTheRestoredMosaicSystemoftheWorld，whichshowedtheCopernicanastronomytobeunscriptural。
Doubtlessthishasafar-offsound；yetitsechocomesverynearmodernProtestantismintheexpulsionofDr。WoodrowbythePresbyterianauthoritiesinSouthCarolina；theexpulsionofProf。WinchellbytheMethodistEpiscopalauthoritiesinTennessee；theexpulsionofProf。ToybyBaptistauthoritiesinKentucky；theexpulsionoftheprofessorsatBeyroutunderauthorityofAmericanProtestantdivines——allforholdingthedoctrinesofmodernscience，andinthelastyearsofthenineteenthcentury。[52]
[52]FortreatmentofCopernicanideasbythepeople，seeTheCatholicWorld，asabove；alsoMelanchthon，ubisupra；alsoProwe，Copernicus，Berlin，1883，vol。i，p。269，note；alsopp。
279，280；alsoMadler，i，p。167。ForRectorHensel，seeRev。Dr。
Shield’sFinalPhilosophy，p。60。FordetailsofrecentProtestanteffortsagainstevolutiondoctrines，seethechapterontheFallofManandAnthropologyinthiswork。
Butthenewtruthcouldnotbeconcealed；itcouldneitherbelaugheddownnorfrowneddown。Manymindshadreceivedit，butwithinthehearingofthepapacyonlyonetongueappearstohavedaredtoutteritclearly。Thisnewwarriorwasthatstrangemortal，GiordanoBruno。Hewashuntedfromlandtoland，untilatlastheturnedonhispursuerswithfearfulinvectives。ForthishewasentrappedatVenice，imprisonedduringsixyearsinthedungeonsoftheInquisitionatRome，thenburnedalive，andhisashesscatteredtothewinds。Still，thenewtruthlivedon。
TenyearsafterthemartyrdomofBrunothetruthofCopernicus’sdoctrinewasestablishedbythetelescopeofGalileo。[53]
[53]ForBruno，seeBartholmess，ViedeJordanoBruno，Paris，1846，vol。i，p。121andpp。212etseq。；alsoBerti，VitadiGiordanoBruno，Firenze，1868，chap。xvi；alsoWhewell，vol。i，pp。272，273。ThatWhewellissomewhathastyinattributingBruno’spunishmententirelytotheSpacciodellaBestiaTrionfantewillbeevident，inspiteofMontucla，toanyonewhoreadstheaccountofthepersecutioninBartholmessorBerti；andevenifWhewellberight，theSpacciowouldneverhavebeenwrittenbutforBruno’sindignationatecclesiasticaloppression。
SeeTiraboschi，vol。vii，pp。466etseq。
Hereinwasfulfilledoneofthemosttouchingofprophecies。
Yearsbefore，theopponentsofCopernicushadsaidtohim，“Ifyourdoctrinesweretrue，Venuswouldshowphaseslikethemoon。”
Copernicusanswered：“Youareright；Iknownotwhattosay；
butGodisgood，andwillintimefindananswertothisobjection。”TheGod-givenanswercamewhen，in1611，therudetelescopeofGalileoshowedthephasesofVenus。[54]
[54]FortherelationofthesediscoveriestoCopernicus’swork，seeDelambre，Histoiredel’Astronomiemoderne，discourspreliminaire，p。xiv；alsoLaplace，SystemeduMonde，vol。i，p。
326；andformorecarefulstatements，Kepler’sOperaOmnia，edit。
Frisch，tomeii，p。464。ForCopernicus’sprophecy，seeCantu，HistoireUniverelle，vol。xv，p。473。CantuwasaneminentRomanCatholic。
III。THEWARUPONGALILEO。
Onthisnewchampion，Galileo，thewholewarwasatlastconcentrated。HisdiscoverieshadclearlytakentheCopernicantheoryoutofthelistofhypotheses，andhadplaceditbeforetheworldasatruth。Againsthim，then，thewarwaslongandbitter。Thesupportersofwhatwascalled“soundlearning“
declaredhisdiscoveriesdeceptionsandhisannouncementsblasphemy。Semi-scientificprofessors，endeavouringtocurryfavourwiththeChurch，attackedhimwithshamscience；earnestpreachersattackedhimwithpervertedScripture；theologians，inquisitors，congregationsofcardinals，andatlasttwopopesdealtwithhim，and，aswassupposed，silencedhisimpiousdoctrineforever。[55]
[55]Averycuriousexampleofthisshamscienceemployedbytheologiansisseenintheargument，frequentlyusedatthattime，that，iftheearthreallymoved，astonefallingfromaheightwouldfallbackofapointimmediatelybelowitspointofstarting。ThisisusedbyFromunduswithgreateffect。Itappearsnevertohaveoccurredtohimtotestthematterbydroppingastonefromthetopmastofaship。Bezenburghasmathematicallydemonstratedjustsuchanabberationinfallingbodies，asismathematicallyrequiredbythediurnalmotionoftheearth。SeeJevons，PrinciplesofScience，pp。388，389，secondedition，1877。
Ishallpresentthiswarfareatsomelengthbecause，sofarasI
canfind，nocarefulsummaryofithasbeengiveninourlanguage，sincethewholehistorywasplacedinanewlightbytherevelationsofthetrialdocumentsintheVaticanLibrary，honestlypublishedforthefirsttimebyL’Epinoisin1867，andsincethatbyGebler，Berti，Favaro，andothers。
ThefirstimportantattackonGalileobeganin1610，whenheannouncedthathistelescopehadrevealedthemoonsoftheplanetJupiter。TheenemysawthatthistooktheCopernicantheoryoutoftherealmofhypothesis，andtheygavebattleimmediately。
Theydenouncedbothhismethodanditsresultsasabsurdandimpious。Astohismethod，professorsbredinthe“safescience“
favouredbytheChurcharguedthatthedivinelyappointedwayofarrivingatthetruthinastronomywasbytheologicalreasoningontextsofScripture；and，astohisresults，theyinsisted，first，thatAristotleknewnothingofthesenewrevelations；
and，next，thattheBibleshowedbyallapplicabletypesthattherecouldbeonlysevenplanets；thatthiswasprovedbythesevengoldencandlesticksoftheApocalypse，bytheseven-branchedcandlestickofthetabernacle，andbythesevenchurchesofAsia；thatfromGalileo’sdoctrineconsequencesmustlogicallyresultdestructivetoChristiantruth。Bishopsandprieststhereforewarnedtheirflocks，andmultitudesofthefaithfulbesoughttheInquisitiontodealspeedilyandsharplywiththeheretic。[56]
[56]SeeDelambreonthediscoveryofthesatellitesofJupiterastheturning-pointwiththeheliocentricdoctrine。AstoitseffectsonBacon，seeJevons，p。638，asabove。Forargumentdrawnfromthecandlestickandthesevenchurches，seeDelambre，p。20。
InvaindidGalileotrytoprovetheexistenceofsatellitesbyshowingthemtothedoubtersthroughhistelescope：theyeitherdeclareditimpioustolook，or，iftheydidlook，denouncedthesatellitesasillusionsfromthedevil。GoodFatherClaviusdeclaredthat“toseesatellitesofJupiter，menhadtomakeaninstrumentwhichwouldcreatethem。”InvaindidGalileotrytosavethegreattruthshehaddiscoveredbyhisletterstotheBenedictineCastelliandtheGrand-DuchessChristine，inwhichhearguedthatliteralbiblicalinterpretationshouldnotbeappliedtoscience；itwasansweredthatsuchanargumentonlymadehisheresymoredetestable；thathewas“worsethanLutherorCalvin。”
ThewarontheCopernicantheory，whichuptothattimehadbeencarriedonquietly，nowflamedforth。ItwasdeclaredthatthedoctrinewasprovedfalsebythestandingstillofthesunforJoshua，bythedeclarationsthat“thefoundationsoftheeartharefixedsofirmthattheycannotbemoved。”andthatthesun“runnethaboutfromoneendoftheheavenstotheother。”[57]
[57]Forprinciplepointsasgiven，seeLibri，HistoiredesSciencesmathematiquesenItalie，vol。iv，p。211；DeMorgan，Paradoxes，p。26，foraccountofFatherClavius。ItisinterestingtoknowthatClavius，inhislastyears，acknowledgedthat“thewholesystemoftheheavensisbrokendown，andmustbemended。”Cantu，HistoireUniverselle，vol。xv，p。478。SeeTh。
Martin，Galilee，pp。34，208，and266；alsoHeller，GeschichtederPhysik，Stuttgart，1882，vol。i，p。366。Fortheoriginaldocuments，seeL’Epinois，pp。34and36；orbetter，Gebler’scarefuleditionofthetrialDieActendesGalileischenProcesses，Stuttgart，1877，pp。47etseq。Martin’stranslationseemssomewhattoofree。SeealsoGebler，GalileoGalilei，Englishtranslation，London，1879，pp。76-78；alsoReusch，DerProcessGalilei’sunddieJesuiten，Bonn，1879，chaps。ix，x，xi。
ButthelittletelescopeofGalileostillswepttheheavens，andanotherrevelationwasannounced——themountainsandvalleysinthemoon。Thisbroughtonanotherattack。Itwasdeclaredthatthis，andthestatementthatthemoonshinesbylightreflectedfromthesun，directlycontradictthestatementinGenesisthatthemoonis“agreatlight。”Tomakethematterworse，apainter，placingthemooninareligiouspictureinitsusualpositionbeneaththefeetoftheBlessedVirgin，outlinedonitssurfacemountainsandvalleys；thiswasdenouncedasasacrilegelogicallyresultingfromtheastronomer’sheresy。
Stillanotherstrugglewasarousedwhenthehatedtelescoperevealedspotsuponthesun，andtheirmotionindicatingthesun’srotation。MonsignorElci，headoftheUniversityofPisa，forbadetheastronomerCastellitomentionthesespotstohisstudents。FatherBusaeus，attheUniversityofInnspruck，forbadetheastronomerScheiner，whohadalsodiscoveredthespotsandproposedaSAFEexplanationofthem，toallowthenewdiscoverytobeknownthere。AttheCollegeofDouayandtheUniversityofLouvainthisdiscoverywasexpresslyplacedundertheban，andthisbecamethegeneralruleamongtheCatholicuniversitiesandcollegesofEurope。TheSpanishuniversitieswereespeciallyintolerantofthisandsimilarideas，anduptoarecentperiodtheirpresentationwasstrictlyforbiddeninthemostimportantuniversityofall——thatofSalamanca。[58]