[58]SeeTicknor，HistoryofSpanishLiterature，vol。iii。
Sucharetheconsequencesofplacingtheinstructionofmen’smindsinthehandsofthosemainlyabsorbedinsavingmen’ssouls。Nothingcouldbemoreinaccordancewiththeidearecentlyputforthbysundryecclesiastics，CatholicandProtestant，thattheChurchaloneisempoweredtopromulgatescientifictruthordirectuniversityinstruction。Butsciencegainedavictoryherealso。ObservationsofthesolarspotswerereportednotonlyfromGalileoinItaly，butfromFabriciusinHolland。FatherScheinerthenendeavouredtomaketheusualcompromisebetweentheologyandscience。Hepromulgatedapseudo-scientifictheory，whichonlyprovokedderision。
Thewarbecamemoreandmorebitter。TheDominicanFatherCaccinipreachedasermonfromthetext，“YemenofGalilee，whystandyegazingupintoheaven？”andthiswretchedpunuponthegreatastronomer’snameusheredinsharperweapons；for，beforeCacciniended，heinsistedthat“geometryisofthedevil。”andthat“mathematiciansshouldbebanishedastheauthorsofallheresies。”TheChurchauthoritiesgaveCaccinipromotion。
FatherLoriniprovedthatGalileo’sdoctrinewasnotonlyhereticalbut“atheistic。”andbesoughttheInquisitiontointervene。TheBishopofFiesolescreamedinrageagainsttheCopernicansystem，publiclyinsultedGalileo，anddenouncedhimtotheGrand-Duke。TheArchbishopofPisasecretlysoughttoentrapGalileoanddeliverhimtotheInquisitionatRome。TheArchbishopofFlorencesolemnlycondemnedthenewdoctrinesasunscriptural；andPaulV，whilepettingGalileo，andinvitinghimasthegreatestastronomeroftheworldtovisitRome，wassecretlymovingtheArchbishopofPisatopickupevidenceagainsttheastronomer。
ButbyfarthemostterriblechampionwhonowappearedwasCardinalBellarmin，oneofthegreatesttheologianstheworldhasknown。Hewasearnest，sincere，andlearned，butinsistedonmakingscienceconformtoScripture。TheweaponswhichmenofBellarmin’sstampusedwerepurelytheological。TheyheldupbeforetheworldthedreadfulconsequenceswhichmustresulttoChristiantheologyweretheheavenlybodiesprovedtorevolveaboutthesunandnotabouttheearth。Theirmosttremendousdogmaticenginewasthestatementthat“hispretendeddiscoveryvitiatesthewholeChristianplanofsalvation。”FatherLecazredeclared“itcastssuspiciononthedoctrineoftheincarnation。”
Othersdeclared，“Itupsetsthewholebasisoftheology。Iftheearthisaplanet，andonlyoneamongseveralplanets，itcannotbethatanysuchgreatthingshavebeendonespeciallyforitastheChristiandoctrineteaches。Ifthereareotherplanets，sinceGodmakesnothinginvain，theymustbeinhabited；buthowcantheirinhabitantsbedescendedfromAdam？HowcantheytracebacktheirorigintoNoah’sark？HowcantheyhavebeenredeemedbytheSaviour？”NorwasthisargumentconfinedtothetheologiansoftheRomanChurch；Melanchthon，Protestantashewas，hadalreadyuseditinhisattacksonCopernicusandhisschool。
Inadditiontothisprodigioustheologicalengineofwartherewaskeptupafireofsmallerartilleryintheshapeoftextsandscripturalextracts。
Butthewargrewstillmorebitter，andsomeweaponsusedinitareworthexamining。Theyareveryeasilyexamined，fortheyaretobefoundonallthebattlefieldsofscience；butonthatfieldtheywereusedwithmoreeffectthanonalmostanyother。
Theseweaponsaretheepithets“infidel“and“atheist。”Theyhavebeenusedagainstalmosteverymanwhohaseverdoneanythingnewforhisfellow-men。Thelistofthosewhohavebeendenouncedas“infidel“and“atheist“includesalmostallgreatmenofscience，generalscholars，inventors，andphilanthropists。
ThepurestChristianlife，thenoblestChristiancharacter，havenotavailedtoshieldcombatants。ChristianslikeIsaacNewton，Pascal，Locke，Milton，andevenFenelonandHoward，havehadthisweaponhurledagainstthem。OfallproofsoftheexistenceofaGod，thoseofDescarteshavebeenwroughtmostthoroughlyintothemindsofmodernmen；yettheProtestanttheologiansofHollandsoughttobringhimtotortureandtodeathbythechargeofatheism，andtheRomanCatholictheologiansofFrancethwartedhimduringhislifeandpreventedanyduehonourstohimafterhisdeath。[59]
[59]ForvariousobjectorsandobjectionstoGalileobyhiscontemporaries，seeLibri，HistoiredesSciencesmathematiquesenItalie，vol。iv，p。233，234；alsoMartin，ViedeGalilee。ForFatherLecazre’sargument，seeFlammarion，Mondesimaginairesetmondesreels，6thed。，pp。315，316。ForMelanchthon’sargument，seehisInitiainOpera，vol。iii，Halle，1846。
Theseepithetscanhardlybeclassedwithcivilizedweapons。
Theyareburningarrows；theysetfiretomassesofpopularprejudice，alwaysobscuringtherealquestion，sometimesdestroyingtheattackingparty。Theyarepoisonedweapons。Theypiercetheheartsoflovingwomen；theyalienatedearchildren；
theyinjureamanafterlifeisended，fortheyleavepoisonedwoundsintheheartsofthosewholovedhimbest——fearsforhiseternalsalvation，dreadoftheDivinewrathuponhim。Ofcourse，inthesedaystheseweapons，thoughofteneffectiveinvexinggoodmenandinscaringgoodwomen，aresomewhatblunted；
indeed，theynotinfrequentlyinjuretheassailantsmorethantheassailed。SoitwasnotinthedaysofGalileo；theyweretheninalltheirsharpnessandvenom。[60]
[60]Forcuriousexemplificationofthewayinwhichtheseweaponshavebeenhurled，seelistsofpersonschargedwith“infidelity“and“atheism。”intheDictionnairedesAthees。，Paris，[1800]；alsoLecky，HistoryofRationalism，vol。ii，p。
50。ForthecaseofDescartes，seeSaisset，DescartesetsesPrecurseurs，pp。103，110。Forthefacilitywithwhichtheterm“atheist“hasbeenappliedfromtheearlyAryansdowntobelieversinevolution，seeTylor，PrimitiveCulture，vol。i，p。
YetabaserwarfarewaswagedbytheArchbishopofPisa。Thisman，whosecathedralderivesitsmostenduringfamefromGalileo’sdeductionofagreatnaturallawfromtheswinginglampbeforeitsaltar，wasnotanarchbishopafterthenoblemouldofBorromeoandFenelonandCheverus。SadlyenoughfortheChurchandhumanity，hewassimplyazealotandintriguer：heperfectedtheplanforentrappingthegreatastronomer。
Galileo，afterhisdiscoverieshadbeendenounced，hadwrittentohisfriendCastelliandtotheGrand-DuchessChristinetwoletterstoshowthathisdiscoveriesmightbereconciledwithScripture。OnahintfromtheInquisitionatRome，thearchbishopsoughttogetholdoftheselettersandexhibitthemasproofsthatGalileohadutteredhereticalviewsoftheologyandofScripture，andthustobringhimintotheclutchoftheInquisition。ThearchbishopbegsCastelli，therefore，tolethimseetheoriginalletterinthehandwritingofGalileo。Castellideclines。Thearchbishopthen，while，asisnowrevealed，writingconstantlyandbitterlytotheInquisitionagainstGalileo，professestoCastellithegreatestadmirationofGalileo’sgeniusandasinceredesiretoknowmoreofhisdiscoveries。Thisnotsucceeding，thearchbishopatlastthrowsoffthemaskandresortstoopenattack。
ThewholestruggletocrushGalileoandtosavehimwouldbeamusingwereitnotsofraughtwithevil。Therewereintriguesandcounter-intrigues，plotsandcounter-plots，lyingandspying；
andinthethickestofthisseething，squabbling，screamingmassofpriests，bishops，archbishops，andcardinals，appeartwopopes，PaulVandUrbanVIII。ItismostsuggestivetoseeinthiscrisisoftheChurch，atthetomboftheprinceoftheapostles，ontheeveofthegreatesterrorsinChurchpolicytheworldhasknown，inalltheintriguesanddeliberationsoftheseconsecratedleadersoftheChurch，nomoreevidenceoftheguidanceorpresenceoftheHolySpiritthaninacaucusofNewYorkpoliticiansatTammanyHall。
Buttheopposingpowersweretoostrong。In1615GalileowassummonedbeforetheInquisitionatRome，andtheminewhichhadbeensolongpreparingwassprung。SundrytheologiansoftheInquisitionhavingbeenorderedtoexaminetwopropositionswhichhadbeenextractedfromGalileo’slettersonthesolarspots，solemnlyconsideredthesepointsduringaboutamonthandrenderedtheirunanimousdecisionasfollows：“THEFIRST
ThePopehimself，PaulV，nowintervenedagain：heorderedthatGalileobebroughtbeforetheInquisition。Thenthegreatestmanofscienceinthatagewasbroughtfacetofacewiththegreatesttheologian——GalileowasconfrontedbyBellarmin。BellarminshowsGalileotheerrorofhisopinionandordershimtorenounceit。
DeLauda，fortifiedbyaletterfromthePope，givesordersthattheastronomerbeplacedinthedungeonsoftheInquisitionshouldherefusetoyield。BellarminnowcommandsGalileo，“inthenameofHisHolinessthePopeandthewholeCongregationoftheHolyOffice，torelinquishaltogethertheopinionthatthesunisthecentreoftheworldandimmovable，andthattheearthmoves，norhenceforthtohold，teach，ordefenditinanywaywhatsoever，verballyorinwriting。”ThisinjunctionGalileoacquiescesinandpromisestoobey。[61]
[61]IamawarethatthetheoryproposedbyWohwillanddevelopedbyGeblerdeniedthatthispromisewasevermadebyGalileo，andholdsthatthepassagewasaforgerydevisedlaterbytheChurchrulerstojustifytheproceedingsof1632and1644。
ThiswouldmaketheconductoftheChurchworse，butauthoritiesaseminentconsiderthechargenotproved。Acarefulexaminationofthedocumentsseemstodisproveit。
Thiswasonthe26thofFebruary，1616。AboutafortnightlatertheCongregationoftheIndex，movedthereto，asthelettersanddocumentsnowbroughttolightshow，byPopePaulV，solemnlyrenderedadecreethat“THEDOCTRINEOFTHEDOUBLEMOTIONOFTHE
EARTHABOUTITSAXISANDABOUTTHESUNISFALSE，ANDENTIRELY
CONTRARYTOHOLYSCRIPTURE“；andthatthisopinionmustneitherbetaughtnoradvocated。ThesamedecreecondemnedallwritingsofCopernicusand“ALLWRITINGSWHICHAFFIRMTHEMOTIONOFTHE
EARTH。”ThegreatworkofCopernicuswasinterdicteduntilcorrectedinaccordancewiththeviewsoftheInquisition；andtheworksofGalileoandKepler，thoughnotmentionedbynameatthattime，wereincludedamongthoseimplicitlycondemnedas“affirmingthemotionoftheearth。”
ThecondemnationswereinscribedupontheIndex；and，finally，thepapacycommitteditselfasaninfalliblejudgeandteachertotheworldbyprefixingtotheIndextheusualpapalbullgivingitsmonitionsthemostsolemnpapalsanction。Toteachorevenreadtheworksdenouncedorpassagescondemnedwastoriskpersecutioninthisworldanddamnationinthenext。Sciencehadapparentlylostthedecisivebattle。
ForatimeafterthisjudgmentGalileoremainedinRome，apparentlyhopingtofindsomewayoutofthisdifficulty；buthesoondiscoveredthehollownessoftheprotestationsmadetohimbyecclesiastics，and，beingrecalledtoFlorence，remainedinhishermitagenearthecityinsilence，workingsteadily，indeed，butnotpublishinganythingsavebyprivateletterstofriendsinvariouspartsofEurope。
Butatlastabettervistaseemedtoopenforhim。CardinalBarberini，whohadseemedliberalandfriendly，becamepopeunderthenameofUrbanVIII。Galileoatthisconceivednewhopes，andallowedhiscontinuedallegiancetotheCopernicansystemtobeknown。Newtroublesensued。GalileowasinducedtovisitRomeagain，andPopeUrbantriedtocajolehimintosilence，personallytakingthetroubletoshowhimhiserrorsbyargument。
Otheropponentswerelessconsiderate，forworksappearedattackinghisideas——worksallthemoreunmanly，sincetheirauthorsknewthatGalileowasrestrainedbyforcefromdefendinghimself。Then，too，asiftoaccumulateproofsoftheunfitnessoftheChurchtotakechargeofadvancedinstruction，hissalaryasaprofessorattheUniversityofPisawastakenfromhim，andsappingandminingbegan。JustastheArchbishopofPisasomeyearsbeforehadtriedtobetrayhimwithhoneyedwordstotheInquisition，sonowFatherGrassitriedit，and，aftervariousattemptstodrawhimoutbyflattery，suddenlydenouncedhisscientificideasas“leadingtoadenialoftheRealPresenceintheEucharist。”
Forthefinalassaultuponhimaparkofheavyartillerywasatlastwheeledintoplace。Itmaybeseenonallthescientificbattlefields。Itconsistsofgeneraldenunciation；andin1631
FatherMelchiorInchofer，oftheJesuits，broughthisartillerytobearuponGalileowiththisdeclaration：“Theopinionoftheearth’smotionisofallheresiesthemostabominable，themostpernicious，themostscandalous；theimmovabilityoftheearthisthricesacred；argumentagainsttheimmortalityofthesoul，theexistenceofGod，andtheincarnation，shouldbetoleratedsoonerthananargumenttoprovethattheearthmoves。”FromtheotherendofEuropecameapowerfulecho。
FromtheshadowoftheCathedralofAntwerp，thenotedtheologianFromundusgaveforthhisfamoustreatise，theAnt-Aristarclius。
Itsverytitle-pagewasacontemptuousinsulttothememoryofCopernicus，sinceitparadedtheassumptionthatthenewtruthwasonlyanexplodedtheoryofapaganastronomer。Fromundusdeclaresthat“sacredScripturefightsagainsttheCopernicans。”
Toprovethatthesunrevolvesabouttheearth，hecitesthepassageinthePsalmswhichspeaksofthesun“whichcomethforthasabridegroomoutofhischamber。”Toprovethattheearthstandsstill，hequotesapassagefromEcclesiastes，“Theearthstandethfastforever。”ToshowtheutterfutilityoftheCopernicantheory，hedeclaresthat，ifitweretrue，“thewindwouldconstantlyblowfromtheeast“；andthat“buildingsandtheearthitselfwouldflyoffwithsucharapidmotionthatmenwouldhavetobeprovidedwithclawslikecatstoenablethemtoholdfasttotheearth’ssurface。”Greatestweaponofall，heworksup，bytheuseofAristotleandSt。ThomasAquinas，ademonstrationfromtheologyandsciencecombined，thattheearthMUSTstandinthecentre，andthatthesunMUSTrevolveaboutit。[62]NorwasitmerelyfanaticswhoopposedthetruthrevealedbyCopernicus；suchstrongmenasJeanBodin，inFrance，andSirThomasBrowne，inEngland，declaredagainstitasevidentlycontrarytoHolyScripture。