[62]ForFatherInchofer’sattack，seehisTractatusSyllepticus，citedinGalileo’slettertoDeodati，July28，1634。ForFromundus’smorefamousattack，seehisAnt-Aristarchus，alreadycited，passim，butespeciallytheheadingofchap。vi，andtheargumentinchaptersxandxi。AcopyofthisworkmaybefoundintheAstorLibraryatNewYork，andanotherintheWhiteLibraryatCornellUniversity。ForinterestingreferencestooneofFromundus’sarguments，showing，byamixtureofmathematicsandtheology，thattheearthisthecentreoftheuniverse，seeQuetelet，HistoiredesSciencesmathematiquesetphysiques，Bruxelles，1864，p。170；alsoMadler，GeschichtederAstronomie，vol。i，p。274。ForBodin’soppositiontotheCopernicantheory，seeHallam，LiteratureofEurope；alsoLecky。ForSirThomasBrown，seehisVulgarandCommonErrors，bookiv，chap。v；andastotherealreasonforhisdisbeliefintheCopernicanview，seeDr。Johnson’sprefacetohisLifeofBrowne，vol。i，p。xix，ofhiscollectedworks。
　　IV。VICTORYOFTHECHURCHOVERGALILEO。
　　WhilenewsoftriumphantattacksuponhimanduponthetruthhehadestablishedwerecominginfromallpartsofEurope，Galileopreparedacarefultreatiseintheformofadialogue，exhibitingtheargumentsforandagainsttheCopernicanandPtolemaicsystems，andofferedtosubmittoanyconditionsthattheChurchtribunalsmightimpose，iftheywouldallowittobeprinted。Atlast，afterdiscussionswhichextendedthrougheightyears，theyconsented，imposingahumiliatingcondition——aprefacewritteninaccordancewiththeideasofFatherRicciardi，MasteroftheSacredPalace，andsignedbyGalileo，inwhichtheCopernicantheorywasvirtuallyexhibitedasaplayoftheimagination，andnotatallasopposedtothePtolemaicdoctrinereassertedin1616bytheInquisitionunderthedirectionofPopePaulV。
　　ThisnewworkofGalileo——theDialogo——appearedin1632，andmetwithprodigioussuccess。ItputnewweaponsintothehandsofthesupportersoftheCopernicantheory。ThepiousprefacewaslaughedatfromoneendofEuropetotheother。Thisrousedtheenemy；theJesuits，Dominicans，andthegreatmajorityoftheclergyreturnedtotheattackmoreviolentthanever，andinthemidstofthemstoodPopeUrbanVIII，mostbitterofall。HiswholepowerwasnowthrownagainstGalileo。Hewastouchedintwopoints：first，inhispersonalvanity，forGalileohadputthePope’sargumentsintothemouthofoneofthepersonsinthedialogueandtheirrefutationintothemouthofanother；but，aboveall，hewastouchedinhisreligiousfeelings。AgainandagainHisHolinessinsistedtoallcomersontheabsoluteandspecificdeclarationsofHolyScripture，whichprovethatthesunandheavenlybodiesrevolveabouttheearth，anddeclaredthattogainsaythemissimplytodisputerevelation。Certainly，ifoneecclesiasticmorethananothereverseemedNOTunderthecareoftheSpiritofTruth，itwasUrbanVIIIinallthismatter。
　　HereinwasoneofthegreatestpiecesofillfortunethathaseverbefallentheolderChurch。HadPopeUrbanbeenbroad-mindedandtolerantlikeBenedictXIV，orhadhebeentaughtmoderationbyadversitylikePiusVII，orhadhepossessedthelargescholarlyqualitiesofLeoXIII，nowreigning，thevastscandaloftheGalileocasewouldneverhaveburdenedtheChurch：
　　insteadofdevisingendlessquibblesandspecialpleadingstoescaperesponsibilityforthiscolossalblunder，itsdefenderscouldhaveclaimedforeverfortheChurchthegloryoffearlesslyinitiatingagreatepochinhumanthought。
　　Butitwasnotsotobe。UrbanwasnotmerelyPope；hewasalsoaprinceofthehouseofBarberini，andthereforedoublyangrythathisargumentshadbeenpubliclycontroverted。
　　TheopeningstrategyofGalileo’senemieswastoforbidthesaleofhiswork；butthiswassoonseentobeunavailing，forthefirsteditionhadalreadybeenspreadthroughoutEurope。Urbannowbecamemoreangrythanever，andbothGalileoandhisworkswereplacedinthehandsoftheInquisition。InvaindidthegoodBenedictineCastelliurgethatGalileowasentirelyrespectfultotheChurch；invaindidheinsistthat“nothingthatcanbedonecannowhindertheearthfromrevolving。”Hewasdismissedindisgrace，andGalileowasforcedtoappearinthepresenceofthedreadtribunalwithoutdefenderoradviser。
　　There，aswassolongconcealed，butasisnowfullyrevealed，hewasmenacedwithtortureagainandagainbyexpressorderofPopeUrban，and，asisalsothoroughlyestablishedfromthetrialdocumentsthemselves，forcedtoabjureunderthreats，andsubjectedtoimprisonmentbycommandofthePope；theInquisitiondeferringinthiswholemattertothepapalauthority。AllthelongseriesofattemptsmadeinthesupposedinterestoftheChurchtomystifythesetransactionshaveatlastfailed。TheworldknowsnowthatGalileowassubjectedcertainlytoindignity，toimprisonment，andtothreatsequivalenttotorture，andwasatlastforcedtopronouncepubliclyandonhiskneeshisrecantation，asfollows：
　　“I，Galileo，beinginmyseventiethyear，beingaprisonerandonmyknees，andbeforeyourEminences，havingbeforemyeyestheHolyGospel，whichItouchwithmyhands，abjure，curse，anddetesttheerrorandtheheresyofthemovementoftheearth。”[63]
　　[63]ForvariousutterancesofPopeUrbanagainsttheCopernicantheoryatthisperiod，seeextractsfromtheoriginaldocumentsgivenbyGebler。ForpunishmentofthosewhohadshownsomefavortoGalileo，seevariouscitations，andespeciallythosefromtheVaticanmanuscript，Gebler，p。216。Astothetextoftheabjuration，seeL’Epinois；alsoPolacco，Anticopernicus，etc。，Venice，1644；andforadiscussionregardingitspublication，seeFavaro，MiscellaneaGalileana，p。804。ItisnotprobablethattortureintheordinarysensewasadministeredtoGalileo，thoughitwasthreatened。SeeTh。Martin，ViedeGalilee，forafairsummingupofthecase。
　　Hewasvanquishedindeed，forhehadbeenforced，inthefaceofallcomingages，toperjurehimself。Tocompletehisdishonour，hewasobligedtoswearthathewoulddenouncetotheInquisitionanyothermanofsciencewhomheshoulddiscovertobesupportingthe“heresyofthemotionoftheearth。”
　　Manyhavewonderedatthisabjuration，andonaccountofithavedeniedtoGalileothetitleofmartyr。Butletsuchgainsayersconsiderthecircumstances。Herewasanoldman——onewhohadreachedtheallottedthreescoreyearsandten——brokenwithdisappointments，wornoutwithlaboursandcares，draggedfromFlorencetoRome，withthethreatfromthePopehimselfthatifhedelayedheshouldbe“broughtinchains“；sickinbodyandmind，givenovertohisoppressorsbytheGrand-Dukewhooughttohaveprotectedhim，andonhisarrivalinRomethreatenedwithtorture。WhattheInquisitionwasheknewwell。HecouldrememberasbutofyesterdaytheburningofGiordanoBrunointhatsamecityforscientificandphilosophicheresy；hecouldremember，too，thatonlyeightyearsbeforethisverytimeDeDominis，ArchbishopofSpalatro，havingbeenseizedbytheInquisitionforscientificandotherheresies，haddiedinadungeon，andthathisbodyandhiswritingshadbeenpubliclyburned。
　　Totheendofhislife——nay，afterhislifewasended——thepersecutionofGalileowascontinued。Hewaskeptinexilefromhisfamily，fromhisfriends，fromhisnobleemployments，andwasheldrigidlytohispromisenottospeakofhistheory。When，inthemidstofintensebodilysufferingsfromdisease，andmentalsufferingsfromcalamitiesinhisfamily，hebesoughtsomelittleliberty，hewasmetwiththreatsofcommittaltoadungeon。
　　When，atlast，aspecialcommissionhadreportedtotheecclesiasticalauthoritiesthathehadbecomeblindandwastedwithdiseaseandsorrow，hewasallowedalittlemoreliberty，butthatlittlewashamperedbyclosesurveillance。Hewasforcedtobearcontemptibleattacksonhimselfandonhisworksinsilence；toseethemenwhohadbefriendedhimseverelypunished；FatherCastellibanished；Ricciardi，theMasteroftheSacredPalace，andCiampoli，thepapalsecretary，thrownoutoftheirpositionsbyPopeUrban，andtheInquisitoratFlorencereprimandedforhavinggivenpermissiontoprintGalileo’swork。
　　HelivedtoseethetruthshehadestablishedcarefullyweededoutfromalltheChurchcollegesanduniversitiesinEurope；and，wheninascientificworkhehappenedtobespokenofas“renowned。”theInquisitionorderedthesubstitutionoftheword“notorious。”[64]
　　[64]Forthesubstitutionoftheword“notorious“for“renowned“
　　byorderoftheInquisition，seeMartin，p。227。
　　AndnowmeasuresweretakentocompletethedestructionoftheCopernicantheory，withGalileo’sproofsofit。Onthe16thofJune，1633，theHolyCongregation，withthepermissionofthereigningPope，orderedthesentenceuponGalileo，andhisrecantation，tobesenttoallthepapalnunciosthroughoutEurope，aswellastoallarchbishops，bishops，andinquisitorsinItalyandthisdocumentgaveordersthatthesentenceandabjurationbemadeknown“toyourvicars，thatyouandallprofessorsofphilosophyandmathematicsmayhaveknowledgeofit，thattheymayknowwhyweproceededagainstthesaidGalileo，andrecognisethegravityofhiserror，inorderthattheymayavoidit，andthusnotincurthepenaltieswhichtheywouldhavetosufferincasetheyfellintothesame。”[65]
　　[65]Foracopyofthisdocument，seeGebler，p。269。AstothespreadofthisandsimilardocumentsnotifyingEuropeofGalileo’scondemnation，seeFavaro，pp。804，805。
　　Asaconsequence，theprocessorsofmathematicsandastronomyinvariousuniversitiesofEuropewereassembledandthesedocumentswerereadtothem。Tothetheologicalauthoritiesthisgavegreatsatisfaction。TheRectoroftheUniversityofDouay，referringtotheopinionofGalileo，wrotetothepapalnuncioatBrussels：“Theprofessorsofouruniversityaresoopposedtothisfanaticalopinionthattheyhavealwaysheldthatitmustbebanishedfromtheschools。InourEnglishcollegeatDouaythisparadoxhasneverbeenapprovedandneverwillbe。”
　　Stillanotherstepwastaken：theInquisitorswereordered，especiallyinItaly，nottopermitthepublicationofaneweditionofanyofGalileo’sworks，orofanysimilarwritings。
　　Ontheotherhand，theologianswereurged，nowthatCopernicusandGalileoandKeplerweresilenced，toreplytothemwithtongueandpen。EuropewasfloodedwiththesetheologicalrefutationsoftheCopernicansystem。
　　Tomakeallcomplete，therewasprefixedtotheIndexoftheChurch，forbidding“allwritingswhichaffirmthemotionoftheearth。”abullsignedbythereigningPope，which，byvirtueofhisinfallibilityasadivinelyguidedteacherinmattersoffaithandmorals，clinchedthiscondemnationintotheconsciencesofthewholeChristianworld。
　　FromthemassofbookswhichappearedundertheauspicesoftheChurchimmediatelyafterthecondemnationofGalileo，forthepurposeofrootingouteveryvestigeofthehatedCopernicantheoryfromthemindoftheworld，twomaybetakenastypical。
　　ThefirstofthesewasaworkbyScipioChiaramonti，dedicatedtoCardinalBarberini。Amonghisargumentsagainstthedoublemotionoftheearthmaybecitedthefollowing：
　　“Animals，whichmove，havelimbsandmuscles；theearthhasnolimbsormuscles，thereforeitdoesnotmove。ItisangelswhomakeSaturn，Jupiter，thesun，etc。，turnround。Iftheearthrevolves，itmustalsohaveanangelinthecentretosetitinmotion；butonlydevilslivethere；itwouldthereforebeadevilwhowouldimpartmotiontotheearth……
　　“Theplanets，thesun，thefixedstars，allbelongtoonespecies——namely，thatofstars。Itseems，therefore，tobeagrievouswrongtoplacetheearth，whichisasinkofimpurity，amongtheseheavenlybodies，whicharepureanddivinethings。”
　　Thenext，whichIselectfromthemassofsimilarworks，istheAnticopernicusCatholicusofPolacco。ItwasintendedtodealafinishingstrokeatGalileo’sheresy。Inthisitisdeclared：
　　“TheScripturealwaysrepresentstheearthasatrest，andthesunandmoonasinmotion；or，iftheselatterbodiesareeverrepresentedasatrest，Scripturerepresentsthisastheresultofagreatmiracle……
　　“Thesewritingsmustbeprohibited，becausetheyteachcertainprinciplesaboutthepositionandmotionoftheterrestrialgloberepugnanttoHolyScriptureandtotheCatholicinterpretationofit，notashypothesesbutasestablishedfacts……”