ButerelonghumanboneswerefoundinthedepositsoftheearlyQuaternaryperiod，orindeedofanearlierperiod，invariousotherpartsoftheworld，andthequestionregardingtheMoulinQuignonrelicwasoflittleimportance。
　　WehaveseenthatresearchesregardingtheexistenceofprehistoricmaninEnglandandontheContinentwereatfirstmainlymadeinthecaverns；buttheexistenceofmanintheearliestQuaternaryperiodwasconfirmedonbothsidesoftheEnglishChannel，inawayevenmorestriking，bythecloseexaminationofthedriftandearlygraveldeposits。TheresultsarrivedatbyBoucherdePertheswereamplyconfirmedinEngland。
　　RudestoneimplementswerefoundinterracesahundredfeetandmoreabovethelevelsatwhichvariousriversofGreatBritainnowflow，andundercircumstanceswhichshowthat，atthetimewhentheyweredeposited，theriversofGreatBritaininmanycaseswereentirelydifferentfromthoseofthepresentperiod，andformedpartsoftheriversystemoftheEuropeancontinent。
　　ResearchesinthehighterracesabovetheThamesandtheOuse，aswellasatotherpointsinGreatBritain，placedbeyondadoubtthefactthatmanexistedontheBritishIslandsatatimewhentheywereconnectedbysolidlandwiththeContinent，andmadeitclearthat，withintheperiodoftheexistenceofmaninnorthernEurope，alargeportionoftheBritishIslandshadbeensunktodepthsbetweenfifteenhundredandtwenty-fivehundredfeetbeneaththeNorthernOcean，——hadrisenagainfromthewater，——hadformedpartofthecontinentofEurope，andhadbeeninunbrokenconnectionwithAfrica，sothatelephants，bears，tigers，lions，therhinocerosandhippopotamus，ofspeciesnowmainlyextinct，hadlefttheirbonesinthesamedepositswithhumanimplementsasfarnorthasYorkshire。Moreover，connectedwiththisfactcameinthenewconviction，forcedupongeologistsbythemorecarefulexaminationoftheearthanditschanges，thatsuchelevationsanddepressionsofGreatBritainandotherpartsoftheworldwerenotnecessarilytheresultsofsuddencataclysms，butgenerallyofslowprocessesextendingthroughvastcyclesofyears——processessuchasarenowknowntobegoingoninvariouspartsoftheworld。Thusitwasthatthesixorseventhousandyearsallowedbythemostliberaltheologiansofformertimeswereseenmoreandmoreclearlytobebutamerenothinginthelongsuccessionofagessincetheappearanceofman。
　　Confirmationoftheseresultswasreceivedfromvariousotherpartsoftheworld。InAfricacamethediscoveryofflintimplementsdeepinthehardgraveloftheNileValleyatLuxorandonthehighhillsbehindEsneh。InAmericathediscoveriesatTrenton，N。J。，andatvariousplacesinDelaware，Ohio，Minnesota，andelsewhere，alongthesouthernedgeofthedriftoftheGlacialepochs，clinchedthenewscientifictruthyetmorefirmly；andthestatementmadebyaneminentAmericanauthorityis，that“manwasonthiscontinentwhentheclimateandiceofGreenlandextendedtothemouthofNewYorkharbour。”ThediscoveriesofprehistoricremainsonthePacificcoast，andespeciallyinBritishColumbia，finishedcompletelythelastchanceatareasonablecontentionbytheadherentsoftheolderview。AstotheseinvestigationsonthePacificslopeoftheUnitedStates，thediscoveriesofWhitneyandothersinCaliforniahadbeensomadeandannouncedthatthejudgmentofscientificmenregardingthemwassuspendeduntilthevisitofperhapsthegreatestlivingauthorityinhisdepartment，AlfredRusselWallace，in1887。HeconfirmedtheviewofProf。Whitneyandotherswiththestatementthat“boththeactualremainsandworksofmanfounddeepunderthelava-flowsofPlioceneageshowthatheexistedintheNewWorldatleastasearlyasintheOld。”TothismaybeaddedthediscoveriesinBritishColumbia，whichprovethat，sincemanexistedintheseregions，“valleyshavebeenfilledupbydriftfromthewasteofmountainstoadepthinsomecasesoffifteenhundredfeet；thiscoveredbyasuccessionoftuffs，ashes，andlava-streamsfromvolcanoeslongsinceextinct，andfinallycutdownbythepresentriversthroughbedsofsolidbasalt，andthroughthisaccumulationoflavasandgravels。”TheimmenseantiquityofthehumanremainsinthegravelsofthePacificcoastissummedupbyamosteminentEnglishauthorityanddeclaredtobeproved，“first，bythepresentriversystemsbeingofsubsequentdate，sometimescuttingthroughthemandtheirsuperincumbentlava-captoadepthoftwothousandfeet；secondly，bythegreatdenudationthathastakenplacesincetheyweredeposited，fortheysometimeslieonthesummitsofmountainssixthousandfeethigh；thirdly，bythefactthattheSierraNevadahasbeenpartlyelevatedsincetheirformation。”[187]
　　[187]ForthegeneralsubjectofinvestigationsinBritishprehistoricremains，seeespeciallyBoydDawkins，EarlyManinBritainandhisPlaceintheTertiaryPeriod，London，1880。ForBoucherdePerthes’saccountofhisdiscoveryofthehumanjawatMoulinQuignon，seehisAntiquitesCeltiquesetAntediluviennes，vol。iii，p。542etseq。，Appendix。ForanexcellentaccountofspecialinvestigationsinthehighterracesabovetheThames，seeJ。AllenBrown，F。G。S。，PalaeolithicManinNorthwestMiddlesex，London，1887。FordiscoveriesinAmerica，andthecitationsregardingthem，seeWright，theIceAgeinNorthAmerica，NewYork，1889，chap。xxi。VeryremarkableexamplesofthesespecimensfromthedriftatTrentonmaybeseeninProf。
　　Abbott’scollectionsattheUniversityofPennsylvania。Foranadmirablestatement，seeProf。HenryW。Haynes，inWright，asabove。ForproofsofthevastantiquityofmanuponthePacificcoast，citedinthetext，seeSkertchley，F。G。S。，intheJournaloftheAnthropologicalInstitutefor1887，p。336；seealsoWallace，Darwinism，London，1890，chap。xv；andforastrikingsummaryoftheevidencethatmanlivedbeforethelastsubmergenceofBritain，seeBrown，PalaeolithicManinNorthwestMiddlesex，asabovecited。Forproofsthatmanexistedinaperiodwhenthestreamswereflowinghundredsoffeetabovetheirpresentlevel，seeibid。，p。33。AstotheevidenceoftheactionoftheseaandofglacialactionintheWelshbonecavesaftertheremainsofextinctanimalsandweaponsofhumanworkmanshiphadbeendeposited，seeibid。，p。198。ForagoodstatementoftheslownessofthesubmerganceandemergenceofGreatBritain，withanillustrationfromtherisingoftheshoreofFinland，seeibid。，pp。47，48。AstotheflintimplementsofPalaeolithicmaninthehighterracedgravelsthroughouttheThamesValley，associatedwithbonesofthemammoth，woollyrhinoceros，etc。，seeBrown，p。31。ForstillmoreconclusiveproofsthatmaninhabitedNorthWalesbeforethelastsubmergenceofthegreaterpartoftheBritishIslandstoadepthoftwelvehundredtofourteenhundredfeet，seeibid。，pp。199，200。FormapsshowingtheconnectionoftheBritishriversystemwiththatoftheContinent，seeBoydDawkins，EarlyManinBritain，London，1880，pp。18，41，73；alsoLyell，AntiquityofMan，chap。xiv。
　　AstothelongcontinuanceoftheearlyStoneperiod，seeJamesGeikie，TheGreatIceAge，NewYork，1888，p。402。Astotheimpossibilityoftheanimalsofthearcticandtorridregionslivingtogetherorvisitingthesameplaceatdifferenttimesinthesameyear，seeGeikie，asabove，pp。421etseq。；andforaconclusiveargumentthattheanimalsoftheperiodassignedlivedinEnglandnotsince，butbefore，theGlacialperiod，orintheintergalcialperiod，seeibid。，p。459。Foraverycandidstatementbyperhapstheforemostleaderofthetheologicalrear-
　　guard，admittingtheinsuperabledifficultiespresentedbytheOldTestamentchronologyasregardstheCreationandtheDeluge，seetheDukeofArgyll’sPrimevalMan，pp。90-100，andespeciallypp。93，124。Forasuccinctstatementonthegeneralsubject，seeLaing，ProblemsoftheFuture，London，1889，chaptersvandvi。FordiscoveriesofprehistoricimplementsinIndia，seenotesbyBruceFoote，F。G。S。，intheBritishJournaloftheAnthropologicalInstitutefor1886and1887。ForsimilardiscoveriesinSouthAfrica，seeGooch，inJournaloftheAnthropologicalInstituteofGreatBritainandIreland，vol。xi，pp。124etseq。ForproofsoftheexistanceofPalaeolithicmaninEgypt，seeMook，Haynes，Pitt-Rivers，Flinders-Petrie，andothers，citedatlengthinthenextchapter。Forthecorroborativeandconcurrenttestimonyofethnology，philology，andhistorytothevastantiquityofman，seeTylor，Anthropology，chap。i。
　　Asanimportantsupplementtothesediscoveriesofancientimplementscamesundrycomparisonsmadebyeminentphysiologistsbetweenhumanskullsandbonesfoundindifferentplacesandundercircumstancesshowingvastantiquity。
　　Humanboneshadbeenfoundundersuchcircumstancesasearlyas1835atCannstadtnearStuttgart，andin1856intheNeanderthalnearDusseldorf；butinmorerecentsearchestheyhadbeendiscoveredinamultitudeofplaces，especiallyinGermany，France，Belgium，England，theCaucasus，Africa，andNorthandSouthAmerica。ComparisonofthesebonesshowedthateveninthatremoteQuaternaryperiodthereweregreatdifferencesofrace，andhereagaincameinanargumentfortheyetearlierexistenceofmanontheearth；forlongpreviousperiodsmusthavebeenrequiredtodevelopsuchracialdifferences。
　　Considerationsofthiskindgaveanewimpulsetothebeliefthatman’sexistencemightevendatebackintotheTertiaryperiod。
　　Theevidenceforthisearlieroriginofmanwasablysummedup，notonlybyitsbrilliantadvocate，Mortillet，butbyaformeropponent，oneofthemostconservativeofmodernanthropologists，Quatrefages；andtheconclusionarrivedatbybothwas，thatmandidreallyexistintheTertiaryperiod。TheacceptanceofthisconclusionwasalsoseeninthemorerecentworkofAlfredRusselWallace，who，thoughverycautiousandconservative，placedtheoriginofmannotonlyintheTertiaryperiod，butinanearlierstageofitthanmosthaddaredassign——evenintheMiocene。
　　Thefirstthingraisingastrongpresumption，ifnotgivingproof，thatmanexistedintheTertiary，wasthefactthatfromallexploredpartsoftheworldcameinmoreandmoreevidencethatintheearlierQuaternarymanexistedindifferent，stronglymarkedracesandingreatnumbers。Fromallregionswhichgeologistshadexplored，evenfromthosethemostdistantanddifferentfromeachother，camethissameevidence——fromnorthernEuropetosouthernAfrica；fromFrancetoChina；fromNewJerseytoBritishColumbia；fromBritishColumbiatoPeru。Thedevelopmentofmaninsuchnumbersandinsomanydifferentregions，withsuchdifferencesofraceandatsoearlyaperiod，musthaverequiredalongprevioustime。
　　Thisargumentwasstrengthenedbydiscoveriesofbonesbearingmarksapparentlymadebycuttinginstruments，intheTertiaryformationsofFranceandItaly，andbythediscoveriesofwhatwereclaimedtobeflintimplementsbytheAbbeBourgeoisinFrance，andofimplementsandhumanbonesbyProf。CapelliniinItaly。
　　Ontheotherhand，someofthemorecautiousmenofsciencearestillcontenttosaythattheexistenceofmanintheTertiaryperiodisnotyetproven。AstohisexistencethroughouttheQuaternaryepoch，nonewproofsareneeded；evensodeterminedasupporterofthetheologicalsideastheDukeofArgyllhasbeenforcedtoyieldtotheevidence。
　　Ofattemptstomakeanexactchronologicalstatementthrowinglightonthelengthofthevariousprehistoricperiods，themostnotablehavebeenthosebyM。Morlot，ontheaccumulatedstrataoftheLakeofGeneva；byGillieron，onthesiltofLakeNeufchatel；byHorner，inthedeltadepositsofEgypt；andbyRiddle，inthedeltaoftheMississippi。Butwhilethesehavefailedtogiveanythinglikeanexactresult，alltheseinvestigationstogetherpointtothecentraltruth，soamplyestablished，ofthevastantiquityofman，andtheutterinadequacyofthechronologygiveninoursacredbooks。Theperiodofman’spastlifeuponourplanet，whichhasbeenfixedbytheuniversalChurch，“always，everywhere，andbyall。”isthusperfectlyprovedtobeinsignificantcomparedwiththosevastgeologicalepochsduringwhichmanisnowknowntohaveexisted。[188]
　　[188]AstotheevidenceofmanintheTertiaryperiod，seeworksalreadycited，especiallyQuatrefages，Cartailhac，andMortillet。
　　Foranadmirablesummary，seeLaing，HumanOrigins，chap。viii。
　　Seealso，forasummingupoftheevidenceinfavourofmanintheTertiaryperiod，Quatrefages，HistoryGeneraledesRacesHumaines，intheBibliothequeEthnologique，Paris，1887，chap。
　　iv。Astotheearlierview，seeVogt，LecturesonMan，London，1864，lecturexi。ForathoroughandconvincingrefutationofSirJ。W。Dawson’sattempttomaketheoldandnewStoneperiodscoincide，seeH。W。Haynes，inchap。vioftheHistoryofAmerica，editedbyJustinWinsor。Fordevelopmentofvariousimportantpointsintherelationofanthropologytothehumanoccupancyofourplanet，seeTopinard，Anthropology，London，1890，chap。ix。