Butin1851，withtheInternationalExhibitionatLondon，beganinGreatBritainandAmericaamovementinfavourofscientificeducation；menofwealthandpublicspiritbeganmakingcontributionstothem，andthuscamethegrowthofanewsystemofinstructioninwhichChemistryandPhysicstookjustrank。
　　ByfarthemostmarkedfeatureinthismovementwasseeninAmerica，when，in1857，JustinS。Morrill，ayoungmemberofCongressfromVermont，presentedtheprojectofalawendowingfromthepubliclandsabroadnationalsystemofcollegesinwhichscientificandtechnicalstudiesshouldbeplacedonanequalitywithstudiesinclassicalliterature，onesuchcollegetobeestablishedineveryStateoftheUnion。Thebill，thoughopposedmainlybyrepresentativesfromtheSouthernStates，wheredoctrinairepoliticsandorthodoxtheologywereinstrongalliancewithnegroslavery，waspassedbybothHousesofCongress，butvetoedbyPresidentBuchanan，inwhomthedoctrinaireandorthodoxspiritwasincarnate。ButMorrillpersistedandagainpresentedhisbill，whichwasagaincarriedinspiteoftheoppositionoftheSouthernmembers，andagainvetoedin1859byPresidentBuchanan。Thencamethecivilwar；
　　butMorrillandhisassociatesdidnotdespairoftherepublic。
　　InthemidstofallthemeasuresforputtingvastarmiesintothefieldandforsavingtheUnionfromforeigninterferenceaswellasfromdomesticanarchy，theyagainpassedthebill，andin1862，inthedarkesthourofthestrugglefornationalexistence，itbecamealawbythesignatureofPresidentLincoln。
　　Andhereitshouldnotbeunrecorded，that，whilethevastmajorityofthesupportersofthemeasurewerelaymen，mostefficientservicewasrenderedbyaclergyman，theRev。Dr。
　　AmosBrown，borninNewHampshire，butatthattimeaninstructorinalittlevillageofNewYork。Hisideaswereembodiedinthebill，andhiseffortsdidmuchforitspassage。
　　Thuswasestablished，ineveryStateoftheAmericanUnion，atleastoneinstitutioninwhichscientificandtechnicalstudiesweregivenequalrankwithclassical，andpromotedbylaboratoriesforresearchinphysicalandnaturalscience。Oftheseinstitutionstherearenownearlyfifty：allhaveprovedvaluable，andsomeofthem，bytheadditionofsplendidgiftsfromindividualsandfromtheStatesinwhichtheyaresituated，havebeendevelopedintogreatuniversities。
　　Norwasthisall。Manyoftheolderuniversitiesandcollegesthusreceivedapowerfulstimulusinthenewdirection。Thegreatphysicalandchemicallaboratoriesfoundedbygiftsfrompublic-spiritedindividuals，asatHarvard，Yale，andChicago，orbyenlightenedStatelegislators，asinMichigan，Wisconsin，Minnesota，California，Kansas，andNebraska，havealsobecomecentresfromwhichradiateinfluencesfavouringtheunfetteredsearchfortruthastruth。
　　Thissystemhasbeenlongenoughinoperationtoenableustonoteinsomedegreeitseffectsonreligion，andthesearecertainlysuchastorelievethosewhohavefearedthatreligionwasnecessarilyboundupwiththeolderinstructioncontrolledbytheology。WhileinEurope，byanaturalreaction，thecollegesunderstrictecclesiasticalcontrolhavesentforththemostpowerfulfoestheChristianChurchhaseverknown，ofwhomVoltaireandDiderotandVolneyandSainte-BeuveandRenanaretypes，nosucheffectshavebeennotedinthesenewerinstitutions。Whilethetheologicalwayoflookingattheuniversehassteadilyyielded，therehasbeennosignofanytendencytowardirreligion。Onthecontrary，itisthetestimonyofthosebestacquaintedwiththeAmericancollegesanduniversitiesduringthelastforty-fiveyearsthattherehasbeeninthemagreatgain，notonlyasregardsmorals，butasregardsreligioninitshighestandbestsense。Thereasonisnotfartoseek。UndertheoldAmericansystemthewholebodyofstudentsatauniversitywereconfinedtoasinglecourse，forwhichthemajoritycaredlittleandverymanycarednothing，and，asaresult，widespreadidlenessanddissipationwereinevitable。
　　Underthenewsystem，presentingvariouscourses，andespeciallycoursesinvarioussciences，appealingtodifferenttastesandaims，thegreatmajorityofstudentsareinterested，andconsequentlyindolenceanddissipationhavesteadilydiminished。
　　Moreover，inthemajorityofAmericaninstitutionsoflearningdowntothemiddleofthecentury，themainrelianceforthereligiouscultureofstudentswasintheperfunctorypresentationofsectariantheology，andtheoccasionalstirringupofwhatwerecalled“revivals。”which，afteraperiodofunhealthystimulus，inevitablyleftthemainbodyofstudentsinastateofreligiousandmoralreactionandcollapse。Thismethodisnowdiscredited，andinthemoreimportantAmericanuniversitiesithasbecomeimpossible。Religioustruth，tosecuretheattentionofthemodernraceofstudentsinthebetterAmericaninstitutions，ispresented，notby“sensationpreachers。”butbythoughtful，sober-mindedscholars。Lessandlessavailsectarianarguments；moreandmoreimpressivebecomesthepresentationoffundamentalreligioustruths。Theresultis，thatwhileyoungmencarelessandlessforthegreatmassofpetty，cut-and-driedsectarianformulas，theyapproachthedeeperquestionsofreligionwithincreasingreverence。
　　WhilestrikingdifferencesexistbetweentheEuropeanuniversitiesandthoseoftheUnitedStates，thisatleastmaybesaid，thatonbothsidesoftheAtlanticthegreatmajorityoftheleadinginstitutionsoflearningareundertheswayofenlightenedpublicopinionasvoicedmainlybylaymen，andthat，thisbeingthecase，thephysicalandnaturalsciencesarehenceforthlikelytobedevelopednormally，andwithoutfearofbeingsterilizedbytheologyoroppressedbyecclesiasticism。
　　Nothingintheevolutionofhumanthoughtappearsmoreinevitablethantheideaofsupernaturalinterventioninproducingandcuringdisease。Thecausesofdiseasearesointricatethattheyarereachedonlyafteragesofscientificlabour。Inthoseperiodswhenmanseeseverywheremiracleandnowherelaw，——whenheattributesallthingswhichhecannotunderstandtoawilllikehisown，——henaturallyascribeshisdiseaseseithertothewrathofagoodbeingortothemaliceofanevilbeing。
　　Thisideaunderliestheconnectionofthepriestlyclasswiththehealingart：aconnectionofwhichwehavesurvivalsamongrudetribesinallpartsoftheworld，andwhichisseeninnearlyeveryancientcivilization——especiallyinthepowersoverdiseaseclaimedinEgyptbythepriestsofOsirisandIsis，inAssyriabythepriestsofGibil，inGreecebythepriestsofAesculapius，andinJudeabythepriestsandprophetsofJahveh。
　　InEgyptthereisevidence，reachingbacktoaveryearlyperiod，thatthesickwereoftenregardedasafflictedorpossessedbydemons；thesamebeliefcomesconstantlybeforeusinthegreatreligionsofIndiaandChina；and，asregardsChaldea，theAssyriantabletsrecoveredinrecentyears，whilerevealingthesourceofsomanymythsandlegendstransmittedtothemodernworldthroughthebookofGenesis，showespeciallythisideaofthehealingofdiseasesbythecastingoutofdevils。AsimilartheorywaselaboratedinPersia。Naturally，then，theOldTestament，sopreciousinshowingtheevolutionofreligiousandmoraltruthamongmen，attributessuchdiseasesastheleprosyofMiriamandUzziah，theboilsofJob，thedysenteryofJehoram，thewitheredhandofJeroboam，thefatalillnessofAsa，andmanyotherills，tothewrathofGodorthemaliceofSatan；while，intheNewTestament，suchexamplesasthewoman“boundbySatan。”therebukeofthefever，thecastingoutofthedevilwhichwasdumb，thehealingofthepersonwhom“thedevilofttimescastethintothefire“——ofwhichcaseoneofthegreatestmodernphysiciansremarksthatneverwasthereatruerdescriptionofepilepsy——andvariousotherepisodes，showthissameinevitablemodeofthoughtasarefractingmediumthroughwhichtheteachingsanddoingsoftheGreatPhysicianwererevealedtofuturegenerations。
　　InGreece，thoughthisideaofanoccultevilagencyinproducingbodilyillsappearedatanearlyperiod，therealsocamethefirstbeginnings，sofarasweknow，ofareallyscientifictheoryofmedicine。FivehundredyearsbeforeChrist，inthebloomperiodofthought——theperiodofAeschylus，Phidias，Pericles，Socrates，andPlato——appearedHippocrates，oneofthegreatestnamesinhistory。Quietlybutthoroughlyhebrokeawayfromtheoldtradition，developedscientificthought，andlaidthefoundationsofmedicalscienceuponexperience，observation，andreasonsodeeplyandbroadlythathisteachingremainstothishouramongthemostpreciouspossessionsofourrace。
　　HisthoughtwaspassedontotheSchoolofAlexandria，andtheremedicalsciencewasdevelopedyetfurther，especiallybysuchmenasHerophilusandErasistratus。Undertheirleadstudiesinhumananatomybeganbydissection；theoldprejudicewhichhadweighedsolonguponscience，preventingthatmethodofanatomicalinvestigationwithoutwhichtherecanbenorealresults，wascastasideapparentlyforever。[289]
　　[289]ForextendedstatementsregardingmedicineinEgypt，Judea，andEasternnationsgenerally，seeSprengel，HistoiredelaMedecine，andHaeser；andformoresuccinctaccounts，Baas，GeschichtederMedicin，pp。15-29；alsoIsensee；alsoFredault，HistoiredelaMedecine，chap。i。FortheeffortinEgyptianmedicinetodealwithdemonsandwitches，seeHeinrichBrugsch，DieAegyptologie，Leipsic，1891，p。77；andforreferencestothePapyrusEbers，etc。，pp。155，407，andfollowing。ForfearofdissectionandprejudicesagainstitinEgypt，likethoseinmediaevalEurope，seeMasperoandSayce，DawnofCivilization，p。
　　216。ForthederivationofpriestlymedicineinEgypt，seeBaas，pp。16，22。ForthefameofEgyptianmedicineatRome，seeSharpe，HistoryofEgypt，vol。ii，pp。151，184。ForAssyria，seeespeciallyGeorgeSmithinDelitzsch’sGermantranslation，p。
　　34，andF。Delitzsch’sappendix，p。27。Onthecheapnessandcommonnessofmiraclesofhealinginantiquity，seeSharpe，quotingSt。Jerome，vol。ii，pp。276，277。AstotheinfluenceofChaldeanideasofmagicanddisease，seeLecky，HistoryofEuropeanMorals，vol。i，p。404andnote。But，ontheotherhand，seereferenceinHomertodiseasescausedbya“demon。”
　　FortheevolutionofmedicinebeforeandafterHippocrates，seeSprengel。ForagoodsummingupoftheworkofHippocrates，seeBaas，p。201。Forthenecessarypassageofmedicineinitsearlystagesunderpriestlycontrol，seeCabanis，TheRevolutionofMedicalScience，London，1806，chap。ii。OnJewishideasregardingdemons，andtheirrelationtosickness，seeToy，JudaismandChristianity，Boston，1891，pp。168etseq。ForavoidanceofdissectionsofhumansubjectsevenbyGalenandhisdisciples，seeMauriceAlbert，LesMedecinsGrecsaRome，Paris，1894，chap。xi。ForHerophilus，Erasistratus，andtheSchoolofAlexandria，seeSprengel，vol。i，pp。433，434etseq。
　　ButwiththecominginofChristianityagreatnewchainofeventswassetinmotionwhichmodifiedthisdevelopmentmostprofoundly。TheinfluenceofChristianityonthehealingartwastwofold：therewasfirstablessedimpulse——thethought，aspiration，example，ideals，andspiritofJesusofNazareth。
　　Thisspirit，thenpouredintotheworld，floweddownthroughtheages，promotingself-sacrificeforthesickandwretched。
　　Throughallthosesucceedingcenturies，eventhroughtherudest，hospitalsandinfirmariessprangupalongthisblessedstream。
　　OftheseweretheEasternestablishmentsforthecureofthesickattheearliestChristianperiods，theInfirmaryofMonteCassinoandtheHotel-DieuatLyonsinthesixthcentury，theHotel-DieuatParisintheseventh，andthemyriadrefugesforthesickandsufferingwhichsprangupineverypartofEuropeduringthefollowingcenturies。Vitalizedbythisstream，allmedievalgrowthsofmercybloomedluxuriantly。Tosaynothingofthoseatanearlierperiod，wehaveinthetimeoftheCrusadesgreatcharitableorganizationsliketheOrderofSt。JohnofJerusalem，andthenceforwardeverymeansofbringingthespiritofJesustohelpafflictedhumanity。So，too，throughallthoseageswehaveasuccessionofmenandwomendevotingthemselvestoworksofmercy，culminatingduringmoderntimesinsaintslikeVincentdePaul，Francke，Howard，ElizabethFry，FlorenceNightingale，andMuhlenberg。
　　Butwhilethisvastinfluence，pouredforthfromtheheartoftheFounderofChristianity，streamedthroughcenturyaftercentury，inspiringeverydevelopmentofmercy，therecamefromthosewhoorganizedtheChurchwhichbearshisname，andfromthosewhoafterwarddevelopedanddirectedit，anotherstreamofinfluence——atheologydrawnpartlyfromprehistoricconceptionsofunseenpowers，partlyfromideasdevelopedintheearliesthistoricnations，butespeciallyfromtheletteroftheHebrewandChristiansacredbooks。
　　ThetheologydeveLopedoutofoursacredliteratureinrelationtothecureofdiseasewasmainlytwofold：first，therewasanewandstrongevolutionoftheoldideathatphysicaldiseaseisproducedbythewrathofGodorthemaliceofSatan，orbyacombinationofboth，whichtheologywasespeciallycalledintoexplain；secondly，therewereevolvedtheoriesofmiraculousmethodsofcure，baseduponmodesofappeasingtheDivineanger，orofthwartingSatanicmalice。
　　Alongboththesestreamsofinfluence，onearisinginthelifeofJesus，andtheotherinthereasoningsoftheologians，legendsofmiraclesgrewluxuriantly。Itwouldbeutterlyunphilosophicaltoattributetheseasawholetoconsciousfraud。Whateverpartpriestcraftmayhavetakenafterwardinsundrydiscreditabledevelopmentsofthem，themassofmiraculouslegends，Centuryaftercentury，grewupmainlyingoodfaith，andasnaturallyaselmsalongwater-coursesorflowersupontheprairie。