Anotherclassofcasesinwhichthetheologicspirithasallieditselfwiththeretrogradepartyinmedicalscienceisfoundinthehistoryofcertainremedialagents；andfirstmaybenamedcocaine。AsearlyasthemiddleofthesixteenthcenturythevalueofcocahadbeendiscoveredinSouthAmerica；thenativesofPeruprizedithighly，andtwoeminentJesuits，JosephAcostaandAntonioJulian，wereconvertedtothisview。ButtheconservativespiritintheChurchwastoostrong；in1567theSecondCouncilofLima，consistingofbishopsfromallpartsofSouthAmerica，condemnedit，andtwoyearslatercamearoyaldecreedeclaringthat“thenotionsentertainedbythenativesregardingitareanillusionofthedevil。”
AsapendanttothissingularmistakeonthepartoftheolderChurchcameanothercommittedbymanyProtestants。IntheearlyyearsoftheseventeenthcenturytheJesuitmissionariesinSouthAmericalearnedfromthenativesthevalueoftheso-calledPeruvianbarkinthetreatmentofague；andin1638，theCountessofCinchon，RegentofPeru，havingderivedgreatbenefitfromthenewremedy，itwasintroducedintoEurope。Althoughitsalkaloid，quinine，isperhapsthenearestapproachtoamedicalspecific，andhasdiminishedthedeathrateincertainregionstoanamazingextent，itsintroductionwasbitterlyopposedbymanyconservativemembersofthemedicalprofession，andinthisoppositionlargenumbersofultra-Protestantsjoined，outofhostilitytotheRomanChurch。Intheheatofsectarianfeelingthenewremedywasstigmatizedas“aninventionofthedevil“；
andsostrongwasthisoppositionthatitwasnotintroducedintoEnglanduntil1653，andeventhenitsusewaslongheldback，owingmainlytoanti-Catholicfeeling。
Whatthetheologicalmethodontheultra-Protestantsidecoulddotohelptheworldatthisverytimeisseeninthefactthat，whilethisstrugglewasgoingon，HoffmannwasattemptingtogiveascientifictheoryoftheactionofthedevilincausingJob’sboils。Thiseffortataquasi-scientificexplanationwhichshouldsatisfythetheologicalspirit，comicalasitatfirstseems，isreallyworthyofseriousnotice，becauseitmustbeconsideredasthebeginningofthatinevitableeffortatcompromisewhichweseeinthehistoryofeverysciencewhenitbeginstoappeartriumphant。[326]
[326]FortheoppositionoftheSouthAmericanChurchauthoritiestotheintroductionofcoca，etc。，seeMartindale，Coca，Cocaine，anditsSalts，London，1886，p。7。Astotheologicalandsectarianresistancetoquinine，seeRussell，pp。194，253；alsoEccles；alsoMeryon，HistoryofMedicine，London，1861，vol。i，p。74，note。ForthegreatdecreaseindeathsbyfeveraftertheuseofPeruvianbarkbegan，seestatisticaltablesgiveninRussell，p。252；andforHoffmann’sattemptatcompromise，ibid。，p。294。
ButIpasstoatypicalconflictinourdays，andinaProtestantcountry。In1847，JamesYoungSimpson，aScotchphysician，whoafterwardrosetothehighesteminenceinhisprofession，havingadvocatedtheuseofanaestheticsinobstetricalcases，wasimmediatelymetbyastormofopposition。Thishostilityflowedfromanancientandtime-honouredbeliefinScotland。Asfarbackastheyear1591，EufameMacalyane，aladyofrank，beingchargedwithseekingtheaidofAgnesSampsonforthereliefofpainatthetimeofthebirthofhertwosons，wasburnedaliveontheCastleHillofEdinburgh；andthisoldtheologicalviewpersistedeventothemiddleofthenineteenthcentury。FrompulpitafterpulpitSimpson’suseofchloroformwasdenouncedasimpiousandcontrarytoHolyWrit；textswerecitedabundantly，theordinarydeclarationbeingthattousechloroformwas“toavoidonepartoftheprimevalcurseonwoman。”Simpsonwrotepamphletafterpamphlettodefendtheblessingwhichhebroughtintouse；butheseemedabouttobeovercome，whenheseizedanewweapon，probablythemostabsurdbywhichagreatcausewaseverwon：“Myopponentsforget。”hesaid，“thetwenty-firstverseofthesecondchapterofGenesis；itistherecordofthefirstsurgicaloperationeverperformed，andthattextprovesthattheMakeroftheuniverse，beforehetooktheribfromAdam’ssideforthecreationofEve，causedadeepsleeptofalluponAdam。”Thiswasastunningblow，butitdidnotentirelykilltheopposition；theyhadstrengthlefttomaintainthatthe“deepsleepofAdamtookplacebeforetheintroductionofpainintotheworld——inastateofinnocence。”Butnowanewchampionintervened——ThomasChalmers：withafewpungentargumentsfromhispulpithescatteredtheenemyforever，andthegreatestbattleofscienceagainstsufferingwaswon。Thisvictorywaswonnotlessforreligion。WiselydidthosewhoraisedthemonumentatBostontooneofthediscoverersofanaestheticsinscribeuponitspedestalthewordsfromoursacredtext，“ThisalsocomethforthfromtheLordofhosts，whichiswonderfulincounsel，andexcellentinworking。”[327]
[327]ForthecaseofEufameMacalyane，seDalyell，DarkerSuperstitionsofScotland，pp。130，133。ForthecontestofSimpsonwithScotchecclesiaticalauthorities，seeDuns，LifeofSirJ。Y。Simpson，London，1873，pp。215-222，and256-260。
XI。FINALBREAKINGAWAYOFTHETHEOLOGICALTHEORYINMEDICINE。
Whilethisdevelopmentofhistorywasgoingon，thecentralideaonwhichthewholetheologicviewrested——theideaofdiseasesasresultingfromthewrathofGodormaliceofSatan——wassteadilyweakened；and，outofthemanythingswhichshowthis，onemaybeselectedasindicatingthedriftofthoughtamongtheologiansthemselves。
TowardtheendoftheeighteenthcenturythemosteminentdivinesoftheAmericanbranchoftheAnglicanChurchframedtheirBookofCommonPrayer。Aboundingasitdoesinevidencesoftheirwisdomandpiety，fewthingsaremorenoteworthythanachangemadeintheexhortationtothefaithfultopresentthemselvesatthecommunion。While，intheoldformlaiddownintheEnglishPrayerBook，theministerwasrequiredtowarnhisflocknot“tokindleGod’swrath“or“provokehimtoplagueuswithdiversdiseasesandsundrykindsofdeath。”fromtheAmericanformallthisandmoreofsimilarimportinvariousserviceswasleftout。
Sincethatdayprogressinmedicalsciencehasbeenrapidindeed，andatnoperiodmoresothanduringthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury。
Thetheologicalviewofdiseasehassteadilyfaded，andthetheologicalholduponmedicaleducationhasbeenalmostentirelyrelaxed。Inthreegreatfields，especially，discoverieshavebeenmadewhichhavedonemuchtodispersetheatmosphereofmiracle。First，therehascomeknowledgeregardingtherelationbetweenimaginationandmedicine，which，thoughstilldefective，isofgreatimportance。Thisrelationhasbeennotedduringthewholehistoryofthescience。WhenthesoldiersofthePrinceofOrange，atthesiegeofBredain1625，weredyingofscurvybyscores，hesenttothephysicians“twoorthreesmallvialsfilledwithadecoctionofcamomile，wormwood，andcamphor，gaveoutthatitwasaveryrareandpreciousmedicine——amedicineofsuchvirtuethattwoorthreedropssufficedtoimpregnateagallonofwater，andthatithadbeenobtainedfromtheEastwithgreatdifficultyanddanger。”Thisstatement，madewithmuchsolemnity，deeplyimpressedthesoldiers；theytookthemedicineeagerly，andgreatnumbersrecoveredrapidly。Again，twocenturieslater，youngHumphryDavy，beingemployedtoapplythebulbofthethermometertothetonguesofcertainpatientsatBristolaftertheyhadinhaledvariousgasesasremediesfordisease，andfindingthatthepatientssupposedthisapplicationofthethermometer-bulbwasthecure，finallywroughtcuresbythisapplicationalone，withoutanyuseofthegaseswhatever。
InnumerablecasesofthissorthavethrownafloodoflightuponsuchcuresasthosewroughtbyPrinceHohenlohe，bythe“metallictractors。”andbyamultitudeofotheragenciestemporarilyinvogue，but，aboveall，uponthemiraculouscureswhichinpastageshavebeensofrequentandofwhichafewsurvive。
Theseconddepartmentisthatofhypnotism。Withinthelasthalf-centurymanyscatteredindicationshavebeencollectedandsupplementedbythoughtful，patientinvestigatorsofgenius，andespeciallybyBraidinEnglandandCharcotinFrance。Here，too，greatinroadshavebeenmadeupontheprovincehithertosacredtomiracle，andin1888thecathedralpreacher，Steigenberger，ofAugsburg，soundedanalarm。Hedeclaredhisfears“lestaccreditedChurchmiracleslosetheirholduponthepublic。”
denouncedhypnotismasadoctrineofdemons，andendedwiththesingularargumentthat，inasmuchashypnotismisavowedlyincapableofexplainingallthewondersofhistory，itisidletoconsideritatall。Butinvestigationsinhypnotismstillgoon，andmaydomuchinthetwentiethcenturytocarrytheworldyetfurtherfromtherealmofthemiraculous。
Inathirdfieldsciencehaswonastrikingseriesofvictories。
Bacteriology，beginningintheresearchesofLeeuwenhoekintheseventeenthcentury，continuedbyO。F。Mullerintheeighteenth，anddevelopedorappliedwithwonderfulskillbyEhrenberg，Cohn，Lister，Pasteur，Koch，Billings，Bering，andtheircompeersinthenineteenth，hasexplainedtheoriginandproposedthepreventionorcureofvariousdiseaseswidelyprevailing，whichuntilrecentlyhavebeengenerallyheldtobe“inscrutableprovidences。”Finally，thecloserstudyofpsychology，especiallyinitsrelationstofolklore，hasrevealedprocessesinvolvedinthedevelopmentofmythsandlegends：thephenomenaof“expectantattention。”thetendencytomarvel-mongering，andthefeelingof“joyinbelieving。”
Insummingupthehistoryofthislongstrugglebetweenscienceandtheology，twomainfactsaretobenoted：First，thatinproportionastheworldapproachedthe“agesoffaith“itrecededfromascertainedtruth，andinproportionastheworldhasrecededfromthe“agesoffaith“ithasapproachedascertainedtruth；secondly，that，inproportionasthegraspoftheologyUponeducationtightened，medicinedeclined，andinproportionasthatgrasphasrelaxed，medicinehasbeendeveloped。
Theworldishardlybeyondthebeginningofmedicaldiscoveries，yettheyhavealreadytakenfromtheologywhatwasformerlyitsstrongestprovince——sweepingawayfromthisvastfieldofhumaneffortthatbeliefinmiracleswhichformorethantwentycenturieshasbeenthemainstumblingblockinthepathofmedicine；andindoingthistheyhaveclearedhigherpathsnotonlyforscience，butforreligion。[328]
[328]Fortherescueofmedicaleducationfromthecontroloftheology，especiallyinFrance，seeRambaud，LaCivilisationContemporaineenFrance，pp。682，683。Formiraculouscureswroughtbyimagination，seeTuke，InfluenceofMindonBody，vol。
ii。Foroppositiontothescientificstudyofhypnotism，seeHypnotismusundWunder：einVortrag，mitWeiterungen，vonMaxSteigenberger，Domprediger，Augsburg，1888，reviewedinScience，Feb。15，1889，p。127。Forarecentstatementregardingthedevelopmentofstudiesinhypnotism，seeLiegeois，DelaSuggestionetduSomnambulismedansleursrapportsaveclaJurisprudence，Paris，1889，chap。ii。Astojoyinbelievingandexaggeratingmarvels，seeintheLondonGraphicforJanuary2，1892，anaccountofHindujugglersby“Professor“Hofmann，himselfanexpertconjurer。HeshowsthattheHinduperformanceshavebeengrosslyandpersistentlyexaggeratedintheaccountsoftravellers；thattheyareeasilyseenthrough，andgreatlyinferiortothejugglers’tricksseeneverydayinEuropeancapitals。TheeminentProf。DeGubernatis，whoalsohadwitnessedtheHinduperformances，assuredthepresentwriterthatthecurrentaccountsofthemweremonstrouslyexaggerated。Astothemiraculousingeneral，thefamousEssayofHumeholdsamostimportantplaceintheolderliteratureofthesubject；but，forperhapsthemostremarkableofalldiscussionsofit，seeConyersMiddleton，D。D。，AFreeInquiryintotheMiraculousPowerswhicharesupposedtohavesubsistedintheChristianChurch，London，1749。Forprobablythemostjudiciallyfairdiscussion，seeLecky，HistoryofEuropeanMorals，vol。i，chap。iii；alsohisRationalisminEurope，vol。i，chaps。iandii；andforperhapstheboldestandmostsuggestiveofrecentstatements，seeMaxMuller，PhysicalReligion，beingtheGiffordLecturesbeforetheUniversityofGlasgowfor1890，London，1891，lecturexiv。Seealso，forverycogentstatementsandarguments，MatthewArnold’sLiteratureandDogma，especiallychap。v，and，forarecentutteranceofgreatclearnessandforce，Prof。Osler’sAddressbeforetheJohnsHopkinsUniversity，giveninSciencefor