Besidesthese，werelonglitaniesofbillingsgate，cursing，andthreatening。Oneofthese“scourging“exorcismsrunspartlyasfollows：
　　“MayAgyosstrikethee，ashedidEgypt，withfrogs！……Mayallthedevilsthatarethyfoesrushforthuponthee，anddragtheedowntohell！……May……Tetragrammaton……drivetheeforthandstonethee，asIsraeldidtoAchan！……MaytheHolyOnetrampleontheeandhangtheeupinaninfernalfork，aswasdonetothefivekingsoftheAmorites！……MayGodsetanailtoyourskull，andpounditinwithahammer，asJaeldiduntoSisera！……
　　May……Sother……breakthyheadandcutoffthyhands，aswasdonetothecursedDagon！……MayGodhangtheeinahellishyoke，assevenmenwerehangedbythesonsofSaul！”Andsoon，throughfivepagesofclose-printedLatincurses。[352]
　　[352]ThesaurusExorcismorum，pp。812-817。
　　Occasionallythedemonisreasonedwith，asfollows：“O
　　obstinate，accursed，fly！……whydoyoustopandholdback，whenyouknowthatyourstrengthislostonChrist？Foritishardfortheetokickagainstthepricks；and，verily，thelongerittakesyoutogo，theworseitwillgowithyou。Begone，then：
　　takeflight，thouvenomoushisser，thoulyingworm，thoubegetterofvipers！”[353]
　　[353]Ibid。，p。859。
　　ThisprocedureanditsresultswererecognisedasamongthegloriesoftheChurch。Astypical，wemaymentionanexorcismdirectedbyacertainBishopofBeauvais，whichwassoeffectivethatfivedevilsgaveuppossessionofasuffererandsignedtheirnames，eachforhimselfandhissubordinateimps，toanagreementthatthepossessedshouldbemolestednomore。So，too，theJesuitfathersatVienna，in1583，gloriedinthefactthatinsuchacontesttheyhadcastouttwelvethousandsixhundredandfifty-twolivingdevils。TheecclesiasticalannalsoftheMiddleAges，and，indeed，ofalaterperiod，aboundinboastsofsuch“mightyworks。”[354]
　　[354]Inmypreviouschapters，especiallythatonmeteorology，I
　　havequotedextensivelyfromtheoriginaltreatises，ofwhichaverylargecollectionisinmyposession；butinthischapterI
　　havemainlyavailedmyselfofthecopioustranslationsgivenbyM。H。Dziewicki，inhisexcellentarticleinTheNineteenthCenturyforOctober，1888，entitledExorcizoTe。Forvaluablecitationsontheoriginandspreadofexorcism，seeLecky’sEuropeanMoralsthirdEnglishedition，vol。i，pp。379-385。
　　Suchwastheresultofathousandyearsoftheologicalreasoning，bythestrongestmindsinEurope，upondatapartlygiveninScriptureandpartlyinheritedfrompaganism，regardingSatanandhisworkamongmen。
　　Undertheguidanceoftheology，alwayssosevereagainst“sciencefalselysocalled。”theworldhadcomealongwayindeedfromthesoothingtreatmentofthepossessedbyhimwhoboreamongthenoblestofhistitlesthatof“TheGreatPhysician。”Theresultwasnatural：thetreatmentoftheinsanefellmoreandmoreintothehandsofthejailer，thetorturer，andtheexecutioner。
　　Togobackforamomenttothebeginningsofthisunfortunatedevelopment。InspiteoftheearlierandmorekindlytendencyintheChurch，theSynodofAncyra，asearlyas314A。D。，commandedtheexpulsionofpossessedpersonsfromtheChurch；theVisigothicChristianswhippedthem；andCharlemagne，inspiteofsomegoodenactments，imprisonedthem。Menandwomen，whosedistemperedmindsmighthavebeenrestoredtohealthbygentlenessandskill，weredrivenintohopelessmadnessbynoxiousmedicinesandbrutality。Somefewweresavedasmerelunatics——theyweresurrenderedtogeneralcarelessness，andbecamesimplyapreytoridiculeandaimlessbrutality；butvastnumberswerepunishedastabernaclesofSatan。
　　Oneoftheleastterribleofthesepunishments，andperhapsthemostcommonofall，wasthatofscourgingdemonsoutofthebodyofalunatic。ThismethodcommendeditselfeventothejudgmentofsothoughtfulandkindlyapersonageasSirThomasMore，andaslateasthesixteenthcentury。Butifthediseasecontinued，asitnaturallywouldaftersuchtreatment，theauthoritiesfrequentlyfeltjustifiedindrivingoutthedemonsbytorture。[355]
　　[355]Forprescriptionofthewhipping-postbySirThomasMore，seeD。H。Tuke’sHistoryofInsanityintheBritishIsles，London，1882，p。41。
　　Interestingmonumentsofthisidea，sofruitfulinevil，stillexist。InthegreatcitiesofcentralEurope，“witchtowers。”
　　wherewitchesanddemoniacsweretortured，and“fooltowers。”
　　wherethemoregentlelunaticswereimprisoned，maystillbeseen。
　　Inthecathedralswestillseethisideafossilized。Devilsandimps，struckintostone，clamberupontowers，prowlundercornices，peeroutfrombossesoffoliage，perchuponcapitals，nestleunderbenches，flameinwindows。Abovethegreatmainentrance，themostcommonofallrepresentationsstillshowsSatanandhisimpsscowling，jeering，grinning，whiletakingpossessionofthesoulsofmenandscourgingthemwithserpents，ordrivingthemwithtridents，ordraggingthemwithchainsintotheflamingmouthofhell。EveninthemosthiddenandsacredplacesofthemedievalcathedralwestillfindrepresentationsofSatanicpowerinwhichprofanityandobscenityrunriot。Intheserepresentationsthepainterandtheglass-stainerviedwiththesculptor。Amongtheearlypaintingsoncanvasawell-knownexamplerepresentsthedevilintheshapeofadragon，perchedneartheheadofadyingman，eagertoseizehissoulasitissuesfromhismouth，andonlykeptoffbytheeffortsoftheattendantpriest。TypicalarethecolossalportraitofSatan，andthevividpictureofthedevilscastoutofthepossessedandenteringintotheswine，asshowninthecathedral-windowsofStrasburg。So，too，inthewindowsofChartresCathedralweseeasainthealingalunatic：thesaint，withalongdevil-scaringformulainLatinissuingfromhismouth；andthelunatic，withalittledetestablehobgoblin，horned，hoofed，andtailed，issuingfromHISmouth。TheseexamplesarebuttypicalofmyriadsincathedralsandabbeysandparishchurchesthroughoutEurope；andallservedtoimpressuponthepopularmindahorrorofeverythingcalleddiabolic，andahatredofthosechargedwithit。Thesesermonsinstonesprecededtheprintedbook；theywereasculpturedBible，whichprecededLuther’spictorialBible。[356]
　　[356]IcitetheseinstancesoutofavastnumberwhichIhavepersonallynotedinvisitstovariouscathedrals。Forstrikingexamplesofmediaevalgrotesques，seeWright’sHistoryofCaricatureandtheGrotesque，London，1875；Langlois’sStallesdelaCathedraledeRouen，1838；Adeline’sLesSculpturesGrotesquesetSymboliques，Rouen，1878；ViolletleDuc，Dictionnairedel’Architecture；Gailhabaud，Surl’Architecture，etc。Forareproductionofanilluminatedmanuscriptinwhichdevilsflyoutofthemouthsofthepossessedundertheinfluenceofexorcisms，seeCahierandMartin，NouveauxMelangesd’Archeologiefor1874，p。136；andforademonemergingfromavictim’smouthinapuffofsmokeatthecommandofSt。FrancisXavier，seeLaDevotiondeDixVendredis，etc。，Platexxxii。
　　Satanandhisimpswereamongtheprincipalpersonagesineverypopulardrama，and“Hell’sMouth“wasapieceofstagesceneryconstantlybroughtintorequisition。Amiracle-playwithoutafulldisplayofthediabolicelementinitwouldhavestoodafairchanceofbeingpeltedfromthestage。[357]
　　[357]SeeWright，HistoryofCaricatureandtheGrotesque；F。J。
　　Mone，SchauspieledesMittelalters，Carlsruhe，1846；Dr。KarlHase，Miracle-PlaysandSacredDramas，Boston，1880translationfromtheGerman。Examplesofthemiracle-playsmaybefoundinMarriott’sCollectionofEnglishMiracle-Plays，1838；inHone’sAncientMysteries；inT。Sharpe’sDissertaiononthePageants……ancientlyperformedatCoventry，Coventry，1828；inthepublicationsoftheShakespeareanandothersocieties。SeeespeciallyTheHarrowingofHell，amiracle-play，editedfromtheoriginalnowintheBritishMuseum，byT。O。Halliwell，London，1840。Oneoftheitemsstillpreservedisasumofmoneypaidforkeepingafireburninginhell’smouth。SaysHaseasabove，p。42：“Inwonderfulsatyrlikemasquerade，inwhichneitherhorns，tails，norhoofswereever……wanting，thedevilprosecutedonthestagehisbusinessoffetchingsouls。”whichleftthemouthsofthedying“intheformofsmallimages。”
　　Notonlythepopularartbutthepopularlegendsembodiedtheseideas。Thechroniclersdelightedinthem；theLivesoftheSaintsaboundedinthem；sermonsenforcedthemfromeverypulpit。Whatwonder，then，thatmenandwomenhadvividdreamsofSatanicinfluence，thatdreadofitwaslikedreadoftheplague，andthatthisterrorspreadthediseaseenormously，untilwehearofconvents，villages，andevenlargedistricts，ravagedbyepidemicsofdiabolicalpossession！[358]
　　[358]Ishalldiscusstheseepidemicsofpossession，whichformasomewhatdistinctclassofphenomena，inthenextchapter。
　　Andthisterrornaturallybrednotonlyactivecrueltytowardthosesupposedtobepossessed，butindifferencetothesufferingsofthoseacknowledgedtobelunatics。Aswehavealreadyseen，whileampleandbeautifulprovisionwasmadeforeveryotherformofhumansuffering，forthistherewascomparativelylittle；and，indeed，eventhislittlewasgenerallyworsethannone。OfthisindifferenceandcrueltywehaveastrikingmonumentinasingleEnglishword——awordoriginallysignificantofgentlenessandmercy，butwhichbecamesignificantofwildriot，brutality，andconfusion——BethlehemHospitalbecame“Bedlam。”
　　Modernarthasalsodweltuponthistheme，andperhapsthemosttouchingofallitsexhibitionsisthepicturebyagreatFrenchmaster，representingatenderwomanboundtoacolumnandexposedtothejeers，insults，andmissilesofstreetruffians。[359]
　　[359]Thetypicalpicturerepresentingapriest’sstrugglewiththedevilisinthecitygalleryofRouen。ThemodernpictureisRobertFleury’spaintingintheLuxembourgGalleryatParis。
　　Hereandthere，evenintheworstoftimes，menarosewhoattemptedtopromoteamorehumaneview，butwithlittleeffect。
　　OneexpositorofSt。Matthew，havingventuredtorecallthefactthatsomeoftheinsanewerespokenofintheNewTestamentaslunaticsandtosuggestthattheirmadnessmightbecausedbythemoon，wasansweredthattheirmadnesswasnotcausedbythemoon，butbythedevil，whoavailshimselfofthemoonlightforhiswork。[360]
　　[360]SeeGeraldusCambrensis，citedbyTuke，asabove，pp。8，9。
　　Oneresultofthisideawasamodeofcurewhichespeciallyaggravatedandspreadmentaldisease：thepromotionofgreatreligiousprocessions。Troopsofmenandwomen，crying，howling，imploringsaints，andbeatingthemselveswithwhips，visitedvarioussacredshrines，images，andplacesinthehopeofdrivingoffthepowersofevil。Theonlyresultwasanincreaseinthenumbersofthediseased。
　　Forhundredsofyearsthisideaofdiabolicpossessionwassteadilydeveloped。Itwasbelievedthatdevilsenteredintoanimals，andanimalswereaccordinglyexorcised，tried，tortured，convicted，andexecuted。ThegreatSt。Ambrosetellsusthatapriest，whilesayingmass，wastroubledbythecroakingoffrogsinaneighbouringmarsh；thatheexorcisedthem，andsostoppedtheirnoise。St。Bernard，asthemonkishchroniclerstellus，mountingthepulpittopreachinhisabbey，wasinterruptedbyacloudofflies；straightwaythesaintutteredthesacredformulaofexcommunication，whenthefliesfelldeaduponthepavementinheaps，andwerecastoutwithshovels！Aformulaofexorcismattributedtoasaintoftheninthcentury，whichremainedinusedowntoarecentperiod，especiallydeclaresinsectsinjurioustocropstobepossessedofevilspirits，andnames，amongtheanimalstobeexcommunicatedorexorcised，mice，moles，andserpents。Theuseofexorcismagainstcaterpillarsandgrasshopperswasalsocommon。InthethirteenthcenturyaBishopofLausanne，findingthattheeelsinLakeLemantroubledthefishermen，attemptedtoremovethedifficultybyexorcism，andtwocenturieslateroneofhissuccessorsexcommunicatedalltheMay-bugsinthediocese。Aslateas1731thereappearsanentryontheMunicipalRegisterofThononasfollows：“RESOLVED，ThatthistownjoinwithotherparishesofthisprovinceinobtainingfromRomeanexcommunicationagainsttheinsects，andthatitwillcontributeproratatotheexpensesofthesame。”
　　DidanyoneventuretodenythatanimalscouldbepossessedbySatan，hewasatoncesilencedbyreferencetotheentranceofSatanintotheserpentintheGardenofEden，andtothecastingofdevilsintoswinebytheFounderofChristianityhimself。[361]
　　[361]SeeMenabrea，ProcesauMoyenAgecontrelesAnimaux，Chambery，1846，pp。31andfollowing；alsoDesmazes，Supplices，PrisonsetGraceenFrance，pp。89，90，and385-395。Foraformulaandceremoniesusedinexcommunicatinginsects，seeRydberg，pp。75andfollowing。
　　Onepartofthissuperstitionmosttenaciouslyheldwasthebeliefthatahumanbeingcouldbetransformedintooneoftheloweranimals。Thisbecameafundamentalpoint。ThemostdreadedofpredatoryanimalsintheMiddleAgeswerethewolves。