Immediatelyseveralnewcasesofpossessionappeared；younggirlswhohadbeencuredwereagainaffected；theembersthuskindledwerefannedintoaflamebya“mission“whichsundrypriestsheldintheparishtoarousethepeopletotheirreligiousduties——amissioninRomanCatholiccountriesbeingakintoa“revival“amongsomeProtestantsects。Multitudesofyoungwomen，excitedbythepreachingandappealsoftheclergy，wereagainthrownintotheolddisease，andatthecomingofthegoodbishopitculminated。
　　Theaccountisgiveninthewordsofaneye-witness：
　　“Atthesolemnentranceofthebishopintothechurch，thepossessedpersonsthrewthemselvesonthegroundbeforehim，orendeavouredtothrowthemselvesuponhim，screamingfrightfully，cursing，blaspheming，sothatthepeopleatlargewerestruckwithhorror。Thepossessedfollowedthebishop，hootedhim，andthreatenedhim，uptothemiddleofthechurch。Orderwasonlyestablishedbytheinterventionofthesoldiers。Duringtheconfirmationthediseasedredoubledtheirhowlsandinfernalvociferations，andtriedtospitinthefaceofthebishopandtotearoffhispastoralraiment。Atthemomentwhentheprelategavehisbenedictionastillmoreoutrageousscenetookplace。
　　Theviolenceofthediseasedwascarriedtofury，andfromallpartsofthechurcharoseyellsandfearfulhowling；sofrightfulwasthedinthattearsfellfromtheeyesofmanyofthespectators，andmanystrangerswerethrownintoconsternation。”
　　Amongtheverylargenumberofthesediseasedpersonstherewereonlytwomen；oftheremainderonlytwowereofadvancedage；
　　thegreatmajoritywereyoungwomenbetweentheagesofeighteenandtwenty-fiveyears。
　　Thepublicauthoritiesshortlyafterwardintervened，andsoughttocurethediseaseandtodrawthepeopleoutoftheirmaniabysinging，dancing，andsportsofvarioussorts，untilatlastitwasbroughtundercontrol。[406]
　　[406]SeeTissot，L’Imagination：sesBienfaitsetsesEgarementssutoutdansleDomaineduMerveilleux，Paris，1868，liv。iv，ch。
　　vii，S7：LesPossedeesdeMorzine；alsoConstans，RelationsuruneEpidemiedeHystero-Demonopathies，Paris，1863。
　　Scenessimilartothese，intheiressentialcharacter，havearisenmorerecentlyinProtestantcountries，butwiththedifferencethatwhathasbeengenerallyattributedbyRomanCatholicecclesiasticstoSatanisattributedbyProtestantecclesiasticstotheAlmighty。TypicalamongthegreaterexhibitionsofthiswerethosewhichbeganintheMethodistchapelatRedruthinCornwall——convulsions，leaping，jumping，untilsomefourthousandpersonswereseizedbyit。ThesamethingisseenintheruderpartsofAmericaat“revivals“andcampmeetings。NorintheruderpartsofAmericaalone。InJune，1893，atafuneralinthecityofBrooklyn，oneofthemournershavingfallenintohystericalfits，severalothercasesatonceappearedinvariouspartsofthechurchedifice，andsomeofthepatientsweresoseriouslyaffectedthattheyweretakentoahospital。
　　Instillanotherfieldtheseexhibitionsareseen，butmoreafteramedievalpattern：intheTigretierofAbyssiniawehaveepidemicsofdancingwhichseekandobtainmiraculouscures。
　　ReportsofsimilarmanifestationsarealsosentfrommissionariesfromthewestcoastofAfrica，oneofwhomseesinsomeofthemthecharacteristicsofcasesofpossessionmentionedinourGospels，andisthereforeinclinedtoattributethemtoSatan。[407]
　　[407]ForthecasesinBrooklyn，seetheNewYorkTribuneofaboutJune10，1893。FortheTigretier，withespeciallyinterestingcitations，seeHecker，chap。iii，sec。1。ForthecasesinwesternAfrica，seetheRev。J。L。Wilson，WesternAfrica，p。217。
　　III。THEOLOGICAL“RESTATEMENTS。”——FINALTRIUMPH
　　OFTHESCIENTIFICVIEWANDMETHODS。
　　But，happily，longbeforetheselatteroccurrences，sciencehadcomeintothefieldandwasgraduallydiminishingthisclassofdiseases。AmongtheearlierworkerstothisbetterpurposewasthegreatDutchphysicianBoerhaave。FindinginoneofthewardsinthehospitalatHaarlemanumberofwomengoingintoconvulsionsandimitatingeachotherinvariousactsoffrenzy，heimmediatelyorderedafurnaceofblazingcoalsintothemidstoftheward，heatedcauterizingirons，anddeclaredthathewouldburnthearmsofthefirstwomanwhofellintoconvulsions。Nomorecasesoccurred。[408]
　　[408]SeeFiguier，HistoiredeMerveilleux，vol。i，p。403。
　　Theseandsimilarsuccessfuldealingsofmedicalsciencewithmentaldiseasebroughtaboutthenextstageinthetheologicaldevelopment。TheChurchsoughttoretreat，aftertheusualmanner，behindacompromise。EarlyintheeighteenthcenturyappearedaneweditionofthegreatworkbytheJesuitDelriowhichforahundredyearshadbeenatext-bookfortheuseofecclesiasticsinfightingwitchcraft；butinthiseditionthepartplayedbySatanindiseaseswaschanged：itwassuggestedthat，whilediseaseshavenaturalcauses，itisnecessarythatSatanenterthehumanbodyinordertomakethesecauseseffective。ThisworkclaimsthatSatan“attackslunaticsatthefullmoon，whentheirbrainsarefullofhumours“；thatinothercasesofillnesshe“stirstheblackbile“；andthatincasesofblindnessanddeafnesshe“clogstheeyesandears。”Bythecloseofthecenturythis“restatement“wasevidentlyfounduntenable，andoneofaverydifferentsortwasattemptedinEngland。
　　InthethirdeditionoftheEncyclopaediaBritannica，publishedin1797，underthearticleDaemoniacs，theorthodoxviewwaspresentedinthefollowingwords：“Therealityofdemoniacalpossessionstandsuponthesameevidencewiththegospelsystemingeneral。”
　　Thisstatement，thoughnecessarytosatisfytheoldertheologicalsentiment，wasclearlyfoundtoodangeroustobesentoutintothemodernscepticalworldwithoutsomequalification。Anotherviewwasthereforesuggested，namely，thatthepersonagesoftheNewTestament“adoptedthevulgarlanguageinspeakingofthoseunfortunatepersonswhoweregenerallyimaginedtobepossessedwithdemons。”Twoorthreeeditionscontainedthiscuriouscompromise；butnearthemiddleofthepresentcenturythewholediscussionwasquietlydropped。
　　Science，decliningtotroubleitselfwithanyoftheseviews，pressedon，andtowardtheendofthecenturyweseeDr。RhodesatLyonscuringaveryseriouscaseofpossessionbytheuseofapowerfulemetic；yetmyth-makingcameinherealso，anditwasstatedthatwhentheemeticproduceditseffectpeoplehadseenmultitudesofgreenandyellowdevilscastforthfromthemouthofthepossessed。
　　ThelastgreatdemonstrationoftheoldbeliefinEnglandwasmadein1788。NearthecityofBristolatthattimelivedadrunkenepileptic，GeorgeLukins。Inaskingalms，heinsistedthathewas“possessed。”andproveditbyjumping，screaming，barking，andtreatingthecompanytoaparodyoftheTeDeum。
　　HewassolemnlybroughtintotheTempleChurch，andsevenclergymenunitedintheefforttoexorcisetheevilspirit。
　　UpontheiradjuringSatan，heswore“byhisinfernalden“thathewouldnotcomeoutoftheman——“anoath。”saysthechronicler。”nowheretobefoundbutinBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress，fromwhichLukinsprobablygotit。”
　　Butthesevenclergymenwereatlastsuccessful，andsevendevilswerecastout，afterwhichLukinsretired，andappearstohavebeensupportedduringtheremainderofhislifeasamonumentofmercy。
　　WiththisgreatefforttheoldtheoryinEnglandseemedpracticallyexhausted。
　　Sciencehadevidentlycarriedthestronghold。In1876，atalittletownnearAmiens，inFrance，ayoungwomansufferingwithalltheusualevidencesofdiabolicpossessionwasbroughttothepriest。Thepriestwasbesoughttocastoutthedevil，buthesimplytookhertothehospital，where，underscientifictreatment，sherapidlybecamebetter。[409]
　　[409]SeeFiguier；alsoCollindePlancy，DictionnaireInfernale，articlePosseses。
　　Thefinaltriumphofscienceinthispartofthegreatfieldhasbeenmainlyachievedduringthelatterhalfofthepresentcentury。
　　FollowinginthenoblesuccessionofParacelsusandJohnHunterandPinelandTukeandEsquirol，havecomeabandofthinkersandworkerswhobyscientificobservationandresearchhavedevelopednewgrowthsoftruth，evermoreandmoreprecious。
　　AmongthemanyfactsthusbroughttobearuponthislaststrongholdofthePrinceofDarkness，maybenamedespeciallythoseindicating“expectantattention“——anexpectationofphenomenadweltuponuntilthelongingforthembecomesmorbidandinvincible，andthecreationofthemperhapsunconscious。
　　Stillotherclassesofphenomenaleadingtoepidemicsarefoundtoarisefromamorbidtendencytoimitation。Stillothergroupshavebeenbroughtunderhypnotism。Multitudesmorehavebeenfoundundertheinnumerableformsandresultsofhysteria。
　　Astudyoftheeffectsoftheimaginationuponbodilyfunctionshasalsoyieldedremarkableresults。
　　And，finally，tosupplementthiswork，havecomeinanarrayofscholarsinhistoryandliteraturewhohaveinvestigatedmyth-makingandwonder-mongering。
　　Thushasbeenclearedawaythatcloudofsupernaturalismwhichsolonghungovermentaldiseases，andthushavetheybeenbroughtwithinthefirmgraspofscience。[410]
　　[410]Togointoevenleadingcitationsinthisvastandbeneficentliteraturewouldtakemefarbeyondmyplanandspace，butImayname，amongeasilyaccessibleauthorities，BrierredeBoismontonHallucinations，Hulme’stranslation，1860；alsoJamesBraid，ThePoweroftheMindovertheBody，London，1846；Krafft-
　　Ebing，LehrbuchderPsychiatrie，Stuttgart，1888；Tuke，InfluenceoftheMindontheBody，London，1884；Maudsley，PathologyoftheMind，London，1879；Carpenter，MentalPhysiology，sixthedition，London，1888；LloydTuckey，FaithCure，inTheNineteenthCenturyforDecember，1888；Pettigrew，SuperstitionsconnectedwiththePracticeofMedicineandSurgery，London，1844；Snell，HexenprocesseundGeistesstorung，Munchen，1891。Foraveryvaluablestudyofinterestingcases，seeTheLawofHypnotism，byProf。R。S。Hyer，oftheSouthwesternUniversity，Georgetown，Texas，1895。
　　Astomyth-makingandwonder-mongering，thegeneralreaderwillfindinterestingsupplementaryaccountsintherecentworksofAndrewLangandBaring-Gould。
　　Averycuriousevidenceoftheeffectsofthemyth-makingtendencyhasrecentlycometotheattentionofthewriterofthisarticle。Periodically，formanyyearspast，wehaveseen，inbooksoftravelandinthenewspapers，accountsofthewonderfulperformancesofthejugglersinIndia；ofthestabbingofachildinasmallbasketinthemidstofanarena，andthechildappearingaliveinthesurroundingcrowd；ofseedsplanted，sprouted，andbecomingwell-growntreesunderthehandofthejuggler；ofropesthrownintotheairandsustainedbyinvisibleforce。CountdeGubernatis，theeminentprofessorandOrientalscholaratFlorence，informedthepresentwriterthathehadrecentlyseenandstudiedtheseexhibitions，andthat，sofarfrombeingwonderful，theyweremuchinferiortothejugglerysowellknowninallourWesterncapitals。
　　Conscientiousmenstilllingeronwhofindcomfortinholdingfasttosomeshredoftheoldbeliefindiabolicpossession。
　　ThesturdydeclarationinthelastcenturybyJohnWesley，that“givingupwitchcraftisgivinguptheBible。”isechoedfeeblyinthelatterhalfofthiscenturybytheeminentCatholicecclesiasticinFrancewhodeclaresthat“todenypossessionbydevilsistochargeJesusandhisapostleswithimposture。”andasks，“Howcanthetestimonyofapostles，fathersoftheChurch，andsaintswhosawthepossessedandsodeclared，bedenied？”
　　AndastillfainterecholingersinProtestantEngland。[411]
　　[411]SeetheAbbeBarthelemi，intheDictionnairedelaConversation；alsotheRev。W。Scott’sDoctrineofEvilSpiritsproved，London，1853；alsothevigorousprotestofDeanBurgonagainsttheactionoftheNewTestamentrevisers，insubstitutingtheword“epileptic“for“lunatic“inMatthewxvii，15，publishedintheQuarterlyReviewforJanuary，1882。
　　But，despitethisconscientiousopposition，sciencehasintheselatterdayssteadilywroughthandinhandwithChristiancharityinthisfield，toevolveabetterfutureforhumanity。Thethoughtfulphysicianandthedevotedclergymanarenowconstantlyseenworkingtogether；anditisnottoomuchtoexpectthatSatan，havingbeencastoutoftheinsaneasylums，willerelongdisappearfrommonasteriesandcampmeetings，eveninthemostunenlightenedregionsofChristendom。