theprisonersconsistofthemostdistinguishedpersonagesoftheQuartierSaintGermain，prelates，officers，grand—seigniors，andnobleladies，——MonseigneurdeClermont—Tonnerre，MonseigneurdeCrussold’Amboise，MonseigneurdeHersaint，MonseigneurdeSaintSimon，bishopofAgde，theComtessedeNarbonne—Pelet，theDuchessedeChoiseul，thePrincessedeChimay，theComtessedeRaymond—Narbonneandherdaughter，twoyearsofage，inshort，theflowerofthatrefinedsocietywhichEuropeadmiredandimitatedandwhich，initsexquisiteperfection，equalledorsurpassedallthatGreece，RomeandItalyhadproducedinbrilliancy，polishandamiability。Contrastwiththesethearbitersoftheirlivesanddeaths，thepotentatesofthesamequarterwhoissuethewarrantsofarrestagainstthem，whopenthemintospeculateonthem，andwhorevelattheirexpenseandbeforetheireyes:theseconsistofthemembersoftherevolutionarycommitteeoftheCroix—Rouge，theeighteenconvictedroguesanddebaucheespreviouslydescribed，[152]ex—cab—drivers，porters，cobblers，street—
messengers，stevedores，bankrupts，counterfeiters，formerorfuturejail—birds，allclientsofthepoliceoralms—houseriff—raff。—AttheotherendofParis，intheeast，inthetoweroftheTemple，separatedfromhissisterandtornfromhismother，stilllivesthelittleDauphin:nooneinFrancemeritsmorepityorrespectthanhim。
For，ifFranceexists，itisowingtothethirty—fivemilitarychiefsandcrownedkingsofwhichheisthelastdirectscion；withouttheirthousandyearsofhereditaryruleandpreservingpolicytheintrudersintotheTuilerieswhohavejustprofanedtheirtombsatSt。Denisandthrowntheirbonesintoacommonditch，[153]wouldnotbeFrenchmen。Atthismoment，weresuffragesfree，theimmensemajorityofthepeople，nineteenFrenchmenoutoftwenty，wouldrecognizethisinnocentandpreciouschildfortheirKing，theheirofthepeopleofwhichtheirnationandcountryisformed，achildofeightyears，ofrareprecociousness，asintelligentasheisgood，andofagentleandwinningexpression。Lookattheotherfigurealongsideofhim，hisfistraisedandwithinsultsonhislips，withahang—dogface，bloatedwithbrandy，titulargovernor，officialpreceptor，andabsolutemasterofthischild，thecobblerSimon，malignant，foul—
mouthed，meanineveryway，forcinghimtobecomeintoxicated，starvinghim，preventinghimfromsleeping，thrashinghim，andwho，obeyingorders，instinctivelyvisitsonhimallhisbrutalityandcorruptionthathemaypervert，degradeanddepravehim。[154]—InthePalaisdeJustice，midwaybetweenthetoweroftheTempleandtheprisonintheruedeSèvres，analmostsimilarcontrast，transposingthemeritsanddemerits，dailybringstogetherinoppositiontheinnocentwiththevile。Therearedayswhenthecontrast，stillmorestriking，seatscriminalsonthejudges’benchandjudgesonthebenchofcriminals。OnthefirstandsecondofFloréal，theoldrepresentativesandtrusteesoflibertyunderthemonarchy，twenty—
fivemagistratesoftheParisandToulouseparliaments，manyofthembeingeminentintellectsofthehighestcultureandnoblestcharacter，embracingthegreatesthistoricalnamesoftheFrenchmagistracy，—
EtiennePasquier，Lefèvred’Ormesson，MolédeChamplatreux，DeLamoignon，deMalesherbes，—aresenttotheguillotine[155]bythejudgesandjuriesfamiliartous，assassinsorbruteswhodonottakethetrouble，orwhohavenotthecapacity，togivepropercolortotheirsentences。M。deMalesherbesexclaims，afterreadinghisindictment，"Ifthatwereonlycommon—sense！"—Ineffectthosewhopronouncejudgmentare，bytheirownadmission，"substantialjurymen，goodsans—culottes，naturalpeople。"Andsuchanature！Oneofthese，Trenchard，anAuvergnatcarpenter，portrayshimselfaccuratelyinthefollowingnoteaddressedtohiswifebeforethetrialcomeson:
"Ifyouarenotalone，andthecompanioncanwork，youmaycome，mydear，andseethetwenty—fourgentlemencondemned，allofthemformerpresidentsorcouncillorsintheparliamentsofToulouseandParis。I
recommendyoutobringsomethingalongwithyou（toeat），itwillbethreehoursbeforewefinish。Iembraceyou，mydearfriendandwife。"[156]
Inthesamecourt，Lavoisier，thefounderandorganizerofchemistry，thegreatdiscoverer，andcondemnedtodeath，asksforareprieveofhissentenceforafortnighttocompleteanexperiment，andthepresident，Coffinhal，anotherAuvergnat，replies，"TheRepublichasnoneedofsavants。"[157]
Andithasnoneedofpoets。Thefirstpoetoftheepoch，André
Chénier，thedelicateandsuperiorartistwhoreopensantiquesourcesofinspirationandstartsthemoderncurrent，isguillotined；wepossesstheoriginalmanuscriptindictmentofhisexamination，averitablemaster—pieceofgibberishandbarbarism，ofwhichafullcopyisnecessarytoconveyanideaofits"turpitudesofsenseandorthography。"[158]Thereadermaytheresee，ifhepleases，amanofgeniusdelivereduptobrutes，coarse，angry，despoticanimals，wholistentonothing，whocomprehendnothing，whodonotevenunderstandtermsincommonuse，whostumblethroughtheirqueries，andwho，toapeintelligence，draggletheirpensalonginsupremestupidity。
Theoverthrowiscomplete。France，subjecttotheRevolutionaryGovernment，resemblesahumanbeingforcedtowalkwithhisheaddownandtothinkwithhisfeet。
Notes:
[1]Cf。"TheRevolution，"bookI。，ch。3，andbookIII。，chs。9and10。
[2]Grégoire，"Memoires，"II。，172。"Abouteighteenthousandecclesiasticsareenumeratedamongtheémigrésofthefirstepoch。
Abouteighteenthousandmoretookthemselvesoff，orweresentoff，afterthe2ndofSeptember。"
[3]Ibid。，26。"Thechiefoftheémigrébureauinthepolicedepartment（May9，1805）enumeratesabouttwohundredthousandpersonsreached，oraffected，bythelawsconcerningemigration。"—Lally—
Tolendal，"DéfensedesEmigrés，"（2ndpart，p。62andpassim）。
SeveralthousandpersonsinscribedasémigrésdidnotleaveFrance。
Thelocaladministrationrecordedthemonitslistseitherbecausetheylivedinanotherdepartment，andcouldnotobtainthenumerouscertificatesexactedbythelawinproofofresidence，orbecausethosewhomadeuptheliststreatedthesecertificateswithcontempt。
Itwasfoundconvenienttomanufactureanémigréinordertoconfiscatehispossessionslegally，andeventoguillotinehim，notlesslegally，asareturnedémigré。—MessageoftheDirectorytothe"FiveHundred，"Vent？se3，yearV。:"Accordingtoaroughestimate，obtainedattheMinistryofFinances，thenumberenrolledonthegenerallistofémigresamountstooveronehundredandtwentythousand；and，again，thelistsfromsomeofthedepartmentshavenotcomein。"—Lafayette，"Mémoires，"vol。II。，181。（LetterstoM。deMaubourg，Oct。17，1799（noté）Oct。19，1800。）AccordingtothereportoftheMinisterofPolice，thelistofémigrés，inninevols。，stillembracedonehundredandforty—fivethousandpersons，notwithstandingthatthirteenthousandwerestruckoffbytheDirectory，andtwelvehundredbytheconsulargovernment。
[4]Cf。MémoiresofLouvet，DulaureandVaublanc。—Mallet—Dupan，"Mémoires，"II。，7。"Several，towhomIhavespoken，literallymadethetourofFranceinvariousdisguises，withouthavingbeenabletofindanoutlet；itwasonlyafteraseriesofromanticadventuresthattheyfinallysucceededingainingtheSwissfrontier，theonlyoneatallaccessible。"—Sauzay，V。，210，220，226，276。（Emigrationoffifty—fourinhabitantsofCharquemont，settingoutforHungary。）
[5]Ibid。，vols。IV。，V。，VI。，VII。（Onthebanishedpriestsremainingandstillcontinuingtheirministrations，andonthosewhoreturnedtoresumethem。）—Toobtainanideaofthesituationoftheemigrésandtheirrelationsandfriends，itisnecessarytoreadthelawofSep。15，1794（Brumaire25，yearIII。），whichrenewsandgeneralizespreviouslaws；childrenoffourteenyearsandtenyearsareaffectedbyit。Itwaswiththegreatestdifficulty，evenifonedidnotleaveFrance，thatapersoncouldprovethathehadnotemigrated。
[6]Pandour，an18thcenturyCroatianfoot—soldierintheAustrianservice:arobber。（SR）
[7]Moniteur，XVIII。，215。（LetterofBrigadier—generalVandammetotheconvention，Ferney，BrumaireI，yearII。）Thereadingofthislettercallsforth"reiteratedapplause。"
[8]Sauzay，V。，196。（Thetotalisfivethousandtwohundred。Somehundredsofnamesmightbeadded，inasmuchasmanyofthevillagelistsarewanting。）
[9]BuchezetRoux，XXXIV。，434。（TrialofFouquier—Tinville，depositionofTherriet—Grandpré，oneoftheheadsofthecommissiononcivilPoliceandJudicialAdministration，51stwitness。）
[10]ReportbySaladin，March4，1795。
[11]Wallon，"LaTerreur，"II。，202。
[12]Duchatelier，"BrestPendantlaTerreur，"p。105。—Paris，"HistoiredeJosephLebon，"II。，370。—"TableaudesPrisonsdeToulouse，"byPescayre，p。409。—"RecueildePiècesAuthentiquessurlaRévolutionàStrasbourg，"I。，65。（ListofarrestsafterPrairial7，yearII。）WhenthefollowingarrestsweremadetherewerealreadyoverthreethousandpersonsconfinedinStrasbourg。"—AlfredLallier，"LesNoyadesdeNantes，"p。90。—BerryatSaint—Prix，p。436。
（LetterofMaignettoCouthon，Avignon，Floreal4，yearII。）
[13]Baulieu，"Essais，"V。，283。AttheendofDecember，1793，CamilleDesmoulinswrote:"Opentheprisondoorstothosetwohundredthousandcitizenswhomyoucall’suspects’！"—Thenumberofprisonerslargelyincreasedduringthesevenfollowingmonths。（"LeVieuxCordelier，"No。IV。，Frimaire30，yearII。）—BeaulieudoesnotstatepreciselywhatthecommitteeofGeneralSecuritymeantbytheworddéténu。Doesitmerelyrelatetothoseincarcerated？Ormustallwhowereconfinedattheirownhousesbeincluded？—Weareabletoverifyhisstatementanddeterminethenumber，atleastapproximatively，bytakingonedepartmentinwhichtherigoroftherevolutionarysystemwasaverageandwherethelistshandedinwerecomplete。Accordingtothecensusof1791，Doubscontainedtwohundredandtwenty—onethousandinhabitants；Francehadapopulationof26millions，andwehavejustseenthenumberofeachcategorythatwereunderconfinement；theproportionforFrancegives258000personsincarcerated，and175000confinedtotheirhouses，and175000
personsbesidestheseonthelimitsintheircommunes，orajournées，thatistosay，608000personsdeprivedoftheirliberty。Thefirsttwocategoriesformatotalof433000persons，sufficientlynearBeaulieu’sfigures。
[14]Paris，"HistoiredeJosephLebon，"II。，371，372，375，377，379，380。—"LesAngoissesdelaMort，"byPoirierandMonjayofDunkirk（secondedition，yearIII。）。"Theirchildrenandtrustyagentsstillremainedinprison；theyweretreatednobetterthanourselves……wesawchildrencominginfromallquarters，infantsoffiveyears，and，towithdrawthemfrompaternalauthority，theyhadsenttothemfromtimetotime，commissionerswhousedimmorallanguagewiththem。"
[15]MémoiressurlesPrisons，"（BarrièreetBervillecollection），II。，354，andappendixF。Ibid。，II。，2262。—Thewomenwerethefirsttopassunderrapiotage。"（PrisonsofArrasandthatofPlessis，atParis。）
[16]DocumentsonDaunou，"byTaillandier。（NarrativebyDaunou，whowasimprisonedinturninLaForce，intheMadelonettes，intheEnglishBenedictineestablishment，intheHoteldesFermes，andinPort—Libre。）—Onprisonmanagementcf。，fortheprovinces，"TableauxdesPrisonsdeToulouse，"byPescayre；"UnSejourenFrance，"and"LesHorreursdesPrisonsd’Arras，"forArrasandAmiens；AlexandrinesdesEcherolles，"UneFamillenoblesouslaTerreur，"forLyons；thetrialofCarrierforNantes；forParis，"HistoiredesPrisons"byNougaret，4vols。，andthe"MémoiressurlesPrisons，"2vols。
[17]TestimonyofRepresentativeBlanqui，imprisonedatLaForce，andofRepresentativeBeaulieu，imprisonedintheLuxembourgandattheMadelonettes。—Beaulieu，"Essais，"V。，290:"Theconciergeriewasstillfullofwretchesheldforrobberyandassassination，poverty—
strickenandrepulsive。—Itwaswiththesethatcounts，marquises，voluptuousfinanciers，elegantdandies，andmorethanonewretchedphilosopher，wereshutup，pell—mell，inthefoulestcells，waitinguntiltheguillotinecouldmakeroominthechambersfilledwithcamp—
bedsteads。Theyweregenerallyputwiththoseonthestraw，onentering，wheretheysometimesremainedafortnight……Itwasnecessarytodrinkbrandywiththesepersons；intheevening，afterhavingdroppedtheirexcrementneartheirstraw，theywenttosleepintheirfilth……Ipassedthosethreenightshalf—sitting，half—
stretchedoutonabench，onelegonthegroundandleaningagainstthewall。"—Wallon，"LaTerreur，"II。，87。（ReportofGrandpréontheConciergerie，March17，1793。"Twenty—sixmencollectedintooneroom，sleepingontwenty—onemattresses，breathingthefoulestairandcoveredwithhalf—rottenrags。"Inanotherroomforty—fivemenandtenstraw—beds；inathird，thirty—ninepoorcreaturesdyinginninebunks；inthreeotherrooms，eightymiserablecreaturesonsixteenmattressesfilledwithvermin，and，astothewomen，fifty—fourhavingninemattressesandstandingupalternately。—TheworstprisonsinParisweretheConciergerie，LaForce，LePlessisandBicêtre。—
"TableaudesPrisonsdeToulouse，"p。316。"Dyingwithhunger，wecontendedwiththedogsforthebonesintendedforthem，andwepoundedthemuptomakesoupwith。"
[18]"RecueildePièces，etc。，"i。，p。3。（LetterofFrédéricBurger，Prairial2，yearII。）
[19]AlfredLallier，"LesNoyadesdeNantes，"p。90。—Campardon，"HistoiredeTribunalRévolutionnairedeParis，"（trialofCarrier），II。，55。（Depositionofthehealth—officer，Thomas。）"Isawperishintherevolutionaryhospital（atNantes）seventy—fiveprisonersintwodays。Nonebutrottenmattresseswerefoundthere，oneachofwhichtheepidemichadconsumedmorethanfiftypersons。AttheEntrepot，Ifoundanumberofcorpsesscatteredabouthereandthere。
Isawchildren，stillbreathing，drownedintubsfullofhumanexcrement。"
[20]Narrativeofthesufferingsofunswornpriests，deportedin1794，intheroadsteadofAix，passim。
[21]"HistoiredesPrisons，"I。，10。"Goandvisit，"saysacontemporary，（attheConciergerie），thedungeonscalled’thegreatC？sar，’’Bombie，’’St。Vincent。’’BelAir，’etc。，andsaywhetherdeathisnotpreferabletosuchanabode。"Somepersons，indeed，thesoonertoendthematter，wrotetothepublicprosecutor，accusingthemselves，demandingakingandpriests，andareatonceguillotined，astheyhopedtobe。—Cf。thenarrativeof"LaTranslationdes132
àNantoisParis，"andRiouffe，"Mémoires，"onthesufferingsofprisonersontheirwaytotheirlastprison。
[22]BerryatSaint—Prix，p。IX。，passim。
[23]Campardon，II。，224。
[24]BerryatSaint—Prix，445。—Paris，"HistoiredeJosephLebon，"
II。，352。—AlfredLallier，p。90。—BuchezetRoux，XXXII。，394。
[25]BerryatSaint—Prix，pp。23，24。
[26]BerryatSaint—Prix，p。458。"AtOrange，MadamedeLatour—Vidan，agedeightyandidioticformanyyears，wasexecutedwithherson。Itisstatedthat，onbeingledtothescaffold，shethoughtshewasenteringacarriagetopayvisitsandsotoldherson。"—Ibid。，471。
AfterThermidor，thejudgesoftheOrangecommissionhavingbeenputontrial，thejurydeclaredthat"theyrefusedtoheartestimonyforthedefenseanddidnotallowtheaccusedeveninformallawyerstodefendthem。"
[27]CamilleBoursier，"LaTerreurenAnjou，"p。228。（DepositionofWidowEdin。）"LaPersac，anunillandinfirm，wasreadytotaketheoath。Nicolas，Vacheron’sagent，assistedbyseveralotherpersons，draggedheroutofbedandputheronacart；fromninetytoninety—
fourotherswereshotalongwithher。"
[28]BerryatSaint—Prix，p。161。Thefollowingaresamplesofthesewarrants:"S。（shot），Germinal13，WidowMenard，seventy—twoyearsold，anoldaristocrat，likingnobody，habituallylivingbyherself。"
—WarrantoftheMarseillescommittee，Germinal28，yearII。，condemningoneCousinériforhavingcontinuallystrayedoffasiftoescapepopularvengeance，towhichhewasliableonaccountofhisconductandforhavingdetestedtheRevolution。"—CamilleBoursier，p。72，Floréal15，yearII。，executionof"Gerard，guiltyofhavingscornedtoassistattheplantingofaLiberty—pole，inthecommuneofVouille，Sep。，1792，andinducingseveralmunicipalofficerstojoinhiminhisinsolentandliberticidecontempt。"
[29]Wallon，"HistoireduTribunalRévolutionnairedeParis，V。，145。
[30]Ibid。，v。，109。（DepositionofMadamedeMaillé。）—V。，189。
（DepositionofLhullier。）—Cf。Campardon，inthesameaffairs。
[31]Campardon，II。，189，190，193，197。（DepositionsofBeaulieu，Duclos，Tirard，Ducray，etc。）
[32]BerryatSaint—Prix，395。（LetterofRepresentativeMoyseBayle，）
—Ibid。，216。（WordsofRepresentativeLecarpentieratSaint—Malo。）
"Whysuchdelays？Ofwhatusearetheseeternalexaminations？Whatneedisthereofgoingsodeepintothismatter？Thename，professionandtheupshot，andthetrialisover。"—Hepubliclystatedtotheinformers:Youdon’tknowwhatfactsyourequiretodenouncetheModerates？Well，agesture，onesinglegesture，suffices。"
[33]LetterofPayantoRomanFormosa，judgeatOrange:"Inthecommissionschargedwithpunishingtheconspirators，noformalitiesshouldexist；theconscienceofthejudgeisthereasasubstituteforthese……Thecommissionsmustserveaspoliticalcourts；theymustrememberthatallthemenwhohavenotbeenonthesideoftheRevolutionareagainstit，sincetheyhavedonenothingforthecountry……Isaytoalljudges，inthenameofthecountry，donotrisksavingaguiltyman。"—RobespierremadethesamedeclarationintheJacobinClub。Frimaire19，yearII。:"Wejudge，inpolitics，withthesuspicionsofanenlightenedpatriotism。"
[34]"MémoiresdeFréron"andonFréron，（collectionBarrièreetBerville，）p。364。LetterofFréron，Toulon，Niv？se16。"MorethaneighthundredToulonesehavealreadybeenshot。"
[35]Lallier，p。90。（TheelevendistinctdrowningsascertainedbyM。
LallierextenduptoPluvi？se12，yearII。）
[36]Moniteur，XXII。，227。（OfficialdocumentsreadintheConvention，Vent？se21，yearIII。）Thesedocumentsauthenticateanulteriordrowning。Vent？se9，yearII。，byorderofLefévre，adjutantgeneral，forty—onepersonsweredrowned，amongwhomweretwomenseventy—eightyearsofageandblind，twelvewomen，twelveyounggirls，fifteenchildren，ofwhichtenwerebetweensixandtenyearsold，andfiveatthebreast。ThedrowningtookplaceintheBourgneufbay。—CarriersaysintheConvention，（Moniteur，XXII。，p。578），inrelationtothedrowningofpregnantwomen:"AtLaval，Angers，Saumur，Chaban—Gontier，everywherethesamethingstookplaceasatNantes。"
[37]CamilleBoursier，p。159。
[38]Ibid。，203。RepresentativeFrancastelannounces"thefirmdeterminationtopurge，tobleedfreelythisVendeanquestion。"ThissameFrancastelwrotetoGeneralGrignon:"Makethosebrigandstremble！Givethemnoquarter！TheprisonsinVendéeareoverflowingwithprisoners！……Theconversionofthiscountryintoadesertmustbecompleted。Shownoweaknessandnomercy……ThesearetheviewsoftheConvention……IswearthatVendéeshallbedepopulated。"
[39]GranierdeCassagnac，"His。duDirectoire，"II。，241。—（LetterofGeneralHochetotheMinisteroftheInterior，Feb。2，1796。）
"Onlyoneoutoffiveremainsofthepopulationof1789。"
[40]Campardon，II。，247，249，251，261，321。（ExaminationofFouquier—Tinville，Cambon’swords。）
[41]ArticlebyGuffroy，inhisjournalLeRougiff:"Downwiththenobles，andsomuchtheworseforthegoodones，ifthereareany！LettheguillotinestandpermanentlythroughouttheRepublic。FivemillionsofinhabitantsareenoughforFrance！"—BerryatSaint—Prix，445。（LetterofFauvety，Orange，Prairial14，yearII。）"Wehavebuttwoconfinedinourarrondissement。Whatatrifle！"—Ibid。，447。
（LetteroftheOrangeCommitteetotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Messidor3。）AssoonastheCommitteegetsfullyagoingitistotryallthepriests，richmerchantsandex—nobles。"—（LetterofJuge，Messidor2。）"Judgingbyappearancesmorethanthreethousandheadswillfallinthedepartment。"—Ibid。，311。AtBordeaux，ahugescaffoldisputup，authorizedbytheMilitaryCommittee，withsevendoors，twoofwhicharelargeandlikebarn—doors，calledafour—
bladedguillotine，soastoworkfasteranddomore。ThewarrantandordersforitsconstructionbeardateThermidor3and8，yearII。—
BerryatSaint—Prix，285。LetterofRepresentativeBlutel，onmissionatRochefort，afterThermidor:"Afewmen，sunkindebaucheryandcrime，daredproscribe（here）virtues，patriotism，becauseitwasnotassociatedwiththeirsanguinaryexcitement:thetreeofLiberty，theysaid，requiredforitsrootstenfeetofhumangore。"
[42]"RecueildePiècesAuthentiques，concernantleRevolutionà
Strasbourg，"I。，174，178。Examplesofrevolutionarytaxes。—OrdersofRepresentativesMilhaud，Ruamps，Guyadin，approvingofthefollowingcontributions，Brumaire20，yearII。
On3individualsofStutzheim……150，000livres。
"3"Offenheim……30，000"
"21"Molsheim……367，000"
"17"Oberenheim……402，000"
"84"Rosheim……503，000"
"10"Mutzig……114，000"
AnotherorderbyDaumandTisseraud，membersofthecommitteewhotemporarilyreplacethedistrictadministrators:"Whereas，itisowingtothecountyaristocratsthattheRepublicsupportsthewar，"theyapproveofthefollowingtaxes:
OnthearistocratsofGeispolzheim，400，000livres。
dittoofObersch？ffolsheim200，000"
dittoofDüttlenheim150，000"
dittoofDuppigheim100，000"
dittoofAchenheim100，000"
ListofcontributionsraisedintheruralcommunesofthedistrictofStrasbourg，accordingtoanassessmentmadebyStamm，procureurprotem。ofthedistrict，amountingtothreemillionsonehundredandninety—sixthousandonehundredlivres。
[43]"RecueildesPiecesAuthentiques，"etc。，I。，23。ByorderoftherepresentativesunderdateofBrumaire25，yearII。"ThemunicipalityofStrasbourgstrippedthewholecommuneofshoesintwenty—fourhours，sendingforthemfromhousetohouse。"—Ibid……p。32。OrdersofRepresentativesLemaireandBaudot，FrimaireI，yearII。，declaringthatkitchen—utensils，boilers，sauce—pans，stew—pans，kettlesandothercopperandleadvessels，aswellascopperandleadnotworked—
up，foundatStrasbourgandinthedepartments，beleviedon。"—
ArchivesNationales，AF。，I。，92。（OrdersofTaillefer，Brumaire3，yearII。Villefranche1’Avergnon。）FormationofaCommitteeoftenpersonsdirectedtomakedomiciliaryvisits，andauthorizedtotakepossessionofalltheiron，lead，steelandcopperfoundinthehousesof"suspects，"allofwhichkitchenutensils，aretobeturnedintocannon。—Mallet—Dupan，"Mémoires，"I。，15。
[44]Moniteur，XXV。，188。（SpeechbyBlutels，July9，1795。）
[45]"RecueilduPiècesAuthentiques，"etc。，I。，24。—Grégoire，reportsonVandalism，Fructidor14，yearII。，andBrumaire14，yearIII。（Moniteur，XXII。，86and751。）—Ibid。，LetterofDecember24，1796:"Notmillions，butbillionshavebeendestroyed。"—Ibid。，，"Mémoires，"I。，334:"Itisincalculable，thelossofreligious，scientificandliteraryobjects。ThedistrictadministrationsofBlanc（Indre）notifiedmethattoensurethepreservationofalibrary，theyhadthebooksputincasks。"—FourhundredthousandfrancswereexpendedinsmashingstatuesoftheFathersofthechurch，formingacirclearoundthedomeoftheInvalides。—Agreatmanyobjectsbecameworthlessthroughacessationoftheiruse:forexample，thecathedralofMeauxwasputupatauctionandfoundnopurchaseratsixhundredfrancs。Thematerialswerevaluedatforty—
fivethousandfrancs，butlabor（fortakingitdown）wastoohigh。
（NarrativebyaninhabitantofMeaux。）
[46]LesOriginesduSystèmeFinancierActuel，"byEugeneSturm，p。53，79。
[47]Meissner，"VoyageàParis，"（endof1795），p。65。"TheclassofthosewhomayhavereallygainedbytheRevolution……iscomposedofbrokers，armycontractors，andtheirsubordinates，afewgovernmentagentsandfermiers，enrichingthemselvesbytheirnewacquisitions，andwhoarecoolandshrewdenoughtohidetheirgrain，burytheirgoldandsteadilyrefuseassignats。"—Ibid。，68，70。"Ontheroad，heaskstowhomafinechateaubelongs，andtheytellhimwithasignificantlook，’toaformerscruffywretch。’—’Oh，monsieur，’saidthelandladyatVesoul，’foreveryonethattheRevolutionhasmaderich，youmaybesurethatithasmadeathousandpoor。’"
[48]Thefollowingdescriptionsandappreciationsarethefruitofextensiveinvestigation，scarcelyonetenthofthefactsandtextsthathavebeenofservicebeingcited。Imustreferthereader，accordingly，totheseriesofprintedandwrittendocumentsofwhichI
havemadementioninthisandthethreeprecedingvolumes。
[49]"TheAncientRegime，"bookII。，ch2，§IV。
[50]Ibid。，bookIV。，chs。I。，II。，III。
[51]Lacretelle，"HistoiredeFranceau18emeSiecle，"V。，2。——"
TheAncientRegime，"pp。163，300。
[52]Morellet，"Mémoires，"I。，166。（LetterbyR？derertoBeccaria’sdaughter，May20，1797）。
[53]Beccaria（CesareBonesana，marquisde）（Milan1738—id。1794）。
Italianjurist，whose"Traitédesdélitsetdespeines（1764）
contributedtothereformsandthesofteningofofEuropeanpenallaw。
（SR）
[54]Mallet—Dupan，"Mémoires，"II。，493。"WhiletheDukeofOrleanswasundergoinghisexaminationhereadanewspaper。"—Ibid。，497。
"Nobodydiedwithmorefirmness，spiritanddignitythantheDukeofOrleans。Heagainbecamearoyalprince。Onbeingaskedintherevolutionarytribunalwhetherhehadanydefensetomake，hereplied，’Ratherdieto—daythanto—morrow:deliberateaboutit。’"Hisrequestwasgranted。—TheDucdeBironrefusedtoescape，consideringthat，insuchadilemma，itwasnotworthwhile。"Hepassedhistimeinbed，drinkingBordeauxwine……Beforethetribunal，theyaskedhisnameandhereplied，’Cabbage，turnip，Biron，asyoulike，oneisasgoodastheother。’’How！’exclaimedthejudges，’youareinsolent！’’Andyou—youarewindbags！ICometothepoint；
Guillotine，thatisallyouhavetosay，whileIhavenothingtosay。’"MeanwhiletheyproceededtointerrogatehimonhispretendedtreacheryinVendée，etc。"’Youdonotknowwhatyouaretalkingabout！Youignoramusesknownothingaboutwar！Stopyourquestions。I
reportedatthetimetotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，whichapprovedofmyconduct。Now，ithaschangedandorderedyoutotakemylife。
Obey，andlosenomoretime。’BironaskedpardonofGodandtheKing。
Neverdidheappearbetterthanonthe（executioner’s）cart。"
[55]Morellet，II。，31。—"MémoiresdelaDuchessedeTourzel，""deMlle。desécherolles，"etc。—Beugnot，"Mémoires，I。，200—203。"Thewittiestremarks，themostdelicateallusions，themostbrilliantreparteeswereexchangedoneachsideofthegrating。Theconversationwasgeneral，withoutanysubjectbeingdwelton。There，misfortunewastreatedasifitwereabadchildtobelaughedat，and，infact，theydidopenlymakesportofMarat’sdivinity，Robespierre’ssacerdoceandthemagistracyofFouquier。Theyseemedtosaytoallthesebloodymenials:’Youmayslaughteruswhenyouplease，butyoucannothinderusinbeingaimable’"—ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（Reportbythewatchman，Charmont，Niv？se29，yearII。）"Thepeopleattendingtheexecutionsareverymuchsurprisedatthefirmnessandcouragetheyshow（sic）onmountingthescaffold。
Theysaythatitlooks（sic）likegoingtoawedding。Peoplecannotgetusedtoit，somedeclaringthatitissupernatural。"
[56]Sauzay，I……introduction。—DeTocqueville，"L’AncienRegimeetlaRevolution，"166。"Ihavepatientlyreadmostofthereportsanddebatesoftheprovincialétats，’andespeciallythoseofLanguedoc，wheretheclergytookmuchgreaterpartthanelsewhereinadministrativedetails，aswellastheprocès—verbauxoftheprovincialassembliesbetween1779and1787，and，enteringonthestudywiththeideasofmytime，Iwassurprisedtofindbishopsandabbés，amongwhomwereseveralaseminentfortheirpietyastheirlearning，drawingupreportsonroadsandcanals，treatingsuchmatterswithperfectknowledgeofthefacts，discussingwiththegreatestabilityandintelligencethebestmeansforincreasingagriculturalproducts，forensuringthewell—beingofthepeopleandthepropertyofindustrialenterprises，oftentimesmuchbetterthanthelaymenwhowereinterestedwiththeminthesameaffairs。"
[57]"TheAncientRegime，"p。300。—"TheRevolution，"vol。I。，p。
116。？？BuchezetRoux，I。，481。ThelistofnotablesconvokedbytheKingin1787givesanapproximateideaofthissocialstaff。Besidestheleadingprincesandseigniorswefind，amongonehundredandthirty—fourmembers，twelvemarshalsofFrance，eightCouncillorsofState，fivema？tresderequêtes，fourteenbishopsandarchbishops，twentypresidentsandseventeenprocureursgénerauxdesparlements，orofroyalcouncils，twenty—fivemayors，prév？tsdesmarchands，capitouls，andequerriesoflargetowns，thedeputiesofthe"Etats"
ofBurgundy，Artois，BrittanyandLanguedoc，threeministersandtwochiefclerks。—Thecapacitieswereallthere，onhand，forbringingaboutagreatreform；buttherewasnofirm，strong，controllinghand，thatofaRichelieuorFredericII。
[58]See"TheRevolutionII"Ed。Lafontpage617。USedictionP。69。
（SR。）
[59]"MémoiresdeGaudin，"ducdeGa？te。
[60]Mallet—Dupan，"Mémoires，"II。，25，24。"TheWarCommitteeiscomposedofengineerandstaff—officers，ofwhichtheprincipalareMeussuer，Favart，St。Fief，d’Arcon，LafitteClavéandafewothers。
D’ArcondirectedtheraisingofthesiegeofDunkirkandthatofMaubenge……Theseofficerswereselectedwithdiscernment；
theyplannedandcarriedouttheoperations；aidedbyimmenseresources，intheshapeofmaps，plansandreconnaissancespreservedinthewardepartment，theyreallyoperatedaccordingtotheexperienceandintelligenceofthegreatgeneralsunderthemonarchy。"
[61]MiotdeMelito，"Mémoires，"I。，47。—AndreMichel，"CorrespondancedeMalletDupanaveclaCourdeVienne，"I。，26。
（January3，1795。）"TheConventionfeelssostronglytheneedofsuitableaidstosupporttheburdenofitsembarrassmentsastonowseekforthemamongpronouncedroyalists。Forinstance，ithasjustofferedthedirectionoftheroyaltreasurytoM。Dufresne，formerchiefofthedepartmentunderthereignofthelateKing，andretiredsince1790。Itisthesamespiritandmakingastillmoreextraordinaryselection，whichleadsthemtoappointM。GerarddeRaynevaltotheCommissariatofForeignAffairs，chief—clerkofcorrespondencesincetheministryoftheDucdeChoiseuluntilthatoftheComtedeMontmorininclusive。Heisamanofdecidedopinionsandanequallydecidedcharacter；in1790IsawhimabandonthedepartmentthroughaversiontothemaximswhichtheRevolutionhadforciblyintroducedintoit。
[62]MarshalMarmont，"Mémoires。"Atnineyearsofageherodeonhorsebackandhunteddailywithhisfather。
[63]Amongothermanuscriptdocuments，aletterofM。SymndeCarneville，MarchII，1781。（OnthefamiliesofCarnevilleandMontmorin—Saint—Herem，in1789。）ThelatterfamilyremainsinFrance；
twoofitsmembersaremassacred，twoexecuted，afifth"escapedthescaffoldbyforestallingthejusticeofthepeople；"thesixth，enlistedintherevolutionaryarmies，receivedashotatnineteenyearsofagewhichmadehimblind。Theotherfamilyemigrated，anditschiefs，thecountandviscountCarnevillecommanded，one，afreecompanyintheAustrianservice，andtheother，aregimentofhussarsinConde’sarmy。Twelveofficersofthesetwocorpswerebrothers—in—
law，nephews，first—cousinsandcousinsofthetwocommanders，thefirstofwhomenteredtheserviceatfifteen，andthesecondateleven。—Cf。"MémoiresduPrincedeLigne。"AtsevenoreightyearsofageIhadalreadywitnessedthedinofbattle，Ihadbeeninabesiegedtown，andsawthreesiegesfromawindow。Alittleolder，I
wassurroundedbysoldiers；oldretiredofficersbelongingtovariousservices，andlivingintheneighborhoodfedmypassion。—Turennesaid"Isleptonagun—carriageattheageoften。Mytasteforwarwassogreatastoleadmetoenlistwithacaptainofthe’RoyalVaissiaux，’
ingarrisontwoleaguesoff。IfwarhadbeendeclaredIwouldhavegoneoffandletnobodyknowit。Ijoinedhiscompany，determinednottoowemyfortunetoanybutvalorousactions。"—Cf。also"MémoiresduMaréchaldeSaxe。"Asoldierattwelve，intheSaxonlegion，shoulderinghismusket，andmarchingwiththerest，hecompletedeachstageonfootfromSaxonytoFlanders，andbeforehewasthirteentookpartinthebattleofMalplaquet。
[64]AlexandrinedesEcherolles，"UnFamilleNoblesouslaTerreur，"
p。25。—Cf。"CorrespondancedeMadelledeFéring，"byHonoreBonhomme。Thetwosisters，onesixteenandtheotherthirteen，disguisedasmen，foughtwiththeirfatherinDumouriez’army。—SeethesentimentofyoungnoblesintheworksofBerquinandMarmontel。
（LesRivauxd’Eux—meme。）
[65]"TheRevolution，"I。，158，325。Ibid。，theaffairofM。deBussy，306；theaffairoftheeighty—twogentlemenofCaen，316。—
SeeinRivarol（"JournalPolitiqueNationale"）detailsoftheadmirableconductoftheBody—guardsatVersailles，Oct。5and6，1789。
[66]Thenoblefamiliesundertheancientregimemaybecharacterizedassomanyfamiliesofsoldiers’children。
[67]"L’AncienRégimeetlaRevolution，"byM。deTocqueville，p。169。
Myjudgment，likewisebasedonthestudyoftexts，andespeciallymanuscripttexts，coincideshereaselsewherewiththatofM。deTocqueville。Biographiesandlocalhistoriescontaindocumentstoonumeroustobecited。
[68]Sauzay，I。，introduction，andLudovicSciout，"HistoiredelaConstitutionCivileduClergé，"I。，introduction。（SeeinSauzay，biographicaldetailsandthegradesoftheprincipalecclesiasticaldignitariesofthedioceseBesan？on。）Thecathedralchapter，andthatoftheMadeleine，couldbeenteredonlythroughnobilityorpromotion；
itwasrequisiteforagraduatetohaveanobleforafather，oradoctorofdivinity，andhimselfbeadoctorofdivinityorincanonlaw。Analogoustitles，althoughlowerdown，wererequisiteforcollegiatecanons，andforchaplainsorfamiliars。
[69]TheRevolution，"I。，233。—Cf。EmileOllivier，"L’Egliseetl’EtatauConcileduVatican，"I。，134，II。，511。
[70]Morellet，"Mémoires，"I。，8，31。TheSorbonne，foundedbyRobertSorbon，confessortoSt。Louis，wasanassociationresemblingoneoftheOxfordorCambridgecolleges，thatistosay，acorporationpossessingabuilding，revenues，rules，regulationsandboarders；itsobjectwastoaffordinstructioninthetheologicalsciences；itstitularmembers，numberingaboutahundred，weremostlybishops，vicars—general，canons，curésinParisandintheprincipaltowns。
MenofdistinctionwerepreparedinitattheexpenseoftheChurch。
—Theexaminationsforthedoctoratewerethetentative，themineure，theSorboniqueandthemajeure。Atalentfordiscussionandargumentwasparticularlydeveloped。—Cf。ErnestRenan，"Souvenirsd’EnfanceetdeJeunesse，"p。279，（onSt。SulpiceandthestudyofTheology）。
[71]Cf。thefilesoftheclergyintheStates—General，andthereportsofecclesiasticsintheprovincialassemblies。
[72]"TheRevolution，"p。72。（Ed。LafontI，p223etc。）
[73]Insomedioceses，notablythatofBesan？on，theruralparisheswereservedbydistinguishedmen。（Sauzay，I。，16。）"ItwasnotsurprisingtoencounteramanofEuropeanreputation，likeBergier，solongcuréofFlangebouche；anastronomerofgreatmerit，likeM。
Mongin，curéoflaGrand’CombedesBois，whoseworksoccupyanhonorableplaceinLalande’sbibliography，allpassingtheirlivesinthemidstofpeasants。AtRochejean，apriestofgreatintelligenceandfinefeeling，M。Boillon，adistinguishednaturalist，hadconvertedhishouseintoamuseumofnaturalhistoryaswellasintoanexcellentschool……Itwasnotraretofindpriestsbelongingtothehighestsocialcircles，likeMM。deTrevillers，ofTrevillers，BalarddeBonnevauxofBonétage，deMesmayofMesmay，duBouvot，atOsselle，cheerfullyburyingthemselvesinthedepthsofthecountry，someontheirfamilyestates，and，notcontenttosharetheirincomewiththeirpoorparishioners，butondying，leavingthemalargepartoftheirfortunes。
[74]DeTocqueville，"L’AncienRegime，"134，137。
[75]Termssignifyingcertainminorcourtsoflaw。
[76]AlbertBabeau，"LaVillesousl’AncienRégime，"p。26。—
（Advertisementsinthe"JournaldeTroyes，"1784，1789。）"Forsale，theplaceofcouncillorintheSalt—departmentatSézannes。Incomefromeighttoninehundredlivres。Pricetenthousandlivres。"—"A
persondesirestopurchaseinthistown（Troyes）anofficeintheMagistracyorFinances，atfromtwenty—fivethousandtosixtythousandlivres；cashpaiddownifrequired。"
[77]DeTocqueville，"L’AncienRégime，"p。356。ThemunicipalbodyofAngerscomprised，amongothermembers，twodeputiesoftheprésidial，twooftheForestandStreamsdepartment，twooftheElection，twooftheSalt—department，twooftheCustoms，twooftheMint，twoCounciljudges。Thesystemoftheancientregime，universally，isthegroupingtogetherofallindividualsinonebodywitharepresentativeofallthesebodies，especiallythoseofthenotables。ThemunicipalbodyofAngers，consequently，comprisestwodeputiesofthesocietyoflawyersandprocureurs，twoofthenotarialbody，oneoftheUniversity，oneoftheChapter，aSyndicoftheclerks，etc。—AtTroyes（AlbertBabeau，"HistoiredeTroyesPendantlaRévolution，"
p。23。）Amongthenotablesofthemunicipalitymaybefoundonememberoftheclergy，twonobles，oneofficerofthebailiwick，oneofficeroftheotherjurisdictions，onephysician，oneortwobourgeois，onelawyer，onenotaryorprocureur，fourmerchantsandtwomembersofthetradeguild。
[78]AlbertBabeau，"LaVille，"p。26。（Cf。noteonprecedingpage。）
TheCollector’sOfficeatReteil，in1746，issoldatonehundredandfiftythousandlivres；itbringsinfromeleventhousandtofourteenthousandlivres。—Thepurchaser，besides，hastopaytotheStatethe"rightofthegoldenmarc"（ataxonthetransferofproperty）；in1762，thisrightamountedtoninehundredandfortylivresforthepostofCouncillortothebailiwickofTroyes。D’Esprémenil，councillorintheParisParliament，hadpaidfiftythousandlivresforhisplace，besidestenthousandlivrestaxationofthe"goldenmarc。"
[79]EmileBos，"LesAvocatsauconseilduRoi，"p。340。MasterPeruot，procureur，wasseatedonthebalconyoftheTheatreFran？aiswhenCountMoretonChabrillantarrivesandwantshisplace。Theprocureurresistsandthecountcallstheguard，wholeadshimofftoprison。MasterPeruotentersacomplaint；thereisatrial，interventionofthefriendsofM。deChabrillantbeforethegardedessceaux，petitionsofthenoblesandresistanceoftheentireguildofadvocatesandprocureurs。M。deChabrillant，senior，offersPeruotfortythousandlivrestowithdrawhissuit，whichPeruotrefusestodo。Finally，theCountdeChabrillantiscondemned，withsixthousandlivresdamages，（whicharegiventothepoorandtoprisoners），aswellastotheexpenseofprintingtwohundredimpressionsoftheverdict。—DuportdeCheverney，"Mémoires，"（unpublished），communicatedbyM。RobertdeCrevecceur:"Formerlyamanpaidfiftythousandlivresforanofficewithonlythreehundredlivresincome；
theconsideration，however，heenjoyedthroughit，andthecertaintyofremaininginitforlife，compensatedhimforthesacrifice，whilethelongerhekeptit，thegreaterwastheinfluenceofhimselfandchildren。"
[80]AlbertBabeau，"LaVille，"p。27；—"HistoiredeTroyes，"p。
21。—Thisportraitisdrawnaccordingtorecollectionsofchildhoodandfamilynarrations。Ihappentohaveknownthedetailsoftwoorthreesmallprovincialtowns，oneofaboutsixthousandinhabitantswhere，before1800，nearlyallthenotables，fortyfamilies，wererelations；to—dayallarescattered。Themoreonestudiesdocuments，themoredoesMontesquieu’sdefinitionoftheincentiveofsocietyundertheancientrégimeseemprofoundandjust，thisincentiveconsistingofhonor。Inthebourgeoisiewhowereconfoundedwiththenobility，namelytheParliamentarians，theirfunctionswerenearlygratuitous；themagistratereceivedhispayindeference。（Moniteur，V。，520。SessionofAugust30，1790，speechbyd’Espremenil。）"HereiswhatitcostaCouncillor；Itakemyselfasanexample。Hepaidfiftythousandlivresforhisplace，andtenthousandmoreforthetaxofthe’marcd’or。’Hereceivedthreehundredandeighty—ninelivrestensoussalary，fromwhichthreehundredandsixty—sevenlivres’capitation’hadtobededucted。TheKingallowedusforty—fivelivresforextraserviceof’LaTournelle’。Howaboutthefees？isasked。The（grandechambre）superiorcourt，assertedtohavereceivedthelargestamount，wascomposedofonehundredandeightymembers；
thefeesamountedtotwohundredandfiftythousandlivres，whichwerenotaburdenonthenation，butonthelitigants。M。Thouret，whopracticedintheRouenparliament，willbearwitnesstothis。I
appealtohimtosayconscientiouslywhatsumaCouncillorderivedfromhisoffice—notfivehundredlivres……WhenajudgmentcostthelitigantninehundredlivrestheKing’sportionwassixhundredIivres……Tosumup，theprofitsofanofficeweresevenlivrestensous。"
[81]AlbertBabeau，"LaVille，"ch。II。，and"HistoiredeTroyes，"
I。，ch。1。AtTroyes，fiftymerchants，notables，electedthejudge—
consulandtwoconsuls；themerchants’guildpossesseditsownhallandhaditsownmeetings。AtParis，thedrapers，mercers，grocers，furriers，hattersandjewelersformedthesixbodiesofmerchants。
Themerchants’guildeverywheretookprecedenceofotherindustrialcommunitiesandenjoyedspecialprivileges。"Themerchants，"saysLoyseau，"holdrank（qualitéd’honneur），beingstyledhonorablemen，honestpersonsandbourgeoisofthetowns，qualificationsnotattributedtohusbandmen，nortosergeants，nortoartisans，nortomanuallaborers。"—OnpaternalauthorityanddomesticdisciplineintheseoldbourgeoisfamiliesseetheHistoryofBeaumarchaisandhisfather。（"Beaumarchais，"byM。deLomenie，vol。I。）
[82]AlbertBabeau，"Levillagesousl’AncienRégime，"p。56，ch。
IIIandIV。，（onthevillagesyndics），andpp。357and359。"Thepeasantshadtherighttodeliberateontheirownaffairsdirectlyandtoelecttheirprincipalagents。Theyunderstoodtheirownneeds，wereabletomakeasacrificeforschoolandchurch……forrepairsofthetownclockandthebelfry。Theyappointedtheirownagentsandgenerallyelectedthemostcapable。"—Ibid，"LaVillesous1’AncienRegime，"p。29。Theartisans’guildsnumberedatParisonehundredandtwenty—four。atAmienssixty—four，andatTroyesfifty，alsoChalons—sur—Marne，atAngerstwenty—seven。Theedictsof1776
reducedthemtoforty—fouratParis，andtotwentyasthemaximumfortheprincipaltownswithinthejurisdictionoftheParisparliament。
—"Eachguildformedacitywithinacity……Likethecommunes，ithaditsspeciallaws，itsselectedchiefs，itsassemblies，itsownbuildingor，atleast，achamberincommon，itsbanner，coat—of—armsandcolors。"—Ibid。，"HistoiredeTroyesPendantlaRevolution，"I。，13，329。Tradeguildsandcorporationsbearthefollowingtitles，drawnupin1789，fromthefilesofcomplaints:apothecaries，jewelersandwatch—makers，booksellersandprinters，master—barbers，grocers，waxandcandle—makers，bakersandtailors，mastershoemakers，eating—
house—keepers，inn—keepersandhatters，master—masonsandplasterersinlimeandcement，master—joiners，coopersandcabinet—makers，master—cutlers，armorers，andpolishers；founders，braziers，andpin—
makers；master—locksmiths，ironmongers，tinsmithsandothermetalworkers，vinegar—makers，master—shearers，masterrope—makers，master—
tanners，dealersandmaster—dyersanddressers；mastersaddleandharness—makers，charcoal—burners，carters，paper—makersandband—box—
makers，cap—makersandassociatesinartsandtrades。—InsometownsoneortwoofthesenaturalguildskeptupduringtheRevolutionandstillexist，as，forexample，thatofthebutchersatLimoges。
[83]F。Leplay，"LesOuvriersEuropéens，"V。，456，2nded。，（onworkmen’sguilds），Charpentier，Paris。
[84]F。Leplay，"LesQuvriersEuropéens，"（2nded。）IV。，377，andthemonographsoffourfamilies（BordierofLowerBrittany，BrassierofArmagnac，SavonnierofLowerProvence，PaysanofLavedan，ch。7，8
and9）。—Ibid。，"L’OrganizationdelaFamille，"p。62，andthewholevolume。—M。Leplay，inhisexact，methodicalandprofoundresearches，hasrenderedaserviceofthehighestordertopoliticalscienceand，consequently，tohistory。Hehasminutelyobservedanddescribedthescatteredfragmentsoftheoldorganizationofsociety；
hisanalysisandcomparisonofthesefragmentsshowsthethicknessandextentofthestratumalmostgone，towhichtheybelonged。Myownobservationsonthespot，inmanyprovincesinFrance，aswellastherecollectionsofmyyouth，agreewithM。Leplay’sdiscoveries。—Onthestable，honestandprosperousfamiliesofsmallruralproprietors，Cf。Ibid。，p。68，（ArthurYoung’sobservationinBéarn），andp。75。
Manyofthesefamiliesexistedin1789，moreofthemthanatthepresenttime，especiallyinGascony，Languedoc，Auvergne，Dauphiny，Franch—Comté，AlsaceandNormandy。—Ibid。，"L’OrganizationduTravail，"pp。499，503，508。（Effectsofthe"CodeCivile"onthetransmissionofamanufactoryandabusinessestablishmentinFrance，andoncultivationinSavoy；thenumberofsuitsinFranceproducedbythesystemofforcedpartitionofproperty。）
[85]F。Leplay，"L’OrganizationdelaFamille，"p。212。（HistoryoftheMélongafamilyfrom1856to1869byM。Cheysson。）Alsop。269。
（Onthedifficultyofpartitionsamongascendants，byM。ClaudioJannet。）
[86]RétifdelaBretonne，"ViedemonPere，"（paternalauthorityinapeasantfamilyinBurgundy）。Thereader，onthispoint，maytestthesouvenirsofhisgrand—parents。WithreferencetothebourgeoisieI
havecitedthefamilyofBeaumarchais。Concerningthenobles，seetheadmirableletterbyBuffonJune22，1787，（correspondenceofBuffon，twovols。，publishedbyM。NadauddeBuffon），tellinghissonhowheoughttoactonaccountofhiswife’sbehavior。
[87]Moniteur，XIX。，669。
[88]Dauban，"Parisen1794，"p。245。（ReportbyBacon，Vent？se25，yearII。）
[89]Ibid。（ReportbyPerrière，Vent？se26。）
[90]Ironical，slangforahog。TR。
[91]Ibid。，245。（ReportbyBacon，speechofanoratortothegeneralassemblyofthesection"Contrat—Social，"Vent？se25。）
[92]"UnSejourenFrance。"（Sep。，1792。）LetterofaParisian:"Itisnotyetsafetowalkthestreetsindecentclothes。Ihavebeenobligedtoprocureandputonpantaloons，jacket，coloredcravatandcoarselinen，beforeattemptingtogooutdoors。"—Beaulieu，"Essais，"
V。，281。"Ourdandieslettheirmoustachesgrowlong；whiletheyrumpledtheirhair，dirtiedtheirhandsanddonnednastygarments。
Ourphilosophersandliterarymenworebigfurcapswithlongfox—
tailsdanglingovertheirshoulders；somedraggedgreattrailingsabersalongthepavement—theyweretakenforTartars……Inpublicassemblies，inthetheatreboxes，nothingwasseeninthefrontrowsbutmonstrousredbonnets。AllthegalériensofalltheconvictprisonsinEuropeseemtohavecomeandsetthefashioninthissuperbcitywhichhadgivenittoallEurope。"—"UnSéjourenFrance，"p。
43。（Amiens，September，1792。）"Ladiesinthestreetwhoarewell—
dressedorwearcolorsthatthepeopleregardasaristocraticarecommonlyinsulted。I，myself，havebeenalmostknockeddownforwearingastrawhattrimmedwithgreenribbons。"—Nolhac，"SouvenirsdeTroisAnnéesdelaRévolutionatLyons，"p。132。"ItwasannouncedthatwhoeverhadtwocoatswastofetchoneofthemtotheSection，soastoclothesomegoodrepublicanandensurethereignofequality。"
[93]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。，455。（SpeechbyRobespierre，intheJacobinclub，May10，1793。）:"Therichcherishhopesforananti—
revolution；itisonlythewretched，onlythepeoplewhocansavethecountry。"—Ibid。，XXX。（ReportbyRobespierretotheConvention，December25，1793。）:"Virtueistheappanageoftheunfortunateandthepeople’spatrimony。"—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，72。（LetterofthemunicipalityofMontauban，Vendémiaire23，yearIV。）Manyworkmeninthemanufactorieshavebeenperverted"byexciteddemagoguesandcluboratorswhohavealwaysheldouttothemequalityoffortunesandpresentedtheRevolutionasthepreyoftheclasstheycalledsans—culottes……Thelawofthe’maximum，’atfirsttolerablywellcarriedout，thehumiliationoftherich，theconfiscationoftheimmensepossessionsoftherich，seemedtobetherealizationofthesefinepromises。"
[94]ArchivesNationales，F。7，4421。PetitionofMadeleinePatris。—
PetitionofQuétrentCogniér，weaver，"sans—culotte，andoneofthefirstmembersoftheTroyesnationalguard。"—（TheStyleandorthographyofthemostbarbarouskind。）
[95]bid。，AF。，II。135。（ExtractfromthedeliberationsoftheRevolutionaryCommitteeofthecommuneofStrasbourg，listofprisonersandreasonsforarrestingthem。）AtObersch？ffolsheim，twofarmers"becausetheyaretwooftherichestprivatepersonsinthecommune。"—"RecueildePieces，etc。，"I……225。（DeclarationbyWelcher，revolutionarycommissioner）。"I，theundersigned，declarethat，ontheordersofcitizenClauer，commissionerofthecanton，I
havesurrenderedatStrasbourgsevenoftherichestinObersh？ffolsheimwithoutknowingwhy。"Fourofthesevenwereguillotined。
[96]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。，341。（SpeechbyChaslesintheConvention，May2，1793。）
[97]Moniteur，XVIII。，452。（SpeechbyHébertintheJacobinclub，Brumaire26。）—Schmidt，"TableauxdelaRévolutionFran？aise，"19。
（ReportsofDutard，JuneII。—ArchivesNationales。F7。，31167。
（ReportofthePourvoyeur，Niv？se6，yearII。）"Thepeoplecomplain（seplain）thattherearestillsomeconspiratorsintheinterior，suchasbutchersandbakers，butparticularlytheformer，whoare（son）anintolerablearistocracy。They（il）willsellnomoremeat，etc。Itisfrightfultoseewhatthey（il）givethepeople。"
[98]"RecueildePolice，"etc。，I。，69and91。AtStrasbourganumberofwomenofthelowerclassareimprisonedas"aristocratsandfanatics，"withnootherallegedmotive。Thefollowingaretheiroccupations:dressmaker，upholsteress，housewife，midwife，baker，wivesofcoffee—housekeepers，tailors，pottersandchimney—sweeps。—
Ibid。，II。，216。"UrsuleRath，servanttoanémigréarrestedforthepurposeofknowingwhathermasterhadconcealed……MarieFaber，onsuspicionofhavingservedinapriest’shouse。"—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，135。（ListoftheoccupationsofthesuspectedwomendetainedinthecellsoftheNationalcollege。）Mostofthemareimprisonedforbeingeithermothers，sisters，wivesordaughtersofémigrésorexiledpriests，andmanyarethewivesofshopkeepersormechanics。One，aprofessionalnurse，isan"aristocratandfanatic。"
（Anotherlistdescribesthemen）；acooperas"aristocrat；"atripe—
selleras"veryincivique，neverhavingshownanyattachmenttotheRevolution；"amasonhasnevershown"patriotism，"ashoemakerisaristocratatalltimes，havingacceptedaporter’splaceunderthetyrant；"fourforesters"donotentertainpatrioticsentiments，"etc。
—"RecueildePièces，etc。，"II。，220。CitoyenneGenet，aged75，andherdaughter，aged44，areaccusedofhavingsent，May22，1792，thirty—sixfrancsinsilvertotheformer’sson，anémigréandwereguillotined。—Cf。Sauzay，vols。III。，IV。，andV。（appendices），listsofémigrésandprisonersinDoubs，wheretitlesandprofessions，withmotivesforconfiningthem，willbefound。—AtParis，even（ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。reportofLatour—Lamontagne，September20，1793），aversiontothegovernmentdescendsverylow。
"Threewomen（market—women）allagreeononepoint—thenecessityofaneworderofthings。Theycomplainoftheauthoritieswithoutexception……IftheKingisnotontheirlips，itismuchtobefearedthatheisalreadyintheirhearts。AwomanintheFaubourgSt。Antoine，said:IfourhusbandsmadetheRevolutionweknowhowtomakeacounter—revolutionifthatshouldbenecessary。"
[99]Seeabovech。V。，§4。—ArchivesNationales，F。7，4435，No。
10。（LetterofCollotd’HerboistoCouthon，Frimaire11，yearII。）
[100]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。331。（LetterofBertrand，N？mes，Frimaire3。）"Wearesorrytoseepatriotsherenotverydelicateinthewaytheycausearrests，inascertainingwhoarecriminal，andthepreciousclassofcraftsmenisnoexception。"
[101]BerryatSaint—Prix，"LaJusticeRévolutionnaire，"1sted。，p。229。
[102]"UnSéjourenFrance，"p。186。"Inoticethatmostofthearrestsnowmadearefarmers。"（Inconsequenceoftherequisitionsforgrain，andonaccountoftheapplicationsofthelawofthemaximum。）
[103]"BulletinduTribunalRévolutionnaire，"No。431。（TestimonyofTontin，secretaryofthecourt。）TwelvehundredofthesepoorcreaturesweresetfreeafterThermidor9。
[104]Moniteur，sessionofJune29，1797。（ReportofLuminais。）？？Danican，"LesBrigandsDémasqués，"p。194。
[105]Meillan，"Mémoires，p。166。
[106]BerryatSaint—Prix，"LaJusticeRévolutionnaire，"p。419。—
ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，145。（OrdersissuedbyRepresentativeMaignet，Floréal14，15and17，yearII。）"Thecriminalcourtwilltryandexecutetheprincipalcriminals；therestoftheinhabitantswillabandontheirhousesintwenty—fourhours，andtaketheirfurniturealongwiththem。Thetownwillthenbeburnt。Allrebuildingortillageofthesoilisforbidden。Theinhabitantswillbeapportionedamongneighboringcommunes；nobodyisallowedtoleavethecommuneassignedtohimunderpenaltyofbeingtreatedasanemigré。Allmustappearonceeverytendaysatthemunicipalityunderpenaltyofbeingdeclared’suspect’andimprisoned。"
[107]"RecueildePiecès，etc。，"I。，52。（CarretdeBeudotandLaCoste，Pluvi？se6，yearII。）"Whereas，itbeingimpossibletofindjurorswithinanextentofonehundredleagues，two—thirdsoftheinhabitantshavingemigrated。"—Moniteur，Aug。28and29，1797。
（ReportbyHarmanddelaMeuse。）—Ibid。，XIX。，714。（SessionofVent？se26，yearII。，speechbyBaudot。）"FortythousandpersonsofallagesandbothsexesinthedistrictsaloneofHaguenauandWissembourg，fledfromtheFrenchterritoryonthelinesbeingretaken。Thenamesareinourhands，theirfurnitureinthedepotatSaverneandtheirpropertyismadeovertotheRepublic。"
[108]AlbertBabeau，"HistoiredeTroyes，"II。，160。"Agardenerhadcarefullyaccumulatedeightthousandtwohundredandtwenty—threelivresingold，thefruitofhissavings；threatenedwithimprisonment，hewasobligedtogivethemup。"
[109]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，116。（OrdersofRepresentativePaganel，Toulouse，Brumaire12，yearII。）"Thedayhasarrivedwhenapathyisaninsulttopatriotism，andindifferenceacrime。Wenolongerreplytotheobjectionsofavarice；wewillforcetherichtofulfillthedutiesoffraternitywhichtheyhaveabjured。"—Ibid。
（ExtractfromtheminutesofthemeetingsoftheCentralcommitteeofMontauban，AprilII，1793，withtheapprovaloftherepresentative，Jeanbon—Saint—André。）"Themomenthasatlengthcomewhenmoderatism，royalismandpusillanimity，andallothertraitorousoruselesssectstothecountry，shoulddisappearfromthesoilofLiberty。"Allopinionsopposedtothoseofsans—culotterieareblamableandmeritpunishment。
[110]ArchivesNationales，F。7，2471。（MinutesoftheRevolutionaryCommitteeoftheTuileriessection，meetingofSeptember17，1793。）
Listofseventy—fourpersonsputunderarrestandamongthem，M。deNoailles，withthefollowingnoteoppositehisname:"Theentirefamilytobearrested，includingtheirheirGuy，andHervet，theiroldintendant，rueSt。Honoré。"
[111]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。322。（LettersofLadonay，Chalons，September17and20，1792。）"AtMeaux，thebrigandshavecutthethroatsoffifteenprisoners，sevenofwhomarepriestswhoserelationsbelongtothetownoritsenvirons。Henceanimmensenumberofmalcontents。"—Sauzay，I。，97。"Thecountrycurésaregenerallyrecruitedfromamongtheruralbourgeoisieandthemostrespectedfarmers’families。"
[112]Sauzay，passim，especiallyvols。3，4，5，and6。
[113]ArchivesNationales，F。7，4437。AddressofthepopularclubofClavisson（Gard。），Messidor7，yearII。—RodolpheReuss，"SéligmanAlexandre，surlesTribulationsd’unIsraeliteStrasbourgeoisPendantlaTerreur，"p。37。OrderissuedbyGeneralDiéchetoCoppin，incommandofthe"Seminaire"prison。"Strivewiththeutmostzealtosuppressthecackleofaristocrats。"Suchisthesumoftheinstructionstojailkeepers。
[114]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，88。（EdictissuedbyRepresentativeMilhaud，Narbonne，Vent？se9，yearII。）ArticleII。
"Thepatrioticdonationwillbedoubledif，inthreedays，allboatsarenotunloadedandallcartsloadedasfastastheyarrive。"ArticleIV。"Themunicipalityischarged，onpersonalresponsibility，toproportiontheallotmentontherichestcitizensofNarbonne。"ArticleVII。"Ifthisorderisnotexecutedwithintwenty—fourhours，themunicipalitywilldesignatetothecommandantoftheposttherichegoistswhomayhaverefusedtofurnishtheircontingent，etc。"
ArticleVIII。"Thecommandantisspeciallychargedtoreport（thearrestsoftherefractoryrich）totherepresentativeofthepeoplewithintwenty—fourhours，hebeingresponsibleonhisheadforthepunctualexecutionofthepresentorder。"—Ibid。，AF。，II。135。
（OrdersofSaint—JustandLebas，Strasbourg，Brumaire10，yearII。）
Thefollowingisequallyironical；therichofStrasbourgarerepresentedas"solicitingaloanonopulentpersonsandseveremeasures"againstrefractoryegoists。
[115]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，92。OrdersofRepresentativeTaillefer，Villefranche，Aveyron，Brumaire3，yearII。，andofhisdelegate，Deitheil，Brumaire11，yearII。
[116]ThisisthecaseinLyons，Bordeaux，Marseilles，andatParis，asweseeinthesignaturesofthepetitionoftheeightthousand，orthatofthetwentythousand，andformembersoftheFeuillantsclubs，etc。
[117]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，116。（MinutesofthepublicsessionofVent？se20，yearII。，heldatMontargis，intheTempleofReason，byBenon，"nationalagentofthecommuneandspecialagentofthepeople’srepresentative。"Previousandsubsequentorders，byRepresentativeLefert。）Eighty—sixpersonssigned，subjecttopublicpenance，amongthemtwenty—fourwivesorwidows，which，withthefournamessenttotheParistribunalandthethirty—twoimprisoned，makesonehundredandtwenty—two。Itisprobablethattheonehundredandsixwhoarewantingtocompletethelistoftwohundredandtwenty—
eighthademigrated，orbeenbanishedintheintervalasunswornpriests。—Ibid。，D。S。，I。，10。（OrdersbyDelacroix，BouchetandLegendre，Conches，Frimaire8and9，yearII。）TheincarcerationofthemunicipalofficersofConchesforananalogouspetitionandothermarksofFeuillantism。
[118]TherealsentimentsandpurposesoftheJacobinsarewellshownatStrasbourg。（"RecueildePieces，etc。，"I。，77。Publicmeetingofthemunicipalbody，andspeechbyBierlyn，Prairial25，yearII。）"
Howcantheinsipidarroganceofthese（Strasbourg）peopleberepresentedtoyou，theirsenselessattachmenttothepatricianfamiliesintheirmidst，theabsurdfeuil1antismofsomeandthevilesycophancyofothers？Howisit，theysay，thatmoneylessinterlopers，scarcelyeverheardofbefore，dareassumetohavecreditinatownofsensibleinhabitantsandhonestfamilies，fromfathertoson，accustomedtogoverningandrenownedforcenturies？"—Ibid。，113。
（SpeechofthemayorMouet，Floréal21，yearII。）"Moralpurification（inStrasbourg）hasbecomelessdifficultthroughthereductionoffortunesandthesalutaryterrorexcitedamongthosecovetousmen……Civilizationhasencounteredmightyobstaclesinthisgreatnumberofwell—to—dofamilieswhohavenourishedsouvenirsof，andwhoregrettheprivilegesenjoyedby，thesefamiliesundertheEmperors；theyhaveformedacasteapartfromtheStatecarefullypreservingthegothicpicturesoftheirancestorstheywereunitedonlyamongstthemselves。Theyareexcludedfromallpublicfunctions。Honestartisans，nowtakenfromallpursuits，impeltherevolutionarycartwithavigoroushand。"
[119]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1411。（InstructionsforthecivilcommissionersbyHérault，representativeofthepeople，Colmar，Frimaire2，yearII。）Heenumeratesthediversecategoriesofpersonswhoweretobearrested，whichcategoriesaresolargeandnumerousastoincludenineoutoftenoftheinhabitants。
[120]Dauban，"Parisen1794，"p。264。（ReportofPourveyeur，Vent？se29。）"Theyremark（sic）thatoneisnot（sic）apatriotwithtwenty—
thousandlivres（sic）income，andespeciallyaformeradvocate—
general。"
[121]DeMartel，"Fouché，"p。226，228。Forinstance，atNevers，amanofsixty—twoyearsofage，isconfined"asrich，egoist，fanatic，doingnothingfortheRevolution，aproprietor，andhavingfivehundredlivresrevenue。"
[122]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。，’77。（SpeechbyCambon，April27，1793。）
[123]"Whoareourenemies？Theviciousandtherich。"—"Allthericharevicious，inoppositiontotheRevolution。"（NotesmadebyRobespierreinJuneandJuly，1793，andspeechbyhimintheJacobinclub，May10，1793。）
[124]Guillon，II。，355。（InstructionsfurnishedbyCollotd’HerboisandFouché，Brumaire26，yearII。）
[125]DeMartel，171，181。（OrdersofFouché，Nevers，August25andOctober8，1793。）
[126]Guillon。—ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，F。1411。ReportsbyobserversatParis，Aug。12and13，1793。"TherichmanistheswornenemyoftheRevolution。"
[127]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，135。（OrdersofSaint—JustandLebas，Strasbourg，Brumaire10，yearII。，withthelistofnamesofonehundredandninety—threepersonstaxed，togetherwiththeirrespectiveamountsoftaxation。）—Amongothers，"awidowFranck，banker，twohundredthousandlivres。"—Ibid。，AF。，II。，49。
（DocumentsrelatingtotherevolutionarytaxatBelfort。）"Vieillard，Moderateandegoist，tenthousandfrancs；Keller，richegoist，seventhousand；asaristocrats，ofwhomtheelderandyoungerbrotherareimprisoned，Barthélémytheyoungertenthousand，Barthélémysenior，threethousandfivehundred，Barthelemyjuniorseventhousand，citoyenneBarthélémy，mother，seventhousand，etc。"
[128]"RecueildePièces，etc。，"I。，22。（LetteroftheStrasbourgauthorities。）DeMartel，p。288。（LetteroftheauthoritiesofAllier。）"CitizensSainay，Balome，HeulardandLavaleissewereexposedonthescaffoldinthemostrigorousseasonforsixhours（atMoulins）
withthisinscription—"badcitizenwhohasgivennothingtothecharity—box。"
[129]"RecueildePièces，etc。，"I。，16。
[130]Ibid。，I。，159。（OrdersofBrumaire15，yearII。）
[131]ArchivesNationales，F。7，2475。（MinutesoftheRevolutionarycommitteeofthePiquessection。）September9，1793，at3o’clockinthemorning，thecommitteedeclaresthat，foritspart，"ithasarrestedtwenty—onepersonsofthecategorybelowstated。"October8，itplacestwosans—culottesasguardsinthehousesofallthosenamedbelow，inthequarter，eventhosewhocouldnotbearrestedonaccountofabsence。"Itistimetotakestepstomakesureofallwhoseindifference（sic）andmoderatismisruiningthecountry。"
[132]BerryatSaint—Prix，pp。36，38。carrierdeclaressuspect"merchantsandtherich。"
[133]Moniteur，XVIII。，641。（LetteroftherepresentativesimprisonedatBordeaux，Frimaire10，yearII。）
[134]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。329。（LetterofBrutus，October3，1793。）
[135]Ibid。，vol。329。（LetterofCharlesDuvivier，Lille，Vendémiaire15，yearII。）
[136]SpeechbyBarère，Vent？se17，yearII。
[137]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。331。LetterbyDarbault，politicalagent，Tarbes，FrimaireII，yearII。（Projectfordoingawaywithmiddlemenintrade，brokersandbankers。）"Theprofessionofabankerisabolished。Allholdersofpublicfundsareforbiddentosellthemunderayearandonedayafterthedateoftheirpurchase。Noonemustbeatthesametimewholesaleandretaildealer，etc。"Projectsofthissortarenumerous。AstotheestablishmentofapurelyagriculturalandmilitaryRepublic，seethepapersofSaint—Just，andthecorrespondenceoftheLyonsTerrorists。
AccordingtothemthenewFranceneedsnosilk—weavers。ThedefiniteformulasofthesystemarealwaysfoundamongtheBabeuvists。"Lettheartsperish，ifitmustbeso，providedrealEqualityremains。"
（SylvainMaréchal，"ManiféstedesEgaux。"）
[138]"RevueHistorique，"November，1878。（LetterofM。Falk，Paris，Oct。19，1795。）
[139]"Etudesurl’histoiredeGrenoblePendantlaTerreur，"byPaulThibault。（Listofnotorious"suspects"andofordinary"suspects"
foreachdistrictintheIsere，AprilandMay，1793。）—Cf。thevariouslistsofDoubsinSauzay，andofTroyes，inAlbertBabeau。
[140]"RecueildePièces，etc。，"I。，19，andthesecondletterofFredericBurger，Thermidor25。—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，111。（OrderofRepresentativesMerlincourtandAmar，Grenoble，April27，1793。）"Thepersonschargedwiththeactualgovernmentofandinstructioninthepublicestablishmentsknowninthistownunderthetitlesof，1st，Orphelines；2ndPresentins；3rdCapuchins；4th，LePropagation；5th，Hospiceforfemaleservants……areputunderarrestandareforbiddentotakeanypartwhateverinthefunctionsrelatingtoteaching，educationorinstruction。"
[141]Moniteur，XXI。，645。（SessionoftheConvention，Fructidor14，yearII。）—"Bibliotèquenationale，"LB41，1802，（DenounciationofthesixsectionsofthecommuneofDijon），3:"Woebetidethoseareseeninanyway，eitherduetoanhonestaffluence，agoodeducation，anelegantdressorsometalentorother，asbeingdifferentfromtheirfellowcitizens！Theyarelikelytobepersecutedortobekilled。"
[142]PerhapsthereisaconnectionwithMaoZedongandtheChineseCulturalRevolution。（SR。）
[143]Moniteur，XVIII。，51。（LetterbyCarrier，Brumaire17，yearII。）—BerryatSaint—Prix，pp。36and38。
[144]Berriat—Saint—Prix，240（TheimprisonedatBrest。）—
Duchaltelier（"BrestpendantlaTerreur，"205）。Ofthe975prisoners，106wereformernobles，239femalenobles，174priestsormonks，206
nuns，111seamstresses，femaleworkersetc，56werefarmers，46
artisansorworkers，17merchants，3withaliberalprofession。Oneisimprisonedforhavingsecretopinions"agirl，"forbeingwittyandlaughingatthepatriots。"
[145]Mallet—Dupan，"CorrespondancePolitique。"Introduction，p。