thatwhichthePuritansdrankatanAmericancamp—meetingorataScotchrevivalwasstrongerbutoflessenduringeffect。[80]
Twodifferentcordials，onereinforcingtheother，aremixedtogetherinthisdrink，bothbeingofhighflavorandsorankastoburnanordinarymouth。Ontheonehand，withthefreedomoflanguageandtheboldnessofdeductioncharacteristicofthemethod，thesentimentofthepriest’sdignityisexalted。Whatisthepriest？"Heis，betweenGodwhoisinheavenandthemanwhotriestofindhimonearth，abeing，Godandman，whobringsthesenearerbyhissymbolizingboth。[81]……Idonotflatteryouwithpioushyperbolesincallingyougods；thisisnotarhetoricalfalsehood……YouarecreatorssimilartoMaryinhercooperationintheIncarnation……YouarecreatorslikeGodintime……YouarecreatorslikeGodineternity。Ourcreationonourpart，ourdailycreation，isnothinglessthantheWordmadefleshitself……Godmaycreateotherworlds，hecannotsoorderitthatanyactunderthesuncanbegreaterthanyoursacrifice；for，atthismoment，hereposesinyourhandsallthathehasandallthatheis……Iamnotalittlelowerthanthecherubimandseraphiminthegovernmentoftheworld，I
amfarabovethem；theyareonlytheServantsofGod，wearehiscoadjutors……Theangels，whobeholdthevastrichespassingthroughourhandsdaily，areamazedatourprerogative……I
fulfillthreesublimefunctionsinrelationtothegodofouraltars—
Icausehimtodescend，Iadministerhisbody，Iamhiscustodian……Jesusdwellsunderyourlockandkey；hishoursofreceptionbeginandendthroughyou，hedoesnotmovewithoutyourpermission，hegivesnobenedictionwithoutyourassistance，hebestowsnothingexceptatyourhands，andhisdependenceissodeartohimthat，foreighteenhundredyears，hehasnotlefttheChurchforonemomenttolosehimselfonthegloryofhisFather。"—Ontheotherhand，theyaremadetodrinkinfulldraughtsthesentimentofsubordination，whichtheyimbibetotheirverymarrow。[82]"Ecclesiasticalobedienceis……aloveofdependence，aviolationofjudgment……Wouldyouknowwhatitisastotheextentofsacrifice？Avoluntarydeath，thesepulcherofthewill，saysSaintClimaque……Thereisasortofrealpresenceinfusedintothosewhocommandus……"Letusbecarefulnottofall"intothecraftyoppositionofliberalCatholicism……Liberalism，initsconsequences，issocialatheism……Unity，inRomanfaith，isnotsufficient；letuslabortogetherintheunityoftheRomanspirit；forthat，letusalwaysjudgeRomewiththeoptimismofaffection……Eachnewdogmaticdefinitionproducesitsownadvantages:thatoftheImmaculateConceptionhasgivenusLourdesanditstruly？cumenicalwonders。"
Nothingofallthisistoomuch，and，inthefaceoftheexigenciesofmoderntimes，itscarcelysuffices。Nowthatsocietyhasbecomeincredulous，indifferentor，attheleast，secular，thepriestmustpossessthetwointenseandmasterideaswhichsupportasoldierabroadamonginsurgentsorbarbarians，onebeingtheconvictionthatheisofaspeciesandessenceapart，infinitelysuperiortothecommonherd；andtheotheristhethoughtthathebelongstohisflag，tohischiefs，especiallytothecommandinggeneral，andthathehasgivenhimselfupentirelytopromptobedience，toobeyingeveryorderissuedwithoutquestionordoubt。[83]Thus，inthatparishwherethepermanentcuréwasonceinstalled，especiallyintheruraldistricts，[84]thelegalandpopulargovernorofallsouls，hissuccessor，theremovabledesservant，ismerelyaresidentbailiff，asentryinhisbox，attheopeningofaroadwhichthepublicatlargenolongertravel。Fromtimetotimehehailsyou！Butscarcelyanyonelistenstohim。Nineoutoftenmenpassatadistance，alonganewer，moreconvenientandbroaderroad。Theyeithernodtohimafarofforgivehimthego—by。Someareevenill—disposed，watchinghimordenouncinghimtotheecclesiasticorlayauthoritiesonwhichhedepends。Heisexpectedtomakehisordersrespectedandyetnothated，tobezealousandyetnotimportunate，toactandyetnoteffacehimself:hesucceedsprettyoften，thankstothepreparationjustdescribed，and，inhisruralsentry—box，patient，resigned，obeyinghisorders，hemountsguardlonelyandinsolitude，aguardwhich，forthepastfifteenyears，（from1870—1885）isdisturbedandanxiousandbecomingsingularlydifficult。
Notes:
[1]Artaud，"HistoiredePieVII。，I。，167。
[2]Comted’Haussonville，"L’égliseromaineetlepremierEmpire，IV。，378，415。（Instructionsfortheecclesiasticalcommissionof1811。）"ThePopeexercisedtheauthorityofuniversalbishopatthetimeofthere—establishmentofthecultinFrance……ThePope，underthewarrantofanextraordinaryanduniquecaseintheChurch，acted，aftertheConcordat，asifhehadabsolutepoweroverthebishops。"
（SpeechbyBigotdePréameneu，MinisterofWorship，atthenationalcouncil，June20，1811。）Thisactwasalmostuniversalinthehistoryofthechurch，andthecourtofRomestartedfromthissortofextraordinaryact，passedbyitattherequestofthesovereign，inordertoenforceitsideasofarbitraryruleoverthebishops。"
[3]SostatedbyNapoleon。
[4]Bossuet，"？uvrescomplètes，XXXII。，415。（Defensiodeclarationisclerigallicani，lib。VIII，caput14）。—"Episcopos，licetpap？divinojuresubditos，ejusdemesseordinis，ejusdemcaracteris，sive，utloquiturHieronymus，ejusdemmeriti，ejusdem，sacerdotii，collegasqueetcoepiscoposappelariconstat，scitumqueilludBernardiadEugeniumpapam:Nonesdominusepiscoporum，sedunusexillis。"
[5]ComteBoulay（delaMeurthe），"lesNégociationsduConcordat，"p。
35。—Therewere50vacanciesin135dioceses，owingtothedeathoftheirincumbents。
[6]BercastelandHenrion，XIII。，43。（ObservationsofAbbéEmeryontheConcordat。）"NoneofthepastPopes，noteventhosewhohaveextendedtheirauthoritythefarthest，havebeenabletocarrysuchheavy，authoritativeblowsout，asthosestruckatthistimebyPiusVII。"
[7]Pr？lectionesjuriscanonicihabit？inseminarioSanctiSulpitii，1867（Parl’abbéIcard），I。，138。"Sancticanonespassimmemorantdistinctionemduplicispotestatisquautitursanctuspontifex:unamappelantordinariam，aliamabsolutam，velplenitudinempotestatis……Pontifexpotestateordinariautitur，quandojurispositividispositionemretinet……Potestatemextraordinariamexserit，quandojushumanumnonservat，utsijusipsumauferat，si1egibusconciliorumderoget，privilegiaacquisitaimmutet……Plenitudopotestatisnullispublicijurisregulisestlimitata。"—Ibid。，I，333。
[8]PrincipalConcordats:withBavaria，1817；withPrussia，1821；withWurtemburg，Baden，Nassau，thetwoHesses，1821；withHanover，1824；
withtheNetherlands，1827；withRussia，1847；withAustria，1855；
withSpain，1851；withthetwoSicilies，1818；withTuscany，1851；
withPortugal（forthepatronatoftheIndiesandofChina），1857；
withCostaRica，1852；Guatemala，1853；Haiti，1860；Honduras1861；
Ecuador，Venezuela，NicaraguaandSanSalvador，1862。
[9]BercasteletHenrion，XIII，524。
[10]Adstantibusnonjudicantibus。"—OneoftheprelatesassembledattheVatican，Nov。20，1854，observedthatifthePopedecidedonthedefinitionoftheImmaculateConception……thisdecisionwouldfurnishapracticaldemonstration……oftheinfallibilitywithwhichJesusChristhadinvestedhisvicaronearth。"（émileOllivier，"L’égliseetl’étatauconcileduVatican，I。，313。）
[11]BercasteletHenrion，XIII。，105。（CircularofPiusVII。，February25，1808。）"Itissaidthatallcultsshouldbefreeandpubliclyexercised；butwehavethrownthisarticleoutasopposedtothecanonsandtothecouncils，tothecatholicreligion。"—Ibid。，（PiusVII。totheItalianbishopsontheFrenchsystem，May22，1808。）
"Thissystemofindifferentism，whichsupposesnoreligion，isthatwhichismostinjuriousandmostopposedtotheCatholicapostolicandRomanreligion，which，becauseitisdivine，isnecessarilysoleanduniqueand，onthatveryaccount，cannotallyitselfwithanyother。"
—Cf。the"Syllabus"andtheencyclicalletter"QuantaCura"ofDecember8，1864。
[12]Sauzay，"HistoiredelapersecutionrévolutionnairedansledepartementduDoubs，"X。，720—773。（ListindetailoftheentirestaffofthedioceseofBesan？on，in1801andin1822，underArchbishopLecoz，aformerassermenté。—DuringtheEmpire，andespeciallyafter1806，thismixedclergykeepsrefiningitself。A
largenumber，moreover，ofassermentésdonotreturntotheChurch。
Theyarenotdisposedtoretract，andmanyofthementerintothenewuniversity。Forexample（"VieduCardinalBonnechose，"byM。Besson，I。，24），theprincipalteachersintheRomancollegein1815—1816wereaformerCapuchin，aformerOratorianandthreeassermentéspriests。
Oneofthese，M。NicolasBignon，docteurèslettres，professorofgrammarintheyearIVattheEcoleCentrale，thenprofessorofrhetoricattheLycéeandmemberoftheRomanAcademy，"livedasaphilosopher，notasaChristianandstilllessasapriest。"
Naturally，heisdismissedin1816。Afterthatdate，thepurginggoesonincreasingagainstallecclesiasticssuspectedofhavingcompromisedwiththeRevolution，eitherliberalsorJansenists。Cf。
the"Mémoiresdel’abbéBabou，évêquenommédeSéez，"onthedifficultiesencounteredbyatooGallicanbishopandonthebitternesstowardshimofthelocalaristocracyofhisdiocese。
[13]Cf。the"Mémoiresdel’abbéBabou，évêquenommédeSéez，"onthedifficultiesencounteredbyatooGallicanbishopandonthebitternesstowardshimofthelocalaristocracyofhisdiocese。
[14]"Mémorial，"July31，1816。
[15]Bothsystems，setforthwithrareimpartialityandclearness，maybefoundin"L’égliseetl’EtatauconcileduVatican，"byémileOllivier，I。，chs。II。andIII。
[16]BercasteletHenrion，XIII。，p。14。（LetterofM。d’Avian，archbishopofBordeaux，October28，1815。）"AdozenconsecutivePopesdonotcease，formorethanonehundredandthirtyyears，improvingthatfamousDeclarationof1682。"
[17]ErnileOlliver，ibid。，I。315—319。（DeclarationsoftheFrenchprovincialcouncilsandofforeignnationalandprovincialcouncilsbefore1870。）—Cf。M。deMontalembert，"DesIntéretsCatholiques，"
1852，ch。II。andVI。"Theultramontanedoctrineistheonlytrueone。
ThegreatCountdeMaistre’sideasinhistreatiseonthePopehavebecomecommonplaceforallCatholicyouth。"—LetterofMgr。Guibert，February22，1853。"Gallicanismnolongerexists。"—"DiaryinFrance，"byChris。Wordsworth，D。D。，1845。"TherearenottwobishopsinFrancewhoarenotultramontane，thatistosaydevotedtotheinterestsoftheRomanSee。"
[18]"ConstitutiodogmaticaprimadeEcclesiaChristi，"July18，1870。
"Ejusmodiromanipontificisdefinitionesexsese，nonexconsensuEcclesi？irreformabilesesse。"（ch。IV。）
[19]Ibid。，ch。III。"Siquisdixeritromanumpontificemhaberetantummodoofficiuminspectionisveldirectionis，nonautemplenametsupremampotestatemjuridictionisinuniversamEcclesiam，nonsoluminrebusqu？adfidemetmores，sedetiaminiisqu？addisciplinametregimenEcclesi？pertotumorbemdiffus？pertinent；autetiamhaberetantumpotiorespartes，nonverototamplenitudinemhujussuprem？
potestatis，authancejuspotestatemnonesseordinariametimmediatam……"
[20]Ibid。，ch。III。"AberrantarectoveritatistramitequiaffirmantlicereabjudiciisRomanorumpontificumad？cumenicumconcilium，tanquamadauctoritatemromanopontificesuperiorem，appellare。"
[21]"Almanachnationalde1889。"（Amongthesefour，oneonlybelongstoahistoricfamily，Mgr。deDeux—BrézéofMoulins。）
[22]See"TheAncientRégime，"pp。65，120，150，292。（Ed。LaffontI。
pp。53—43，92—93，218，219。）
[23]Cf。thehistoryoftheparliamentsofGrenobleandRennesontheapproachoftheRevolution。Remarkthefidelityofalltheirjudicialsubordinatesin1788and1789，andtheprovincialpoweroftheleaguethusformed。
[24]Article12。
[25]"TheRevolution，"Vol。I。—AbbéSicard，"LesDispensateursdesbénéficesecclésiastiquesavant1789。"（"Correspondant"ofSep。10，1889，pp。887，892，893。）Grosley，"Mémoirespourservirl’histoiredeTroyes，"II，pp。35，45。
[26]AbéeElieMéric，"LeClergésousl’ancienrégime，"I。，p。26。
（Tenuniversitiesconferredlettersofappointmentontheirgraduates。）—AbbéSicard，"LesDispensateurs，"etc。，p876。—352
parliamentariansofParishadanindult，thatistosay，therightofobligingcollatorsandchurchpatronstobestowthefirstvacantbeneficeeitheronhimselforononeofhischildren，relationsorfriends。TurgotgavehisindulttohisfriendAbbéMorellet，whoconsequentlyobtained（inJune1788）theprioryofThimer，with16，000
livresrevenueandahandsomehouse。—Ibid。，p。887。"ThebiasofthePope，ecclesiasticalorlaypatrons，licensedparties，indultaires，graduates，thesofrequentuseofresignations，permutations，pensions，lefttothebishop，whoisnowundisputedmasterofhisdiocesanappointments，butveryfewsituationstobestow。"—Grosley，"Mémoires，etc。，"II。，p。35。"Thetithesfollowedcollations。Nearlyallourecclesiasticalcollatorsareatthesametimelargetithe—owners。"
[27]Aninferiorclassofpriests，generallyassignedtopoorparishes。
[28]AbbéElieMéric，ibid。，p。448。
[29]AbbéElieMéric，ibid。，pp392~4O3。（Detailsinsupport。）
[30]AbbéRichandeau，"Del’ancienneetdelanouvelledisciplinedel’égliseenFrance，"p。281。—Cf。AbbéElieMéric，ibid。，ch。II。
（Onthejusticeandjudgesofthechurch。）
[31]Mercur，"TableaudeParis，"IV。，chap。345。"Theflocknolongerrecognizethebrowoftheirpastorandregardhimasnothingbutanopulentman，enjoyinghimselfinthecapitalandgivinghimselfverylittletroubleaboutit。"
[32]"LeMonde"ofNovem。9，1890。（Details，accordingtotheMontpelliernewspapers，oftheceremonywhichhadjusttakenplaceinthecathedralofthattownfortheremissionofthepalliumtoMgr。
RoveriédeCabrières。
[33]"Encyclopediethéologique，"byAbbéMigne，ix。，p。465。（M。Emery，"DesNouveauxchapitrescathédraux，"p。238。）"ThecustominFranceatpresent，ofcommonlaw，isthatthebishopsgoverntheirdioceseswithouttheparticipationofanychapter。Theysimplycalltotheircouncilthosetheydeemproper，andchoosefromthesetheirchapterandcathedralcouncillors。"
[34]Ibid。，id。:"Notwithstandingthesefinetitles，themembersofthechaptertakenopartinthegovernmentduringthelifeofthebishop；alldependsonthisprelate，whocandoeverythinghimself，or，ifheneedsassistants，hemaytakethemoutsideofthechapter。"
—Ibid。，p。445。Since1802，inFrance，"thetitularcanonsareappointedbythebishopandafterwardsbythegovernment，whichgivesthemasalary。Itisonlytheshadowofthecanonicalorganization，ofwhich，however，theypossessallthecanonicalrights。"
[35]AbbéAndré，"ExpositiondequelquesprincipesfondamentauxdedroitCanonique，"p。187（citingonthissubjectoneofthedocumentsofMgr。Sibour，thenbishopofDigne）。—"SincetheConcordatof1801，theabsenceofallfixedprocedureinthetrialofpriestshasleftnothingfortheaccusedtodependonbuttheconscienceandintelligenceofthebishop。Thebishop，accordingly，hasbeen，inlaw，asinfact，thesolepastorandjudgeofhisclergy，and，exceptinrarecases，noexternallimithasbeenputtotheexerciseofhisspiritualauthority。"
[36]émileOllivier，"L’égliseetl’étatauconcileduVatican，"p517。—AbbéAndré，ibid。，PP。17，19，30，280。（Variousinstances，particularlytheappealofaruralcuré，Feb。8，1866。）"Themetropolitan（bishop）firstremarkedthathecouldnotbringhimselftocondemnhissuffragan。"Next（Feb。20，1866），judgmentconfirmedbythemetropolitancourt，declaring"thatnoreasonexistsfordeclaringexaggeratedandopentoreformthepenaltyofdeprivingtherectoroftheparishofX—ofhistitle，atitlepurelyconferredbyandrevocableatthewillofthebishop。"
[37]émileOllivier，ibid。，II。，517，516。—AbbéAndré，ibid。，p。241。
"DuringthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturynoappealcouldbehadfromtheChurchofFrancetoRome。"
[38]émileOllivier，ibid。，I。p。286。—AbbéAndré，ibid。，p。242:
"From1803to1854thirty—eightappealsunderwritoferror（werepresented）totheCouncilofStatebypriestsaccused……Notoneofthethirty—eightappealswasadmitted。"
[39]Pr？lectionesjuriscanonicihabit？inseminarioSanctiSulpicii，III。，p。146。
[40]émileOllivier，ibid。，I。，136。
[41]Id。，ibid。，I。，p。285。（AccordingtoAbbéDenys，"étudessurl’administrationdel’église，"p。211。）—Cf。AbbéAndré，ibid。，and"L’EtatactuelduclergéenFranceparlesfrèresAllignol"（1839）。—
Thislastwork，writtenbytwoassistant—curés，wellshows，articlebyarticle，theeffectsoftheConcordatandtheenormousdistancewhichseparatestheclergyofto—dayfromtheoldclergy。ThemodificationsandadditionswhichcomportwiththisexpositionareindicatedbyAbbé
Richandeau，directoroftheBloisSeminary，inhisbook，"Del’ancienneetdelanouvelledisciplinedel’EgliseenFrance"（1842）。
Besidesthis，theaboveexposition，aswellaswhatfollows，isderivedfrom，inadditiontoprinteddocuments，personalobservations，muchoralinformation，andnumerousmanuscriptletters。
[42]"Manrezeduprêtre，"bytheR。P。Caussette，vicar—generalofToulouse，1879。，V。II。，p。523。（AsstatedbytheAbbéDubois，anexperiencedmissionary。Headdsthatthesepriests，"transferredtodifficultposts，arealwaysongoodtermswiththeirmayors，……
triumphoverobstacles，andmaintainpeace。"）—Ibid。，I。，p。312。"I
donotknowwhetherthewell—informedconsciencesofourlordsthebishopshavemadeanymistakes，butwhatpardonshavetheynotgranted！whatscandalshavetheynotsuppressed！whatreputationshavetheynotpreserved！whatamisfortuneifyouhavetodowithacourtinsteadofwithafather！Forthecourtacquitsanddoesnotpardon……Andyourbishopmaynotonlyemploythemercyofforgiveness，but，again，thatofsecrecy。Howreaptheadvantagesofthispaternalsystembycalumniatingit！"
[43]ViedeMgr。Dupanloup，"byAbbéLagrange，II。，p。43:"Mgr。
Dupanloupbelievedthatpastoralremovalwasveryfavorable，nottosaynecessary，tothegoodadministrationofadiocese，tothepropermanagementofparishes，eventothehonorofpriestsandtheChurch，consideringthedifficultiesofthetimeswelivein。Irremovabilitywasinstitutedforfortunatetimesandcountriesinwhichthepeoplefulfilledalltheirdutiesandinwhichthesacerdotalministrycouldnotbeotherwisethanasimpleministryofconservation；atthepresentdayitisaministryofconquestandofapostleship。Thebishop，accordingly，mustdisposeofhispriestsashethinksthemfitforthiswork，accordingtotheirzealandtotheirpossiblesuccessinacountrywhichhastobeconverted。"Againsttheofficialcharacterandpublicityofitsjudgments"itisimportantthatitshouldnotmakeoutofamisfortunewhichisreparableascandalthatnothingcanrepair。"
[44]"Moniteur，"sessionofMarch11，1865。
[45]InthefollowingTainedescribesthecentralizationandimprovementoftheChurchadministrationwhichprobablymademanysocialistreadersbelievethatthesamekindofimprovementseasilycouldbeintroducedintoprivateenterpriseatthesametimemakingthemmoredeterminedtoexcludechildrenfromtheoldfamiliesfromallkindsofleadershipinthecomingsocialiststate。
[46]"TheAncientRégime，"pp。65，120，150，292。"MemoiresinéditsdeMadamede……"（Iamnotallowedtogivetheauthor’sname）。ThetypeinhighreliefofoneoftheseprelatesafewyearsbeforetheRevolutionmayherebefound。HewasbishopofNarbonne，withanincomeof800，000livresderivedfromthepossessionsoftheclergy。
HepassedafortnighteveryotheryearatNarbonne，andthenforsixweekshepresidedwithabilityandproprietyovertheprovincialparliamentatMontpellier。Butduringtheothertwenty—twomonthshegavenothoughttoanyparliamentarybusinessortohisdiocese，andlivedatHauteFontainewithhisniece，MadamedeRothe，ofwhomhewasthelover。MadamedeDillon，hisgrand—niece，andthePrincedeGuémenée，theloverofMadamedeDillon，livedinthesamechateau。
Theproprietiesofdeportmentweregreatenough，butlanguagetherewasmorethanfree，somuchsothattheMarquised’Osmond，onavisit，"wasembarrassedeventosheddingtears……OnSunday，outofrespecttothecharacterofthemasterofthehouse，theywenttoMass；butnobodycarriedaprayer—book；itwasalwayssomegayandoftenscandalousbook，whichwasleftlyingaboutinthetribuneofthechateau，opentothosewhocleanedtheroom，fortheiredificationastheypleased。"
[47]"ViedeMgr。Dupanloup，"byAbbéLagrange。—"HistoireduCardinalPie，évêquedePoitiers，"byMgr。Bannard。
[48]OnecouldimaginetheimpressionthistextwouldhavemadeonLeninandhisplanstocreateanelitecommunistpartyonceheshouldtakethepowerhedreamtof。（SR。）
[49]"Moniteur，"sessionofMarch14，1865，speechofCardinaldeBonnechose:"Iexactfullobedience，becauseImyself，likethoseamongyouwhobelongtothearmyornavy，havealwaystakenprideinthusrenderingittomychiefs，tomysuperiors。"
[50]"HistoireducardinalPie，"byM。Bannard，II。，p。690。M。Pieleftsixlargevolumesinwhich，forthirtyyears，herecordedhisepiscopalacts，uninterruptedly，untilhislastillness。
[51]Ibid。，II。，p。135:"Intheyear1860hehadconfirmed11，586
belongingtohisdiocese；in1861heconfirmed11，845。"—"ViedeMgr。
Dupanloup，"byAbbéLaGrange，III。，p。19。（Lettertohisclergy，1863。）Heenumerateswhathehaddoneinhisdiocese:"Theparochialretraiteswhichhaveamountedtonearlyonehundred；theperpetualadorationoftheHolySacramentestablishedinalltheparishes；
confirmation，notaloneinthecantonaltownbutinthesmallestvillagesandalwaysprecededbythemission；thecanonicalvisitmadeannuallyineachparish，partlybythearchdeacon，partlybythedean，andpartlybythebishop；……thevicarshipsdoubled；lifeincommonestablishedamongtheparochialclergy；sistersofcharityforschoolsandthesickmultipliedinthedioceseandspreadonallsides；
augmentationofeverythingconcerningecclesiasticalstudies，thenumberofsmallandlargeseminariesbeinglargelyincreased；
examinationsofyoungpriests；ecclesiasticallectures；gradesorganizedandraised；churchesandrectorieseverywhererebuiltor’repaired；agreatdiocesanworkinhelpingpoorparishesand，tosustainit，thediocesanlotteryandfairoftheladiesofOrleans；
finally，retraitesandcommunionsformenestablished，andalsoinotherimportanttownsandparishesofthediocese。"（P。46。）（LetterofJanuary26，1846，prescribingineachparishtheexactholdingofthestatusanimarum，whichstatusishiscriterionforplacingacuré。）"TheétatdePaquesinhisparishmustalwaysbeknownwhileheisinit，beforewithdrawinghimandplacinghimelsewhere。"
[52]ThedraftersofthecharteroftheUnitedNationsStaffRuleshadthesameideainmindwhenwritingRegulation1。2:"StaffmembersaresubjecttotheauthorityoftheSecretary—GeneralandtoassignmentbyhimtoanyoftheactivitiesorofficesoftheUnitedNations。Theyareresponsibletohimintheexerciseoftheirfunctions。ThewholetimeofstaffmembersshallbeatthedisposaloftheSecretary—
General。TheSecretary—Generalshallestablishanormalworkingweek。"
Thedisciplinarymeansofwhichthebishopsdisposedare，however，lackingintheUnitedNationssecretariat。（SR。）
[53]"Moniteur，"sessionofMarch141865。（SpeechofCardinaldeBonnechose。）"Whatwouldwedowithoutourmonks，Jesuits，Dominicans，Carmelites，etc。，topreachatAdventandduringLent，andactasmissionariesinthecountry？The（parochial）clergyisnotnumerousenoughtodothisdailywork。"
[54]Pr？lectionesjuriscanonici，II。，305andfollowingpages。
[55]"LaCharitéàNancy，"byAbbéGirard，1890，I。vol。—"LaCharité
àAngers，"byLéonCosnier，1890，2vols。—"ManueldesoeuvresetinstitutionscharitableàParis，"byLacour，Ivol。—"LesCongrégationsreligieusesenFrance，"byémileKeller，1880，1vol，[56]"ViedeMgr。Dupanloup，"I。，506（1853）。"Morethanonehundredfreeecclesiasticalestablishmentsforsecondaryeducationhavebeenfoundedsincethelawof1850。"—"Statistiquedel’enseignementsecondaire。"In1865，therewere276freeecclesiasticalschoolsforsecondaryinstructionwith34，897pupils，ofwhich23。549wereboardersand11，348day—scholars。In1876，therewere390with46，816
pupils，ofwhich33，092wereboardersand13，724day—scholars。
[57]"LaCharitéàNancy，"byAbbéGirard，p。87。—"VieduCardinalMathieu，"
byMgr。Besson，2vols。
[58]December，1890。
[59]Cf。，intheabove—mentionedbiographies，thepublicandpoliticaldiscoursesoftheleadingprelates，especiallythoseofM。Mathieu（ofBesan？on），M。Dupanloup（ofOrleans），Mgr。deBonnechose（ofRouen），andparticularlyMgr。Pie（ofPoitiers）。
[60]Afacttoldmebyalady，aneye—witness。IntheseventeenthcenturyitisprobablethatFénelonorBossuetwouldhaveregardedsucharesponseasextravagantandevensacrilegious。
[61]Imaginetheimpressionthismighthavehadonambitiousmendreamingofestablishingtheirownfaithfulparties。（SR。）
[62]AbbéElieMéric，inthe"Correspondant"ofJanuary10，1890，p。
18。
[63]"De1’étatactuelduclergéenFrance"（1839），p。248，bythebrothersAllignol。Careersofeverykindaretoocrowded；"onlytheecclesiasticalisinwantofsubjects；willingyouthsaretheonlyoneswantedandnonearefound。"Thisisdue，saytheseauthors，totheprofessionofassistant—priestbeingtoogloomy—eightyearsofpreparatorystudyfiveyearsintheseminary，800francsofpaywiththeriskoflosingitanyday，poorextras，alife—servitude，noretiringpension，etc。—"LeGrandPérildeL’égliseenFrance，"byAbbéBougaud（4thed。，1879），pp2—23。—"LettreCirculaire"（No。53）
ofMgr。Thiebaut，archbishopofRouen，1890，p。618。
[64]Thereisagradualsuppressionofthesubventionin1877and1853
andafinalonein1885。
[65]AbbéBougaud，Ibid。，p。118，etc。—Thelowerseminarycontainsabout200or250pupils。Scarcelyoneofthesepaysfullboard。Theypayontheaveragefrom100to200frs。perhead，whiletheirmaintenancecosts400francs。—Theinstructorswhoarepriestsget600francsayear。Thosewhoarenotpriestsget300francs，whichadds12，000francstotheexpensesandbringsthetotaldeficitupto42，000or52，000francs。
[66]Somewhatliketelevisionwherehewhocontrolsthismediacontrolsthemindsofthepeople。（SR。）
[67]Circularletter（No。53）ofM。Léon，archbishopofRouen（1890），p。618andfollowingpages。
[68]HadHitlerandLeninreadthis，whichislikely，thentheywouldhavefashiontheiryouthpartyprogrammesaccordingly！！KtheCatholicfaithinFrancetoday（in1999）isnearlyextinguishedwithonly14
seminariesandonlyafewhundredyoungmenyearlyenteringthese。（SR。）
[69]AbbéBougaud，ibid。，p。135。（OpinionofthearchbishopofAix，Ibid。，p。38。）"Iknowalowerseminaryinwhichaclassenquatrième（8thgradeUS。）of44pupilsfurnishedonly4priests，40havingdroppedoutontheway……IhavebeeninformedthatalargecollegeinParis，conductedbypriestsandcontaining400pupils，turnedoutintenyearsbutoneofanecclesiasticalcalling。"—
"Moniteur，"March，14，1865。（SpeechintheSenatebyCardinalBonnechose。）"Withus，disciplinebeginsatanearlyage，firstinthelowerseminaryandthenintheupperseminary……Othernationsenvyusourseminaries。Theyhavenotsucceededinestablishinganylikethem。Theycannotkeeppupilssolong；theirpupilsentertheirseminariesonlyasdayscholars。"
[70]Old—fashionednameforthe11thgradeinaFrenchhighschool。
（SR。）
[71]"HistoiredeM。Emery，"byAbbéElieMéric，I。，15，17。"From1786onwards，playswrittenbythe’lesphilosophes，"bythe’Robertuis’andtheLaoncommunity；theywereexcludedfromthegreatseminarywheretheyoughtnevertohavebeenadmitted。"Thisreformwaseffectedbythenewdirector，M。Emery，andmetwithsuchoppositionthatitalmostcosthimhislife。
[72]M。deTalleyrand，"Mémoires，"vol。i。（Concerningoneofhisgallantries。）"ThesuperiorsmighthavehadsomeSuspicion，……butAbbécouturierhadshownthemhowtoshuttheireyes。Hehadtaughtthemnottoreproveayoungseminaristwhomtheybelieveddestinedtoahighposition，whomightbecomecoadjutoratRheims，perhapsacardinal，perhapsminister，ministerdelafeuille—whoknows？"
[73]"DiaryinFrance，"byChristopherWordsworth，D。D。1845。
（WeaknessofthecourseofstudyatSaint—Sulpice。）"Thereisnoregularcourseoflecturesonecclesiasticalhistory。"—ThereisstillatthepresentdaynospecialcourseofGreekforlearningtoreadtheNewTestamentintheoriginal。—"Leclergéfran？aisen1890"
（byananonymousecclesiastic），pp。24—38。"Highandsubstantialserviceislackingwithus……Foralongtime，thecandidatesfortheepiscopacyareexemptbyapapalbullfromthetitleofdoctor。"—
IntheseminarytherearediscussionsinbarbarousLatin，antiquatedsubjects，withthespoutingofdisjointedbitsoftext:"Theyhavenotlearnedhowtothink……Theirscienceisgoodformothing；theyhavenomeansormethodsevenforlearning……TheTestamentofChristiswhattheyaremostignorantof……Apriestwhodevoteshimselftostudyisregardedeitherasapurespeculatorunfitforthegovernment，orwithanambitionwhichnothingcansatisfy，oragainanodd，ill—humored，ill—balancedperson；weliveundertheempireofthisstupidprejudice，……Wehavearcheologists，assyriologists，geologists，philologistsandotherone—sidedsavants。Thephilosophers，theologians，historians，andcanonistshavebecomerare。"
[74]"Journald’unvoyageenFrance，"byTh。W。Allies，1845，p。38。
（TableofdailyexercisesinSaint—SulpicefurnishedbyAbbéCaron，formersecretarytothearchbishopofParis。）—Cf。in"Volupté，"bySaint—Beuve，thesametablefurnishedbyLacordaire。
[75]"Manrezeduprêtre，"bytheRev。FatherCaussette，I。，82。
[76]Ibid。，I。，48。"Outof360meditationsmadebyapriestduringtheyear，300ofthemarearid。"WehavethetestimonyofAbbé
d’Astrosontheefficacyofprayerscommittedtomemory，whowasinprisonforthreeyearsunderthefirstempireandwithoutanybooks。
"Iknewthepsalmsbyheartand，thankstothisconversewithGod，whichescapedthejailor，Iwasnevertroubledbyboredom。"
[77]Aswiththe"FrèresdesécolesChrétiennes，"whosesocietyhasthemostmembers。
[78]"Manrezeduprêtre，"bytheRev。FatherCaussette，I。，9。TheManrezeisthegrottowhereSaintIgnatiusfoundtheplanofhisExercitiaandthethreewaysbywhichamansucceedsindetachinghimselffromtheworld，"thepurgative，theilluminativeandtheunitive。"Theauthorsaysthathehasbroughtalltothesecondway，asthemostsuitableforpriests。HehimselfpreachedpastoralretreatseverywhereinFrance，hisbookbeingacollectionofrulesforretreatsofthiskind。
[79]Someonewho，likeme，havelivedthroughtheattemptedCommunistconquestoftheworld，inEasternEurope，inChina，Korea，Vietnamandotherconqueredterritories，theterribleexperiencesofthoseimprisonedinre—educationcamps，cometomind。DidLeninhaveTainetranslated？DidLeninandStalinusethisdescriptionofcatholicbrainwashingastheirmodel？Wemightneverfindout。（SR。）
[80]Oneoftheseenduringeffectsistheintensefaithoftheprelates，whointhe18thcenturybelievedsolittle。Atthepresentday，notmadebishopsuntilaboutfiftyyearsofage，thirtyofwhichhavebeenpassedinexercisesofthisdescription，theirpietyhastakentheRoman，positive，practicalturnwhichterminatesindevotionsproperlysocalled。M。Emery，thereformerofSaint—Sulpice，gavetheimpulsioninthissense。（"HistoiredeM。Emery，"byAbbé
ElieMéric，p。115etc。）M。Emeryaddressedtheseminariansthus:"Doyouthinkthat，ifwepraytotheHolyVirginsixtytimesadaytoaidusatthehourofdeath，shewilldesertusatthelastmoment？"—"
Heledusintothechapel，whichhehaddeckedwithreliquaries……
Hemadethetourofit，kissinginturneachreliquarywithrespectandlove，andwhenhefoundoneofthemoutofreachforthishomage，hesaidtous，’Sincewecannotkissthatone，letusaccorditourprofoundestreverence！’……Andweallthreekneeledbeforethereliquary。"—Amongotherepiscopallives，thatofCardipalPie，bishopofPoitiers，presentstheorderofdevotioninhighrelief。
（"HistoireducardinalPie，"byM。Bannard，II。，348andpassim。）TherewasastatuetteoftheVirginonhisbureau。Afterhisdeath，aquantityofpaperscraps，inLatinorFrench，writtenandplacedtherebyhim—werefound，dedicatingthisorthataction，journeyorundertakingunderthespecialpatronageoftheVirginorSt。Joseph。
HealsopossessedastatuetteofOurLadyofLourdeswhichneverwasoutofhissight，dayornight。"Oneday，havinggoneoutofhispalace，hesuddenlyreturned，havingforgottensomething—hehadneglectedtokissthefeetofhisHeavenlyMother。"—Cf。"ViedeMgr。
Dupanloup，"AbbéLagrange，I。，524。"Duringhismother’sillness，hemultipliedthenovenas，visitedeveryaltar，madevows，burntcandles，fornotonlyhadhedevotion，butdevotions……Onthe2dofJanuary，1849，therewasfreshalarm；thereupon，anovenaatSaint—
Genevièveandavow—nolongerthechaplet，buttherosary。Then，asthefêteofSaintFran？oisdeSalesdrewnearanewnovenatothisgreatSavoyardsaint；prayerstotheVirgininSaint—Sulpice；tothefaithfulVirgin；tothemostwiseVirgin，everywhere。"
[81]"Manrezeduprêtre，"I。，27，29，30，31，35，91，92，244，246，247，268。
[82]Ibid。I。，279，281，301，307，308，319。
[83]Justlikethebelievingfaithful20thcenturyinternationalrevolutionaryMarxist—communist。（SR。）
[84]"Leclergéfran？aiseen1890"（byananonymousecclesiastic），p。
72。（Onthesmallerparishes。）"Thetaskofthecuréhereisthanklessifheiszealous，tooeasyifhehasnozeal。Inanyevent，heisanisolatedman，withnoresourceswhatever，temptedbyallthedemonsofsolitudeandinactivity。"—Ibid。，，92。"Ourauthorityamongthecommonclassesaswellasamongthinkingpeopleisheldincheck；
thehumanmindisto—dayfullyemancipatedandsocietysecularized。"—
Ibid。，15。"Indifferenceseemstohaveretiredfromthesummitsofthenationonlytodescendtothelowerstrata……InFrance，thepriestisthemorelikedthelessheisseen；toeffacehimself，todisappeariswhatisfirstandmostoftendemandedofhim。Theclergyandthenationlivetogethersidebyside，scarcelyincontact，throughcertainactionsinlife，andneverintermingling。"
CHAPTERIII
I。Theregularclergy。
Theregularclergy。—Differenceintheconditionofthetwoclergies。
—Thethreevows。—Rules。—Lifeincommon。—Objectofthesystem。—
Violentsuppressionoftheinstitutionanditsabusesin1790。—
Spontaneousrevivaloftheinstitutionfreeofitsabusesafter1800。
—Democraticandrepublicancharacterofmonasticconstitutions。—
Vegetationoftheoldstockandmultiplicationofnewplants，—Numberofmonksandnuns。—Proportionofthesenumberstothetotalpopulationin1789and1878。—Predominanceoftheorganizationsforlaborandcharity。—Howformedandextended。—Socialinstinctandcontactwiththemysticworld。
HOWEVERcorrectthelifeofasecularpriestmaybe，hestillsbelongstohiscentury。Likealayman，hehashisowndomicileandfireside，hisparsonageinthecountrywithagarden，oranapartmentintown—
inanyevent，hisownhomeandhousehold，aservantorhousekeeper，whoisofteneitherhismotherorasister；inshort，asuitableenclosuresetapart，wherehecanenjoyhisdomesticandprivatelifefreeoftheencroachmentsonhispublicandecclesiasticallife，analogoustothatofalayfunctionaryorabachelorofsteadyhabits。
Ineffect，hisexpensesandincome，hiscomfortsanddiscomfortsareaboutthesame。Hiscondition，hissalary，[1]histable，clothesandfurniture，hisout—of—doorwaysandhabits，givehimrankinthevillagealongsideoftheschoolteacherandpostmaster；inthelargeboroughorsmalltown，alongsideofthejusticeofthepeaceandcollegeprofessor；inthelargetowns，sidebysidewiththeheadofabureauorachiefofdivision；atParis，incertainparishes，alongsideoftheprefectofpoliceandtheprefectoftheSeine。[2]
Eveninthehumblestcuracy，heregulateshisbudgetmonthly，spendinghismoneywithoutconsultinganybody。Whennotonduty，histimeishisown。Hecandineout，orderforhimselfathomeaspecialdish，allowhimselfdelicacies。Ifhedoesnotpossesseverycomfort，hehasmostofthem，andthus，likealayfunctionary，hemayifhechoosesgetaheadintheworld，obtainpromotiontoabettercuracy，becomeirremovable，beappointedcanonandsometimesmountupward，veryhigh，tothetopmostrank。Societyhasaholdonhimthroughalltheseworldlypurposes；heistoomuchmixedupwithittodetachhimselffromitentirely；veryoftenhisspirituallifedroopsorprovesabortiveundersomanyterrestrialpreoccupations。—IftheChristiandesirestoarriveatthealibianddwellinthelifebeyond，anothersystemofexistenceisessentialforhim，entailingaprotectionagainsttwotemptations，thatistosaytheabandonmentoftwodangerousliberties，oneconsistinginthepowerbywhich，beinganownerofproperty，hedisposesashelikesofwhatbelongstohim，andtheotherconsistinginthepowerbywhich，beingmasterofhisacts，hearrangesashepleaseshisdailyoccupations。Tothisend，inadditiontothevowofchastityalsotakenbythesecularpriest，themembersofreligiousordersalsotaketwootherdistinctandprecisevows。Bythevowofpovertyhe（orshe）renouncesallpropertywhatever，atleastthatwhichisfullyandcompletelyhisown，[3]thearbitraryuseofpossessions，theenjoymentofwhatbelongstohimpersonally，whichvowleadshimtolivelikeapoorman，toendureprivations，tolabor，andbeyondthis，eventofasting，tomortifications，tocounteractinganddeadeninginhimselfallthoseinstinctsbywhichmanrebelsagainstbodilysufferingandaimsatphysicalwellbeing。Bythevowofobediencehe（orshe）giveshimselfupentirelytoadoubleauthority:one，inwriting，whichisdiscipline，andtheotheralivingbeing，consistingofthesuperiorwhosebusinessitistointerpret，applyandenforcetherule。Exceptinunheard—ofcases，wherethesuperior’sinjunctionsmightbeexpresslyanddirectlyopposedtotheletterofthisrule，[4]heinterdictshimselffromexamining，eveninhisownbreast，themotives，proprietyandoccasionoftheactprescribedtohim；hehasalienatedinadvancefuturedeterminationsbyentirelyabandoningself—government；hence—forth，hisinternalmotorisoutsideofhimselfandinanotherperson。Consequently，theunforeseenandspontaneousinitiativeoffreewilldisappearsinhisconducttogivewaytoapredetermined，obligatoryandfixedcommand，toasystem（cadre）whichenvelopshimandbindstogetherinitsrigidcompartmentstheentiresubstanceanddetailsofhislife，anticipatingthedistributionofhistimeforayear，weekbyweek，andforeveryday，hourbyhour，definingimperativelyandcircumstantiallyallactionorinaction，physicalormental，allworkandallleisure，silenceandspeech，prayersandreadings，abstinencesandmeditations，solitudeandcompanionship，hoursforrisingandretiring，meals，quantityandqualityoffood，attitudes，greetings，manners，toneandformsoflanguageand，stillbetter，mutethoughtsandthedeepestsentiments。
Moreover，throughtheperiodicalrepetitionofthesameactsatthesamehours，lieconfineshimselftoacycleofhabitswhichareforces，andwhichkeepgrowingsincetheyareeverturningtheinwardbalanceonthesamesidethroughtheever—increasingweightofhisentirepast。Througheatingandlodgingtogether，throughacommunionofprayer，throughincessantcontactwithotherbrethrenofthesamereligiousobservances，throughtheprecautiontakentojoinwithhimonecompanionwhenhegoesoutandtwocompanionswhenhelodgeselsewhere，throughhisvisitstoandfrototheheadestablishment，helivesinacircleofsoulsstrainedtothesameextent，bythesameprocesses，tothesameendashimself，andwhosevisiblezealmaintainshisown。—Grace，inthisstateofthings，abounds。Suchisthetermbestowedonthesilentandsteady，orstartlingandbrusque，emotionbywhichtheChristianentersintocommunicationwiththeinvisibleworld，anaspirationandahope，apresentimentandadivination，andevenoftenadistinctperception。Evidently，thisgraceisnotfaroff，almostwithinreachofthesoulswhich，fromthetenoroftheirwholelife，strivetoattainit。Theyhaveclosedthemselvesoffontheearthlyside，therefore，thesecannolongerlookorbreatheotherwisethanheavenward。
Attheendoftheeighteenthcentury，themonasticinstitutionnolongerproducedthiseffect；deformed，weakenedanddiscreditedthroughitsabuses，especiallyintheconventsofmales，andthenviolentlyoverthrownbytheRevolution，itseemedtobedead。But，atthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury，beholditspringingupagainspontaneously，inonedirect，new，strongandactivejetandhigherthantheoldone，freeoftheexcrescences，rottennessandparasiteswhich，undertheancientrégime，disfiguredanddiscoloredit。Nomorecompulsoryvows，no"frocked"youngersons"tomakeanelder，"nogirlsimmuredfrominfancy，keptintheconventthroughouttheiryouth，ledon，urged，andthendrivenintoacornerandforcedintothefinalengagementonbecomingofage；nomorearistocraticinstitutions，noOrderofMaltaandchaptersofmenorofwomeninwhichnoblefamiliesfindcareersandareceptaclefortheirsupernumerarychildren。Nomoreofthosefalseandcounterfeitvocationstherealmotiveofwhichwas，sometimesprideofraceandthedeterminationnottoloseasocialstanding，sometimestheanimalattractionsofphysicalcomfort，indolenceandidleness。Nomorelazyandopulentmonks，occupied，liketheCarthusiansofValSaint—Pierre，inovereating，stupefiedbydigestionandroutine，or，liketheBernardinesofGranselve[5]turningtheirbuildingintoaworldlyrendezvousforjovialhospitalityandthemselvestakingpart，foremostinrank，inprolongedandfrequentparties，balls，playsandhunting—
parties；indiversionsandgallantrieswhichtheannualfêteofSaintBernard，throughasingulardissonance，excitedandconsecrated。Nomoreover—wealthysuperiors，usufructuariesofavastabbatialrevenue，suzerainandlandlordseigniors，withthetrain，luxuryandcustomsoftheircondition，withfour—horsecarriages，liveries，officials，antechamber，court，chancellorshipandministersofjustice，obligingtheirmonkstoaddressthemas"mylord，"aslaxasanyordinarylayman，wellfittedtocausescandalintheirorderbytheirlibertiesandtosetanexampleofdepravity。Nomorelayintrusions，commendatoryabbésorpriors，interlopers，andimposedfromabove；nomorelegislativeandadministrativeinterferences[6]inordertobindmonksandnunsdowntotheirvows，todisqualifythemanddeprivethemalmostofcitizenship，toexcludethemfromcommonrights，towithholdfromthemrightsofinheritanceandtestamentaryrights，fromreceivingormakingdonations，deprivingtheminadvanceofthemeansofsubsistence，toconfinethembyforceintheirconventsandsetthepatrolontheirtrack，and，ontryingtoescape，tofurnishtheirsuperiorwithsecularhelpandkeepdowninsubordinationbyphysicalconstraint。Nothingofthissubsistsafterthegreatdestructionof1790。Underthemodernrégime，ifanyoneentersandremainsinaconventitisbecausetheconventismoreagreeabletohimthantheworldoutside；thereisnoothermotivenopressureorhindranceofaninferiorordifferentkind，nodirectorindirect，nodomesticorlegalconstraint，noambition，vanityandinnateoracquiredindolence，nocertaintyoffindingsatisfactionforacoarseandconcentratedsensuality。Thatwhichnowoperatesistheawakenedandpersistentvocation；themanorthewomanwhotakesvowsandkeepsthem，entersuponandadherestohisorherengagementonlythroughaspontaneousactdeliberatelyandconstantlyrenewedthroughtheirownfreewill。
Thuspurified，themonasticinstitutionrecoversitsnormalform，whichistherepublicananddemocraticform，whiletheimpracticableUtopiawhichthephilosophersoftheeighteenthcenturywantedtoimposeonlaysocietynowbecomestheeffectiverégimeunderwhichthereligiouscommunitiesaregoingtolive。Inallofthem，thegovernorsareelectedbythegoverned；whetherthesuffrageisuniversalorqualified，onevoteisasgoodasanother；votesarecountedbyheads，and，atstatedintervals，thesovereignmajorityusesitsrightanew；withtheCarmelites，itiseverythreeyearsandtoelectbysecretballot，notaloneoneauthoritybutalltheauthorities，theprior，thesub—priorandthethreeclavières。[7]—
Onceelected，thechief，inconformitywithhismandate，remainsamandatory，thatistosayalaborerassignedacertainwork，andnotaprivilegedpersonenjoyingagratification。Hisdignityisnotadispensation，butanadditionalburden；alongwiththedutiesofhisoffice，hesubjectshimselftoanobservanceoftherules—havingbecomeageneral，heisnobetteroffthanthesimplesoldier；herisesasearlyandhisdailylifeisnobetter；hiscellisasbareandhispersonalsupportnotmoreexpensive。Hewhocommandstenthousandotherslivesaspoorly，underthesamestrictinstructions，withasfewconveniencesandwithlessleisurethanthemeanestbrother。[8]Overandabovetheausteritiesofordinarydisciplinethisorthatsuperiorimposedonhimselfadditionalmortificationswhichweresogreatastoastonishaswellasedifyhismonks。SuchistheidealStateofthetheorist，aSpartanrepublic，andforall，includingthechiefs，anequalrationofthesameblackbroth。Thereisanotherresemblance，stillmoreprofound。Atthebaseofthisrepublicliesthecorner—stonedesignedinanticipationbyRousseau，thenhewnandemployed，wellorill，intheconstitutionsorplébiscitesoftheRevolution，theConsulateandtheEmpire，toserveasthefoundationofthecompleteedifice。Thisstoneisaprimitiveandsolemnagreementbyallconcerned，asocialcontract，apactproposedbythelegislatorandacceptedbythecitizens；exceptthat，inthemonasticpact，thewilloftheacceptorsisunanimous，earnest，serious，deliberateandpermanent，while，inthepoliticalpact，itisnotso；thus，whilstthelattercontractisatheoreticalfiction，theformerisanactualverity。
For，inthesmallreligiouscité，allprecautionsaretakentohavethefuturecitizenknowforwhatandhowfarheengageshimself。Thecopyoftheruleswhichishandedtohiminadvanceexplainstohimthefutureuseofeachdayandofeachhour，thedetailinfulloftherégimetowhichheistosubjecthimself。Besidesthis，toforestallanyillusionandhasteonhispartheisrequiredtomaketrialoftheconfinementanddiscipline；herealizesthroughpersonal，sensibleandprolongedexperiencewhathemustundergo；beforeassumingthehabit，hemustserveanovitiateofatleastoneyearandwithoutinterruption。Simplevowssometimesprecedethemoresolemnvows；withtheJesuits，severalnovitiates，eachlastingtwoorthreeyears，overlieandsucceedeachother。Elsewhere，theperpetualengagementistakenonlyafterseveraltemporaryengagements；uptotheageoftwenty—fivethe"FréresdesEcolesChrétiennes"taketheirvowsforayear；attwenty—fiveforthreeyears；onlyattwenty—eightdotheytakethemforlife。Certainly，aftersuchtrials，thepostulantisfullyinformed；nevertheless，hissuperiorscontributewhattheyknow。
Theyhavewatchedhimdayafterday；deepdownunderhissuperficial，actualanddeclareddispositiontheydefinehisprofound，latent，andfutureintention；iftheydeemthisinsufficientordoubtful，theyadjournorpreventthefinalprofession:"Mychild，wait—yourvocationisnotyetdetermined，"or"Myfriend，youwerenotmadefortheconvent，returntotheworld！"—Neverwasasocialcontractsignedmoreknowingly，aftergreaterreflectiononwhatchoicetomake，aftersuchdeliberatestudy:theconditionsofhumanassociationdemandedbytherevolutionarytheoryareallfulfilledandthedreamoftheJacobinsisrealized。Butnotwheretheyplannedit:throughastrangecontrast，andwhichseemsironicalinhistory，thisday—dreamofspeculativereasonhasproducednothinginthelayorderofthingsbutelaborateplansonpaper，adeceptiveanddangerousDeclarationof（human）Rights，appealstoinsurrectionortoadictatorship:
incoherentorstill—bornorganizations，inshort，abortionsormonsters；inthereligiousorderofthings，itaddstothelivingworldthousandsoflivingcreaturesofindefiniteviability。Sothat，amongtheeffectsoftheFrenchrevolution，oneoftheprincipalandmostenduringistherestorationofmonasticinstitutions……
FromtheConsulatedowntothepresentdaytheycaneverywherebeseensproutingandgrowing。Early，newsproutsshootoutandcovertheoldtrunksofwhichtherevolutionaryaxehadcutoffthebranches。In1800，"there—establishmentofacorporationshockedcurrentideas。"[9]ButtheableadministratorsoftheConsulaterequiredvolunteerwomenforserviceintheirhospitals。InParis，Chaptal，theminister，comesacrossaladysuperiorwhomheformerlyknewandenjoinshertogathertogethertenoradozenofhersurvivingcompanions；heinstallsthemintherueVieux—Colombier，inabuildingbelongingtothehospitals，andwhichhefurnishesforfortynovices；
atLyons，henoticesthatthe"Sisters"ofthegeneralhospitalwereobliged，thattheymightperformtheirduties，towearalaydress；heauthorizesthemtoresumetheircostumeandtheircrosses；heallowsthemtwothousandfrancstopurchasenecessaries，and，whentheyhavedonnedtheirolduniform，hepresentsthemtotheFirstConsul。Suchisthefirstsprout，verysmallandveryfeeble，thatappearsintheinstitutionofSaint—VincentdePauleatParisandinthatofSaint—
CharlesatLyons。Inourdays[10]（around1885），thecongregationofSaint—Charles，besidestheparent—houseatLyons，has102otherswith2，226nuns，andthecongregationofSaint—VincentdePaule，besidestheparent—houseatParis，has88otherswith9，130nuns。Often，thenewvegetationonthetrunkamputatedbytheRevolutionismuchricherthanontheoldone；in1789，theinstitutionofthe"FréresdesEcolesChrétiennes"had800members；in1845，therewere4，000；in1878，9，818；onthe31stofDecember，1888，therewere12，245。In1789，itcounted126houses；in1888，therewere1，286。—Meanwhile，alongsideoftheoldplantations，alargenumberofindependentgerms，newspeciesandvarieties，springupspontaneously，eachwithitsownaim，rulesandspecialdenomination。OnGoodFriday，April6，1792，attheverydateofthedecreeoftheLegislativeAssemblyabolishingallreligiouscommunities，[11]oneisborn，thatofthe"S？ursdelaRetraiteChrétienne，"atFontenelle，and，fromyeartoyear，similarplantsconstantlyandsuddenlyspringoutofthegroundforacentury。
Thelististoolongtobecounted；alargeofficialvolumeofmorethanfourhundredpagesisfilledwiththemerestatementoftheirnames，localitiesandstatistics。—Thisvolume，publishedin1878，dividesreligiousinstitutionsintotwogroups。Wefindinthefirstone，comprisingthelegallyauthorizedsocieties，atfirst5
congregationsofmenpossessing224establishmentswith2，418members，and23associationsofmenwith20，341membersandsupplying3，086
schools；next，259congregationsofwomenand644communitieswhichpossess3，196establishments，supplying16，478schoolsandcounting113，750members。Inthesecondgroup，comprisingunauthorizedsocieties，wefind384establishmentsofmenwith7，444members，and602establishmentsofwomenwith14，003members，—inall，inbothgroups，30，287brethrenand127，753sisters。Consideringthetotalpopulation，theproportionofbrethrenin1789andinourdayisaboutthesame；itistheirspiritwhichhaschanged；atthepresentday，alldesiretoremainintheirprofession，whilein1789two—thirdswantedtowithdrawfromit。AstotheproportionofSisters，ithasincreasedbeyondallcalculation。[12]Outof10，000womeninthepopulation，therewere，in1789，28Sisters；in1866，45；in1878，67。[13]
Carmelites，Clarisses，FillesduC？urdeJésus，Réparatrices，S？ursduSaint—Sacrament，Visitandines，Franciscaines，Benedictinesandotherslikethese，about4000nunsorsisters，arecontemplatists。TheCarthusians，Cistercians，Trappists，andsomeothers，about1800monksandbrethrenwho，forthemostpart，tilltheground，donotimposelaboronthemselvesotherthanasanaccessoryexercise；theirfirstandprincipalobjectisprayer，meditationandworship；they，too，devotetheirlivestocontemplationontheotherworldandnottotheserviceofthisone。Butalltheothers，morethan28，000menandmorethan123，000women，arebenefactorsbyinstitutionandvoluntarylaborers，choosingtodevotethemselvestodangerous，revolting，andatleastungratefulservices—missionsamongsavagesandbarbarians，careofthesick，ofidiots，oftheinsane，oftheinfirm，oftheincurable，thesupportofpooroldmenorofabandonedchildren；
countlesscharitableandeducationalworks，primaryschools，orphanasylums，housesofrefugeandprisons，andallgratuitouslyoratthelowestwagesthroughareductionofbodilynecessitiestothelowestpoint，andofthepersonalexpenditureofeachbrotherorsister。[14]
Evidently，withthesemenandwiththesewomen，theordinarybalanceofmotiveswhichpromptpeopleisreversed；intheinwardbalanceofthescaleitisnolongerselfishnesswhichprevailsagainstaltruism，buttheloveofotherswhichprevailsagainstselfishness。—Letuslookatoneoftheirinstitutionsjustatthemomentofitsformationandseehowthepreponderancepassesoverfromtheegoistictothesocialinstinct。Thefirstthingwealwaysfindattheoriginoftheenterpriseiscompassion；afewkindheartshavebeenmovedattheaspectofmisery，degradationandmisconduct；soulsorbodieswereindistressandtherewasdangerofshipwreck；threeorfoursaviorshavecometotherescue。AtRouen，in1818，itisapoorgirlwho，byadviceofhercuré，bringstogetherafewofherfriendsinhergarret；duringthedaytheystudyinaclassandatnighttheyworkfortheirliving；today，underthetitleof"S？ursduSacré—C？urdeJésus，"theynumber800。Elsewhere，atLaval，thefounderoftheHouseofRefugeforpoorrepentantsisaplainironing—girlwhobeganher"House"bycharitablyharboringtwoprostitutes；thesebroughtothers，andtherearenowahundredofsimilarinstitutions。Mostfrequently，thefounderisthedesservantorvicaroftheplace，who，movedbylocalmisery，fanciesatfirstthatheisdoingonlylocalwork。Thus，thereisbornin1806atRouissé—sur—Loirethecongregationof"LaProvidence，"whichnowhas918"Sisters，"in193
houses；in1817，atLovallat，theassociationof"LesPetits—FrèresdeMarie，"whichnumbersto—day3600brethren；in1840，atSaint—Servan，theinstitutionof"LesPetites—S？ursdesPauvres，"whonownumber2685，and，withnootherhelpbutalms—giving，feedandcarefor，intheir158houses，20，000oldmen，ofwhich13，000liveintheir93
domicilesinFrance；theytaketheirmealsaftertheinmates，andeatonlywhattheyleave；theyareprohibitedfromacceptinganyendowmentwhatever；byvirtueoftheirrulestheyareandremainmendicants，atfirst，andespecially，inbehalfoftheiroldmen，andafterwardsandasaccessory，intheirownbehalf。Notethecircumstancesoftheundertakingandtheconditionofthefounders—theyweretwovillagework—women，younggirlsbetweensixteenandeighteenforwhomthevicaroftheparishhadwrittenshortregulations（unepetiterègle）；
onSunday，togetherinthecleftofarockontheseaside，theystudiedandmeditatedoverthislittlesummarymanual，performedtheprescribeddevotions，thisorthatprayerororisonatcertainhours，sayingtheirbeads，thestationinthechurch，self—examinationandotherceremoniesofwhichthedailyrepetitiondepositsandstrengthensthesupernaturalmentalconception。Such，overandabovenaturalpity，isthesuperaddedweightwhichfixestheunstablewillandmaintainsthesoulpermanentlyinastateofabnegation。—AtParis，inthetwohallsofthePrefectureofPolice，whereprostitutesandfemalethievesremainforadayortwoinprovisionalconfinement，the"Sisters’’of"Marie—Joseph，"obligedbytheirvowstoliveconstantlyinthisseweralwaysfullofhumandregs，sometimesfeeltheirheartfailingthem；fortunately，alittlechapelisarrangedfortheminonecornerwheretheyretiretopray，andinafewminutestheyreturnwiththeirstoreofcourageandgentlenessagainrevived。
—FatherEtienne，superiorofthe"Lazarists"andofthe"FillesdeSaint—VincentdePaule，"withtheauthorityoflongexperience，veryjustlyobservedtosomeforeignvisitors，[15]"Ihavegivenyouthedetailsofourlife，butIhavenottoldyouthesecretofit。Thissecret，hereitis—itisJesusChrist，known，loved，andservedintheEucharist。"
II。EvolutionoftheCatholicChurch。
Themysticfaculty。—Itssourcesandworks。—EvangelicalChristianity。—Itsmoralobjectandsocialeffect。—RomanChristianity。—DevelopmentoftheChristianideaintheWest。—
InfluenceoftheRomanlanguageandlaw。—RomanconceptionoftheState。—RomanconceptionoftheChurch。
Inthethirteenthcentury，tothecommunicantonhiskneesabouttoreceivethesacrament，theHostoftenfadedoutofsight；itdisappeared，and，initsplace，appearedaninfantortheradiantfeaturesoftheSaviorand，accordingtotheChurchdoctors，thiswasnotanillusionbutanillumination。[16]Theveilhadlifted，andthesoulfounditselffacetofacewithitsobject，JesusChristpresentinEucharist。Thiswassecondsight，infinitelysuperiorincertaintyandreachtotheformer，adirect，fullviewgrantedbygracefromabove，asupernaturalview。—Bythisexample，whichisanextremecase，wecomprehendinwhatfaithconsists。Itisanextraordinaryfacultyoperatingalongsideofandofteninconjunctionwithournaturalfaculties；overandabovethingsasourobservationnaturallypresentsthemtous，itrevealstousabeyond，amajestic，grandioseworld，theonlyonetrulyrealandofwhichoursisbutthetemporaryveil。Inthedepthsofthesoul，muchbelowthesuperficialcrustofwhichwehaveanyconscience，[17]impressionshaveaccumulatedlikesubterraneanwaters。There，underthesurgingheatofinnateinstincts，alivingspringhasburstforth，growingandbubblingintheobscurity；letashockorafissureinterveneanditsuddenlysproutsupandforcesitswayabovethesurface；themanwhohasthiswithinhimandinwhomitoverflowsisamazedattheinundationandnolongerrecognizeshimself；thevisiblefieldofhisconscienceiscompletelychangedandrenewed；inplaceofhisformerandvacillatingandscatteredthoughtshefindsanirresistibleandcoherentbelief，apreciseconception，andintensepicture，apassionateaffirmation，sometimesevenpositiveperceptionsofaspeciesapartandwhichcometohimnotfromwithoutbutfromwithin，notalonemerementalsuggestions，likethedialoguesofthe"Imitation"andthe"intellectuallocutions"ofthemystics，butveritablephysicalsensationslikethedetailsofthevisionsofSaintTheresa，thearticulatevoicesofJoanofArcandthebodilystigmataofSaintFrancis。
Inthefirstcentury，thisbeyonddiscoveredbythemysticfacultywasthekingdomofGod，opposedtothekingdomsofthisworld；[18]thesekingdoms，intheeyesofthosewhorevealedthem，wereworthless；
throughthekeeninsightofthemoralandsocialinstinct，theselarge，generousandsimpleheartshaddivinedtheinternaldefectofallthesocietiesorStatesofthecentury。Egoisminthesewastoogreat；therewasinthemalackofcharity，[19]thefacultyoflovinganotherequallywithone’sself，andthusofloving，notonlyafew，butallmen，whoevertheymightbe，simplybecausetheyweremen，andespeciallythemeek，thehumbleandthepoor；inotherwords，thevoluntaryrepressionoftheappetitesbywhichtheindividualmakesofhimselfacenterandsubordinatesotherlivestohimself，therenunciationof"thelustsoftheflesh，oftheeyesandofvanity，theinsolenceofwealthandluxury，offorceandofpower。"[20]—
Opposedtoandincontrastwiththishumanorderofthings，theideaofadivineorderofthingswasbornanddevelopeditself—aHeavenlyFather，hisreigninheaven，andverysoon，perhapsonthemorrow，hisreignherebelow；hissondescendingtotheearthtoestablishhisreignanddyingonthecrossforthesalvationofmen；afterhim，hisSpirits，sentbyhim，theinwardbreathwhichanimateshisdisciplesandcontinueshiswork；allmenbrethrenandbelovedchildrenofthesamecommonfather；hereandtherespontaneousgroupswhohavelearned"thesegoodtidings"andpropagatedthem；smallscatteredcommunitieswhichliveintheexpectationofanidealorderofthingsandyet，byanticipation，realizingitfromthistimeforth；"All[21]wereofoneheartandonesoul，……forasmanyaswerepossessorsoflandsorhousessoldthem，andbroughtthepricesofthethingsthatweresoldandlaidthemdownattheapostles’feet:anddistributionwasmadeuntoeverymanaccordingashehadneed，"allhappyinbeingtogether，inmutualloveandinfeelingthemselvesregenerateorpure。
Hereistobefoundinthesoulanewregulatorandmotor，andmoreoverapowerfulorgan，appropriateandeffective，obtainedthroughinternalrecastingandmetamorphosis，likethewingswithwhichaninsectisprovidedafteritstransformation。Ineverylivingorganism，necessity，throughtentativeeffortandselections，thusproducesthepossibleandrequisiteorgan。InIndia，fivehundredyearsbeforeourera，itwasBuddhism；inArabia，sixhundredyearsafterourera，itwasIslam；inourwesternsocietiesitisChristianity。Atthepresentday，aftereighteencenturiesonbothcontinents，fromtheUraltotheRockyMountains，amongstRussianmoujiksandAmericansettlers，itworksasformerlywiththefishermenofGalileeandinthesameway，insuchawayastosubstitutefortheloveofselftheloveofothers；neitherinsubstancenorinusehasanychangetakenplace；
underitsGreek，CatholicorProtestantenvelope，itisstill，forfourhundredmillionsofhumanbeings，thespiritualmeans，thegreat，indispensablepairofwingsbywhichmanrisesupwardabovehimself，abovehisgrovelingexistenceandhislimitedhorizons，leadinghimonthroughpatience，hopeandresignationtoserenity，andbeyondtotemperance，purity，goodness，andself—devotionandself—sacrifice。
Alwaysandeverywhere，forthepasteighteenhundredyears，assoonasthesewingsgrowfeebleorgiveway，publicandprivatemoralsdegenerate。InItaly，duringtheRenaissance，inEnglandundertherestoration，inFranceundertheConventionandDirectory，manbecomesaspaganasinthefirstcentury；thesamecausesrenderhimthesameasinthetimesofAugustusandTiberius，thatistosayvoluptuousandcruel:heabuseshimselfandvictimizesothers；abrutal，calculatingegoismresumesitsascendancy，depravityandsensualityspread，andsocietybecomesadenofcut—throatsandabrothel。[22]
Aftercontemplatingthisspectaclenearby，wecanvaluethecontributiontomodernsocietiesofChristianity，howmuchmodesty，gentlenessandhumanityithasintroducedintothem，howitmaintainsintegrity，goodfaithandjustice。Neitherphilosophicreason，artisticorliteraryculture，orevenfeudal，militaryorchivalrichonor，noranyadministrationorgovernmentcanreplaceit。Thereisnothingelsetorestrainournatalbent，nothingtoarresttheinsensible，steady，down—hillcourseofourspecieswiththewholeofitsoriginalburden，everretrogradingtowardstheabyss。Whateveritspresentenvelopemaybe，theoldGospelstillservesasthebestauxiliaryofthesocialinstinct。
Amongitsthreecontemporaryforms，thatwhichgroupstogetherthemostmen，about180millionsofbelievers，isCatholicism，inotherwords，RomanChristianity，whichtwowords，comprisingadefinition，containahistory。Attheorigin，onthebirthoftheChristianprinciple，itexpresseditselfatfirstinHebrew，thelanguageofprophetsandofseers；afterwards，andverysoon，inGreek，thelanguageofthedialecticiansandphilosophers；atlast，andverylate，inLatin，thelanguageofthejurisconsultsandstatesmen；thencomethesuccessivestagesofdogma。Alltheevangelicalandapostolictexts，writteninGreek，allthemetaphysicalspeculations，23alsoinGreek，whichservedascommentaryonthese，reachedthewesternLatinsonlythroughtranslations。Now，inmetaphysics，LatinpoorlytranslatestheGreek[24]；itlacksboththetermsandtheideas；whattheOrientsays，theOccidentonlyhalfcomprehends；itacceptsthiswithoutdisputeandconfidentlyholdsitastruth。[25]Atlengthinitsturn，inthefourthcentury，when，afterTheodosius，theOccidentbreaksloosefromtheOrient，itintervenes，anditinterveneswithitslanguage，thatistosaywiththeprovisionofideasandwordswhichitscultureprovided；itlikewisehaditsinstrumentsofprecision，notthoseofPlatoandAristotle，butothers，asspecial，forgedbyUlpian，GaiusandtwentygenerationsofjuriststhroughtheoriginalinventionandimmemoriallaborofRomangenius。"Tosaywhatislaw，"toimposerulesofconductonmen，is，inabridgedform，theentirepracticalworkoftheRomanpeople；