possible，butthethoughtisnotrelativeto’thatofwhichitis
　　thethought’；forweshouldthenhavesaidthesamethingtwice。
　　Similarlysightisthesightofsomething，not’ofthatofwhichitis
　　thesight’thoughofcourseitistruetosaythis；infactitis
　　relativetocolourortosomethingelseofthesort。Butaccording
　　totheotherwayofspeakingthesamethingwouldbesaid
　　twice，-’thesightisofthatofwhichitis。’
　　Thingsthatarebytheirownnaturecalledrelativearecalled
　　sosometimesinthesesenses，sometimesiftheclassesthatinclude
　　themareofthissort；e。g。medicineisarelativetermbecauseits
　　genus，science，isthoughttobearelativeterm。Further，thereare
　　thepropertiesinvirtueofwhichthethingsthathavethemarecalled
　　relative，e。g。equalityisrelativebecausetheequalis，andlikeness
　　becausethelikeis。Otherthingsarerelativebyaccident；e。g。aman
　　isrelativebecausehehappenstobedoubleofsomethinganddoubleis
　　arelativeterm；orthewhiteisrelative，ifthesamethinghappens
　　tobedoubleandwhite。
　　Whatiscalled’complete’is1thatoutsidewhichitisnot
　　possibletofindany，evenone，ofitsparts；e。g。thecompletetime
　　ofeachthingisthatoutsidewhichitisnotpossibletofindany
　　timewhichisapartpropertoit-2Thatwhichinrespectof
　　excellenceandgoodnesscannotbeexcelledinitskind；e。g。wehavea
　　completedoctororacompleteflute-player，whentheylacknothing
　　inrespectoftheformoftheirproperexcellence。Andthus，
　　transferringthewordtobadthings，wespeakofacomplete
　　scandal-mongerandacompletethief；indeedweevencallthemgood，
　　i。e。agoodthiefandagoodscandal-monger。Andexcellenceisa
　　completion；foreachthingiscompleteandeverysubstanceis
　　complete，wheninrespectoftheformofitsproperexcellenceit
　　lacksnopartofitsnaturalmagnitude-3Thethingswhichhave
　　attainedtheirend，thisbeinggood，arecalledcomplete；forthings
　　arecompleteinvirtueofhavingattainedtheirend。Therefore，
　　sincetheendissomethingultimate，wetransferthewordtobad
　　thingsandsayathinghasbeencompletelyspoilt，andcompletely
　　destroyed，whenitinnowisefallsshortofdestructionand
　　badness，butisatitslastpoint。Thisiswhydeath，too，isbya
　　figureofspeechcalledtheend，becausebotharelastthings。Butthe
　　ultimatepurposeisalsoanend-Things，then，thatarecalled
　　completeinvirtueoftheirownnaturearesocalledinallthese
　　senses，somebecauseinrespectofgoodnesstheylacknothingand
　　cannotbeexcelledandnopartpropertothemcanbefoundoutside
　　them，othersingeneralbecausetheycannotbeexceededintheir
　　severalclassesandnopartpropertothemisoutsidethem；theothers
　　presupposethesefirsttwokinds，andarecalledcompletebecausethey
　　eithermakeorhavesomethingofthesortorareadaptedtoitorin
　　somewayorotherinvolveareferencetothethingsthatarecalled
　　completeintheprimarysense。
　　’Limit’means1thelastpointofeachthing，i。e。thefirst
　　pointbeyondwhichitisnotpossibletofindanypart，andthe
　　firstpointwithinwhicheverypartis；2theform，whateverit
　　maybe，ofaspatialmagnitudeorofathingthathasmagnitude；3
　　theendofeachthingandofthisnatureisthattowardswhichthe
　　movementandtheactionare，notthatfromwhichtheyare-though
　　sometimesitisboth，thatfromwhichandthattowhichthemovement
　　is，i。e。thefinalcause；4thesubstanceofeachthing，andthe
　　essenceofeach；forthisisthelimitofknowledge；andifof
　　knowledge，oftheobjectalso。Evidently，therefore，’limit’hasas
　　manysensesas’beginning’，andyetmore；forthebeginningisa
　　limit，butnoteverylimitisabeginning。
　　’Thatinvirtueofwhich’hasseveralmeanings:-1theformor
　　substanceofeachthing，e。g。thatinvirtueofwhichamanisgoodis
　　thegooditself，2theproximatesubjectinwhichitisthenature
　　ofanattributetobefound，e。g。colourinasurface。’Thatinvirtue
　　ofwhich’，then，intheprimarysenseistheform，andina
　　secondarysensethematterofeachthingandtheproximate
　　substratumofeach-Ingeneral’thatinvirtueofwhich’willfoundin
　　thesamenumberofsensesas’cause’；forwesayindifferently3
　　invirtueofwhathashecome？’or’forwhatendhashecome？’；and
　　4invirtueofwhathasheinferredwrongly，orinferred？’or
　　’whatisthecauseoftheinference，orofthewrong
　　inference？’-Further5Kath’disusedinreferencetoposition，e。g。
　　’atwhichhestands’or’alongwhichhewalks；forallsuchphrases
　　indicateplaceandposition。
　　Therefore’invirtueofitself’mustlikewisehaveseveral
　　meanings。Thefollowingbelongtoathinginvirtueofitself:-1the
　　essenceofeachthing，e。g。CalliasisinvirtueofhimselfCallias
　　andwhatitwastobeCallias；-2whateverispresentinthe
　　’what’，e。g。Calliasisinvirtueofhimselfananimal。For’animal’
　　ispresentinhisdefinition；Calliasisaparticularanimal-3
　　Whateverattributeathingreceivesinitselfdirectlyorinoneof
　　itsparts；e。g。asurfaceiswhiteinvirtueofitself，andamanis
　　aliveinvirtueofhimself；forthesoul，inwhichlifedirectly
　　resides，isapartoftheman-4Thatwhichhasnocauseother
　　thanitself；manhasmorethanonecause——animal，two-footed——but
　　yetmanismaninvirtueofhimself-5Whateverattributesbelongto
　　athingalone，andinsofarastheybelongtoitmerelybyvirtue
　　ofitselfconsideredapartbyitself。
　　’Disposition’meansthearrangementofthatwhichhasparts，in
　　respecteitherofplaceorofpotencyorofkind；fortheremustbe
　　acertainposition，aseventheword’disposition’shows。
　　’Having’means1akindofactivityofthehaverandofwhat
　　hehas-somethinglikeanactionormovement。Forwhenonething
　　makesandoneismade，betweenthemthereisamaking；sotoo
　　betweenhimwhohasagarmentandthegarmentwhichhehasthereis
　　ahaving。Thissortofhaving，then，evidentlywecannothave；forthe
　　processwillgoontoinfinity，ifitistobepossibletohavethe
　　havingofwhatwehave-2’Having’or’habit’meansadisposition
　　accordingtowhichthatwhichisdisposediseitherwellorill
　　disposed，andeitherinitselforwithreferencetosomethingelse；
　　e。g。healthisa’habit’；foritissuchadisposition-3Wespeak
　　ofa’habit’ifthereisaportionofsuchadisposition；andso
　　eventheexcellenceofthepartsisa’habit’ofthewholething。
　　’Affection’means1aqualityinrespectofwhichathingcanbe
　　altered，e。g。whiteandblack，sweetandbitter，heavinessand
　　lightness，andallothersofthekind-2Theactualizationof
　　these-thealreadyaccomplishedalterations-3Especially，
　　injuriousalterationsandmovements，and，aboveallpainful
　　injuries-4Misfortunesandpainfulexperienceswhenonalarge
　　scalearecalledaffections。
　　Wespeakof’privation’1ifsomethinghasnotoneofthe
　　attributeswhichathingmightnaturallyhave，evenifthisthing
　　itselfwouldnotnaturallyhaveit；e。g。aplantissaidtobe
　　’deprived’ofeyes-2If，thougheitherthethingitselforits
　　genuswouldnaturallyhaveanattribute，ithasitnot；e。g。ablind
　　manandamoleareindifferentsenses’deprived’ofsight；thelatter
　　incontrastwithitsgenus，theformerincontrastwithhisownnormal
　　nature-3If，thoughitwouldnaturallyhavetheattribute，andwhen
　　itwouldnaturallyhaveit，ithasitnot；forblindnessisa
　　privation，butoneisnot’blind’atanyandeveryage，butonlyif
　　onehasnotsightattheageatwhichonewouldnaturallyhaveit。
　　Similarlyathingiscalledblindifithasnotsightinthemediumin
　　which，andinrespectoftheorganinrespectofwhich，andwith
　　referencetotheobjectwithreferencetowhich，andinthe
　　circumstancesinwhich，itwouldnaturallyhaveit-4Theviolent
　　takingawayofanythingiscalledprivation。
　　Indeedtherearejustasmanykindsofprivationsasthereare
　　ofwordswithnegativeprefixes；forathingiscalledunequalbecause
　　ithasnotequalitythoughitwouldnaturallyhaveit，andinvisible
　　eitherbecauseithasnocolouratallorbecauseithasapoor
　　colour，andapodouseitherbecauseithasnofeetatallorbecauseit
　　hasimperfectfeet。Again，aprivativetermmaybeusedbecausethe
　　thinghaslittleoftheattributeandthismeanshavingitinasense
　　imperfectly，e。g。’kernel-less’；orbecauseithasitnoteasilyor
　　notwelle。g。wecallathinguncuttablenotonlyifitcannotbecut
　　butalsoifitcannotbecuteasilyorwell；orbecauseithasnot
　　theattributeatall；foritisnottheone-eyedmanbuthewhois
　　sightlessinbotheyesthatiscalledblind。Thisiswhynoteveryman
　　is’good’or’bad’，’just’or’unjust’，butthereisalsoan
　　intermediatestate。
　　To’have’or’hold’meansmanythings:-1totreatathing
　　accordingtoone’sownnatureoraccordingtoone’sownimpulse；so
　　thatfeverissaidtohaveaman，andtyrantstohavetheircities，
　　andpeopletohavetheclothestheywear-2Thatinwhichathingis
　　presentasinsomethingreceptiveofitissaidtohavethething；
　　e。g。thebronzehastheformofthestatue，andthebodyhasthe
　　disease-3Asthatwhichcontainsholdsthethingscontained；for
　　athingissaidtobeheldbythatinwhichitisasinacontainer；
　　e。g。wesaythatthevesselholdstheliquidandthecityholdsmen
　　andtheshipsailors；andsotoothatthewholeholdstheparts-4
　　Thatwhichhindersathingfrommovingoractingaccordingtoits
　　ownimpulseissaidtoholdit，aspillarsholdtheincumbentweights，
　　andasthepoetsmakeAtlasholdtheheavens，implyingthat
　　otherwisetheywouldcollapseontheearth，assomeofthenatural
　　philosophersalsosay。Inthiswayalsothatwhichholdsthings
　　togetherissaidtoholdthethingsitholdstogether，sincethey
　　wouldotherwiseseparate，eachaccordingtoitsownimpulse。
　　’Beinginsomething’hassimilarandcorrespondingmeaningsto
　　’holding’or’having’。
　　’Tocomefromsomething’means1tocomefromsomethingas
　　frommatter，andthisintwosenses，eitherinrespectofthe
　　highestgenusorinrespectofthelowestspecies；e。g。inasenseall
　　thingsthatcanbemeltedcomefromwater，butinasensethestatue
　　comesfrombronze-2Asfromthefirstmovingprinciple；e。g。
　　’whatdidthefightcomefrom？’Fromabusivelanguage，becausethis
　　wastheoriginofthefight-3Fromthecompoundofmatterand
　　shape，asthepartscomefromthewhole，andtheversefromtheIliad，
　　andthestonesfromthehouse；ineverysuchcasethewholeisa
　　compoundofmatterandshape，fortheshapeistheend，andonlythat
　　whichattainsanendiscomplete-4Astheformfromitspart，
　　e。g。manfrom’two-footed’andsyllablefrom’letter’；forthisisa
　　differentsensefromthatinwhichthestatuecomesfrombronze；for
　　thecompositesubstancecomesfromthesensiblematter，buttheform
　　alsocomesfromthematteroftheform-Somethings，then，aresaidto
　　comefromsomethingelseinthesesenses；but5othersareso
　　describedifoneofthesesensesisapplicabletoapartofthatother
　　thing；e。g。thechildcomesfromitsfatherandmother，andplants
　　comefromtheearth，becausetheycomefromapartofthose
　　things-6Itmeanscomingafterathingintime，e。g。nightcomes
　　fromdayandstormfromfineweather，becausetheonecomesafter
　　theother。Ofthesethingssomearesodescribedbecausetheyadmitof
　　changeintooneanother，asinthecasesnowmentioned；somemerely
　　becausetheyaresuccessiveintime，e。g。thevoyagetookplace’from’
　　theequinox，becauseittookplaceaftertheequinox，andthefestival
　　oftheThargeliacomes’from’theDionysia，becauseafterthe
　　Dionysia。