Althoughitisnotobsoleteintheaverageofthem，oreveninanyappreciablenumberofindividuals，yetthepredilectionforsportsinthecommonplaceindustrialclassesisofthenatureofareminiscence，moreorlessdivertingasanoccasionalinterest，ratherthanavitalandpermanentinterestthatcountsasadominantfactorinshapingtheorganiccomplexofhabitsofthoughtintowhichitenters。
　　Asitmanifestsitselfinthesportinglifeoftoday，thispropensitymaynotappeartobeaneconomicfactorofgraveconsequence。Takensimplybyitselfitdoesnotcountforagreatdealinitsdirecteffectsontheindustrialefficiencyortheconsumptionofanygivenindividual；buttheprevalenceandthegrowthofthetypeofhumannatureofwhichthispropensityisacharacteristicfeatureisamatterofsomeconsequence。Itaffectstheeconomiclifeofthecollectivitybothasregardstherateofeconomicdevelopmentandasregardsthecharacteroftheresultsattainedbythedevelopment。Forbetterorworse，thefactthatthepopularhabitsofthoughtareinanydegreedominatedbythistypeofcharactercannotbutgreatlyaffectthescope，direction，standards，andidealsofthecollectiveeconomiclife，aswellasthedegreeofadjustmentofthecollectivelifetotheenvironment。
　　Somethingtoalikeeffectistobesaidofothertraitsthatgotomakeupthebarbariancharacter。Forthepurposesofeconomictheory，thesefurtherbarbariantraitsmaybetakenasconcomitantvariationsofthatpredaceoustemperofwhichprowessisanexpression。Ingreatmeasuretheyarenotprimarilyofaneconomiccharacter，nordotheyhavemuchdirecteconomicbearing。Theyservetoindicatethestageofeconomicevolutiontowhichtheindividualpossessedofthemisadapted。Theyareofimportance，therefore，asextraneoustestsofthedegreeofadaptationofthecharacterinwhichtheyarecomprisedtotheeconomicexigenciesoftoday，buttheyarealsotosomeextentimportantasbeingaptitudeswhichthemselvesgotoincreaseordiminishtheeconomicserviceabilityoftheindividual。
　　Asitfindsexpressioninthelifeofthebarbarian，prowessmanifestsitselfintwomaindirections——forceandfraud。Invaryingdegreesthesetwoformsofexpressionaresimilarlypresentinmodernwarfare，inthepecuniaryoccupations，andinsportsandgames。Bothlinesofaptitudesarecultivatedandstrengthenedbythelifeofsportaswellasbythemoreseriousformsofemulativelife。Strategyorcunningisanelementinvariablypresentingames，asalsoinwarlikepursuitsandinthechase。Inalloftheseemploymentsstrategytendstodevelopintofinesseandchicanery。Chicanery，falsehood，browbeating，holdawell-securedplaceinthemethodofprocedureofanyathleticcontestandingamesgenerally。Thehabitualemploymentofanumpire，andtheminutetechnicalregulationsgoverningthelimitsanddetailsofpermissiblefraudandstrategicadvantage，sufficientlyattestthefactthatfraudulentpracticesandattemptstooverreachone’sopponentsarenotadventitiousfeaturesofthegame。Inthenatureofthecasehabituationtosportsshouldconducetoafullerdevelopmentoftheaptitudeforfraud；andtheprevalenceinthecommunityofthatpredatorytemperamentwhichinclinesmentosportsconnotesaprevalenceofsharppracticeandcallousdisregardoftheinterestsofothers，inDividuallyandcollectively。Resorttofraud，inanyguiseandunderanylegitimationoflaworcustom，isanexpressionofanarrowlyself-regardinghabitofmind。Itisneedlesstodwellatanylengthontheeconomicvalueofthisfeatureofthesportingcharacter。
　　InthisconnectionitistobenoteDthatthemostobviouscharacteristicofthephysiognomyaffectedbyathleticandothersportingmenisthatofanextremeastuteness。ThegiftsandexploitsofUlyssesarescarcelysecondtothoseofAchilles，eitherintheirsubstantialfurtheranceofthegameorinthe閏latwhichtheygivetheastutesportingmanamonghisassociates。Thepantomimeofastutenessiscommonlythefirststepinthatassimilationtotheprofessionalsportingmanwhichayouthundergoesaftermatriculationinanyreputableschool，ofthesecondaryorthehighereducation，asthecasemaybe。Andthephysiognomyofastuteness，asadecorativefeature，neverceasestoreceivethethoughtfulattentionofmenwhoseseriousinterestliesinathleticgames，races，orothercontestsofasimilaremulativenature。Asafurtherindicationoftheirspiritualkinship，itmaybepointedoutthatthemembersofthelowerdelinquentclassusuallyshowthisphysiognomyofastutenessinamarkeddegree，andthattheyverycommonlyshowthesamehistrionicexaggerationofitthatisoftenseenintheyoungcandidateforathletichonors。This，bytheway，isthemostlegiblemarkofwhatisvulgarlycalled“toughness“inyouthfulaspirantsforabadname。
　　Theastuteman，itmayberemarked，isofnoeconomicvaluetothecommunity——unlessitbeforthepurposeofsharppracticeindealingswithothercommunities。Hisfunctioningisnotafurtheranceofthegenericlifeprocess。Atitsbest，initsdirecteconomicbearing，itisaconversionoftheeconomicsubstanceofthecollectivitytoagrowthalientothecollectivelifeprocess——verymuchaftertheanalogyofwhatinmedicinewouldbecalledabenigntumor，withsometendencytotransgresstheuncertainlinethatdividesthebenignfromthemaligngrowths。Thetwobarbariantraits，ferocityandastuteness，gotomakeupthepredaceoustemperorspiritualattitude。Theyaretheexpressionsofanarrowlyself-regardinghabitofmind。Botharehighlyserviceableforindividualexpediencyinalifelookingtoinvidioussuccess。Bothalsohaveahighaestheticvalue。Botharefosteredbythepecuniaryculture。Butbothalikeareofnouseforthepurposesofthecollectivelife。
　　ChapterElevenTheBeliefinLuckThegamblingpropensityisanothersubsidiarytraitofthebarbariantemperament。Itisaconcomitantvariationofcharacterofalmostuniversalprevalenceamongsportingmenandamongmengiventowarlikeandemulativeactivitiesgenerally。Thistraitalsohasadirecteconomicvalue。Itisrecognizedtobeahindrancetothehighestindustrialefficiencyoftheaggregateinanycommunitywhereitprevailsinanappreciabledegree。
　　Thegamblingproclivityisdoubtfullytobeclassedasafeaturebelongingexclusivelytothepredatorytypeofhumannature。Thechieffactorinthegamblinghabitisthebeliefinluck；andthisbeliefisapparentlytraceable，atleastinitselements，toastageinhumanevolutionantedatingthepredatoryculture。Itmaywellhavebeenunderthepredatoryculturethatthebeliefinluckwasdevelopedintotheforminwhichitispresent，asthechiefelementofthegamblingproclivity，inthesportingtemperament。Itprobablyowesthespecificformunderwhichitoccursinthemodernculturetothepredatorydiscipline。Butthebeliefinluckisinsubstanceahabitofmoreancientdatethanthepredatoryculture。Itisoneformoftheartisticapprehensionofthings。Thebeliefseemstobeatraitcarriedoverinsubstancefromanearlierphaseintothebarbarianculture，andtransmutedandtransmittedthroughthatculturetoalaterstageofhumandevelopmentunderaspecificformimposedbythepredatorydiscipline。Butinanycase，itistobetakenasanarchaictrait，inheritedfromamoreorlessremotepast，moreorlessincompatiblewiththerequirementsofthemodernindustrialprocess，andmoreorlessofahindrancetothefullestefficiencyofthecollectiveeconomiclifeofthepresent。
　　Whilethebeliefinluckisthebasisofthegamblinghabit，itisnottheonlyelementthatentersintothehabitofbetting。
　　Bettingontheissueofcontestsofstrengthandskillproceedsonafurthermotive，withoutwhichthebeliefinluckwouldscarcelycomeinasaprominentfeatureofsportinglife。Thisfurthermotiveisthedesireoftheanticipatedwinner，orthepartisanoftheanticipatedwinningside，toheightenhisside’sascendencyatthecostoftheloser。Notonlydoesthestrongersidescoreamoresignalvictory，andthelosingsidesufferamorepainfulandhumiliatingdefeat，inproportionasthepecuniarygainandlossinthewagerislarge；althoughthisaloneisaconsiderationofmaterialweight。Butthewageriscommonlylaidalsowithaview，notavowedinwordsnorevenrecognizedinsettermsinpetto，toenhancingthechancesofsuccessforthecontestantonwhichitislaid。Itisfeltthatsubstanceandsolicitudeexpendedtothisendcannotgofornaughtintheissue。Thereishereaspecialmanifestationoftheinstinctofworkmanship，backedbyanevenmoremanifestsensethattheanimisticcongruityofthingsmustdecideforavictoriousoutcomeforthesideinwhosebehalfthepropensityinherentineventshasbeenpropitiatedandfortifiedbysomuchofconativeandkineticurging。Thisincentivetothewagerexpressesitselffreelyundertheformofbackingone’sfavoriteinanycontest，anditisunmistakablyapredatoryfeature。Itisasancillarytothepredaceousimpulseproperthatthebeliefinluckexpressesitselfinawager。Sothatitmaybesetdownthatinsofarasthebeliefinluckcomestoexpressionintheformoflayingawager，itistobeaccountedanintegralelementofthepredatorytypeofcharacter。Thebeliefis，initselements，anarchaichabitwhichbelongssubstantiallytoearly，undifferentiatedhumannature；butwhenthisbeliefishelpedoutbythepredatoryemulativeimpulse，andsoisdifferentiatedintothespecificformofthegamblinghabit，itis，inthishigher-developedandspecificform，tobeclassedasatraitofthebarbariancharacter。
　　Thebeliefinluckisasenseoffortuitousnecessityinthesequenceofphenomena。Initsvariousmutationsandexpressions，itisofveryseriousimportancefortheeconomicefficiencyofanycommunityinwhichitprevailstoanappreciableextent。Somuchsoastowarrantamoredetaileddiscussionofitsoriginandcontentandofthebearingofitsvariousramificationsuponeconomicstructureandfunction，aswellasadiscussionoftherelationoftheleisureclasstoitsgrowth，differentiation，andpersistence。Inthedeveloped，integratedforminwhichitismostreadilyobservedinthebarbarianofthepredatorycultureorinthesportingmanofmoderncommunities，thebeliefcomprisesatleasttwodistinguishableelements——whicharetobetakenastwodifferentphasesofthesamefundamentalhabitofthought，orasthesamepsychologicalfactorintwosuccessivephasesofitsevolution。Thefactthatthesetwoelementsaresuccessivephasesofthesamegenerallineofgrowthofbeliefdoesnothindertheircoexistinginthehabitsofthoughtofanygivenindividual。Themoreprimitiveformorthemorearchaicphaseisanincipientanimisticbelief，orananimisticsenseofrelationsandthings，thatimputesaquasi-personalcharactertofacts。Tothearchaicmanalltheobtrusiveandobviouslyconsequentialobjectsandfactsinhisenvironmenthaveaquasi猵ersonalindividuality。Theyareconceivedtobepossessedofvolition，orratherofpropensities，whichenterintothecomplexofcausesandaffecteventsinaninscrutablemanner。Thesportingman’ssenseofluckandchance，oroffortuitousnecessity，isaninarticulateorinchoateanimism。Itappliestoobjectsandsituations，ofteninaveryvagueway；butitisusuallysofardefinedastoimplythepossibilityofpropitiating，orofdeceivingandcajoling，orotherwisedisturbingtheholdingofpropensitiesresidentintheobjectswhichconstitutetheapparatusandaccessoriesofanygameofskillorchance。Therearefewsportingmenwhoarenotinthehabitofwearingcharmsortalismanstowhichmoreorlessofefficacyisfelttobelong。Andtheproportionisnotmuchlessofthosewhoinstinctivelydreadthe“hoodooing“ofthecontestantsortheapparatusengagedinanycontestonwhichtheylayawager；orwhofeelthatthefactoftheirbackingagivencontestantorsideinthegamedoesandoughttostrengthenthatside；ortowhomthe“mascot“whichtheycultivatemeanssomethingmorethanajest。
　　Initssimpleformthebeliefinluckisthisinstinctivesenseofaninscrutableteleologicalpropensityinobjectsorsituations。Objectsoreventshaveapropensitytoeventuateinagivenend，whetherthisendorobjectivepointofthesequenceisconceiveDtobefortuitouslygivenordeliberatelysought。FromthissimpleanimismthebeliefshaDesoffbyinsensiblegradationsintothesecond，derivativeformorphaseabovereferredto，whichisamoreorlessarticulatebeliefinaninscrutablepreternaturalagency。Thepreternaturalagencyworksthroughthevisibleobjectswithwhichitisassociated，butisnotidentifiedwiththeseobjectsinpointofindividuality。Theuseoftheterm“preternaturalagency“herecarriesnofurtherimplicationastothenatureoftheagencyspokenofaspreternatural。Thisisonlyafartherdevelopmentofanimisticbelief。Thepreternaturalagencyisnotnecessarilyconceivedtobeapersonalagentinthefullsense，butitisanagencywhichpartakesoftheattributesofpersonalitytotheextentofsomewhatarbitrarilyinfluencingtheoutcomeofanyenterprise，andespeciallyofanycontest。Thepervadingbeliefinthehamingiaorgiptagaefa，authnawhichlendssomuchofcolortotheIcelandicsagasspecifically，andtoearlyGermanicfolk-legends，isanillustrationofthissenseofanextra-physicalpropensityinthecourseofevents。
　　Inthisexpressionorformofthebeliefthepropensityisscarcelypersonifiedalthoughtoavaryingextentanindividualityisimputedtoit；andthisindividuatedpropensityissometimesconceivedtoyieldtocircumstances，commonlytocircumstancesofaspiritualorpreternaturalcharacter。A
　　well-knownandstrikingexemplificationofthebelief——inafairlyadvancedstageofdifferentiationandinvolvingananthropomorphicpersonificationofthepreternaturalagentappealedto——isaffordedbythewagerofbattle。Herethepreternaturalagentwasconceivedtoactonrequestasumpire，anDtoshapetheoutcomeofthecontestinaccordancewithsomestipulatedgroundofdecision，suchastheequityorlegalityoftherespectivecontestants’claims。