Thelikesenseofaninscrutablebutspirituallynecessarytendencyineventsisstilltraceableasanobscureelementincurrentpopularbelief，asshown，forinstance，bythewell-accreditedmaxim，“Thriceishearmedwhoknowshisquarreljust，“——amaximwhichretainsmuchofitssignificancefortheaverageunreflectingpersoneveninthecivilizedcommunitiesoftoday。Themodernreminiscenceofthebeliefinthehamingia，orintheguidanceofanunseenhand，whichistraceableintheacceptanceofthismaximisfaintandperhapsuncertain；anditseemsinanycasetobeblendedwithotherpsychologicalmomentsthatarenotclearlyofananimisticcharacter。
　　Forthepurposeinhanditisunnecessarytolookmorecloselyintothepsychologicalprocessortheethnologicallineofdescentbywhichthelaterofthesetwoanimisticapprehensionsofpropensityisderivedfromtheearlier。Thisquestionmaybeofthegravestimportancetofolk-psychologyortothetheoryoftheevolutionofcreedsandcults。Thesameistrueofthemorefundamentalquestionwhetherthetwoarerelatedatallassuccessivephasesinasequenceofdevelopment。
　　Referenceisheremadetotheexistenceofthesequestionsonlytoremarkthattheinterestofthepresentdiscussiondoesnotlieinthatdirection。Sofarasconcernseconomictheory，thesetwoelementsorphasesofthebeliefinluck，orinanextra-causaltrendorpropensityinthings，areofsubstantiallythesamecharacter。Theyhaveaneconomicsignificanceashabitsofthoughtwhichaffecttheindividual’shabitualviewofthefactsandsequenceswithwhichhecomesincontact，andwhichtherebyaffecttheindividual’sserviceabilityfortheindustrialpurpose。Therefore，apartfromallquestionofthebeauty，worth，orbeneficenceofanyanimisticbelief，thereisplaceforadiscussionoftheireconomicbearingontheserviceabilityoftheindividualasaneconomicfactor，andespeciallyasanindustrialagent。
　　Ithasalreadybeennotedinanearlierconnection，thatinordertohavethehighestserviceabilityinthecomplexindustrialprocessesoftoday，theindividualmustbeendowedwiththeaptitudeandthehabitofreadilyapprehendingandrelatingfactsintermsofcausalsequence。Bothasawholeandinitsdetails，theindustrialprocessisaprocessofquantitativecausation。The“intelligence“demandedoftheworkman，aswellasofthedirectorofanindustrialprocess，islittleelsethanadegreeoffacilityintheapprehensionofandadaptationtoaquantitativelydeterminedcausalsequence。Thisfacilityofapprehensionandadaptationiswhatislackinginstupidworkmen，andthegrowthofthisfacilityistheendsoughtintheireducation——sofarastheireducationaimstoenhancetheirindustrialefficiency。
　　Insofarastheindividual’sinheritedaptitudesorhistraininginclinehimtoaccountforfactsandsequencesinothertermsthanthoseofcausationormatter-of-fact，theylowerhisproductiveefficiencyorindustrialusefulness。Thisloweringofefficiencythroughapenchantforanimisticmethodsofapprehendingfactsisespeciallyapparentwhentakeninthemass-whenagivenpopulationwithananimisticturnisviewedasawhole。Theeconomicdrawbacksofanimismaremorepatentanditsconsequencesaremorefar-reachingunderthemodernsystemoflargeindustrythanunderanyother。Inthemodernindustrialcommunities，industryis，toaconstantlyincreasingextent，beingorganizedinacomprehensivesystemoforgansandfunctionsmutuallyconditioningoneanother；andthereforefreedomfromallbiasinthecausalapprehensionofphenomenagrowsconstantlymorerequisitetoefficiencyonthepartofthemenconcernedinindustry。Underasystemofhandicraftanadvantageindexterity，diligence，muscularforce，orendurancemay，inaverylargemeasure，offsetsuchabiasinthehabitsofthoughtoftheworkmen。
　　Similarlyinagriculturalindustryofthetraditionalkind，whichcloselyresembleshandicraftinthenatureofthedemandsmadeupontheworkman。Inboth，theworkmanishimselftheprimemoverchieflydependedupon，andthenaturalforcesengagedareinlargepartapprehendedasinscrutableandfortuitousagencies，whoseworkingliesbeyondtheworkman’scontrolordiscretion。Inpopularapprehensionthereisintheseformsofindustryrelativelylittleoftheindustrialprocesslefttothefatefulswingofacomprehensivemechanicalsequencewhichmustbecomprehendedintermsofcausationandtowhichtheoperationsofindustryandthemovementsoftheworkmenmustbeadapted。Asindustrialmethodsdevelop，thevirtuesofthehandicraftsmancountforlessandlessasanoffsettoscanty。intelligenceorahaltingacceptanceofthesequenceofcauseandeffect。Theindustrialorganizationassumesmoreandmoreofthecharacterofamechanism，inwhichitisman’sofficetodiscriminateandselectwhatnaturalforcesshallworkouttheireffectsinhisservice。Theworkman’spartinindustrychangesfromthatofaprimemovertothatofdiscriminationandvaluationofquantitativesequencesandmechanicalfacts。Thefacultyofareadyapprehensionandunbiasedappreciationofcausesinhisenvironmentgrowsinrelativeeconomicimportanceandanyelementinthecomplexofhishabitsofthoughtwhichintrudesabiasatvariancewiththisreadyappreciationofmatter-of-factsequencegainsproportionatelyinimportanceasadisturbingelementactingtolowerhisindustrialusefulness。Throughitscumulativeeffectuponthehabitualattitudeofthepopulation，evenaslightorinconspicuousbiastowardsaccountingforeverydayfactsbyrecoursetoothergroundthanthatofquantitativecausationmayworkanappreciableloweringofthecollectiveindustrialefficiencyofacommunity。
　　Theanimistichabitofmindmayoccurintheearly，undifferentiatedformofaninchoateanimisticbelief，orinthelaterandmorehighlyintegratedphaseinwhichthereisananthropomorphicpersonificationofthepropensityimputedtofacts。Theindustrialvalueofsuchalivelyanimisticsense，orofsuchrecoursetoapreternaturalagencyortheguidanceofanunseenhand，isofcourseverymuchthesameineithercase。Asaffectstheindustrialserviceabilityoftheindividual，theeffectisofthesamekindineithercase；buttheextenttowhichthishabitofthoughtdominatesorshapesthecomplexofhishabitsofthoughtvarieswiththedegreeofimmediacy，urgency，orexclusivenesswithwhichtheindividualhabituallyappliestheanimisticoranthropomorphicformulaindealingwiththefactsofhisenvironment。Theanimistichabitactsinallcasestoblurtheappreciationofcausalsequence；buttheearlier，lessreflected，lessdefinedanimisticsenseofpropensitymaybeexpectedtoaffecttheintellectualprocessesoftheindividualinamorepervasivewaythanthehigherformsofanthropomorphism。Wheretheanimistichabitispresentinthenaiveform，itsscopeandrangeofapplicationarenotdefinedorlimited。Itwillthereforepalpablyaffecthisthinkingateveryturnoftheperson’slife——whereverhehastodowiththematerialmeansoflife。Inthelater，maturerdevelopmentofanimism，afterithasbeendefinedthroughtheprocessofanthropomorphicelaboration，whenitsapplicationhasbeenlimitedinasomewhatconsistentfashiontotheremoteandtheinvisible，itcomesaboutthatanincreasingrangeofeverydayfactsareprovisionallyaccountedforwithoutrecoursetothepreternaturalagencyinwhichacultivatedanimismexpressesitself。Ahighlyintegrated，personifiedpreternaturalagencyisnotaconvenientmeansofhandlingthetrivialoccurrencesoflife，andahabitisthereforeeasilyfallenintoofaccountingformanytrivialorvulgarphenomenaintermsofsequence。Theprovisionalexplanationsoarrivedatisbyneglectallowedtostandasdefinitive，fortrivialpurposes，untilspecialprovocationorperplexityrecallstheindividualtohisallegiance。Butwhenspecialexigenciesarise，thatistosay，whenthereispeculiarneedofafullandfreerecoursetothelawofcauseandeffect，thentheindividualcommonlyhasrecoursetothepreternaturalagencyasauniversalsolvent，ifheispossessedofananthropomorphicbelief。
　　Theextra-causalpropensityoragenthasaveryhighutilityasarecourseinperplexity，butitsutilityisaltogetherofanon-economickind。Itisespeciallyarefugeandafundofcomfortwhereithasattainedthedegreeofconsistencyandspecializationthatbelongstoananthropomorphicdivinity。Ithasmuchtocommenditevenonothergroundsthanthatofaffordingtheperplexedindividualameansofescapefromthedifficultyofaccountingforphenomenaintermsofcausalsequence。Itwouldscarcelybeinplaceheretodwellontheobviousandwell-acceptedmeritsofananthropomorphicdivinity，asseenfromthepointofviewoftheaesthetic，moral，orspiritualinterest，orevenasseenfromthelessremotestandpointofpolitical，military，orsocialpolicy。Thequestionhereconcernsthelesspicturesqueandlessurgenteconomicvalueofthebeliefinsuchapreternaturalagency，takenasahabitofthoughtwhichaffectstheindustrialserviceabilityofthebeliever。Andevenwithinthisnarrow，economicrange，theinquiryisperforceconfinedtotheimmediatebearingofthishabitofthoughtuponthebeliever’sworkmanlikeserviceability，ratherthanextendedtoincludeitsremotereconomiceffects。
　　Theseremotereffectsareverydifficulttotrace。Theinquiryintothemissoencumberedwithcurrentpreconceptionsastothedegreeinwhichlifeisenhancedbyspiritualcontactwithsuchadivinity，thatanyattempttoinquireintotheireconomicvaluemustforthepresentbefruitless。
　　Theimmediate，directeffectoftheanimistichabitofthoughtuponthegeneralframeofmindofthebelievergoesinthedirectionofloweringhiseffectiveintelligenceintherespectinwhichintelligenceisofespecialconsequenceformodernindustry。Theeffectfollows，invaryingdegree，whetherthepreternaturalagentorpropensitybelievedinisofahigheroralowercast。Thisholdstrueofthebarbarian’sandthesportingman’ssenseofluckandpropensity，andlikewiseofthesomewhathigherdevelopedbeliefinananthropomorphicdivinity，suchasiscommonlypossessedbythesameclass。Itmustbetakentoholdtruealso——thoughwithwhatrelativedegreeofcogencyisnoteasytosay——ofthemoreadequatelydevelopedanthropomorphiccults，suchasappealtothedevoutcivilizedman。Theindustrialdisabilityentailedbyapopularadherencetooneofthehigheranthropomorphiccultsmayberelativelyslight，butitisnottobeoverlooked。Andeventhesehigh-classcultsoftheWesternculturedonotrepresentthelastdissolvingphaseofthishumansenseofextra-causalpropensity。Beyondthesethesameanimisticsenseshowsitselfalsoinsuchattenuationsofanthropomorphismastheeighteenth-centuryappealtoanorderofnatureandnaturalrights，andintheirmodernrepresentative，theostensiblypost-Darwinianconceptofameliorativetrendintheprocessofevolution。Thisanimisticexplanationofphenomenaisaformofthefallacywhichthelogiciansknewbythenameofignavaratio。Forthepurposesofindustryorofscienceitcountsasablunderintheapprehensionandvaluationoffacts。
　　Apartfromitsdirectindustrialconsequences，theanimistichabithasacertainsignificanceforeconomictheoryonothergrounds。1Itisafairlyreliableindicationofthepresence，andtosomeextentevenofthedegreeofpotency，ofcertainotherarchaictraitsthataccompanyitandthatareofsubstantialeconomicconsequence；and2thematerialconsequencesofthatcodeofdevoutproprietiestowhichtheanimistichabitgivesriseinthedevelopmentofananthropomorphiccultareofimportancebothaasaffectingthecommunity’sconsumptionofgoodsandtheprevalentcanonsoftaste，asalreadysuggestedinanearlierchapter，andbbyinducingandconservingacertainhabitualrecognitionoftherelationtoasuperior，andsostiffeningthecurrentsenseofstatusandallegiance。
　　Asregardsthepointlastnamedb，thatbodyofhabitsofthoughtwhichmakesupthecharacterofanyindividualisinsomesenseanorganicwhole。Amarkedvariationinagivendirectionatanyonepointcarrieswithit，asitscorrelative，aconcomitantvariationinthehabitualexpressionoflifeinotherdirectionsorothergroupsofactivities。Thesevarioushabitsofthought，orhabitualexpressionsoflife，areallphasesofthesinglelifesequenceoftheindividual；thereforeahabitformedinresponsetoagivenstimuluswillnecessarilyaffectthecharacteroftheresponsemadetootherstimuli。Amodificationofhumannatureatanyonepointisamodificationofhumannatureasawhole。Onthisground，andperhapstoastillgreaterextentonobscurergroundsthatcannotbediscussedhere，therearetheseconcomitantvariationsasbetweenthedifferenttraitsofhumannature。So，forinstance，barbarianpeopleswithawell-developedpredatoryschemeoflifearecommonlyalsopossessedofastrongprevailinganimistichabit，awell-formedanthropomorphiccult，andalivelysenseofstatus。Ontheotherhand，anthropomorphismandtherealizingsenseofananimisticpropensityinmaterialarelessobtrusivelypresentinthelifeofthepeoplesattheculturalstageswhichprecedeandwhichfollowthebarbarianculture。Thesenseofstatusisalsofeebler；onthewhole，inpeaceablecommunities。Itistoberemarkedthatalively，butslightlyspecialized，animisticbeliefistobefoundinmostifnotallpeopleslivingintheante-predatory，savagestageofculture。Theprimitivesavagetakeshisanimismlessseriouslythanthebarbarianorthedegeneratesavage。Withhimiteventuatesinfantasticmyth-making，ratherthanincoercivesuperstition。Thebarbariancultureshowssportsmanship，status，andanthropomorphism。Thereiscommonlyobservablealikeconcomitanceofvariationsinthesamerespectsintheindividualtemperamentofmeninthecivilizedcommunitiesoftoday。Thosemodernrepresentativesofthepredaceousbarbariantemperthatmakeupthesportingelementarecommonlybelieversinluck；atleasttheyhaveastrongsenseofananimisticpropensityinthings，byforceofwhichtheyaregiventogambling。Soalsoasregardsanthropomorphisminthisclass。Suchofthemasgiveintheiradhesiontosomecreedcommonlyattachthemselvestooneofthenaivelyandconsistentlyanthropomorphiccreeds；therearerelativelyfewsportingmenwhoseekspiritualcomfortinthelessanthropomorphiccults，suchastheUnitarianortheUniversalist。