Thatwhateverappearstobetheproperobjectofgratitude，appearstodeservereward；andthat，inthesamemanner，whateverappearstobetheproperobjectofresentmentappearstodeservepunishmentTous，therefore，thatactionmustappeartodeservereward，whichappearstobetheproperandapprovedobjectofthatsentiment，whichmostimmediatelyanddirectlypromptsustoreward，ortodogoodtoanother。Andinthesamemanner，thatactionmustappeartodeservepunishment，whichappearstobetheproperandapprovedobjectofthatsentimentwhichmostimmediatelyanddirectlypromptsustopunish，ortoinflicteviluponanother。
　　Thesentimentwhichmostimmediatelyanddirectlypromptsustoreward，isgratitude；thatwhichmostimmediatelyanddirectlypromptsustopunish，isresentment。
　　Tous，therefore，thatactionmustappeartodeservereward，whichappearstobetheproperandapprovedobjectofgratitude；
　　as，ontheotherhand，thatactionmustappeartodeservepunishment，whichappearstobetheproperandapprovedobjectofresentment。
　　Toreward，istorecompense，toremunerate，toreturngoodforgoodreceived。Topunish，too，istorecompense，toremunerate，thoughinadifferentmanner；itistoreturnevilforevilthathasbeendone。
　　Therearesomeotherpassions，besidesgratitudeandresentment，whichinterestusinthehappinessormiseryofothers；buttherearenonewhichsodirectlyexciteustobetheinstrumentsofeither。Theloveandesteemwhichgrowuponacquaintanceandhabitualapprobation，necessarilyleadustobepleasedwiththegoodfortuneofthemanwhoistheobjectofsuchagreeableemotions，andconsequently，tobewillingtolendahandtopromoteit。Ourlove，however，isfullysatisfied，thoughhisgoodfortuneshouldbebroughtaboutwithoutourassistance。Allthatthispassiondesiresistoseehimhappy，withoutregardingwhowastheauthorofhisprosperity。Butgratitudeisnottobesatisfiedinthismanner。Ifthepersontowhomweowemanyobligations，ismadehappywithoutourassistance，thoughitpleasesourlove，itdoesnotcontentourgratitude。Tillwehaverecompensedhim，tillweourselveshavebeeninstrumentalinpromotinghishappiness，wefeelourselvesstillloadedwiththatdebtwhichhispastserviceshavelaiduponus。
　　Thehatredanddislike，inthesamemanner，whichgrowuponhabitualdisapprobation，wouldoftenleadustotakeamaliciouspleasureinthemisfortuneofthemanwhoseconductandcharacterexcitesopainfulapassion。Butthoughdislikeandhatredhardenusagainstallsympathy，andsometimesdisposeuseventorejoiceatthedistressofanother，yet，ifthereisnoresentmentinthecase，ifneitherwenorourfriendshavereceivedanygreatpersonalprovocation，thesepassionswouldnotnaturallyleadustowishtobeinstrumentalinbringingitabout。Thoughwecouldfearnopunishmentinconsequenceofourhavinghadsomehandinit，wewouldratherthatitshouldhappenbyothermeans。Tooneunderthedominionofviolenthatreditwouldbeagreeable，perhaps，tohear，thatthepersonwhomheabhorredanddetestedwaskilledbysomeaccident。Butifhehadtheleastsparkofjustice，which，thoughthispassionisnotveryfavourabletovirtue，hemightstillhave，itwouldhurthimexcessivelytohavebeenhimself，evenwithoutdesign，theoccasionofthismisfortune。Muchmorewouldtheverythoughtofvoluntarilycontributingtoitshockhimbeyondallmeasure。Hewouldrejectwithhorroreventheimaginationofsoexecrableadesign；andifhecouldimaginehimselfcapableofsuchanenormity，hewouldbegintoregardhimselfinthesameodiouslightinwhichhehadconsideredthepersonwhowastheobjectofhisdislike。Butitisquiteotherwisewithresentment:ifthepersonwhohaddoneussomegreatinjury，whohadmurderedourfatherorourbrother，forexample，shouldsoonafterwardsdieofafever，orevenbebroughttothescaffolduponaccountofsomeothercrime，thoughitmightsoothourhatred，itwouldnotfullygratifyourresentment。Resentmentwouldpromptustodesire，notonlythatheshouldbepunished，butthatheshouldbepunishedbyourmeans，anduponaccountofthatparticularinjurywhichhehaddonetous。Resentmentcannotbefullygratified，unlesstheoffenderisnotonlymadetogrieveinhisturn，buttogrieveforthatparticularwrongwhichwehavesufferedfromhim。Hemustbemadetorepentandbesorryforthisveryaction，thatothers，throughfearofthelikepunishment，maybeterrifiedfrombeingguiltyofthelikeoffence。Thenaturalgratificationofthispassiontends，ofitsownaccord，toproduceallthepoliticalendsofpunishment；thecorrectionofthecriminal，andtheexampletothepublic。
　　Gratitudeandresentment，therefore，arethesentimentswhichmostimmediatelyanddirectlyprompttorewardandtopunish。Tous，therefore，hemustappeartodeservereward，whoappearstobetheproperandapprovedobjectofgratitude；andhetodeservepunishment，whoappearstobethatofresentment。
　　OftheproperobjectsofgratitudeandresentmentTobetheproperandapprovedobjecteitherofgratitudeorresentment，canmeannothingbuttobetheobjectofthatgratitude，andofthatresentment，whichnaturallyseemsproper，andisapprovedof。
　　Butthese，aswellasalltheotherpassionsofhumannature，seemproperandareapprovedof，whentheheartofeveryimpartialspectatorentirelysympathizeswiththem，wheneveryindifferentby-standerentirelyentersinto，andgoesalongwiththem。
　　He，therefore，appearstodeservereward，who，tosomepersonorpersons，isthenaturalobjectofagratitudewhicheveryhumanheartisdisposedtobeattimeto，andtherebyapplaud:andhe，ontheotherhand，appearstodeservepunishment，whointhesamemanneristosomepersonorpersonsthenaturalobjectofaresentmentwhichthebreastofeveryreasonablemanisreadytoadoptandsympathizewith。Tous，surely，thatactionmustappeartodeservereward，whicheverybodywhoknowsofitwouldwishtoreward，andthereforedelightstoseerewarded:andthatactionmustassurelyappeartodeservepunishment，whicheverybodywhohearsofitisangrywith，anduponthataccountrejoicestoseepunished。
　　1。Aswesympathizewiththejoyofourcompanionswheninprosperity，sowejoinwiththeminthecomplacencyandsatisfactionwithwhichtheynaturallyregardwhateveristhecauseoftheirgoodfortune。Weenterintotheloveandaffectionwhichtheyconceiveforit，andbegintoloveittoo。Weshouldbesorryfortheirsakesifitwasdestroyed，orevenifitwasplacedattoogreatadistancefromthem，andoutofthereachoftheircareandprotection，thoughtheyshouldlosenothingbyitsabsenceexceptthepleasureofseeingit。Ifitismanwhohasthusbeenthefortunateinstrumentofthehappinessofhisbrethren，thisisstillmorepeculiarlythecase。Whenweseeonemanassisted，protected，relievedbyanother，oursympathywiththejoyofthepersonwhoreceivesthebenefitservesonlytoanimateourfellow-feelingwithhisgratitudetowardshimwhobestowsit。Whenwelookuponthepersonwhoisthecauseofhispleasurewiththeeyeswithwhichweimaginehemustlookuponhim，hisbenefactorseemstostandbeforeusinthemostengagingandamiablelight。Wereadilythereforesympathizewiththegratefulaffectionwhichheconceivesforapersontowhomhehasbeensomuchobliged；andconsequentlyapplaudthereturnswhichheisdisposedtomakeforthegoodofficesconferreduponhim。
　　Asweentirelyenterintotheaffectionfromwhichthesereturnsproceed，theynecessarilyseemeverywayproperandsuitabletotheirobject。
　　2。Inthesamemanner，aswesympathizewiththesorrowofourfellow-creaturewheneverweseehisdistress，sowelikewiseenterintohisabhorrenceandaversionforwhateverhasgivenoccasiontoit。Ourheart，asitadoptsandbeatstimetohisgrief，soisitlikewiseanimatedwiththatspiritbywhichheendeavourstodriveawayordestroythecauseofit。Theindolentandpassivefellow-feeling，bywhichweaccompanyhiminhissufferings，readilygiveswaytothatmorevigorousandactivesentimentbywhichwegoalongwithhimintheefforthemakes，eithertorepelthem，ortogratifyhisaversiontowhathasgivenoccasiontothem。Thisisstillmorepeculiarlythecase，whenitismanwhohascausedthem。Whenweseeonemanoppressedorinjuredbyanother，thesympathywhichwefeelwiththedistressofthesuffererseemstoserveonlytoanimateourfellow-feelingwithhisresentmentagainsttheoffender。Wearerejoicedtoseehimattackhisadversaryinhisturn，andareeagerandreadytoassisthimwheneverheexertshimselffordefence，orevenforvengeancewithinacertaindegree。Iftheinjuredshouldperishinthequarrel，wenotonlysympathizewiththerealresentmentofhisfriendsandrelations，butwiththeimaginaryresentmentwhichinfancywelendtothedead，whoisnolongercapableoffeelingthatoranyotherhumansentiment。
　　Butasweputourselvesinhissituation，asweenter，asitwere，intohisbody，andinourimaginations，insomemeasure，animateanewthedeformedandmangledcarcassoftheslain，whenwebringhomeinthismannerhiscasetoourownbosoms，wefeeluponthis，asuponmanyotheroccasions，anemotionwhichthepersonprincipallyconcernedisincapableoffeeling，andwhichyetwefeelbyanillusivesympathywithhim。Thesympathetictearswhichweshedforthatimmenseandirretrievableloss，whichinourfancyheappearstohavesustained，seemtobebutasmallpartofthedutywhichweowehim。Theinjurywhichhehassuffereddemands，wethink，aprincipalpartofourattention。Wefeelthatresentmentwhichweimagineheoughttofeel，andwhichhewouldfeel，ifinhiscoldandlifelessbodythereremainedanyconsciousnessofwhatpassesuponearth。Hisblood，wethink，callsaloudforvengeance。Theveryashesofthedeadseemtobedisturbedatthethoughtthathisinjuriesaretopassunrevenged。Thehorrorswhicharesupposedtohauntthebedofthemurderer，theghostswhich，superstitionimagines，risefromtheirgravestodemandvengeanceuponthosewhobroughtthemtoanuntimelyend，alltaketheiroriginfromthisnaturalsympathywiththeimaginaryresentmentoftheslain。Andwithregard，atleast，tothismostdreadfulofallcrimes，Nature，antecedenttoallreflectionsupontheutilityofpunishment，hasinthismannerstampeduponthehumanheart，inthestrongestandmostindeliblecharacters，animmediateandinstinctiveapprobationofthesacredandnecessarylawofretaliation。
　　Thatwherethereisnoapprobationoftheconductofthepersonwhoconfersthebenefit，thereislittlesympathywiththegratitudeofhimwhoreceivesit:andthat，onthecontrary，wherethereisnodisapprobationofthemotivesofthepersonwhodoesthemischief，thereisnosortofsympathywiththeresentmentofhimwhosuffersitItistobeobserved，however，that，howbeneficialsoeverontheonehand，orhowhurtfulsoeverontheother，theactionsorintentionsofthepersonwhoactsmayhavebeentothepersonwhois，ifImaysayso，actedupon，yetifintheonecasethereappearstohavebeennoproprietyinthemotivesoftheagent，ifwecannotenterintotheaffectionswhichinfluencedhisconduct，wehavelittlesympathywiththegratitudeofthepersonwhoreceivesthebenefit:orif，intheothercase，thereappearstohavebeennoimproprietyinthemotivesoftheagent，if，onthecontrary，theaffectionswhichinfluencedhisconductaresuchaswemustnecessarilyenterinto，wecanhavenosortofsympathywiththeresentmentofthepersonwhosuffers。Littlegratitudeseemsdueintheonecase，andallsortofresentmentseemsunjustintheother。Theoneactionseemstomeritlittlereward，theothertodeservenopunishment。
　　1。First，Isay，Thatwhereverwecannotsympathizewiththeaffectionsoftheagent，whereverthereseemstobenoproprietyinthemotiveswhichinfluencedhisconduct，wearelessdisposedtoenterintothegratitudeofthepersonwhoreceivedthebenefitofhisactions。Averysmallreturnseemsduetothatfoolishandprofusegenerositywhichconfersthegreatestbenefitsfromthemosttrivialmotives，andgivesanestatetoamanmerelybecausehisnameandsirnamehappentobethesamewiththoseofthegiver。Suchservicesdonotseemtodemandanyproportionablerecompense。Ourcontemptforthefollyoftheagenthindersusfromthoroughlyenteringintothegratitudeofthepersontowhomthegoodofficehasbeendone。Hisbenefactorseemsunworthyofit。Aswhenweplaceourselvesinthesituationofthepersonobliged，wefeelthatwecouldconceivenogreatreverenceforsuchabenefactor，weeasilyabsolvehimfromagreatdealofthatsubmissivevenerationandesteemwhichweshouldthinkduetoamorerespectablecharacter；andprovidedhealwaystreatshisweakfriendwithkindnessandhumanity，wearewillingtoexcusehimfrommanyattentionsandregardswhichweshoulddemandtoaworthierpatron。ThosePrinces，whohaveheaped，withthegreatestprofusion，wealth，power，andhonours，upontheirfavourites，haveseldomexcitedthatdegreeofattachmenttotheirpersonswhichhasoftenbeenexperiencedbythosewhoweremorefrugaloftheirfavours。Thewell-natured，butinjudiciousprodigalityofJamestheFirstofGreatBritainseemstohaveattachednobodytohisperson；andthatPrince，notwithstandinghissocialandharmlessdisposition，appearstohavelivedanddiedwithoutafriend。ThewholegentryandnobilityofEnglandexposedtheirlivesandfortunesinthecauseofhismorefrugalanddistinguishingson，notwithstandingthecoldnessanddistantseverityofhisordinarydeportment。