AtCastione，nearthetownofParma，andinseveralotherpartsoftheprovincesofParmaandReggio，TERREMAREShavebeendiscoveredrisingfromthemidstofvastrectangularbasinsartificiallyhollowedout。SomehaveconcludedfromthisthattheTERREMARECOLLIastheinhabitantsoftheTERREMAREShavebeencalled，weredescendedfromthepeoplewhobuiltthepiledwellingsofSwitzerland，andthat，faithfultothetraditionsoftheirrace，theyhollowedoutpondsindefaultofnaturallakes。Ifthiswereso，ItalymusthavebeenpeopledwitharacethatcameovertheAlps。[126]Whoorwhatthisracewascanonlybematterofconjecture。Itcannot，however，havebeentheLigures，abranchofthegreatIberianfamily，whoweretotallyignorantofculture，andtowhomthebuildersofthemostancientoftheTERREMARESwerecertainlysuperior；norcanithavebeentheEtruscans，forallrelicsofthatrace，whicharemoreovereasilyrecognizable，werefoundquiteapartfromthedeepdepositscontainingtheTERREMARES。ManyindicationspointtotheconclusionthatwhentheCeltscamedownintoItalytheirknowledgeofmetallurgywasalreadymoreadvancedthanthatofthebuildersoftheTERREMARES。WearethereforedisposedtothinkwithHeilbig，thattheTERREMARECOLLIweretheItali，ofArianrace，whoweretheancestorsoftheSabini，Umbri，Osci，andLatins。Inthegreatmigrationsofraces，theItalibadseparatedthemselvesfromtheirbrethrenthePelasgi，whohadremainedinEpirus，and，continuingtheirmarch，theypeopledSwitzerlandandcrossedtheAlps，settlingdowninthefertileplainswateredbythePo，whereitiseasyevennowtoprovetheirpresence。
　　InsuperintendingtheexcavationofaTERREMAREatToszig，inHungary，Pigorini，[127]wasgreatlystruckbytheresemblancebetweenitandsimilarerectionsinItaly，especiallythatofCasarolo。ThisisverymuchinfavoroftheItalihavingbeenthebuilders。ButtheobjectscollectedinsomeoftheTERREMARES，thoseofVaranoandChiericiforinstance，provethattheywereinhabitedfromNeolithictimes，sothattheItaliofItaly，ifItalitheywere，didbutfollowthetraditionsoftheirpredecessors。Inspite，however，ofzealousstudy，allthatrelatestotheoriginoftribesandracesremainsinvolvedinthegreatestobscurity，andwecanbutlooktothefuturetosupplywhatthepresentaltogetherfailstogive。
　　WehaveyetothertokensofthepresenceoftheancientraceswhopeopledItaly。Dr。ConcezioRosa[128]noticedintheAbruzziextensiveblackpatchesontheground，whichborewitnesstotheformerresidenceofmen。TheexcavationoftheseFONDIDICABANE，astheyarecalled，ledtothefindingofagreatmanystoneknivesandscraperswithnumerousbonestilettosandthebonesofvariousanimals，allofthemofspeciesstillliving。Later，similarFONDIwerefoundbetweentheEasternAlpsandMountGargano。InReggio，atRivaltella，atCastelnuovodeSotto，andatCalerno，theyformedregulargroups，andfromoneofthesestationsmorethanonethousandworkedflintswerecollected。WementionthemespeciallybecausetheywereoflozengeSELCIROMBOIDALIandhalf-lozengeSEMI-ROMBIshapes，whichareformsunknowninotherdistricts。
　　Withtheseflintswerehand-madevaseswithhandles，theclayunmixedwithsandorquartzandornamentedwithlines，grooves，andraisedknobs。ThesevasesdiffergreatlyfromthosefoundintheTERREMARES；
　　aretheythen，ashasbeensaid，ofearlierlate？Itisimpossibletocometoanydecisiononthepoint。
　　Beforeclosingouraccountofprehistoricbuildingssurroundedbywater，wemustsayafewwordsoncrannogesthoughthereisthegreatestdifferenceofopinionastotheirdate。
　　CrannogesareartificialisletsraisedabovethelevelofcertainlakesinIrelandandScotland[129]bymeansofaseriesoflayersofearthandstone，andstrengthenedbypiles，someupright，otherslaiddownlengthwise。Wyldecountedforty-sixinIrelandinhistime，someofthemofconsiderableextent。ThatofArdkellinLoughRoscommonissurroundedbyawallofdrystonesrestingonpiles。Inotherplaceshavebeenfoundtheremainsofstockadesveryintelligentlysetupinsuchamannerastobreaktheforceoftheshockofthewater。
　　Toaddtothedifficultiesofdealingwiththesubjectofcrannoges，theyweresuccessivelyoccupiedformanycenturies。TheyarementionedinthemostancientIrishlegends，andeveninthesixteenthcenturytheyservedasrefugesforthekingsofthecountryintheconstantrebellionsthattookplace。Theobjectstakenfromthelakesbelongtoverydifferentepochs，anditisimpossibletosayanythingpositiveastothetimeoftheirconstruction。
　　AbutfoundinDonegalmay，however，datefromanextremelyremoteage。[130]Itrestedonathicklayerofsandbroughtfronttheneighboringshore，andwascoveredoverbyabedofpeatslotlessthansixteenfeetthick。Sincethehiltwasdesertedbymanthepeathadgraduallyaccumulatedtillithadatlastinvadedthedwellingitself。Thebutincludedaground-floor，andonestoryabouttwelvefeetlongbyninewideandfourhigh。Thewallsconsistedofbeamsscarcelysquared，joinedtogetherwithwoodenmorticesandpegs。Theroof，whichwasprobablyflat，consistedofoakplanks，thespacesbetweenwhichhadbeenfilledinwithmortarmadeofsandandgrease。Ontheground-floorlayseveralflintimplements，showingnosignsofhavingbeenpolished，aquartzwedge，andastonechisel，whichhadevidentlyseenlongservice。Thischisel，thediscovererssay，correspondedexactlywiththenotchesaroundthemortices。Aregularpavedway，formedofsea-beachpebblesplacedonafoundationofinterlacedbranches，leduptoahearthmadeofflatstonesmeasuringsomethreefeeteveryway。Allaboutlayfragmentsofcharcoalandbrokennuts，thelatterpartlyburnt。Anotherbut，withanoakfloorrestingonfourposts，hasrecentlybeendiscoveredinCountyFermanagh，beneathadepositofpeatabouttwentyfeetthick。NotraceofmetalhasbeenfoundineitheroftheseIrishbuts，andthethicknessofthepeatbeneathwhichtheylayisanotherproofoftheirgreatantiquity。Oneseriousobjection，however，isthis：
　　WeretheIrishsufficientlyadvancedinprehistorictimestobeabletoerectdwellingsimplyingsoconsiderableanamountofcivilization？
　　CrannogesaremetwithinScotlandaswellasinIreland，andexcavationsinLochLeehaveenabledexplorerstomakeouttheirmodeofconstruction。TheLakeDwellersbeganbypilingupanumberoftrunksoftreesintheshallowerwatersofalake。Theythenstrengthenedthesetrunkswithbranchesorbeamsaboutwhichthemudcollectedtillthewholeformedanislet。Allaboutthisislet，beneaththewatersofthelake，werefoundvariousobjectsinstone，wood，andhorn，aswellassomecanoesseveralfeetlong。SimilarcrannogesaretobeseenonthelakesofKincardineandForfar，whichTroyonthinksdatefromtheStoneage。[131]Ifheberight，andweshouldnotliketomakeanyassertiononewayortheother，thebronzeobjectsandtheenamelledglassbowlsfoundnearthesedwellingsprovethattheywereoccupiedbyseveralsuccessivegenerations。
　　ItisprobablethatLakedwellingswerealsousedinAsiaandinAfricafromprehistorictimes。HistorytellsusthattheinhabitantsofPhasis，theMingreliansofthepresentday，livedinreedhutsonthewater，andthattheywentfromoneislettoanotherincanoeshollowedoutofthetrunksofoak-trees。Abas-relieffromthepalaceofSennacherib，preservedintheBritishMuseum，representswarriorsfightingonartificialislandsmadeoflargereeds。Buthereweenterthedomainofhistory，andwemustreturntoNeolithictimes，andspeakofthehabitationsbuiltofmoredurablematerialsandtheruinsofwhicharestillstanding。
　　Itisimpossibletosaywithanycertaintytowhatperiodthemostancientofthesestructuresbelong。Itisprobablethatmanearlylearnedtopileupstones，bindingthemtogetheratfirstwithclay，andthenwithsomestrongercements。TheBURGHSofScotland，theNURHAGSoftheislandofSardinia，theTALAYOTIoftheBalearicIsles，theCASTELLIERIofIstria，areallancientwitnessesofthemodesofbuildingemployedinthemostremoteages。
　　BURGHS，BROCKS，orBROUGHSarenumerousinScotland，[132]andalsointheislandsoftheAtlantic。ForalongtimetheyweresupposedtobeofScandinavianorigin，butSirJ。Lubbock[133]remarksWithreasonthatnobuildingatalllikethemexistsinNorwayorinDenmark，anditisdifficulttoadmittheideathattheScandinavianssetupintheislandstributarytothembuildingswhichwereunknowntotheirownmainland。Wearethereforedisposedtothinkthatthesecuriousstructures，whichwereinhabiteduntilthetwelfthandthirteenthcenturiesoftheChristianera，areofmuchearlierdatethanthefirstinvasionbytheNorthmen，andthattheburghstillstandingonthelittleislandofMoussa，oneoftheShetlands，isoneofthebestexamplesthatwecanquote。Atower，forty-onefeethigh，risesonthebordersofthesea。Thewallsareofunhewnstones，piledupwithoutcement，andtheyformtwocircles，separatedbyapassagefourfeetwide。Ineachstoryareaseriesofverysmallopenings，intendedtoadmitairandlighttothecell-likeroomsinside，andtoastaircasethatleadstothetopofthetower。Theonlywayintothisburghisthroughadooronlyseven。feethigh，andsonarrowthatitisimpossiblefortwopeopletogoinabreast。
　　Theregularityofthebuildingofthisburgh，andthearchitecturalknowledge。itimplies，preventourascribingiteithertotheStoneoreventotheBronzeage；butwefindinScotlanditselfmoreancientexamples，ifwemaysoexpressourselves，ofdomesticarchitecture。Theseexamplesaresubterraneandwellings，madeofrough-hewnstonesofconsiderablesize，laiddowninregularcourses，towhichthenamesofEARTH-HOUSES，PICTS’HOUSES，andWEEMShavebeengiven。Thewallsconvergetowardsthecentre，leavinganopeningatthetop，whichwascoveredinwithlargeflatstones。Thesedwellingsarecertainlyofearlierdatethantheburghs，andthediscoveryofaPICTS’HOUSEactuallybeneaththeruinsofaburghenablesustospeakwithcertaintyonthispoint。
　　InIrelandsimilarproofshavebeenfoundofthegreatantiquityofroan。Morethanonehundredtowershavebeenfoundinthatcountry，allbuiltoflargestones，andvaryinginheightfromseventytoonehundredandthirtyfeet，withadiameteroffromeighttofifteenfeet。Themostdiverseoriginshavebeenattributedtothesetowers，fromprehistorictimestothecenturiesimmediatelyprecedingtheChristianera；fromthetimeoftheDruidstothatoftheFriars。Accordingtothepointofviewofdifferentarchaeologists，theyhavebeencalledtemplesofthesun，hermitages，phallicmonuments，orsignaltowers。
　　WemeetwithasimilarprobleminconsideringtheNURHAGS，asinconsideringtheburghs。Theyhavebeenjustlycalledapageofhistory，writtenalloverthesurfaceofSardiniabyanunknownpeople。CountAlbertdelaMarmoracountedthreethousandofthemafewyearsago，andmorerecentexplorerstellusthatthisnumberisgreatlyexceeded。Liketheburghs，whichtheystrangelyresemble，theNURHAGSareconicaltowerswithverythickwallsmadeofhugestones，someHewn，othersintheirnaturalstate，arrangedinregularcourseswithoutmortar。Onenteringoneofthemwefindourselvesinavaultedroom，whichlooksexactlylikeonehalfofanegginshape。Intheupperstoriesaretwo，andsometimesthreerooms，oneabovetheother，towhichaccessisgainedbystepscutinthewalls。ThewholestructureiscrownedbyaterraceFig。53。WemustaddthattheentrancetotheNURHAGisthroughanopeningonalevelwiththeground，andsolowthatonecanonlygoinbycrawlingonthestomach。
　　Manyconjectureshavebeenmadeastotheuseofthesetowers。Weretheytemplesinwhichtoworship，ortrophiesofvictory？Theirnumberisagainsteitherofthesehypotheses。Weretheythenhabitationsortowersofobservation？Nottheformercertainly，fornoonecouldlivebetweenwallssixteenortwenty-twofeetthick，shutoutfromairandlight。Sometravellersthinktheyweretombs，butexcavationshavebroughttolightnobonesorsepulchralrelics。WecancomparethemtonothingbuttheTowersofSilence，onwhichtheParseesexposetheirdeadtothebirdsofheaven，whichareeverreadyrapidlytoacquitthemselvesoftheirmelancholyfunctions。