Terra-cottafusaioles。
　　WeourselvesthinkthesefusaiolesareamuletswhichweretakentoTroybytheTrojans，andpiouslypreservedbytheirsuccessors。Oneimportantfacttendstoconfirmthishypothesis。AgreatnumberofthembearthesignoftheSWASTIKA[270]Fig。103，thecrosswiththefourarms，thesacredsymbolofthegreatAryanracesolongsupposedtobethesourceofalltheIndo-Europeanraces。TheSWASTIKAisengraved，notonlyonthefusaioles，butalsoonthediademsofthedaughtersofPriam，ontheidolstheTrojansworshipped，andonnumerousobjectsfromtheLydianandGreco-Romantowns。WemeetwiththedoublecrossamongtheprehistoricracesofthebasinoftheDanube，whocolonizedtheshoresoftheTroadandthenorthofItaly，anditwasintroducedwiththeproductsofthatantiquecivilizationontheonesidetotheGreeks，theEtruscans，theLatins，theGauls，theGermanicraces，theScandinavians，andtheBretons；andontheothertothepeopleofAsiaMinor，Persia，India，China，andJapan。[271]
　　CoverofavasewiththesymboloftheSWASTIKA。FoundatTroy。
　　ThissignoftheSWASTIKAmeetsusateveryturn；wefinditonmanyancientPersianbooks，onthetemplesofIndia，onCelticfuneralstones，andonaHittitecylinder。ItisseenonvasesofelegantformfromAthensandMelos；onothersfromCeres，Chiusi，andCumae，aswellasontheclumsypotteryrecentlydiscoveredatKonigswaldontheOderandonthebordersofHungary；onbronzeobjectsfromtheCaucasus，andthecelebratedAlbanourn；onamedalfromGazainPalestineandonanIberianmedalfromAsido。WeseeitontheGallo-RomanringsoftheMuseumofNamur，andontheplaquesofthebelt，datingfromthesameepoch，whichformpartofthemagnificentcollectionofM。Moreau。SchliemanntellsusofitatMykenaeandatTiryns。ChantrefounditonthenecropolesoftheCaucasus。ItisengravedonthewallsofthecatacombsofRome，onthechairofSaintAmbroseatMilan，onthecrumblingwallsofPortici，andonthemostancientmonumentsofIreland，whereitisoftenassociatedwithinscriptionsintheoghamcharacter。[272]
　　TheSWASTIKAoccurstwiceonalargepieceofcopperfoundatCorneto，whichnowbelongstotheMuseumofBerlin。CartailhacnoticeditintheCITANIAofPortugal，someofwhichdatefromNeolithictimes。[273]
　　TheEnglishintheAshanteewarnoticeditonthebronzestheytookatCoomassieonthecoastofGuinea，andithasalsobeenfoundonobjectsdiscoveredintheEnglishcountyofNorfolk。
　　StonehammerfromNewJerseybearinganundecipheredinscription。
　　Moreover，ifwecrosstheAtlanticwefindthesamesymbolengravedonthetemplesofYucatan，theoriginofwhichisunknown，onahatchetfoundatPemberton，inNewJerseyFig。104，onvasesfromaPeruviansepulchrenearLima，andonvesselsfromthePUEBLOSofNewMexico。Dr。Hamy，inhis“AmericanDecades，“representsitonaflattenedgourdbelongingtotheWolpiIndians，andthesacredtamboursoftheEsquimauxofthepresentdaybearthesamesymbol，whichwasprobablytransmittedtothembytheirancestors。TheuniversalityofthisonesignamongsttheHindoos，Persians，Hittites，Pelasgians，Celts，andGermanicraces，theChinese，Japanese，andtheprimitiveinhabitantsofAmericaisinfinitelystrange，andseemstoprovetheidentityofracessodifferenttoeachother，alikeinappearanceandincustoms，andisaveryimportantfactorindealingwiththegreatproblemoftheoriginofthehumanspecies。
　　WehavedweltmuchonthediscoveriesofDr。Schliemann，butwemustaddthat，likeallgreatdiscoveries，theyhavebeenveryvigorouslycontested。[274]Boetticher，forinstance，considerstheruinsofHissarliktobenothingmorethantheremainsofanecropoliswherecremationwaspractisedaccordingtotheAssyrio-Babyloniancustom。[275]Adistinguishedandveryhonestsavant，S。Reinach，constitutedhimselfthechampionofthistheoryatthemeetingoftheCongressinParisin1889。Schliemannrepliedveryforcibly，andthemeetingappearedtobewithhiminthematter，aswerealsoanumberofmenofsciencewhovisitedHissarlikin1888，andwethinkthatintheendhistorywilladopttheopinionofthegreatDanishantiquarian。
　　Wehavenowpassedinreviewthechiefoftheworksleftbehindhimbymanfromtheearliestlaysofhisexistencetothedawnofhistorictimes。Wemuststillshowprehistoricmaninthepresenceofdeath，theuniversaldestroyer，andlearnfromtheevidenceofthetombsoftheremotepasthowourancestorsmetthecommondoom。
　　Thetruehistoryofmanwillbefoundinhistombs，saysThucydides；
　　andasamatteroffactthesepulchrehaseveroccupiedmuchofthethoughtsofman，theresultofareligioussentiment，aconvictionthatalldoesnotendwiththelifewhichsoquicklypassesby。
　　Fromtheveryearliesttimeswemeetwithtokensofthehopesandfearsconnectedwithafutureexistence；but，asIhavealreadystated，thehumanbonesthatcanwithcertaintybesaidtodatefromPalaeolithictimesareveryrare。Weknowbutveryfewfactsjustifyingusinassertingthatthecontemporaryofthemammothandofthecavebearhadalreadylearnttorespecttheremainsofwhathadoncebeenamanlikehimself。Oneofthesefewfactsdeserves，Ithink，tobenoticedwithsomedetail。
　　In1886，excavationsinthecaveofSpy[276]Namur，orratherinaterracesomethirty-sixfeetlongbynineteenandahalfwidegivingaccesstoit，broughttolighttwohumanskeletons。Onewasthatofanindividualalreadyadvancedinlife，probablyofthefemininesex，theotherofamanintheprimeoflife。Theseskeletonswereimbeddedinaveryhardbrecciacontainingalsofragmentsofivoryandnumerousflintsofverysmallsize。Someofthemhadveryfinescratchesonbothsides。FromwhatIcouldlearnonthespot，theskeletonswhenfoundwereinarecumbentposition。Thebones，fewofwhichweremissing，werestillintheirnaturalposition，andneartooneofthemwerepickedupseveralarrow-orlance-heads，oneofwhich，ofphtanite，sometwoandahalfincheslong，wasofthepurestMousterientype。Theboneswerethoseofshort，squatindividuals，andtheskullswereofthetypeoftheCanstadtrace，themostancientofwhichanythingisknown；thethicknessofthecraniawasaboutonethirdofaninch。Theforehead，islowandretreating，theeyebrowsareprominent，andthelowerjawsstrongandwelldeveloped。
　　Atthesamelevelandinthatimmediatelyaboveitwerepickeduptheremainsofthemammoth，theRHINOCEROSTICHORHINUS，thecavebear，andthelargecavehyena，thereindeer，andnumerousothermammalsbelongingtotheQuaternaryfauna。Everythingpointstotheconclusionthatthemanandwomanwhoseremainshavesoopportunelycometolightwerecontemporarywiththeseanimals，andthattheirbodieswereplacedafterdeathinthecaveinwhichtheywerefound。
　　Belgiumhasfurnishednumerousexamplesofsepulchralcaves，ofadate，however，lessancientthanthatwehavebeenconsidering。RecentexcavationsintheChauvauxCaverevealedtwoskeletonsleaningagainstthewallsinacrouchingposition，thelegstuckedunderthebody。IntheGendronCaveM。Dupontdiscoveredseventeenskeletonslyinginalow，narrowpassage，stretchedoutatfulllengthwiththefeettowardthewall，andarrangedintwosandthrees，oneabovetheother。Inthemiddleofallthesedeadwastheskeletonofonemanplacedupright，asiftowatchovertheotherbodies。
　　TheDuruthyCaveatSordesopensnearthepointofjunctionofthewatersofthePanandOloron，whencetheirunitedwatersflowintotheAdour。Atthenorthernextremityofthiscaveisanaturalnicheinwhichlaymorethanthirtyskeletons，someofmen，someofwomen，andsomeofchildren，mixedtogetherinthegreatestconfusion。Workedflints，bonestilettos，andornamentslayaround，all。oftheformscharacteristicofPalaeolithictimes。
　　Itwouldseemthatwehavehereevidenceofthepracticeofafuneralrite，whichconsistedinfirststrippingthebodiesofflesh，andthenlayingthebonesincaves，wheretheywereoftenleftunnoticedbythelivingoccupantsofthesamerefuge。[277]
　　ThecavesofBaousse-Rousse，nearMentone，givefreshproofoftheextensionofthisrite，ifwemaysocallit。Theskeletonslayuponabedofpowderedironore，insomecasesasmuchastwofifthsofaninchthick，andthisaccumulationcouldnothavetakenplaceiftheskeletonhadnotbeendeprivedofitsfleshbeforeinhumation。Thefleshmusthavebeentakenoffbysomerapidprocess，forthebonesremain，asageneralrule，intheirnaturalpositions，unitedbytheirtendonsandligaments。InItaly，saysIssel，thecavemenburiedtheirdeadinthecavestheylivedin，athinlayerofearthaloneseparatingthemfromtheliving；thebodies，addsPigorini，[278]
　　generallylayontheleftside，theheadrestedonthelefthand，andthekneeswerebent。Besidetheskeletonwasplacedavasecontainingredchalk，tobeusedforpaintingthebodyinthenewworlditwassupposedtobeabouttoenter。
　　WecouldquotesimilardiscoveriesinSicily，Belgium，andthesouthernPyrenees。BeneaththetumulusofPlouhennec，inBrittany，boneswerestrewnaboutinthegreatestdisorder。Somearchaeologistsareofopinionthattheopeningsincertaindolmenswereusedforthrowinginthebonesofthedeadwhosuccessivelywenttojointheirancestors。InmanyoftheLongBarrowsofEnglandthebonesappeartohavebeenflunginpell-mell；thespacewastoonarrowtoholdthecompletebody，sothatbeforeinhumationthefleshmusthavebeenseparatedfromthebones。Innootherwaycanweexplaintheconfusioninwhichthehumanremainslaywhentheywerediscovered。[279]Pigorinithinksthisisaproofthatprimitiveracesworshippedtheirdead，andheldtheirbodiesinveneration。[280]Perhapstheyevencarriedthemaboutintheirmigrations。Howeverthatmaybe，thecustomofseparatingthefleshfromtheboneswascontinueduntilcremationbecamegeneral。Thiswouldexplainthehugeossuariesfoundinregionssowidelyseparated。
　　Although，however，themodeofsepulturewehavejustdescribedwaspractisedforalongtimeincertainplaces，wecannotadmitittohavebeengeneral。IncertainmegalithictombswefinddispositionssimilartothosedescribedinspeakingoftheGendronCave。ExcavationsbeneaththePort-BlancdolmenMorbihanbroughttolightaroughpavementonwhichlaynumbersofskeletons，closelypackedoneagainstanother，whichskeletonswereprobablythoseofmenwhohadbeenheldinhonor，andtocommemoratewhomthedolmenwassetup。Separatedfromthembyalayerofstonesandearthrestedanotherseriesofskeletons，notsocloselypackedasthefirst。Thenew-comershadrespectedtheirpredecessors，andnoonehadviolatedthesanctuaryofthedead。SimilarfactswerenotedatGrandCompans，nearLuzarches，[281]
　　anditisevidentthatsuccessiveinhumationsbeneathdolmensoftentookplace，andinstancesmight，ifnecessary，bemultiplied。
　　Anothersingularfuneralritewaspractisedinremoteantiquity。ManyofthebonesfoundinthevariouscavesofMentonewerecoloredwithredhematite。[282]Asthiswasonlythecasewiththebonesofadults，thoseofchildrenretainingtheirnaturalwhiteness，itevidentlyhadsomespecialsignificance。In1880，theopeningofacaveoftheStoneageinthedistrictofAnagni，ashortdistancefromRome，broughttolightthefacialportionofahumancranium，coloredbrightredwithcinnabar。Norarethesebyanymeansexceptionalcases，forsimilarcolorationwasnoticedonbonespickedupatFinalmarinaandseveralotherplacesinLiguriaandSicily。ThecustomhadthereforebecomegeneralintheNeolithicperiodinthewholeoftheItalianpeninsula。[283]Wealsomeetwithitinothercountries；atthePrehistoricCongress，wheninsessionatLisbon，DolgadoaddedtowhatwassaidaboutthediscoveriesinItalythefactthatthecavemenofFurninhapractisedasimilarrite。IntheKURGANESofthedepartmentofKievcraniawerefoundcoloredwithamineralsubstance，fragmentsofwhichwerestrewnaboutneartheskeletons。ThemostancientoftheKURGANESappeartodatefromtheStoneage，forinthemwerefoundimplementsmadeofflintandreindeer-horn，mixedwiththebonesofrodents[284]longsinceextinctinthatdistrict。A
　　similarpracticeismetwithinthetombsofPoland，manybonesbeingcoveredwithacoatingofredcolor，insomeinstancesonefifthofaninchthick。ExcavationsintheKitorvalleyprovinceofIrkutsk，SiberiahavebroughttolightseveraltombswhichappeartodatefromthesauceperiodastheKURGANESofKiew。Thedeadwereburiedwiththeweaponsandornamentstheywouldliketouseinthenewlifewhichhadbegunforthem。Thetombwasthenfilledinwithsand，withwhichcarewastakentomixplentyofredochre。Itisdifficultnottoconcludethatthiswasarelicofaritefallenintodesuetude。
　　AtthepresentdaycertaintribesofNorthAmericaexposetheirdeadonthetopsoftrees，andbeforeburyingthebones，whenstrippedoftheirflesh，coverthemwithacoatingofabrightredcolor。IntheislandofEspirituSantomanyhumanboneshavealsobeenpickeduppaintedwithanoxideofargillaceousiron。Thesecustoms，strangeastheymayappear，wereevidentlypractisedinhonorofancestors；atavismisasclearlyshownincustomsandtraditionsasinphysicalstructure。