“NoticesurQuelquesMonumentsTrouvessurleSommetdesVosges“SOC。DESMONUMENTSHISTORIQUESDEL’ALSACE,vol。i。。REV。D’ANTH。,1880,p。295。
WemayalsomentionthePenRichardinCharenteInferieure,sowelldescribedbyCartailhacinhis“FrancePrehistorique,“p。131。
Arcelin:“L’AgedePierreetlaClassificationPrehistorique,“
Paris,1873。Flouest:“NoticesurleCampdeChassey。“Perrault:
“UnFoyerdel’AgedelaPierrePolieauCampdeChassey“MAT。,1870。Coynart:“FouillesauCampdeChassey“REV。ARCH。,1866
and1867。
Ponthieux,“LeCampdeCatenoy“Oise。
[Hist。Francorum,“booki。,chap。xxxii。
DeRosemont:“EtudesurlesAntiquitesanterieuresauxRomains。“Desjardins:“LesCampsRetranchesdesEnvironsdeNice。“Riviere:ASS。FRANCAISE,Rheims,1880,p。628。
Pigorini:“Terramaradell’EtadelBronzoSituatainCastionede’Marchesi。“
NATURE,1887,secondweek,p。62。
MemorandareadtotheRoyalSocietyofAntiquariesinLondonARCHAEOLOGIA,vol。xlii。,pp。27——76。LaneFox:BRITISH
ASSOCIATION,Bristol,1875。Evans:“StoneAge。“
“Solentetsubterraneosspecusaperire,eosquemultoinsuperfimoonerant,suffugiumhiemietreceptaculumfrugibus““DeMoribusGermanorum,“chap。xvi。。
AMERICANJOURNALOFARCHAEOLOGY。
ZEITSCHRIFTFURANTHROPOLOGIE,1874,p。115;1875,p。
Zaborowski:“MonumentsPrehistoriquesdelaBasseVistule。“
Ribeiro:“NoticesurQuelquesMonumentsPrehistoriquesduPortugal,“Lisbon,
“NoticiadeAlgunasEstarveseMonumentosPrehistoricos。“
H。andL。Siret:“LesPremiersAgesduMetaldansleSud-estdel’Espagne。“
CONGRESPREHISTORIQUEDECOPENHAGUE,p。118。
Putnam:“ReportPeabodyMuseum,“vol。iii。,p。348。
AncientMonumentsoftheMississippiValley。“
SeeDr。HibbertintheTRANSACTIONSOFTHESOCIETYOF
ANTIQUARIESOFSCOTLAND,vol。iv。,Appendix,p。
ZEITSCHRIFTFURETHNOGRAPHIE,p。
Pomerol:“MuraillesVitrifieesdeChateauneuf,“ASS。FRANC。,Blois。
CONGRESSOC。SAV。,Sorbonne,1882。
J。Marion:BUL。DESSOC。SAVANTES,4thseries,vol。iv。Daubree:REV。ARCH。,July,——
SirJ。LubbockcomparestheruinsofAztalan,inAmerica,withthevitrifiedfortsofScotland;butwethinkthisisamistake,forthewallsofAztalanconsistedofirregularlyshapedmassesofhard,reddishclay,fullofhollows,retainingtheimpressionofthestrawordriedgrasswithwhichtheclaywasmixedbeforeitwassubjectedtotheactionofheat,whethertheapplicationofthatheatwasintentionaloraccidental。Thereisnothingaboutthisatallresemblingthemeltedgraniteofthevitrifiedforts。
DeCassac:“NotessurlesFortsVitrifiesdelaCreuse。“Thuot:“LaForteresseVitrifieeduPaydeGaudy,“p。102。
WetakemostofthesedetailsfromanotebyM。A。deMontaiglonpublishedintheBULLETINDESSOCIETESSAVANTES。
MAT。,1881,p。371。
BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1884,p。816,etc。
Fouque,NATURE,1876,secondweek,p。65。
Bookvi。,chap。xvi。andxx——PlinytheElder,uncleandfatherbyadoptionofPlinytheYounger,losthislifeinthiscatastrophe,whichtookplacein79A。D。
Cigalla:ACAD。DESSCIENCES,November12,1866。Fouque:
ACAD。DESSCIENCES,March25,1867。“UnPompeiPrehistorique,“REVUE
DESDEUX-MONDES,October15,1869。Schliemann:“TroyanditsRemains,“translatedbyPhilipSmith,London,Murray,1875;“IliosVilleetPaysdesTroyens,“
translatedbyMme。E。Egger,Paris,Hachette,1885;E。Burnouf:
REVUEDESDEUX-MONDES,January1,1874;Virchow:“AltTrojanischeGraberandSchadel。“
Iliad,cantov。,v。,。
EgyptologiststellusthatinthefourthyearofthereignofRamsesII。,oraboutB。C。,theHittitesplacedthemselvesattheheadofacoalitionagainsttheEgyptianPharaoh。WiththeseHittites,orKhittas,whosedescendantsstilldwellinthenorthofSyria,weretheMysians,theLycians,theDardanians,andothertribes。
“AmeriquePrehistorique“Masson,translatedbyNancyBellN。D’Anvers,andpublishedbyMurray,London;Putnam,NewYork。
TroyanditsRemains,“plateix。SeealsoexcellentessayonthesamesubjectbyS。Reinach,whichappearedintheREVUE
ARCHEOLOGIQUEin1885。LaterinvestigationsbyDr。SchliemannalsobroughttolightaremarkableresemblancebetweenthebuildingsatHissarlikandthoseofTiryns。
TheBritishMuseumcontainsamanuscriptofthefourteenthcentury,inwhichisaletterfromJulian,writtenwhenhewasemperor,betweenandA。D。,andrelatingtohisvisittoIlium-
Thepotter’swheelwas,however,inuseataveryremoteantiquity。InChinaitsinventionisattributedtothelegendaryEmperorHwang-Ti,whoissupposedtohavelivedabout2697B。C。ThewheelwasalsoknownfromtheveryearliesttimesinEgypt,andHomerIliad,c。xviii。,v。599comparesthelightmotionsofthedancersrepresentedontheshieldofAchillestotherapidrotationofthepotter’swheel——
Rivett-Carnac:“MemorandumonClayDiscsCalledSpindleWhorlsandVotiveSealsFoundatSankisa“Behar,JOURNALASIATIC
SOCIETYOFBENGAL,vol。xlix。,p。1。
“DeSacrisAEdificiis,“ch。ix。,p。128。
ItisinterestingtonotethediscoveryofurnscloselyresemblingthoseofTroy,andcontaininghumanremains,inPersiaSirW。Ouseley:“TravelsinPersia“,andatTravancore,inthesouthofMalabar,where,accordingtotradition,theywereintendedtoreceivetheremainsofyoungvirginssacrificedinhonorofthegods——
“SomeVestigesofGirlSacrifices,“JOURN。ANTH。INST。,May,1882。
Thevulvawassometimesrepresentedbyalargetriangle。Thesamepeculiarityoccursonsomeblackmarblestatuettes,foundinthetombsoftheCycladesandAttica。ThreesuchstatuettesfromtheislandofParosareintheLouvre,andtheBritishMuseumownsarichcollection。Dr。Schliemannalsomentionsafemaleidolmadeinleadofverycoarseworkmanship,inwhichthesexualorgansarerepresentedbyadoublecross。
ThePHALLUSwas,aswehavealreadystated,thesymbolofgenerativeforce。ItsworshipextendedthroughoutIndiaandSyria;
agiganticPhallusadornedthetempleofthemotherofthegodsatHierapolis,anditwascarriedintriumphinprocessionsthroughEgyptandGreece。Itisstillworshippedinsomeplacesatthepresentday。NearNiombo,inAfrica,thereisatemplecontainingseveralphallicstatues;atStanley-PoolthefeteofthePHALLUSiscelebratedwithobscenerites。TheKroomenobservesimilarceremoniesatthetimeofthenewmoon,andinJapanoncertainfeteclaysyounggirlsflourishgiganticPHALLIattheendoflongpoles。ThePHALLUS
isalsooftenrepresentedonthemonumentsofCentralAmerica——onthestonesofthetemplesofIzamalandtheislandofZapatero,forinstance。Possiblytheworshipoftheproductiveandgenerativeforcesofnaturewastheearliestreligionofmanyprimitivepeoples,butallthatissaidonthesubjectmustbesiftedwithconsiderablecare。
SimilarhatchetsofpurecopperFig。2havebeenfoundinHungary,andButler“PrehistoricWisconsin“speaksofthemalsoasbeingfoundinNorthAmerica。
ThetinusedismakingbronzeprobablycamefromSpainorCornwall,perhapsalsofromtheCaucasus,wheresmallquantitiesofitarestillfound。ItwasdoubtlessimportedbythePhoenicians,thegreatnavigatorsofantiquity。SeeRudolfVirchow’s“DasGruberfeldVonKobanimLaudederOsseten,“Berlin,1883。
Thisideagainsprobabilityfromthefactthattheremainsofakeywerepickedupnearthetreasure,whichwehavereasontosupposebelongedtoPriam。
ThegoldmayhavecomefromtheminesofAstyra,notfarfromTroy。
[Electrumwastheancientnameforamber,butwasalsogiventoanalloyofgoldandsilver,theyellowcolorofwhichresemblesthatofamber。
Dr。Schliemanngivesaverycarefuldescriptionofalltheseobjects。See“TroyanditsRemains,“Figs。174to497,pp。
Theqr’hdemnonordiademofthewifeofMenelausisanarrowfilletfromwhichhangseverallittlechainsformedoflinksalternatingwithsmallleaves,andendinginratherlargerleaves,theseleavesallrepresentingthewomanwiththeowl’shead,socharacteristicofTrojanart。Thegoldenobjectsareallsolderedwiththesamemetals,whichmoderngoldsmithsseemunabletodo。AtTiryns,whichwebelievetohavebeencontemporarywithTroy,theartofsolderingwasunknown,andornamentsweremerelyscrewedtogether。
Bastian,ZEITSCHRIFTDERBERLINERGESELLSCHAFTFURERDKUNDE,vol。xiii。,plates1and2。
Ifweaccept1200B。C。asthedateoftheTrojanwarandtheeighthcenturyasthatofthefoundationofIlium,thetownsthatsucceededeachotheronthehillofHissarlikonlylastedfourcenturiesaltogether。
IntheVedasthewordSWASTIisoftenusedinthesenseofhappinessorgood-fortune。
ComteGobletd’Auriella,BUL。ACAD。ROYALEDEBELGIQUE,1889。
G。Atkinson,CONGRESPREHISTORIQUE,Lisbon,1880,p。
AgesPrehistoriquesenEspagneetPortugal,“figs
Aussland,1883。ZEITSCHRIFTFURMUSEOLOGIEANDANTEQUATEN
KUNDE,1884。Musoeon,1888and1889。
Virchow,whovisitedtheremainsatHissarlik,treatsthisideaasFURCHTBARENUNSINNridiculousnonsense。
ThetruenameofthiscaveistheBETCHEAUXROCHES。Averyexcellentessayonthesubjectwasreadbytheexplorers,MM。dePuydtandLohest,inAugust,1886,totheHistoricSocietyofBelgium,and“LesFouillesdeSpy,“byDr。Collignon,publishedintheREVUE
D’ANTHROPOLOGIE,1887,mayalsobeconsulted。Excavationswerealsocarriedoninthesamecavein1879byM。BucquoyBUL。SOC。ANTH。DE
BELGIQUE,1887。HedistinguishedfiveossiferouslevelsandpickedupsomeflintsoftheMousterientype,andevensomeChelleenhatchets,towhichhegavethenameofcoupsDEPOING——FraipontandLohest;
“RecherchessurlesOssementsHumainsDecouvertesdanslesDepotsQuaternairesd’ungrotteaSpy。“——
WeborrowthesedetailsfromavaluableworkbyCartailhacMAL。,1886,p。441;REV。D’ANTH。,1886,p。448。TheconclusionsofourlearnedcolleaguearethatwereallyknownothingofthefuneralritesofthemenofChellesandMoustier,andthatitistotheSolutreenperiodthatwemustassignthefirstreallyauthenticatedtombs。Cartailhac’sadmirablebook,“LaFrancePrehistorique,“p。,shouldalsobeconsulted。
IpuiAntichiSepolcridellItalia。“
[ARCHAEOLOGICALJOURNAL,vol。xxii。
MATERIAUX,
ThisdolmenwascarefullyexcavatedbyMM。HahnandMillescamps,BUL。SOC。ANTH。,
Riviere;CONGRESDESSCIENCESGEOGRAPHIQUES,Paris,
ATTIDELLAR。ACAD。DEILINCEI,1879——1880。Pigorini:
BUL。DEPAL。ITALIANA,1880,p。SOC。ANTH。DEMUNICH,
SOC。ANTH。DELYON,1889。
“HistoireduTravailenGaule,“p……
Troyon:“Del’AttitudeReplieedanslaSepultureAntique,“
REVUEARCH。,1864。
MATERIAUX,1875,p。
BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1876,p。191。Grad:NATURE,1877,1stweek,p。314。
MEMORIESULLESCOPERTEPALEOETHNOLOGICHEDELLACAMPAGNA
ROMANA。Pigoriniaddsinhisturn:“ICADAVERIERANOABITUALMENTE
ADAGIATISULFIANCOSINISTRO,COLCRANIOAPPOGIATOSULLAMANOSINISTRE
ELEGINOCCHIAALQUANTOPIEGATEINGUISACHETAVOLTASITROVARONOLE
TIBIEASSAIPROSSIMEALLACASSATORACICA。“
Pallery:“Mon。MegalithiquesdeMascara,“BUL。SOC。ETHN。,1887。
Bancroft:“TheNativeRacesofthePacific,“vol。i。,pp。365,etc。Moreno:“LesParaderosdelaPatagonie,“REV。D’ANTH。,1874。
“NecropoledeColonna,prov。deGrosseto,“R。ACAD。DEI
LINCEI,Roma,1885。
BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1880,p。895。
AbbeBaudryetBallereau:“LesPuitsFunerairesduBernard,“
LaRoche-sur-Yon,1873。
RenseignementssuruneAncienneNecropoleManzabotta,presdeBologna,“Bologna,1871。
Gross:“LesProto-Helvetes。“Morel-Fatio:“SepulturesdesPopulationsLacustresdeChamblandes。“AsatAuvernier,agreatmanybears’tuskswerefoundlyingnearthedead,whichmaypossiblyalsohavehadsomethingtodowithafuneralrite。
D。Charnay:NORTHAMERICANREVIEW,January,1881。
Stuart:“TheEarlyModesofBurial。“
VidalSeneze;BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1877,p。561。
“HistoiredesIncas,“Paris,1744,chap。xviii。
Conestabile:“Del’incinerationchezlesEtrusques。“
A。Bertrand:“Arch。CeltiqueetGauloise,“Introduction。ASS。FRANCAISE,Nantes,1875;Havre,1877。
Luco:“ExpositiondeTroisMonumentsQuadrilateresparfeuJamesMiln,“Vannes,1883。
P。duChatellier:“Mem。Soc。d’EmulationdesCotes-du-Nord,“
SaintBrieuc,1883。
PROCEEDINGSSOC。ANTH。OFSCOTLAND,January11,1886。
“OntheAncientModesofSepulchreintheOrkneys“BRITISH
ASSOCIATION,1877。
KohnandMehlis:“ZurVorgeschichtedesMenschenimOstlichenEuropa,“Iena,1879。
Hochstetter:“DieneuesteGraberFundevonWatsch。undS。MargarethenundderKulturKreissderHallstadterPeriod,“Wien,1883。Siebenter:“BerichtderPrehistorischenCommission,“Wien,1884。
thesetombswerefound61goldobjects,5,574bronze,593iron,270amber,73glass,and1,813terra-cotta。A。Bertrand:
REV。DETHNOGRAPHIE,1883。
SMITHSONIANREPORT,1881。
Putnam,xii。andXX。REPORTSOFTHEPEABODYMUSEUM。
“DeBelloGallico,“bookvi。,cap。xix。ConsultalsoPomponiusMela:“DeSituOrbis,“bookiii。,cap。ii。
[318]——InhisfruitfulexcavationsofGallic,Gallo-Roman,andMerovingiantombs,Moreaucollectednolessthan31,515flintceltsorhatchets,whichhadevidentlybeenvotiveofferings。SeeAlbumdeCaranda:“FouillesdeSainteRestitute,deTrugny,d’Armentiere,d’Arcy,deBrenny,“etc。
End