Ath。Thenastounjusthurtsandgainsalso，supposingtheinjusticetobringgain，ofthesewemayhealasmanyasarecapableofbeinghealed，regardingthemasdiseasesofthesoul；andthecureofinjusticewilltakethefollowingdirection。
　　Cle。Whatdirection？
　　Ath。Whenanyonecommitsanyinjustice，smallorgreat，thelawwilladmonishandcompelhimeitherneveratalltodothelikeagain，ornevervoluntarily，oratanyrateinafarlessdegree；andhemustinadditionpayforthehurt。Whethertheendistobeattainedbywordoraction，withpleasureorpain，bygivingortakingawayprivileges，bymeansoffinesorgifts，orinwhatsoeverwaythelawshallproceedtomakeamanhateinjustice，andloveornothatethenatureofthejust-thisisquitethenoblestworkoflaw。Butifthelegislatorseesanyonewhoisincurable，forhimhewillappointalawandapenalty。Heknowsquitewellthattosuchmenthemselvesthereisnoprofitinthecontinuanceoftheirlives，andthattheywoulddoadoublegoodtotherestofmankindiftheywouldtaketheirdeparture，inasmuchastheywouldbeanexampletoothermennottooffend，andtheywouldrelievethecityofbadcitizens。Insuchcases，andinsuchcasesonly，thelegislatoroughttoinflictdeathasthepunishmentofoffences。
　　Cle。Whatyouhavesaidappearstometobeveryreasonable，butwillyoufavourmebystatingalittlemoreclearlythedifferencebetweenhurtandinjustice，andthevariouscomplicationsofthevoluntaryandinvoluntarywhichenterintothem？
　　Ath。Iwillendeavourtodoasyouwish：-Concerningthesoul，thusmuchwouldbegenerallysaidandallowed，thatoneelementinhernatureispassion，whichmaybedescribedeitherasastateorapartofher，andishardtobestrivenagainstandcontendedwith，andbyirrationalforceoverturnsmanythings。
　　Cle。Verytrue。
　　Ath。Andpleasureisnotthesamewithpassion，buthasanoppositepower，workingherwillbypersuasionandbytheforceofdeceitinallthings。
　　Cle。Quitetrue。
　　Ath。Amanmaytrulysaythatignoranceisathirdcauseofcrimes。Ignorance，however，maybeconvenientlydividedbythelegislatorintotwosorts：thereissimpleignorance，whichisthesourceoflighteroffences，anddoubleignorance，whichisaccompaniedbyaconceitofwisdom；andhewhoisundertheinfluenceofthelatterfanciesthatheknowsallaboutmattersofwhichheknowsnothing。Thissecondkindofignorance，whenpossessedofpowerandstrength，willbeheldbythelegislatortobethesourceofgreatandmonstroustimes，butwhenattendedwithweakness，willonlyresultintheerrorsofchildrenandoldmen；andthesehewilltreataserrors，andwillmakelawsaccordinglyforthosewhocommitthem，whichwillbethemildestandmostmercifulofalllaws。
　　Cle。Youareperfectlyright。
　　Ath。Weallofusremarkofonemanthatheissuperiortopleasureandpassion，andofanotherthatheisinferiortothem；
　　andthisistrue。
　　Cle。Certainly。
　　Ath。Butnoonewaseveryetheardtosaythatoneofusissuperiorandanotherinferiortoignorance。
　　Cle。Verytrue。
　　Ath。Wearespeakingofmotiveswhichincitementothefulfilmentoftheirwill；althoughanindividualmaybeoftendrawnbytheminoppositedirectionsatthesametime。
　　Cle。Yes，often。
　　Ath。AndnowIcandefinetoyouclearly，andwithoutambiguity，whatImeanbythejustandunjust，accordingtomynotionofthem：-Whenangerandfear，andpleasureandpain，andjealousiesanddesires，tyrannizeoverthesoul，whethertheydoanyharmornot-I
　　callallthisinjustice。Butwhentheopinionofthebest，inwhateverpartofhumannaturestatesorindividualsmaysupposethattodwell，hasdominioninthesoulandordersthelifeofeveryman，evenifitbesometimesmistaken，yetwhatisdoneinaccordancetherewith，theprincipleinindividualswhichobeysthisrule，andisbestforthewholelifeofman，istobecalledjust；althoughthehurtdonebymistakeisthoughtbymanytobeinvoluntaryinjustice。Leavingthequestionofnames，aboutwhichwearenotgoingtoquarrel，andhavingalreadydelineatedthreesourcesoferror，wemaybeginbyrecallingthemsomewhatmorevividlytoourmemory：-Oneofthemwasofthepainfulsort，whichwedenominateangerandfear。
　　Cle。Quiteright。
　　Ath。Therewasasecondconsistingofpleasuresanddesires，andathirdofhopes，whichaimedattrueopinionaboutthebest。Thelatterbeingsubdividedintothree，wenowgetfivesourcesofactions；andforthesefivewewillmakelawsoftwokinds。
　　Cle。Whatarethetwokinds？
　　Ath。Thereisonekindofactionsdonebyviolenceandinthelightofday，andanotherkindofactionswhicharedoneindarknessandwithsecretdeceit，orsometimesbothwithviolenceanddeceit；
　　thelawsconcerningtheselastoughttohaveacharacterofseverity。
　　Cle。Naturally。
　　Ath。Andnowletusreturnfromthisdigressionandcompletetheworkoflegislation。LawshavebeenalreadyenactedbyusconcerningtherobbersoftheGods，andconcerningtraitors，andalsoconcerningthosewhocorruptthelawsforthepurposeofsubvertingthegovernment。Amanmayverylikelycommitsomeofthesecrimes，eitherinastateofmadnessorwhenaffectedbydisease，orundertheinfluenceofextremeoldage，orinafitofchildishwantonness，himselfnobetterthanachild。Andifthisbemadeevidenttothejudgeselectedtotrythecause，ontheappealofthecriminalorhisadvocate，andhebejudgedtohavebeeninthisstatewhenhecommittedtheoffence，heshallsimplypayforthehurtwhichhemayhavedonetoanother；butheshallbeexemptfromotherpenalties，unlesshehaveslainsomeone，andhaveonhishandsthestainofblood。Andinthatcaseheshallgotoanotherlandandcountry，andtheredwellforayear；andifhereturnbeforetheexpirationofthetimewhichthelawappoints，orevensethisfootatallonhisnativeland，heshallbeboundbytheguardiansofthelawinthepublicprisonfortwoyears，andthengofree。
　　Havingbeguntospeakofhomicide，letusendeavourtolaydownlawsconcerningeverydifferentkindofhomicides，and，firstofall，concerningviolentandinvoluntaryhomicides。Ifanyoneinanathleticcontest，andatthepublicgames，involuntarilykillsafriend，andhedieseitheratthetimeorafterwardsoftheblowswhichhehasreceived；orifthelikemisfortunehappenstoanyoneinwar，ormilitaryexercises，ormimiccontests。ofwhichthemagistratesenjointhepractice，whetherwithorwithoutarms，whenhehasbeenpurifiedaccordingtothelawbroughtfromDelphirelatingtothesematters，heshallbeinnocent。Andsointhecaseofphysicians：
　　iftheirpatientdiesagainsttheirwill，theyshallbeheldguiltlessbythelaw。Andifoneslayanotherwithhisownhand，butunintentionally，whetherhebeunarmedorhavesomeinstrumentordartinhishand；orifhekillhimbyadministeringfoodordrinkorbytheapplicationoffireorcold，orbysuffocatinghim，whetherhedothedeedbyhisownhand，orbytheagencyofothers，heshallbedeemedtheagent，andshallsufferoneofthefollowingpenalties：-Ifhekilltheslaveofanotherinthebeliefthatheishisown，heshallbearthemasterofthedeadmanharmlessfromloss，orshallpayapenaltyoftwicethevalueofthedeadman，whichthejudgesshallassess；butpurificationsmustbeusedgreaterandmorenumerousthanforthosewhocommittedhomicideatthegames；-whattheyaretobe，theinterpreterswhomtheGodappointsshallbeauthorizedtodeclare。Andifamankillshisownslave，whenhehasbeenpurifiedaccordingtolawsheshallbequitofthehomicide。
　　Andifamankillsafreemanunintentionally，heshallundergothesamepurificationashedidwhokilledtheslave。Butlethimnotforgetalsoataleofoldentime，whichistothiseffect：-Hewhohassufferedaviolentend，whennewlydead，ifhehashadthesoulofafreemaninlife，isangrywiththeauthorofhisdeath；andbeinghimselffulloffearandpanicbyreasonofhisviolentend，whenheseeshismurdererwalkingaboutinhisownaccustomedhaunts，heisstrickenwithterrorandbecomesdisordered，andthisdisorderofhis，aidedbytheguiltyrecollectionofiscommunicatedbyhimwithoverwhelmingforcetothemurdererandhisdeeds。Whereforealsothemurderermustgooutofthewayofhisvictimfortheentireperiodofayear，andnothimselfbefoundinanyspotwhichwasfamiliartohimthroughoutthecountry。Andifthedeadmanbeastranger，thehomicideshallbekeptfromthecountryofthestrangerduringalikeperiod。Ifanyonevoluntarilyobeysthislaw，thenextofkintothedeceased，seeingallthathashappened，shalltakepityonhim，andmakepeacewithhim，andshowhimallgentleness。Butifanyoneisdisobedient，eitherventurestogotoanyofthetemplesandsacrificeunpurified，orwillnotcontinueinexileduringtheappointedtime，thenextofkintothedeceasedshallproceedagainsthimformurder；andifhebeconvicted，everypartofhispunishmentshallbedoubled。
　　Andifthenextofkindonotproceedagainsttheperpetratorofthecrime，thenthepollutionshallbedeemedtofalluponhisownhead；-themurderedmanwillfixtheguiltuponhiskinsman，andhewhohasamindtoproceedagainsthimmaycompelhimtobeabsentfromhiscountryduringfiveyears，accordingtolaw。Ifastrangerunintentionallykillastrangerwhoisdwellinginthecity，hewholikesshallprosecutethecauseaccordingtothesamerules。Ifhebeametic，lethimbeabsentforayear，orifhebeanentirestranger，inadditiontothepurification，whetherhehaveslainastranger，orametic，oracitizen，heshallbebanishedforlifefromthecountrywhichisinpossessionofourlaws。Andifhereturncontrarytolaw，lettheguardiansofthelawpunishhimwithdeath；
　　andletthemhandoverhisproperty，ifhehaveany，tohimwhoisnextofkintothesufferer。Andifhebewrecked，anddrivenonthecoastagainsthiswill，heshalltakeuphisabodeontheseashore，wettinghisfeetinthesea，andwatchingforanopportunityofsailing；butifhebebroughtbyland，andisnothisownmaster，letthemagistratewhomhefirstcomesacrossinthecity，releasehimandsendhimunharmedovertheborder。
　　Ifanyoneslaysafreemanwithhisownhandandthedeedbedoneinpassion，inthecaseofsuchactionswemustbeginbymakingadistinction。Foradeedisdonefrompassioneitherwhenmensuddenly，andwithoutintentiontokill，causethedeathofanotherbyblowsandthelikeonamomentaryimpulse，andaresorryforthedeedimmediatelyafterwards；oragain，whenafterhavingbeeninsultedindeedorword，menpursuerevenge，andkillapersonintentionally，andarenotsorryfortheact。And，therefore，wemustassumethatthesehomicidesareoftwokinds，bothofthemarisingfrompassion，whichmaybejustlysaidtobeinameanbetweenthevoluntaryandinvoluntary；atthesametime，theyareneitherofthemanythingmorethanalikenessorshadowofeither。Hewhotreasuresuphisanger，andavengeshimself，notimmediatelyandatthemoment，butwithinsidiousdesign，andafteraninterval，islikethevoluntary；
　　buthewhodoesnottreasureuphisanger，andtakesvengeanceontheinstant，andwithoutmaliceprepense，approachestotheinvoluntary；andyetevenheisnotaltogetherinvoluntary，butonlytheimageorshadowoftheinvoluntary；whereforeabouthomicidescommittedinhotblood，thereisadifficultyindeterminingwhetherinlegislatingweshallreckonthemasvoluntaryoraspartlyinvoluntary。Thebestandtruestviewistoregardthemrespectivelyaslikenessesonlyofthevoluntaryandinvoluntary，andtodistinguishthemaccordinglyastheyaredonewithorwithoutpremeditation。Andweshouldmakethepenaltiesheavierforthosewhocommithomicidewithangrypremeditation，andlighterforthosewhodonotpremeditate，butsmiteupontheinstant；forthatwhichislikeagreaterevilshouldbepunishedmoreseverely，andthatwhichislikealessevilshouldbepunishedlessseverely：thisshallbetheruleofourlaws。
　　Cle。Certainly。
　　Ath。Letusproceed：-Ifanyoneslaysafreemanwithhisownhand，andthedeedbedoneinamomentofanger，andwithoutpremeditation，lettheoffendersufferinotherrespectsastheinvoluntaryhomicidewouldhavesuffered，andalsoundergoanexileoftwoyears，thathemaylearntoschoolhispassions。Buthewhoslaysanotherfrompassion，yetwithpremeditation，shallinotherrespectssufferastheformer；andtothisshallbeaddedanexileofthreeinsteadoftwoyears-hispunishmentistobelongerbecausehispassionisgreater。Themanneroftheirreturnshallbeonthiswise：andherethelawhasdifficultyindeterminingexactly；forinsomecasesthemurdererwhoisjudgedbythelawtobetheworsemayreallybethelesscruel，andhewhoisjudgedthelesscruelmaybereallytheworse，andmayhaveexecutedthemurderinamoresavagemanner，whereastheothermayhavebeengentler。Butingeneralthedegreesofguiltwillbesuchaswehavedescribedthem。Ofallthesethingstheguardiansofthelawmusttakecognisance：-Whenahomicideofeitherkindhascompletedhistermofexile，theguardiansshallsendtwelvejudgestothebordersoftheland；theseduringtheintervalshallhaveinformedthemselvesoftheactionsofthecriminals，andtheyshalljudgerespectingtheirpardonandreception；