Whenamandoesanotheranyinjurybytheftorviolence，forthegreaterinjurylethimpaygreaterdamagestotheinjuredman，andlessforthesmallerinjury；butinallcases，whatevertheinjurymayhavebeen，asmuchaswillcompensatetheloss。Andbesidesthecompensationofthewrong，letamanpayafurtherpenaltyforthechastisementofhisoffence：hewhohasdonethewronginstigatedbythefollyofanother，throughthelightheartednessofyouthorthelike，shallpayalighterpenalty；buthewhohasinjuredanotherthroughhisownfolly，whenovercomebypleasureorpain，incowardlyfear，orlust，orenvy，orimplacableanger，shallendureaheavierpunishment。Notthatheispunishedbecausehedidwrong，forthatwhichisdonecanneverbeundone，butinorderthatinfuturetimes，he，andthosewhoseehimcorrected，mayutterlyhateinjustice，oratanyrateabatemuchoftheirevil-doing。Havinganeyetoallthesethings，thelaw，likeagoodarcher，shouldaimattherightmeasureofpunishment，andinallcasesatthedeservedpunishment。Intheattainmentofthisthejudgeshallbeafellow-workerwiththelegislator，wheneverthelawleavestohimtodeterminewhattheoffendershallsufferorpay；andthelegislator，likeapainter，shallgivearoughsketchofthecasesinwhichthelawistobeapplied。Thisiswhatwemustdo，MegillusandCleinias，inthebestandfairestmannerthatwecan，sayingwhatthepunishmentsaretobeofallactionsoftheftandviolence，andgivinglawsofsuchakindastheGodsandsonsofGodswouldhaveusgive。
　　Ifamanismadheshallnotbeatlargeinthecity，buthisrelationsshallkeephimathomeinanywaywhichtheycan；orifnot，letthempayapenalty-hewhoisofthehighestclassshallpayapenaltyofonehundreddrachmae，whetherhebeaslaveorafreemanwhomheneglects；andheofthesecondclassshallpayfour-fifthsofamina；andheofthethirdclassthree-fifths；andheofthefourthclasstwo-fifths。Nowtherearemanysortsofmadness，somearisingoutofdisease，whichwehavealreadymentioned；andthereareotherkinds，whichoriginateinanevilandpassionatetemperament，andareincreasedbybadeducation；outofaslightquarrelthisclassofmadmenwilloftenraiseastormofabuseagainstoneanother，andnothingofthatsortoughttobeallowedtooccurinawell-orderedstate。Letthis，then，bethelawaboutabuse，whichshallrelatetoallcases：-Nooneshallspeakevilofanother；andwhenamandisputeswithanotherheshallteachandlearnofthedisputantandthecompany，butheshallabstainfromevilspeaking；foroutoftheimprecationswhichmenutteragainstoneanother，andthefemininehabitofcastingaspersionsononeanother，andusingfoulnames，outofwordslightasair，inverydeedthegreatestenmitiesandhatredsspringup。Forthespeakergratifieshisanger，whichisanungraciouselementofhisnature；andnursinguphiswrathbytheentertainmentofevilthoughts，andexacerbatingthatpartofhissoulwhichwasformerlycivilizedbyeducation，helivesinastateofsavagenessandmoroseness，andpaysabitterpenaltyforhisanger。
　　Andinsuchcasesalmostallmentaketosayingsomethingridiculousabouttheiropponent，andthereisnomanwhoisinthehabitoflaughingatanotherwhodoesnotmissvirtueandearnestnessaltogether，orlosethebetterhalfofgreatness。Whereforeletnooneutteranytauntingwordatatemple，oratthepublicsacrifices，oratgames，orintheagora，orinacourtofjustice，orinanypublicassembly。Andletthemagistratewhopresidesontheseoccasionschastiseanoffender，andheshallbeblameless；butifhefailsindoingso，heshallnotclaimtheprizeofvirtue；forheisonewhoheedsnotthelaws，anddoesnotdowhatthelegislatorcommands。Andifinanyotherplaceanyoneindulgesinthesesortofrevilings，whetherhehasbegunthequarrelorisonlyretaliating，letanyelderwhoispresentsupportthelaw，andcontrolwithblowsthosewhoindulgeinpassion，whichisanothergreatevil；andifhedonot，lethimbeliabletopaytheappointedpenalty。Andwesaynow，thathewhodealsinreproachesagainstotherscannotreproachthemwithoutattemptingtoridiculethem；andthis，whendoneinamomentofanger，iswhatwemakematterofreproachagainsthim。Butthen，doweadmitintoourstatethecomicwriterswhoaresofondofmakingmankindridiculous，iftheyattemptinagood-naturedmannertoturnthelaughagainstourcitizens？ordowedrawthedistinctionofjestandearnest，andallowamantomakeuseofridiculeinjestandwithoutangeraboutanythingorperson；thoughasweweresaying，notifhebeangryhaveasetpurpose？Weforbidearnest-thatisunalterablyfixed；butwehavestilltosaywhoaretobesanctionedornottobesanctionedbythelawintheemploymentofinnocenthumour。Acomicpoet，ormakerofiambicorsatiricallyricverse，shallnotbepermittedtoridiculeanyofthecitizens，eitherbywordorlikeness，eitherinangerorwithoutanger。Andifanyoneisdisobedient，thejudgesshalleitheratonceexpelhimfromthecountry，orheshallpayafineofthreeminae，whichshallbededicatedtotheGodwhopresidesoverthecontests。Thoseonlywhohavereceivedpermissionshallbeallowedtowriteversesatoneanother，buttheyshallbewithoutangerandinjest；inangerandinseriousearnesttheyshallnotbeallowed。Thedecisionofthismattershallbelefttothesuperintendentofthegeneraleducationoftheyoung，andwhateverhemaylicense，thewritershallbeallowedtoproduce，andwhateverherejectsletnotthepoethimselfexhibit，oreverteachanybodyelse，slaveorfreeman，underthepenaltyofbeingdishonoured，andhelddisobedienttothelaws。
　　Nowheisnottobepitiedwhoishungry，orwhosuffersanybodilypain，buthewhoistemperate，orhassomeothervirtue，orpartofavirtue，andatthesametimesuffersfrommisfortune；itwouldbeanextraordinarythingifsuchanone，whetherslaveorfreeman，wereutterlyforsakenandfellintotheextremesofpovertyinanytolerablywell-orderedcityorgovernment。Whereforethelegislatormaysafelymakealawapplicabletosuchcasesinthefollowingterms：-Lettherebenobeggarsinourstate；andifanybodybegs，seekingtopickupalivelihoodbyunavailingprayers，letthewardensoftheagoraturnhimoutoftheagora，andthewardensofthecityoutofthecity，andthewardensofthecountrysendhimoutofanyotherpartsofthelandacrosstheborder，inorderthatthelandmaybeclearedofthissortofanimal。
　　Ifaslaveofeithersexinjureanything，whichisnothisorherown，throughinexperience，orsomeimproperpractice，andthepersonwhosuffersdamagebenothimselfinparttoblame，themasteroftheslavewhohasdonetheharmshalleithermakefullsatisfaction，orgiveupthetheslavewhohasdonehasdonetheinjury。Butifmasterarguethatthechargehasarisenbycollusionbetweentheinjuredpartyandtheinjurer，withtheviewofobtainingtheslave，lethimsuetheperson，whosaysthathehasbeeninjured，formalpractices。Andifhegainaconviction，lethimreceivedoublethevaluewhichthecourtfixesasthepriceoftheslave；andifhelosehissuit，lethimmakeamendsfortheinjury，andgiveuptheslave。Andifabeastofburden，orhorse，ordog，oranyotheranimal，injurethepropertyofaneighbour，theownershallinlikemannerpayfortheinjury。
　　Ifanymanrefusestobeawitness，hewhowantshimshallsummonhim，andhewhoissummonedshallcometothetrial；andifheknowsandiswillingtobearwitness，lethimbearwitness，butifhesayshedoesnotknowlethimswearbythethreedivinitiesZeus，andApollo，andThemis，thathedoesnot，andhavenomoretodowiththecause。Andhewhoissummonedtogivewitnessanddoesnotanswertohissummoner，shallbeliablefortheharmwhichensuesaccordingtolaw。Andifapersoncallsupasawitnessanyonewhoisactingasajudge，lethimgivehiswitness，butheshallnotafterwardsvoteinthecause。Afreewomanmaygiveherwitnessandplead，ifshebemorethanfortyyearsofage，andmaybringanactionifshehavenohusband；butifherhusbandbealivesheshallonlybeallowedtobearwitness。Aslaveofeithersexandachildshallbeallowedtogiveevidenceandtoplead，butonlyincasesofmurder；
　　andtheymustproducesufficientsuretiesthattheywillcertainlyremainuntilthetrial，incasetheyshouldbechargedwithfalsewitness。Andeitherofthepartiesinacausemaybringanaccusationofperjuryagainstwitnesses，touchingtheirevidenceinwholeorinpart，ifheassertsthatsuchevidencehasbeengiven；buttheaccusationmustbebroughtprevioustothefinaldecisionofthecause。Themagistratesshallpreservetheaccusationsoffalsewitness，andhavethemkeptunderthesealofbothparties，andproducethemonthedaywhenthetrialforfalsewitnesstakesplace。Ifamanbetwiceconvictedoffalsewitness，heshallnotberequired，andifthrice，heshallnotbeallowedtobearwitness；
　　andifhedaretowitnessafterhehasbeenconvictedthreetimes，letanyonewhopleasesinformagainsthimtothemagistrates，andletthemagistrateshandhimovertothecourt，andifhebeconvictedheshallbepunishedwithdeath。Andinanycaseinwhichtheevidenceisrightlyfoundtobefalse，andyettohavegiventhevictorytohimwhowinsthesuit，andmorethanhalfthewitnessesarecondemned，thedecisionwhichwasgainedbythesemeansshallbeadiscussionandadecisionastowhetherthesuitwasdeterminedbythatfalseevidenceorandinwhicheverwaythedecisionmaybegiven，theprevioussuitshallbedeterminedaccordingly。
　　Therearemanynoblethingsinhumanlife，buttomostofthemattachevilswhicharefatedtocorruptandspoilthem。Isnotjusticenoble，whichhasbeenthecivilizerofhumanity？Howthencantheadvocateofjusticebeotherthannoble？Andyetuponthisprofessionwhichispresentedtousunderthefairnameofarthascomeanevilreputation。Inthefirstplace；wearetoldthatbyingeniouspleasandthehelpofanadvocatethelawenablesamantowinaparticularcause，whetherjustorunjust；andthepowerofspeechwhichistherebyimparted，areattheserviceofhimshoiswillingtopayforthem。Nowinourstatethisso-calledart，whetherreallyanartoronlyanexperienceandpracticedestituteofanyart，oughtifpossiblenevertocomeintoexistence，orifexistingamongusshouldlittentotherequestofthelegislatorandgoawayintoanotherland，andnotspeakcontrarytojustice。Iftheoffendersobeywesaynomore；butthosewhodisobey，thevoiceofthelawisasfollows：-Ifanyonethinksthathewillpervertthepowerofjusticeinthemindsofthejudges，andunseasonablylitigateoradvocate，letanyonewholikesindicthimformalpracticesoflawanddishonestadvocacy，andlethimbejudgedinthecourtofselectjudges；andifhebeconvicted，letthecourtdeterminewhetherhemaybesupposedtoactfromaloveofmoneyorfromcontentiousness。Andifheissupposedtoactfromcontentiousness，thecourtshallfixatimeduringwhichheshallnotbeallowedtoinstituteorpleadacause；andifheissupposedtoactasbedoesfromloveofmoney，incasehebeastranger，heshallleavethecountry，andneverreturnunderpenaltyofdeath；butifhebeacitizen，heshalldie，becauseheisaloverofmoney，inwhatevermannergained；andequally，ifhebejudgedtohaveactedmorethanoncefromcontentiousness，heshalldie。
　　BOOKXII
　　Ifaheraldoranambassadorcarryafalsemessagefromourcitytoanyother，orbringbackafalsemessagefromthecitytowhichheissent，orbeprovedtohavebroughtback，whetherfromfriendsorenemies，inhiscapacityofheraldorambassador，whattheyhaveneversaid，lethimbeindictedforhavingviolated，contrarytothelaw，thecommandsanddutiesimposeduponhimbyHermesandZeus，andlettherebeapenaltyfixed，whichheshallsufferorpayifhebeconvicted。
　　Theftisamean，androbberyashamelessthing；andnoneofthesonsofZeusdelightinfraudandviolence，oreverpractised，either。
　　Whereforeletnoonebedeludedbypoetsormythologersintoamistakenbeliefofsuchsuchthings，norlethimsuppose，whenhethievesorisguiltyofviolence，thatheisdoingnothingbase，butonlywhattheGodsthemselvesdo。Forsuchtalesareuntrueandimprobable；andhewhostealsorrobscontrarytothelaw，isnevereitheraGodorthesonofaGod；ofthisthelegislatoroughttobebetterinformedthanallthe，poetsputtogether。Happyisheandmayhebeforeverhappy，whoispersuadedandlistenstoourwords；
　　buthewhodisobeysshallhavetocontendagainstthefollowinglaw：-Ifamanstealanythingbelongingtothepublic，whetherthatwhichhestealsbemuchorlittle，heshallhavethesamepunishment。Forhewhostealsalittlestealswiththesamewishashewhostealsmuch，butwithlesspower，andhewhotakesupagreateramount；nothavingdepositedit，iswhollyunjust。Whereforethelawisnotdisposedtoinflictalesspenaltyontheonethanontheotherbecausehistheft，isless，butonthegroundthatthethiefmaypossiblybeinonecasestillcurable，andmayinanothercasebeincurable。Ifanyoneconvictinacourtoflawastrangeroraslaveofatheftofpublicproperty，letthecourtdeterminewhatpunishmentheshallsuffer，orwhatpenaltyheshallpay，bearinginmindthatheisprobablynotincurable。Butthecitizenwhohasbeenbroughtupasourcitizenswillhavebeen，ifhebefoundguiltyofrobbinghiscountrybyfraudorviolence，whetherhebecaughtintheactornot，shallbepunishedwithdeath；forheisincurable。
　　Nowforexpeditionsofwarmuchconsiderationandmanylawsarerequired；thegreatprincipleofallisthatnooneofeithersexshouldbewithoutacommander；norshouldthemindofanyonebeaccustomedtodoanything，eitherinjestorearnest，ofhisownmotion，butinwarandinpeaceheshouldlooktoandfollowhisleader，evenintheleastthingsbeingunderhisguidance；forexample，heshouldstandormove，orexercise，orwash，ortakehismeals，orgetupinthenighttokeepguardanddelivermessageswhenheisbidden；andinthehourofdangerheshouldnotpursueandnotretreatexceptbyorderofhissuperior；andinaword，notteachthesouloraccustomhertoknoworunderstandhowtodoanythingapartfromothers。Ofallsoldiersthelifeshouldbealwaysandinallthingsasfaraspossibleincommonandtogether；