Walledtowns，storedarsenalsandarmories，goodlyracesofhorse，chariotsofwar，elephants，ordnance，artillery，andthelike;allthisisbutasheepinalion’sskin，exceptthebreedanddisposi—
tionofthepeople，bestoutandwarlike.Nay，num—
ber（itself）inarmiesimportethnotmuch，wherethepeopleisofweakcourage;for（asVirgilsaith）
Itnevertroublesawolf，howmanythesheepbe.
ThearmyofthePersians，intheplainsofArbela，wassuchavastseaofpeople，asitdidsomewhatastonishthecommandersinAlexander’sarmy;
whocametohimtherefore，andwishedhimtosetuponthembynight;andheanswered，Hewouldnotpilferthevictory.Andthedefeatwaseasy.
WhenTigranestheArmenian，beingencampeduponahillwithfourhundredthousandmen，dis—
coveredthearmyoftheRomans，beingnotabovefourteenthousand，marchingtowardshim，hemadehimselfmerrywithit，andsaid，Yondermenaretoomanyforanembassage，andtoofewforafight.Butbeforethesunset，hefoundthemenowtogivehimthechasewithinfiniteslaughter.
Manyaretheexamplesofthegreatodds，betweennumberandcourage;sothatamanmaytrulymakeajudgment，thattheprincipalpointofgreat—
nessinanystate，istohavearaceofmilitarymen.
Neitherismoneythesinewsofwar（asitistriviallysaid），wherethesinewsofmen’sarms，inbaseandeffeminatepeople，arefailing.ForSolonsaidwelltoCroesus（wheninostentationheshowedhimhisgold），Sir，ifanyothercome，thathathbetteriron，thanyou，hewillbemasterofallthisgold.There—
foreletanyprinceorstatethinksolelyofhisforces，excepthismilitiaofnativesbeofgoodandvaliantsoldiers.Andletprinces，ontheotherside，thathavesubjectsofmartialdisposition，knowtheirownstrength;unlesstheybeotherwisewantinguntothemselves.Asformercenaryforces（whichisthehelpinthiscase），allexamplesshow，thatwhatsoeverestateorprincedothrestuponthem，hemayspreadhisfeathersforatime，buthewillmewthemsoonafter.
TheblessingofJudahandIssacharwillnevermeet;thatthesamepeople，ornation，shouldbeboththelion’swhelpandtheassbetweenbur—
thens;neitherwillitbe，thatapeopleoverlaidwithtaxes，shouldeverbecomevaliantandmar—
tial.Itistruethattaxesleviedbyconsentoftheestate，doabatemen’scourageless：asithathbeenseennotably，intheexcisesoftheLowCountries;
and，insomedegree，inthesubsidiesofEngland.
Foryoumustnote，thatwespeaknowoftheheart，andnotofthepurse.Sothatalthoughthesametributeandtax，laidbyconsentorbyimposing，beallonetothepurse，yetitworksdiverselyuponthecourage.Sothatyoumayconclude，thatnopeopleoverchargedwithtribute，isfitforempire.
Letstatesthataimatgreatness，takeheedhowtheirnobilityandgentlemendomultiplytoofast.
Forthatmakeththecommonsubject，growtobeapeasantandbaseswain，drivenoutofheart，andineffectbutthegentleman’slaborer.Evenasyoumayseeincoppicewoods;ifyouleaveyourstad—
dlestoothick，youshallneverhavecleanunder—
wood，butshrubsandbushes.Soincountries，ifthegentlemenbetoomany，thecommonswillbebase;
andyouwillbringittothat，thatnotthehundredpoll，willbefitforanhelmet;especiallyastotheinfantry，whichisthenerveofanarmy;andsotherewillbegreatpopulation，andlittlestrength.
ThiswhichIspeakof，hathbeennowherebetterseen，thanbycomparingofEnglandandFrance;
whereofEngland，thoughfarlessinterritoryandpopulation，hathbeen（nevertheless）anover—
match;inregardthemiddlepeopleofEnglandmakegoodsoldiers，whichthepeasantsofFrancedonot.AndhereinthedeviceofkingHenrytheSeventh（whereofIhavespokenlargelyintheHistoryofhisLife）wasprofoundandadmirable;
inmakingfarmsandhousesofhusbandryofastandard;thatis，maintainedwithsuchapropor—
tionoflanduntothem，asmaybreedasubjecttoliveinconvenientplentyandnoservilecondition;
andtokeeptheploughinthehandsoftheowners，andnotmerehirelings.AndthusindeedyoushallattaintoVirgil’scharacterwhichhegivestoan—
cientItaly：
Terrapotensarmisatqueubereglebae.
Neitheristhatstate（which，foranythingIknow，isalmostpeculiartoEngland，andhardlytobefoundanywhereelse，exceptitbeperhapsinPoland）tobepassedover;Imeanthestateoffreeservants，andattendantsuponnoblemenandgentlemen;whicharenowaysinferioruntotheyeomanryforarms.Andthereforeoutofallques—
tions，thesplendorandmagnificence，andgreatretinuesandhospitality，ofnoblemenandgentle—
men，receivedintocustom，dothmuchconduceuntomartialgreatness.Whereas，contrariwise，thecloseandreservedlivingofnoblemenandgentle—
men，causethapenuryofmilitaryforces.
Byallmeansitistobeprocured，thatthetrunkofNebuchadnezzar’streeofmonarchy，begreatenoughtobearthebranchesandtheboughs;thatis，thatthenaturalsubjectsofthecrownorstate，bearasufficientproportiontothestrangersub—
jects，thattheygovern.Thereforeallstatesthatareliberalofnaturalizationtowardsstrangers，arefitforempire.Fortothinkthatanhandfulofpeoplecan，withthegreatestcourageandpolicyintheworld，embracetoolargeextentofdominion，itmayholdforatime，butitwillfailsuddenly.TheSpartanswereanicepeopleinpointofnaturaliza—
tion;whereby，whiletheykepttheircompass，theystoodfirm;butwhentheydidspread，andtheirboughswerebecomentoogreatfortheirstem，theybecameawindfall，uponthesudden.
Neveranystatewasinthispointsoopentoreceivestrangersintotheirbody，asweretheRomans.
Thereforeitsortedwiththemaccordingly;fortheygrewtothegreatestmonarchy.Theirmannerwastograntnaturalization（whichtheycalledjuscivitatis），andtograntitinthehighestdegree;thatis，notonlyjuscommercii，jusconnubii，jushaere—
ditatis;butalsojussuffragii，andjushonorum.
Andthisnottosingularpersonsalone，butlikewisetowholefamilies;yeatocities，andsometimestonations.Addtothistheircustomofplantationofcolonies;wherebytheRomanplantwasremovedintothesoilofothernations.Andputtingbothconstitutionstogether，youwillsaythatitwasnottheRomansthatspreadupontheworld，butitwastheworldthatspreadupontheRomans;andthatwasthesurewayofgreatness.Ihavemarvelled，sometimes，atSpain，howtheyclaspandcontainsolargedominions，withsofewnaturalSpaniards;
butsurethewholecompassofSpain，isaverygreatbodyofatree;faraboveRomeandSpartaatthefirst.Andbesides，thoughtheyhavenothadthatusage，tonaturalizeliberally，yettheyhavethatwhichisnexttoit;thatis，toemploy，almostindif—
ferently，allnationsintheirmilitiaofordinarysoldiers;yea，andsometimesintheirhighestcom—
mands.Nay，itseemethatthisinstanttheyaresensible，ofthiswantofnatives;asbythePrag—
maticalSanction，nowpublished，appeareth.
Itiscertainthatsedentary，andwithin—doorarts，anddelicatemanufactures（thatrequireratherthefingerthanthearm），have，intheirna—
ture，acontrarietytoamilitarydisposition.Andgenerally，allwarlikepeoplearealittleidle，andlovedangerbetterthantravail.Neithermusttheybetoomuchbrokenofit，iftheyshallbepreservedinvigor.Thereforeitwasgreatadvantage，intheancientstatesofSparta，Athens，Rome，andothers，thattheyhadtheuseofslaves，whichcommonlydidridthosemanufactures.Butthatisabolished，ingreatestpart，bytheChristianlaw.Thatwhichcomethnearesttoit，istoleavethoseartschieflytostrangers（which，forthatpurpose，arethemoreeasilytobereceived），andtocontaintheprincipalbulkofthevulgarnatives，withinthosethreekinds，—tillersoftheground;freeservants;andhandicraftsmenofstrongandmanlyarts，assmiths，masons，carpenters，etc.;notreckoningprofessedsoldiers.
Butaboveall，forempireandgreatness，itim—
portethmost，thatanationdoprofessarms，astheirprincipalhonor，study，andoccupation.Forthethingswhichweformerlyhavespokenof，arebuthabilitationstowardsarms;andwhatishabilita—
tionwithoutintentionandact？Romulus，afterhisdeath（astheyreportorfeign），sentapresenttotheRomans，thataboveall，theyshouldintendarms;
andthentheyshouldprovethegreatestempireoftheworld.ThefabricofthestateofSpartawaswholly（thoughnotwisely）framedandcomposed，tothatscopeandend.ThePersiansandMacedo—
nianshaditforaflash.TheGauls，Germans，Goths，Saxons，Normans，andothers，haditforatime.TheTurkshaveitatthisday，thoughingreatdeclination.OfChristianEurope，theythathaveitare，ineffect，onlytheSpaniards.Butitissoplain，thateverymanprofitethinthat，hemostintendeth，thatitneedethnottobestoodupon.Itisenoughtopointatit;thatnonationwhichdothnotdirectlyprofessarms，maylooktohavegreat—
nessfallintotheirmouths.Andontheotherside，itisamostcertainoracleoftime，thatthosestatesthatcontinuelonginthatprofession（astheRo—
mansandTurksprincipallyhavedone）dowon—
ders.Andthosethathaveprofessedarmsbutforanage，have，notwithstanding，commonlyat—
tainedthatgreatness，inthatage，whichmain—
tainedthemlongafter，whentheirprofessionandexerciseofarmshathgrowntodecay.
Incidenttothispointis，forastatetohavethoselawsorcustoms，whichmayreachforthuntothemjustoccasions（asmaybepretended）ofwar.Forthereisthatjustice，imprintedinthenatureofmen，thattheyenternotuponwars（whereofsomanycalamitiesdoensue）butuponsome，attheleastspecious，groundsandquarrels.TheTurkhathathand，forcauseofwar，thepropagationofhislaworsect;aquarrelthathemayalwayscom—
mand.TheRomans，thoughtheyesteemedtheextendingthelimitsoftheirempire，tobegreathonortotheirgenerals，whenitwasdone，yettheyneverresteduponthatalone，tobeginawar.First，therefore，letnationsthatpretendtogreatnesshavethis;thattheybesensibleofwrongs，eitheruponborderers，merchants，orpoliticministers;
andthattheysitnottoolonguponaprovocation.
Secondly，letthembeprest，andreadytogiveaidsandsuccors，totheirconfederates;asiteverwaswiththeRomans;insomuch，asiftheconfederatehadleaguesdefensive，withdiversotherstates，and，uponinvasionoffered，didimploretheiraidsseverally，yettheRomanswouldeverbethefore—
most，andleaveittononeothertohavethehonor.
Asforthewarswhichwereancientlymade，onthebehalfofakindofparty，ortacitconformityofestate，Idonotseehowtheymaybewelljustified：
aswhentheRomansmadeawar，forthelibertyofGrecia;orwhentheLacedaemoniansandAthe—
nians，madewarstosetuporpulldowndemoc—
raciesandoligarchies;orwhenwarsweremadebyforeigners，underthepretenceofjusticeorpro—
tection，todeliverthesubjectsofothers，fromtyrannyandoppression;andthelike.Letitsuf—
fice，thatnoestateexpecttobegreat，thatisnotawakeuponanyjustoccasionofarming.
Nobodycanbehealthfulwithoutexercise，neithernaturalbodynorpolitic;andcertainlytoakingdomorestate，ajustandhonorablewar，isthetrueexercise.Acivilwar，indeed，isliketheheatofafever;butaforeignwarisliketheheatofexercise，andservethtokeepthebodyinhealth;
forinaslothfulpeace，bothcourageswilleffemi—
nate，andmannerscorrupt.Buthowsoeveritbeforhappiness，withoutallquestion，forgreatness，itmakethtobestillforthemostpartinarms;andthestrengthofaveteranarmy（thoughitbeachargeablebusiness）alwaysonfoot，isthatwhichcommonlygiveththelaw，oratleastthereputa—
tion，amongstallneighborstates;asmaywellbeseeninSpain，whichhathhad，inonepartorother，aveteranarmyalmostcontinually，nowbythespaceofsixscoreyears.
Tobemasterofthesea，isanabridgmentofamonarchy.Cicero，writingtoAtticusofPompeyhispreparationagainstCaesar，saith，ConsiliumPompeiiplaneThemistocleumest;putatenim，quimaripotitur，eumrerumpotiri.And，withoutdoubt，PompeyhadtiredoutCaesar，ifuponvainconfidence，hehadnotleftthatway.Weseethegreateffectsofbattlesbvsea.ThebattleofActium，decidedtheempireoftheworld.ThebattleofLe—
panto，arrestedthegreatnessoftheTurk.Therebemanyexamples，wheresea—fightshavebeenfinaltothewar;butthisiswhenprincesorstateshavesetuptheirrest，uponthebattles.Butthusmuchiscertain，thathethatcommandsthesea，isatgreatliberty，andmaytakeasmuch，andaslittle，ofthewarashewill.Whereasthosethatbestrong—
estbyland，aremanytimesneverthelessingreatstraits.Surely，atthisday，withusofEurope，thevantageofstrengthatsea（whichisoneoftheprin—
cipaldowriesofthiskingdomofGreatBritain）isgreat;bothbecausemostofthekingdomsofEu—
rope，arenotmerelyinland，butgirtwiththeseamostpartoftheircompass;andbecausethewealthofbothIndiesseemsingreatpart，butanaccessorytothecommandoftheseas.
Thewarsoflatteragesseemtobemadeinthedark，inrespectoftheglory，andhonor，whichreflecteduponmenfromthewars，inancienttime.
Therebenow，formartialencouragement，somedegreesandordersofchivalry;whichneverthelessareconferredpromiscuously，uponsoldiersandnosoldiers;andsomeremembranceperhaps，uponthescutcheon;andsomehospitalsformaimedsol—
diers;andsuchlikethings.Butinancienttimes，thetrophieserectedupontheplaceofthevictory;
thefunerallaudativesandmonumentsforthosethatdiedinthewars;thecrownsandgarlandsper—
sonal;thestyleofemperor，whichthegreatkingsoftheworldafterborrowed;thetriumphsofthegenerals，upontheirreturn;thegreatdonativesandlargesses，uponthedisbandingofthearmies;
werethingsabletoinflameallmen’scourages.
Butaboveall，thatofthetriumph，amongsttheRomans，wasnotpageantsorgaudery，butoneofthewisestandnoblestinstitutions，thateverwas.
Foritcontainedthreethings：honortothegeneral;
richestothetreasuryoutofthespoils;anddona—
tivestothearmy.Butthathonor，perhapswerenotfitformonarchies;exceptitbeinthepersonofthemonarchhimself，orhissons;asitcametopassinthetimesoftheRomanemperors，whodidimpro—
priatetheactualtriumphstothemselves，andtheirsons，forsuchwarsastheydidachieveinperson;
andleftonly，forwarsachievedbysubjects，sometriumphalgarmentsandensignstothegeneral.
Toconclude：nomancanbycaretaking（astheScripturesaith）addacubittohisstature，inthislittlemodelofaman’sbody;butinthegreatframeofkingdomsandcommonwealths，itisinthepowerofprincesorestates，toaddamplitudeandgreatnesstotheirkingdoms;forbyintroducingsuchordinances，constitutions，andcustoms，aswehavenowtouched，theymaysowgreatnesstotheirposterityandsuccession.Butthesethingsarecommonlynotobserved，butlefttotaketheirchance.
OfRegimentOFHEALTH
OfRegimentOFHEALTH
THEREisawisdominthis;beyondtherulesofphysic：aman’sownobservation，whathefindsgoodof，andwhathefindshurtof，isthebestphysictopreservehealth.Butitisasaferconclu—
siontosay，Thisagreethnotwellwithme，there—
fore，Iwillnotcontinueit;thanthis，Ifindnooffenceofthis，thereforeImayuseit.Forstrengthofnatureinyouth，passethovermanyexcesses，whichareowingamantillhisage.Discernofthecomingonofyears，andthinknottodothesamethingsstill;foragewillnotbedefied.Bewareofsuddenchange，inanygreatpointofdiet，and，ifnecessityenforceit，fittheresttoit.Foritisasecretbothinnatureandstate，thatitissafertochangemanythings，thanone.Examinethycustomsofdiet，sleep，exercise，apparel，andthelike;andtry，inanythingthoushaltjudgehurtful，todiscon—
tinueit，bylittleandlittle;butso，asifthoudostfindanyinconveniencebythechange，thoucomebacktoitagain：foritishardtodistinguishthatwhichisgenerallyheldgoodandwholesome，fromthatwhichisgoodparticularly，andfitforthineownbody.Tobefree—mindedandcheerfullydisposed，athoursofmeat，andofsleep，andofexercise，isoneofthebestpreceptsoflonglasting.
Asforthepassions，andstudiesofthemind;avoidenvy，anxiousfears;angerfrettinginwards;
subtleandknottyinquisitions;joysandexhilara—
tionsinexcess;sadnessnotcommunicated.Enter—
tainhopes;mirthratherthanjoy;varietyofdelights，ratherthansurfeitofthem;wonderandadmiration，andthereforenovelties;studiesthatfillthemindwithsplendidandillustriousobjects，ashistories，fables，andcontemplationsofnature.
Ifyouflyphysicinhealthaltogether，itwillbetoostrangeforyourbody，whenyoushallneedit.Ifyoumakeittoofamiliar，itwillworknoextra—
ordinaryeffect，whensicknesscometh.Icommendrathersomedietforcertainseasons，thanfrequentuseofphysic，exceptitbegrownintoacustom.Forthosedietsalterthebodymore，andtroubleitless.
Despisenonewaccidentinyourbody，butaskopinionofit.Insickness，respecthealthprin—
cipally;andinhealth，action.Forthosethatputtheirbodiestoendureinhealth，mayinmostsick—
nesses，whicharenotverysharp，becuredonlywithdiet，andtendering.Celsuscouldneverhavespokenitasaphysician，hadhenotbeenawisemanwithal，whenhegivethitforoneofthegreatpreceptsofhealthandlasting，thatamandovary，andinterchangecontraries，butwithaninclina—
tiontothemorebenignextreme：usefastingandfulleating，butratherfulleating;watchingandsleep，butrathersleep;sittingandexercise，butratherexercise;andthelike.Soshallnaturebecherished，andyettaughtmasteries.Physiciansare，someofthem，sopleasingandconformabletothehumorofthepatient，astheypressnotthetruecureofthedisease;andsomeotheraresoregular，inproceedingaccordingtoartforthedisease，astheyrespectnotsufficientlytheconditionofthepatient.Takeoneofamiddletemper;orifitmaynotbefoundinoneman，combinetwoofeithersort;andforgetnottocallaswell，thebestac—
quaintedwithyourbody，asthebestreputedofforhisfaculty.
OfSuspicionOfSuspicionSUSPICIONSamongstthoughts，arelikebatsamongstbirds，theyeverflybytwilight.Cer—
tainlytheyaretoberepressed，oratleastwellguarded：fortheycloudthemind;theyleesefriends;andtheycheckwithbusiness，wherebybusinesscannotgooncurrentlyandconstantly.
Theydisposekingstotyranny，husbandstojeal—
ousy，wisementoirresolutionandmelancholy.
Theyaredefects，notintheheart，butinthebrain;
fortheytakeplaceinthestoutestnatures;asintheexampleofHenrytheSeventhofEngland.Therewasnotamoresuspiciousman，noramorestout.
Andinsuchacompositiontheydosmallhurt.Forcommonlytheyarenotadmitted，butwithexami—
nation，whethertheybelikelyorno.Butinfearfulnaturestheygaingroundtoofast.Thereisnothingmakesamansuspectmuch，morethantoknowlittle;andthereforemenshouldremedysuspicion，byprocuringtoknowmore，andnottokeeptheirsuspicionsinsmother.Whatwouldmenhave？Dotheythink，thosetheyemployanddealwith，aresaints？Dotheynotthink，theywillhavetheirownends，andbetruertothemselves，thantothem？
Thereforethereisnobetterway，tomoderatesus—
picions，thantoaccountuponsuchsuspicionsastrue，andyettobridlethemasfalse.Forsofaramanoughttomakeuseofsuspicions，astoprovide，asifthatshouldbetrue，thathesuspects，yetitmaydohimnohurt.Suspicionsthatthemindofitselfgathers，arebutbuzzes;butsuspicionsthatareartificiallynourished，andputintomen’sheads，bythetalesandwhisperingsofothers，havestings.Certainly，thebestmean，toclearthewayinthissamewoodofsuspicions，isfranklytocom—
municatethemwiththeparty，thathesuspects;
fortherebyheshallbesuretoknowmoreofthetruthofthem，thanhedidbefore;andwithalshallmakethatpartymorecircumspect，nottogivefurthercauseofsuspicion.Butthiswouldnotbedonetomenofbasenatures;forthey，iftheyfindthemselvesoncesuspected，willneverbetrue.TheItaliansays，Sospettolicentiafede;asifsuspicion，didgiveapassporttofaith;butitought，rather，tokindleittodischargeitself.
OfDiscourseOfDiscourseSOME，intheirdiscourse，desirerathercom—
mendationofwit，inbeingabletoholdallarguments，thanofjudgment，indiscerningwhatistrue;asifitwereapraise，toknowwhatmightbesaid，andnot，whatshouldbethought.Somehavecertaincommonplaces，andthemes，whereintheyaregoodandwantvariety;whichkindofpovertyisforthemostparttedious，andwhenitisonceperceived，ridiculous.Thehonorablestpartoftalk，istogivetheoccasion;andagaintomoderate，andpasstosomewhatelse;forthenamanleadsthedance.Itisgood，indiscourseandspeechofcon—
versation，tovaryandinterminglespeechofthepresentoccasion，witharguments，taleswithrea—
sons，askingofquestions，withtellingofopinions，andjestwithearnest：foritisadullthingtotire，and，aswesaynow，tojade，anythingtoofar.Asforjest，therebecertainthings，whichoughttobeprivilegedfromit;namely，religion，mattersofstate，greatpersons，anyman’spresentbusinessofimportance，andanycasethatdeservethpity.Yettherebesome，thatthinktheirwitshavebeenasleep，excepttheydartoutsomewhatthatispiquant，andtothequick.Thatisaveinwhichwouldbebridled：
Parce，puer，stimulis，etfortiusutereloris.
Andgenerally，menoughttofindthedifference，betweensaltnessandbitterness.Certainly，hethathathasatiricalvein，ashemakethothersafraidofhiswit，sohehadneedbeafraidofothers’memory.
Hethatquestionethmuch，shalllearnmuch，andcontentmuch;butespecially，ifheapplyhisques—
tionstotheskillofthepersonswhomheasketh;forheshallgivethemoccasion，topleasethemselvesinspeaking，andhimselfshallcontinuallygatherknowledge.Butlethisquestionsnotbetrouble—
some;forthatisfitforaposer.Andlethimbesuretoleaveothermen，theirturnstospeak.Nay，iftherebeany，thatwouldreignandtakeupallthetime，lethimfindmeanstotakethemoff，andtobringotherson;asmusiciansusetodo，withthosethatdancetoolonggalliards.Ifyoudis—
semble，sometimes，yourknowledgeofthatyouarethoughttoknow，youshallbethought，anothertime，toknowthatyouknownot.Speechofaman’sselfoughttobeseldom，andwellchosen.I
knewone，waswonttosayinscorn，Hemustneedsbeawiseman，hespeakssomuchofhimself：andthereisbutonecase，whereinamanmaycom—
mendhimselfwithgoodgrace;andthatisincommendingvirtueinanother;especiallyifitbesuchavirtue，whereuntohimselfpretendeth.
Speechoftouchtowardsothers，shouldbespar—
inglyused;fordiscourseoughttobeasafield，withoutcominghometoanyman.Iknewtwonoblemen，ofthewestpartofEngland，whereoftheonewasgiventoscoff，butkepteverroyalcheerinhishouse;theotherwouldask，ofthosethathadbeenattheother’stable，Telltruly，wasthereneverafloutordryblowgiven？Towhichtheguestwouldanswer，Suchandsuchathingpassed.
Thelordwouldsay，Ithought，hewouldmaragooddinner.Discretionofspeech，ismorethaneloquence;andtospeakagreeablytohim，withwhomwedeal，ismorethantospeakingoodwords，oringoodorder.Agoodcontinuedspeech，withoutagoodspeechofinterlocution，showsslowness：andagoodreplyorsecondspeech，with—
outagoodsettledspeech，showethshallownessandweakness.Asweseeinbeasts，thatthosethatareweakestinthecourse，areyetnimblestintheturn;asitisbetwixtthegreyhoundandthehare.
Tousetoomanycircumstances，ereonecometothematter，iswearisome;tousenoneatall，isblunt.
OfPlantationsOfPlantationsPLANTATIONSareamongstancient，primi—
tive，andheroicalworks.Whentheworldwasyoung，itbegatmorechildren;butnowitisold，itbegetsfewer：forImayjustlyaccountnewplan—
tations，tobethechildrenofformerkingdoms.I
likeaplantationinapuresoil;thatis，wherepeoplearenotdisplanted，totheend，toplantinothers.Forelseitisratheranextirpation，thanaplantation.Plantingofcountries，islikeplantingofwoods;foryoumustmakeaccounttoleeseal—
mosttwentyyears’profit，andexpectyourrecom—
penseintheend.Fortheprincipalthing，thathathbeenthedestructionofmostplantations，hathbeenthebaseandhastydrawingofprofit，inthefirstyears.Itistrue，speedyprofitisnottobeneg—
lected，asfarasmaystandwiththegoodoftheplantation，butnofurther.Itisashamefulandunblessedthing，totakethescumofpeople，andwickedcondemnedmen，tobethepeoplewithwhomyouplant;andnotonlyso，butitspoileththeplantation;fortheywilleverlivelikerogues，andnotfalltowork，butbelazy，anddomischief，andspendvictuals，andbequicklyweary，andthencertifyovertotheircountry，tothediscreditoftheplantation.Thepeoplewherewithyouplantoughttobegardeners，ploughmen，laborers，smiths，carpenters，joiners，fishermen，fowlers，withsomefewapothecaries，surgeons，cooks，andbakers.Inacountryofplantation，firstlookabout，whatkindofvictualthecountryyieldsofitselftohand;aschestnuts，walnuts，pineapples，olives，dates，plums，cherries，wildhoney，andthelike;
andmakeuseofthem.Thenconsiderwhatvictualoresculentthingsthereare，whichgrowspeedily，andwithintheyear;asparsnips，carrots，turnips，onions，radish，artichokesofHierusalem，maize，andthelike.Forwheat，barley，andoats，theyasktoomuchlabor;butwithpeaseandbeansyoumaybegin，bothbecausetheyasklesslabor，andbe—
causetheyserveformeat，aswellasforbread.Andofrice，likewisecomethagreatincrease，anditisakindofmeat.Aboveall，thereoughttobebroughtstoreofbiscuit，oat—meal，flour，meal，andthelike，inthebeginning，tillbreadmaybehad.Forbeasts，orbirds，takechieflysuchasareleastsubjecttodiseases，andmultiplyfastest;asswine，goats，cocks，hens，turkeys，geese，house—doves，andthelike.Thevictualinplantations，oughttobeex—
pendedalmostasinabesiegedtown;thatis，withcertainallowance.Andletthemainpartoftheground，employedtogardensorcorn，betoacom—
monstock;andtobelaidin，andstoredup，andthendeliveredoutinproportion;besidessomespotsofground，thatanyparticularpersonwillmanureforhisownprivate.Considerlikewisewhatcommodities，thesoilwheretheplantationis，dothnaturallyyield，thattheymaysomewayhelptodefraythechargeoftheplantation（soitbenot，aswassaid，totheuntimelyprejudiceofthemainbusiness），asithathfaredwithtobaccoinVirginia.Woodcommonlyaboundethbuttoomuch;andthereforetimberisfittobeone.Iftherebeironore，andstreamswhereupontosetthemills，ironisabravecommoditywherewoodaboundeth.
Makingofbay—salt，iftheclimatebeproperforit，wouldbeputinexperience.Growingsilklikewise，ifanybe，isalikelycommodity.Pitchandtar，wherestoreoffirsandpinesare，willnotfail.Sodrugsandsweetwoods，wheretheyare，cannotbutyieldgreatprofit.Soap—asheslikewise，andotherthingsthatmaybethoughtof.Butmoilnottoomuchunderground;forthehopeofminesisveryuncertain，andusethtomaketheplanterslazy，inotherthings.Forgovernment;letitbeinthehandsofone，assistedwithsomecounsel;andletthemhavecommissiontoexercisemartiallaws，withsomelimitation.Andaboveall，letmenmakethatprofit，ofbeinginthewilderness，astheyhaveGodalways，andhisservice，beforetheireyes.Letnotthegovernmentoftheplantation，dependupontoomanycounsellors，andundertakers，inthecountrythatplanteth，butuponatemperatenumber;andletthoseberathernoblemenandgentlemen，thanmerchants;fortheylookevertothepresentgain.Lettherebefreedomfromcus—
tom，tilltheplantationbeofstrength;andnotonlyfreedomfromcustom，butfreedomtocarrytheircommodities，wheretheymaymaketheirbestofthem，excepttherebesomespecialcauseofcaution.Cramnotinpeople，bysendingtoofastcompanyaftercompany;butratherharkenhowtheywaste，andsendsuppliesproportionably;butso，asthenumbermaylivewellintheplantation，andnotbysurchargebeinpenury.Ithathbeenagreatendangeringtothehealthofsomeplanta—
tions，thattheyhavebuiltalongtheseaandrivers，inmarishandunwholesomegrounds.Therefore，thoughyoubeginthere，toavoidcarriageandlikediscommodities，yetbuildstillratherupwardsfromthestreams，thanalong.Itconcernethlike—
wisethehealthoftheplantation，thattheyhavegoodstoreofsaltwiththem，thattheymayuseitintheirvictuals，whenitshallbenecessary.Ifyouplantwheresavagesare，donotonlyentertainthem，withtriflesandgingles，butusethemjustlyandgraciously，withsufficientguardnevertheless;
anddonotwintheirfavor，byhelpingthemtoin—
vadetheirenemies，butfortheirdefenceitisnotamiss;andsendoftofthem，overtothecountrythatplants，thattheymayseeabetterconditionthantheirown，andcommenditwhentheyre—
turn.Whentheplantationgrowstostrength，thenitistimetoplantwithwomen，aswellaswithmen;thattheplantationmayspreadintogenera—
tions，andnotbeeverpiecedfromwithout.Itisthesinfullestthingintheworld，toforsakeordestituteaplantationonceinforwardness;forbesidesthedishonor，itistheguiltinessofbloodofmanycom—
miserablepersons.
OfRichesOfRichesICANNOTcallrichesbetterthanthebaggageofvirtue.TheRomanwordisbetter，impedi—
menta.Forasthebaggageistoanarmy，soisrichestovirtue.Itcannotbespared，norleftbehind，butithindereththemarch;yea，andthecareofit，sometimeslosethordisturbeththevictory.Ofgreatrichesthereisnorealuse，exceptitbeinthedistribution;therestisbutconceit.SosaithSolo—
mon，Wheremuchis，therearemanytoconsumeit;andwhathaththeowner，butthesightofitwithhiseyes？Thepersonalfruitioninanyman，cannotreachtofeelgreatriches：thereisacustodyofthem;orapowerofdole，anddonativeofthem;
orafameofthem;butnosolidusetotheowner.
Doyounotseewhatfeignedprices，aresetuponlittlestonesandrarities？andwhatworksofosten—
tationareundertaken，becausetheremightseemtobesomeuseofgreatriches？Butthenyouwillsay，theymaybeofuse，tobuymenoutofdangersortroubles.AsSolomonsaith，Richesareasastronghold，intheimaginationoftherichman.
Butthisisexcellentlyexpressed，thatitisinimagi—
nation，andnotalwaysinfact.Forcertainlygreatriches，havesoldmoremen，thantheyhaveboughtout.Seeknotproudriches，butsuchasthoumayestgetjustly，usesoberly，distributecheerfully，andleavecontentedly.Yethavenoabstractnorfriarlycontemptofthem.Butdistinguish，asCicerosaithwellofRabiriusPosthumus，Instudioreiampli—
ficandaeapparebat，nonavaritiaepraedam，sedinstrumentumbonitatiquaeri.HarkenalsotoSolomon，andbewareofhastygatheringofriches;
Quifestinataddivitias，noneritinsons.Thepoetsfeign，thatwhenPlutus（whichisRiches）issentfromJupiter，helimpsandgoesslowly;butwhenheissentfromPluto，heruns，andisswiftoffoot.
Meaningthatrichesgottenbygoodmeans，andjustlabor，paceslowly;butwhentheycomebythedeathofothers（asbythecourseofinheritance，testaments，andthelike），theycometumblinguponaman.ButitmoughtbeappliedlikewisetoPluto，takinghimforthedevil.Forwhenrichescomefromthedevil（asbyfraudandoppression，andunjustmeans），theycomeuponspeed.Thewaystoenricharemany，andmostofthemfoul.
Parsimonyisoneofthebest，andyetisnotinno—
cent;foritwithholdethmenfromworksofliberal—
ityandcharity.Theimprovementoftheground，isthemostnaturalobtainingofriches;foritisourgreatmother’sblessing，theearth’s;butitisslow.
Andyetwheremenofgreatwealthdostooptohusbandry，itmultipliethrichesexceedingly.I
knewanoblemaninEngland，thathadthegreat—
estauditsofanymaninmytime;agreatgrazier，agreatsheep—master，agreattimberman，agreatcollier，agreatcorn—master，agreatlead—man，andsoofiron，andanumberofthelikepointsofhus—
bandry.Soastheearthseemedaseatohim，inrespectoftheperpetualimportation.Itwastrulyobservedbyone，thathimselfcameveryhardly，toalittleriches，andveryeasily，togreatriches.
Forwhenaman’sstockiscometothat，thathecanexpecttheprimeofmarkets，andovercomethosebargains，whichfortheirgreatnessarefewmen’smoney，andbepartnerintheindustriesofyoungermen，hecannotbutincreasemainly.Thegainsofordinarytradesandvocationsarehonest;andfurtheredbytwothingschiefly：bydiligence，andbyagoodname，forgoodandfairdealing.Butthegainsofbargains，areofamoredoubtfulnature;
whenmenshallwaituponothers’necessity，brokebyservantsandinstrumentstodrawthemon，putoffotherscunningly，thatwouldbebetterchap—
men，andthelikepractices，whicharecraftyandnaught.Asforthechoppingofbargains，whenamanbuysnottoholdbuttoselloveragain，thatcommonlygrindethdouble，bothupontheseller，anduponthebuyer.Sharingsdogreatlyenrich，ifthehandsbewellchosen，thataretrusted.Usuryisthecertainestmeansofgain，thoughoneoftheworst;asthatwherebyamandotheathisbread，insudorevultusalieni;andbesides，dothploughuponSundays.Butyetcertainthoughitbe，ithathflaws;forthatthescrivenersandbrokersdovalueunsoundmen，toservetheirownturn.Thefortuneinbeingthefirst，inaninventionorinaprivilege，dothcausesometimesawonderfulovergrowthinriches;asitwaswiththefirstsugarman，intheCanaries.Thereforeifamancanplaythetruelogician，tohaveaswelljudgment，asinvention，hemaydogreatmatters;especiallyifthetimesbefit.Hethatrestethupongainscertain，shallhardlygrowtogreatriches;andhethatputsalluponadventures，dothoftentimesbreakandcometopoverty：itisgood，therefore，toguardadventureswithcertainties，thatmayupholdlosses.Monopo—
lies，andcoemptionofwaresforre—sale，wheretheyarenotrestrained，aregreatmeanstoenrich;
especiallyifthepartyhaveintelligence，whatthingsareliketocomeintorequest，andsostorehimselfbeforehand.Richesgottenbyservice，thoughitbeofthebestrise，yetwhentheyaregottenbyflattery，feedinghumors，andotherserv—
ileconditions，theymaybeplacedamongsttheworst.Asforfishingfortestamentsandexecutor—
ships（asTacitussaithofSeneca，testamentaetorbostamquamindaginecapi），itisyetworse;byhowmuchmensubmitthemselvestomeanerper—
sons，thaninservice.Believenotmuch，themthatseemtodespiseriches;fortheydespisethem，thatdespairofthem;andnoneworse，whentheycometothem.Benotpenny—wise;richeshavewings，andsometimestheyflyawayofthemselves，some—
timestheymustbesetflying，tobringinmore.
Menleavetheirriches，eithertotheirkindred，ortothepublic;andmoderateportions，prosperbestinboth.Agreatstatelefttoanheir，isasaluretoallthebirdsofpreyroundabout，toseizeonhim，ifhebenotthebetterstablishedinyearsandjudg—
ment.Likewisegloriousgiftsandfoundations，arelikesacrificeswithoutsalt;andbutthepaintedsepulchresofalms，whichsoonwillputrefy，andcorruptinwardly.Thereforemeasurenotthineadvancements，byquantity，butframethembymeasure：anddefernotcharitiestilldeath;for，certainly，ifamanweighitrightly，hethatdothso，isratherliberalofanotherman’s，thanofhisown.
OfPropheciesOfPropheciesIMEANnottospeakofdivineprophecies;norofheathenoracles;norofnaturalpredictions;
butonlyofpropheciesthathavebeenofcer—
tainmemory，andfromhiddencauses.SaiththePythonissatoSaul，To—morrowthouandthysonshallbewithme.Homerhaththeseverses：
AtdomusAEneaecunctisdominabituroris，Etnatinatorum，etquinascenturabillis.
Aprophecy，asitseems，oftheRomanempire.
Senecathetragedianhaththeseverses：
——VenientannisSaeculaseris，quibusOceanusVincularerumlaxet，etingensPateatTellus，TiphysquenovosDetegatorbes;necsitterrisUltimaThule：
aprophecyofthediscoveryofAmerica.Thedaugh—
terofPolycrates，dreamedthatJupiterbathedherfather，andApolloanointedhim;anditcametopass，thathewascrucifiedinanopenplace，wherethesunmadehisbodyrunwithsweat，andtherainwashedit.PhilipofMacedondreamed，hesealedupbiswife’sbelly;wherebyhedidexpoundit，thathiswifeshouldbebarren;butAristanderthesoothsayer，toldhimhiswifewaswithchild，becausemendonotusetosealvessels，thatareempty.AphantasmthatappearedtoM.Brutus，inhistent，saidtohim，Philippisiterummevidebis.
TiberiussaidtoGalba，Tuquoque，Galba，degusta—
bisimperium.InVespasian’stime，therewentaprophecyintheEast，thatthosethatshouldcomeforthofJudea，shouldreignovertheworld：
whichthoughitmaybewasmeantofourSavior;
yetTacitusexpoundsitofVespasian.Domitiandreamed，thenightbeforehewasslain，thatagoldenheadwasgrowing，outofthenapeofhisneck：andindeed，thesuccessionthatfollowedhimformanyyears，madegoldentimes.HenrytheSixthofEngland，saidofHenrytheSeventh，whenhewasalad，andgavehimwater，Thisistheladthatshallenjoythecrown，forwhichwestrive.
WhenIwasinFrance，IheardfromoneDr.Pena，thattheQueenMother，whowasgiventocuriousarts，causedtheKingherhusband’snativitytobecalculated，underafalsename;andtheastrologergaveajudgment，thatheshouldbekilledinaduel;
atwhichtheQueenlaughed，thinkingherhus—
bandtobeabovechallengesandduels：buthewasslainuponacourseattilt，thesplintersofthestaffofMontgomerygoinginathisbeaver.Thetrivialprophecy，whichIheardwhenIwasachild，andQueenElizabethwasintheflowerofheryears，was，WhenhempeisspunEngland’sdone：
wherebyitwasgenerallyconceived，thataftertheprinceshadreigned，whichhadtheprincipallettersofthatwordhempe（whichwereHenry，Edward，Mary，Philip，andElizabeth），Englandshouldcometoutterconfusion;which，thanksbetoGod，isverifiedonlyinthechangeofthename;
forthattheKing’sstyle，isnownomoreofEng—
landbutofBritain.Therewasalsoanotherproph—
ecy，beforetheyearof’88，whichIdonotwellunderstand.
Thereshallbeseenuponaday，BetweentheBaughandtheMay，TheblackfleetofNorway.
Whenthatthatiscomeandgone，Englandbuildhousesoflimeandstone，Forafterwarsshallyouhavenone.
Itwasgenerallyconceivedtobemeant，oftheSpanishfleetthatcamein’88：forthatthekingofSpain’ssurname，astheysay，isNorway.Thepre—
dictionofRegiomontanus，Octogesimusoctavusmirabilisannus，wasthoughtlikewiseaccomplishedinthesendingofthatgreatfleet，beingthegreatestinstrength，thoughnotinnumber，ofallthateverswamuponthesea.AsforCleon’sdream，Ithinkitwasajest.
Itwas，thathewasdevouredofalongdragon;anditwasexpoundedofamakerofsausages，thattroubledhimexceedingly.Therearenumbersofthelikekind;especiallyifyouincludedreams，andpredictionsofastrology.ButIhavesetdownthesefewonly，ofcertaincredit，forexample.Myjudg—
mentis，thattheyoughtalltobedespised;andoughttoservebutforwintertalkbythefireside.
ThoughwhenIsaydespised，Imeanitasforbe—
lief;forotherwise，thespreading，orpublishing，ofthem，isinnosorttobedespised.Fortheyhavedonemuchmischief;andIseemanyseverelawsmade，tosuppressthem.Thatthathathgiventhemgrace，andsomecredit，consistethinthreethings.
First，thatmenmarkwhentheyhit，andnevermarkwhentheymiss;astheydogenerallyalsoofdreams.Thesecondis，thatprobableconjectures，orobscuretraditions，manytimesturnthemselvesintoprophecies;whilethenatureofman，whichcovetethdivination，thinksitnoperiltoforetellthatwhichindeedtheydobutcollect.AsthatofSeneca’sverse.Forsomuchwasthensubjecttodemonstration，thattheglobeoftheearthhadgreatpartsbeyondtheAtlantic，whichmoughtbeprobablyconceivednottobeallsea：andaddingtheretothetraditioninPlato’sTimaeus，andhisAtlanticus，itmoughtencourageonetoturnittoaprediction.Thethirdandlast（whichisthegreatone）is，thatalmostallofthem，beinginfiniteinnumber，havebeenimpostures，andbyidleandcraftybrainsmerelycontrivedandfeigned，aftertheeventpast.
OfAmbitionOfAmbitionAMBITIONislikecholer;whichisanhumorthatmakethmenactive，earnest，fullofalac—
rity，andstirring，ifitbenotstopped.Butifitbestopped，andcannothavehisway，itbecomethadust，andtherebymalignandvenomous.Soam—
bitiousmen，iftheyfindthewayopenfortheirrising，andstillgetforward，theyareratherbusythandangerous;butiftheybecheckedintheirdesires，theybecomesecretlydiscontent，andlookuponmenandmatterswithanevileye，andarebestpleased，whenthingsgobackward;whichistheworstpropertyinaservantofaprince，orstate.
Thereforeitisgoodforprinces，iftheyuseambi—
tiousmen，tohandleit，soastheybestillprogres—
siveandnotretrograde;which，becauseitcannotbewithoutinconvenience，itisgoodnottousesuchnaturesatall.Foriftheyrisenotwiththeirservice，theywilltakeorder，tomaketheirservicefallwiththem.Butsincewehavesaid，itweregoodnottousemenofambitiousnatures，exceptitbeuponnecessity，itisfitwespeak，inwhatcasestheyareofnecessity.Goodcommandersinthewarsmustbetaken，betheyneversoambitious;fortheuseoftheirservice，dispensethwiththerest;andtotakeasoldierwithoutambition，istopulloffhisspurs.Thereisalsogreatuseofambitiousmen，inbeingscreenstoprincesinmattersofdangerandenvy;fornomanwilltakethatpart，excepthebelikeaseeleddove，thatmountsandmounts，be—
causehecannotseeabouthim.Thereisusealsoofambitiousmen，inpullingdownthegreatnessofanysubjectthatovertops;asTiberiususedMarco，inthepullingdownofSejanus.Since，therefore，theymustbeusedinsuchcases，thererestethtospeak，howtheyaretobebridled，thattheymaybelessdangerous.Thereislessdangerofthem，iftheybeofmeanbirth，thaniftheybenoble;andiftheyberatherharshofnature，thangraciousandpopu—
lar：andiftheyberathernewraised，thangrowncunning，andfortified，intheirgreatness.Itiscountedbysome，aweaknessinprinces，tohavefavorites;butitis，ofallothers，thebestremedyagainstambitiousgreat—ones.Forwhenthewayofpleasuring，anddispleasuring，liethbythefavorite，itisimpossibleanyothershouldbeover—
great.Anothermeanstocurbthem，istobalancethembyothers，asproudasthey.Butthentheremustbesomemiddlecounsellors，tokeepthingssteady;forwithoutthatballast，theshipwillrolltoomuch.Attheleast，aprincemayanimateandinuresomemeanerpersons，tobeasitwerescourges，toambitionsmen.Asforthehavingofthemobnoxioustoruin;iftheybeoffearfulnatures，itmaydowell;butiftheybestoutanddaring，itmayprecipitatetheirdesigns，andprovedangerous.Asforthepullingofthemdown，iftheaffairsrequireit，andthatitmaynotbedonewithsafetysuddenly，theonlywayistheinterchange，continually，offavorsanddisgraces;wherebytheymaynotknowwhattoexpect，andbe，asitwere，inawood.Ofambitions，itislessharmful，theambitiontoprevailingreatthings，thanthatother，toappearineverything;forthatbreedsconfusion，andmarsbusiness.Butyetitislessdan—
ger，tohaveanambitiousmanstirringinbusiness，thangreatindependences.Hethatseekethtobeeminentamongstablemen，hathagreattask;butthatisevergoodforthepublic.Buthe，thatplotstobetheonlyfigureamongstciphers，isthedecayofawholeage.Honorhaththreethingsinit：thevantagegroundtodogood;theapproachtokingsandprincipalpersons;andtheraisingofaman’sownfortunes.Hethathaththebestoftheseinten—
tions，whenheaspireth，isanhonestman;andthatprince，thatcandiscernoftheseintentionsinan—
otherthataspireth，isawiseprince.Generally，letprincesandstateschoosesuchministers，asaremoresensibleofdutythanofusing;andsuchaslovebusinessratheruponconscience，thanuponbravery，andletthemdiscernabusynature，fromawillingmind.
OfMasquesANDTRIUMPHS
OfMasquesANDTRIUMPHS
THESEthingsarebuttoys，tocomeamongstsuchseriousobservations.Butyet，sinceprinceswillhavesuchthings，itisbettertheyshouldbegracedwithelegancy，thandaubedwithcost.Dancingtosong，isathingofgreatstateandpleasure.Iunderstandit，thatthesongbeinquire，placedaloft，andaccompaniedwithsomebrokenmusic;andthedittyfittedtothedevice.Actinginsong，especiallyindialogues，hathanextremegoodgrace;Isayacting，notdancing（forthatisameanandvulgarthing）;andthevoicesofthedia—
loguewouldbestrongandmanly（abaseandatenor;notreble）;andthedittyhighandtragical;
notniceordainty.Severalquires，placedoneoveragainstanother，andtakingthevoicebycatches，anthem—wise，givegreatpleasure.Turningdancesintofigure，isachildishcuriosity.Andgenerallyletitbenoted，thatthosethingswhichIheresetdown，aresuchasdonaturallytakethesense，andnotrespectpettywonderments.Itistrue，theal—