InreadingthehistoryofthisperiodwefindthatinwhateverplaceNapoleonhappenedtobe，therewasthecentralpointofaction.TheaffairsofEuropewerearrangedathisheadquartersinthesamemannerasifhehadbeeninParis.Everythingdependedonhisgoodorbadfortune.
Espionage，seduction，falsepromises，exactions，——allwereputinforcetopromotethesuccessofhisprojects;buthisdespotism，whichexciteddissatisfactioninFrance，andhiscontinualaggressions，whichthreatenedtheindependenceofforeignStates，renderedhimmoreandmoreunpopulareverywhere.
ThebattleofTrafalgartookplacewhileNapoleonwasmarchingonVienna，andonthedayafterthecapitulationofUlm.ThesoutherncoastofSpainthenwitnessedanengagementbetweenthirty—oneFrenchandaboutanequalnumberofEnglishships，andinspiteofthisequalityofforcetheFrenchfleetwasdestroyed.——[Theactualforcespresentwere27Englishshipsofthelineand38Franco—Spanishshipsoftheline;seeJames’
NavalHistory，vol.iii.p.459.]
Thisgreatbattleaffordedanotherproofofournavalinferiority.
AdmiresCalderfirstgaveusthelessonwhichNelsoncompleted，butwhichcostthelatterhislife.AccordingtothereportswhichDuroctransmittedtome，couragegavemomentaryhopetotheFrench;buttheywereatlengthforcedtoyieldtothesuperiornavaltacticsoftheenemy.ThebattleofTrafalgarparalysedournavalforce，andbanishedallhopeofanyattemptagainstEngland.
ThefavourwhichtheKing，ofPrussiahadshowntoDurocwaswithdrawnwhenhisMajestyreceivedintelligenceofthemarchofBernadotte’stroopsthroughtheMargravateofAnspach.AllaccountsconcurredrespectingthejustumbragewhichthatviolationofterritoryoccasionedtotheKingofPrussia.TheagentswhomIhadinthatquarteroverwhelmedmewithreportsoftheexcessescommittedbytheFrenchinpassingthroughtheMargravate.AletterIreceivedfromDuroccontainsthefollowingremarksonthissubject：
ThecorpsofMarshalBernadottehaspassedthroughAnapachandbysomemisunderstandingthishasbeenregardedatBerlinasaninsulttotheKing，aviolencecommitteduponhisneutrality.Howcanitbesupposed，especiallyunderpresentcircumstances，thattheEmperorcouldhaveanyintentionofinsultingorcommittingviolenceuponhisfriend？Besides，thereportshavebeenexaggerated，andhavebeenmadebypersonswhowishtofavourourenemiesratherthanus.However，IamperfectlyawarethatMarshalBernadotte’s70，000
menarenot70，000virgins.Bethisasitmay，thebusinessmighthavebeenfatal，andwill，atallevents，beveryinjurioustous.
LaforeatandIaretreatedveryharshly，thoughwedonotdeserveit.Alltheidlestoriesthathavebeengotupheremusthavereachedyou.ProbablyPrussiawillnotforgetthatFrancewas，andstillmaybe，theonlypowerinterestedinhergloryandaggrandisement.
AttheendofOctobertheKingofPrussia，farfromthinkingofwar，butincaseofitsoccurrencewishingtocheckitsdisastersasfaraspossible，proposedtoestablishalineofneutrality.ThiswasthefirstideaoftheConfederationoftheNorth.Duroc，fearinglesttheRussiansshouldenterHamburg，advisedme，asafriend，toadoptprecautions.ButIwasonthespot;Iknewallthemovementthelittledetachedcorps，andIwasundernoapprehension.
TheeditoroftheHamburg’Correspondent’sentmeeveryeveningaproofofthenumberwhichwastoappearnextday，——afavourwhichwasgrantedonlytotheFrenchMinister.Onthe20thofNovemberIreceivedtheproofasusual，andsawnothingobjectionableinit.Howgreat，therefore，wasmyastonishmentwhennextmorningIreadinthesamejournalanarticlepersonallyinsultingtotheEmperor，andinwhichthelegitimatesovereignsofEuropewerecalledupontoundertakeacrusadeagainsttheusurperetc.IimmediatelysentforM.Doormann，firstSyndicoftheSenateofHamburg.WhenheappearedhismortifiedlooksufficientlyinformedmethatheknewwhatIhadtosaytohim.I
reproachedhimsharply，andaskedhimhow，afterallIhadtoldhimoftheEmperor’ssusceptibility，hecouldpermittheinsertionofsuchanarticle.Iobservedtohimthatthisindecorousdiatribehadnoofficialcharacter，sinceithadnosignature;andthat，therefore，hehadactedindirectoppositiontoadecreeoftheSenate，whichprohibitedtheinsertioninthejournalsofanyarticleswhichwerenotsigned.Itoldhimplainlythathisimprudencemightbeattendedwithseriousconsequences.M.Doormanndidnotattempttojustifyhimaeltbutmerelyexplainedtomehowthethinghadhappened.
Onthe20thofNovember，intheevening，M.Forshmann，theRussiancharged’affaireswhohadinthecourseofthedayarrivedfromtheRussianheadquarterspresentedtotheeditoroftheCorrespondentthearticleinquestion.Theeditor，afterreadingthearticle，whichhethoughtexceedinglyindecorous，observedtoM.Forshmannthathispaperwasalreadymadeup，whichwasthefact，forIhadseenaproof.
M.Forshmann，however，insistedontheinsertionofthearticle.TheeditorthentoldhimthathecouldnotadmititwithouttheapprobationoftheSyndicCensor.M.ForshmannimmediatelywaiteduponM.Doormann，andwhenthelatterbeggedthathewouldnotinsistontheinsertionofthearticle，M.ForshmannproducedaletterwritteninFrench，which，amongotherthings，containedthefollowing："YouwillgettheenclosedarticleinsertedintheCorrespondentwithoutsufferingasinglewordtobealtered.Shouldthecensorrefuse，youmustapplytothedirectingBurgomaster，and，incaseofhisrefusal，toGeneralTolstoy，whowilldevisesomemeansofrenderingtheSenatemorecomplying，andforcingittoobserveanimpartialdeference."
M.Doorman，thinkinghecouldnottakeuponhimselftoallowtheinsertionofthearticle，went，accompaniedbyM.Forshmann，towaituponM.VonGraffen，thedirectingBurgomaster.MM.DoormanandVonGraffenearnestlypointedouttheimproprietyofinsertingthearticle;butM.
Forshmannreferredtohisorder，andaddedthatthecomplianceoftheSenateonthispointwastheonlymeansofavoidinggreatmischief.TheBurgomasterandtheSyndic，findingthemselvesthusforcedtoadmitthearticle，entreatedthatthefollowingpassageatleastmightbesuppressed："Iknowacertainchief，who，indefianceofalllawsdivineandhuman，——incontemptofthehatredheinspiresinEurope，aswellasamongthosewhomhehasreducedtobehissubjects，keepspossessionofausurpedthronebyviolenceandcrime.HisinsatiableambitionwouldsubjectallEuropetohisrule.Butthetimeiscomeforavengingtherightsofnations"M.Forshmannagainreferredtohisorders，andwithsomedegreeofviolenceinsistedontheinsertionofthearticleinitscompleteform.TheBurgomasterthenauthorisedtheeditoroftheCorrespondenttoprintthearticlethatnight，andM.Forshmann，havingobtainedthatauthority，carriedthearticletotheofficeathalf—pasteleveno’clock.
SuchwastheaccountgivenmebyM.Doormann.IobservedthatIdidnotunderstandhowtheimaginaryapprehensionofanyviolenceonthepartofRussiashouldhaveinducedhimtoadmitsoinsolentanattackuponthemostpowerfulsovereigninEurope，whosearmswouldsoondictatelawstoGermany.TheSyndicdidnotdissemblehisfearoftheEmperor’sresentment，whileatthesametimeheexpressedahopethattheEmperorwouldtakeintoconsiderationtheextremedifficultyofasmallpowermaintainingneutralityintheextraordinarycircumstancesinwhichHamburgwasplaced，andthatthearticlesmightbesaidtohavebeenpresentedalmostatthepointoftheCossacks’spears.M.Doormannaddedthatarefusal，whichworldhavebroughtRussiantroopstoHamburg，mighthavebeenattendedbyveryunpleasantconsequencestome，andmighthavecommittedtheSenateinaverydifferentway.Ibeggedofhim，onceforall，tosetasideintheseaffairsallconsiderationofmypersonaldanger：andtheSyndic，afteraconversationofmorethantwohours，departedmoreuneasyinhismindthanwhenhearrived，andconjuringmetogiveafaithfulreportofthefactsastheyhadhappened.
M.Doormannwasaveryworthyman，andIgaveafavourablerepresentationofhisexcusesandofthereadinesswhichhehadalwaysevincedtokeepoutoftheCorrespondentarticleshostiletoFrance;as，forexample，thecommencementofaproclamationoftheEmperorofGermanytohissubjects，andacompleteproclamationoftheKingofSweden.Asithappened，thegoodSyndicescapedwithnothingworsethanafright;Iwasmyselfastonishedatthesuccessofmyintercession.IlearnedfromtheMinisterforForeignAffairsthattheEmperorwasfuriouslyindignantonreadingthearticle，inwhichtheFrencharmywasoutragedaswellashe.
Indeed，hepaidbutlittleattentiontoinsultsdirectedagainsthimselfpersonally.Theireternalrepetitionhadinuredhimtothem;butattheideaofhisarmybeinginsultedhewasviolentlyenraged，andutteredthemostterriblethreats.
ItisworthyofremarkthattheSwedishandEnglishMinisters，assoonastheyreadthearticle，waitedupontheeditoroftheCorrespondent，andexpressedtheirastonishmentthatsuchalibelshouldhavebeenpublished."Victoriousarmies，"saidthey，"shouldbeansweredbycannonballsandnotbyinsultsasgrossastheyareridiculous."ThisopinionwassharedbyalltheforeignersatthattimeinHamburg.
CHAPTERXXXIV.
1805
DifficultiesofmysituationatHamburg——Toilandresponsibility——
Supervisionoftheemigrants——ForeignMinisters——Journals——PacketfromStrasburg——BonapartefondofnarratingGiulio，anextemporerecitationofastorycomposedbytheEmperor.
ThebriefdetailIhavegiveninthetwoorthreeprecedingchaptersoftheeventswhichoccurredpreviouslytoandduringthecampaignofAusterlitz，withthelettersofDurocandBernadotte，mayaffordthereadersomeideaofmysituationduringtheearlypartofmyresidenceinHamburg.Eventssucceededeachotherwithsuchincrediblerapidityastorendermylabourexcessive.Myoccupationsweredifferent，butnotlesslaborious，thanthosewhichIformerlyperformedwhenneartheEmperor;
and，besides，IwasnowloadedwitharesponsibilitywhichdidnotattachtomeastheprivatesecretaryofGeneralBonaparteandtheFirstConsul.
Ihad，infact，tomaintainaconstantwatchovertheemigrantsinAltona，whichwasnoeasymatter——tocorresponddailywiththeMinisterforForeignAffairsandtheMinisterofPolice——toconferwiththeforeignMinistersaccreditedatHamburg——tomaintainactiverelationswiththecommandersoftheFrencharmy——tointerrogatemysecretagents，andkeepastrictsurveillanceovertheirproceedings;itwas，besides，necessarytobeunceasinglyonthewatchforscurrilousarticlesagainstNapoleonintheHamburg’Corespondent’.Ishallfrequentlyhaveoccasiontospeakofallthesethings，andespeciallyofthemostmarkedemigrants，inamannerlessirregular，becausewhatIhavehithertosaidmay，insomesort，beconsideredmerelyasasummaryofallthefactsrelatingtotheoccurrenceswhichdailypassedbeforemyeyes.
InthemidstofthesemultifariousandweightyoccupationsIreceivedapacketwiththeStrasburgpostmarkatthetimetheEmpresswasinthatcity.Thispackethadnottheusualformofadiplomaticdespatch，andthesuperscriptionannouncedthatitcamefromtheresidenceofJosephine.Myreaders，Iventuretopresume，willnotexperiencelessgratificationthanIdidonaperusalofitscontents，whichwillbefoundattheendofthischapter;butbeforesatisfyingthecuriositytowhichIhaveperhapsgivenbirth，ImayhererelatethatoneofthepeculiaritiesofBonapartewasafondnessofextemporenarration;anditappearshehadnotdiscontinuedthepracticeevenafterhebecameEmperor.
Infact，Bonaparte，duringthefirstyearafterhiselevationtotheImperialthrone，usuallypassedthoseeveningsintheapartmentsoftheEmpresswhichhecouldstealfrompublicbusiness.Throwinghimselfonasofa，hewouldremainabsorbedingloomysilence，whichnoonedaredtointerrupt.Sometimes，however，onthecontrary，hewouldgivethereinstohisvividimaginationandhisloveofthemarvelous，or，tospeakmorecorrectly，hisdesiretoproduceeffect，whichwasperhapsoneofhisstrongestpassions，andwouldrelatelittleromances，whichwerealwaysofafearfuldescriptionandinunisonwiththenaturalturnofhisideas.Duringthoserecitalstheladies—in—waitingwerealwayspresent，tooneofwhomIamindebtedforthefollowingstory，whichshehadwrittennearlyinthewordsofNapoleon."Never，"saidthisladyinherlettertome，"didtheEmperorappearmoreextraordinary.Ledawaybythesubject，hepacedthesalonwithhastystrides;theintonationsofhisvoicevariedaccordingtothecharactersofthepersonageshebroughtonthescene;heseemedtomultiplyhimselfinordertoplaythedifferentparts，andnopersonneededtofeigntheterrorwhichhereallyinspired，andwhichhelovedtoseedepictedinthecountenancesofthosewhosurroundedhim."InthistaleIhavemadenoalterations，ascanbeattestedbythosewho，tomyknowledge，haveacopyofit.ItiscurioustocomparetheimpassionedportionsofitwiththestyleofNapoleoninsomeofthelettersaddressedtoJosephine.
EndofTheMemoirsofNapoleon，V8，1805
byLouisAntoineFauveletdeBourrienneMemoirsofNapoleonBonaparte，V9
byLouisAntoineFauveletdeBourrienneHisPrivateSecretaryEditedbyR.W.PhippsColonel，LateRoyalArtillery1891
CONTENTS：
CHAPTERI.toCHAPTERX.1805—1807
CHAPTERI.
1805.
AbolitionoftheRepublicancalendar——WarlikepreparationsinAustria——Planforre—organizingtheNationalGuard——NapoleoninStrasburg——GeneralMack——Proclamation——CaptainBernard’sreconnoiteringmission——TheEmperor’spretendedangerandrealsatisfaction——InformationrespectingRagusacommunicatedbyBernard——Rapidanddeservedpromotion——GeneralBernard’sretirementtotheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
IhadbeenthreemonthsatHamburgwhenIlearnedthattheEmperorhadatlastresolvedtoabolishtheonlyremainingmemorialoftheRepublic，namely，therevolutionarycalendar.Thatcalendarwasindeedanabsurdinnovation，forthenewdenominationsofthemonthswerenotapplicableinallplaces，eveninFrance;thecornofProvencedidnotwaittobeopenedbythesunofthemonthofMessidor.Onthe9thofSeptembera’Senates—consulte’decreedthatonthe1stofJanuaryfollowingthemonthsanddaysshouldresumetheirownnames.IreadwithmuchinterestLaplace’sreporttotheSenate，andmustconfessIwasverygladtoseetheGregoriancalendaragainacknowledgedbylaw，asithadalreadybeenacknowledgedinfact.Frenchmeninforeigncountriesexperiencedparticularinconveniencefromtheadoptionofasystemdifferentfromalltherestoftheworld.
AfewdaysaftertherevivaloftheoldcalendartheEmperordepartedforthearmy.WhenatHamburgitmaywellbesupposedthatIwasanxioustoobtainnews，andIreceivedplentyfromtheinteriorofGermanyandfromsomefriendsinParis.ThiscorrespondenceenablesmetopresenttomyreadersacomprehensiveandaccuratepictureofthestateofpublicaffairsuptothetimewhenNapoleontookthefield.Ihavealreadymentionedhowartfullyhealwaysmadeitappearthathewasanxiousforpeace，andthathewasalwaysthepartyattacked;his，conductprevioustothefirstconquestofViennaaffordsastrikingexampleofthisartifice.ItwasprettyevidentthatthetransformationoftheCisalpineRepublicintothekingdomofItaly，andtheunionofGenoatoFrancewereinfractionsoftreaties;yettheEmperor，nevertheless，pretendedthataLltheinfractionswerecommittedbyAustria.Thetruthis，thatAustriawasraisingleviesassecretlyaspossible，andcollectinghertroopsonthefrontiersofBavaria.AnAustriancorpsevenpenetratedintosomeprovincesoftheElectorate;allthisaffordedNapoleonapretestforgoingtotheaidofhisallies.
InthememorablesittingprecedinghisdeparturetheEmperorpresentedaprojectofa’Senatus—consulte’relativetothere—organisationoftheNationalGuard.TheMinisterforForeignAffairsreadanexplanationofthereciprocalconductofFranceandAustriasincethepeaceofLuneville，inwhichtheoffencesofFrancewereconcealedwithwonderfulskill.BeforethesittingbrokeuptheEmperoraddressedthemembers，statingthathewasabouttoleavethecapitaltoplacehimselfattheheadofthearmytoaffordpromptsuccourtohisallies，anddefendthedearestinterestsofhispeople.Heboastedofhiswishtopreservepeace，whichAustriaandRussia，ashealleged，had，throughtheinfluenceofEngland，beeninducedtodisturb.
ThisaddressproducedaverypowerfulimpressioninHamburg.Formypart，IrecognisedinitNapoleon’susualboastingstrain;butonthisoccasioneventsseemedbentonjustifyingit.TheEmperormaycertainlyhaveperformedmorescientificcampaignsthanthatofAusterlitz，butneveranymoregloriousinresults.Everythingseemedtopartakeofthemarvellous，andIhaveoftenthoughtofthesecretjoywhichBonapartemusthavefeltonseeinghimselfatlastanthepointofcommencingagreatwarinGermany，forwhichhehadsooftenexpressedanardentdesire.HeproceededfirsttoStrasburg，whitherJosephineaccompaniedhim.
AllthereportsthatIreceivedagreedwiththestatementsofmyprivatecorrespondenceindescribingtheincredibleenthusiasmwhichprevailedinthearmyonlearningthatitwastomarchintoGermany.ForthefirsttimeNapoleonhadrecoursetoanexpeditiousmodeoftransport，and20，000carriagesconveyedhisarmy，asifbyenchantment，fromtheshoresoftheChanneltothebanksoftheRhine.Theideaofanactivecampaignfiredtheambitionofthejuniorpartofthearmy.Alldreamedofglory，andofspeedypromotion，andallhopedtodistinguishthemselvesbeforetheeyesofachiefwhowasidolisedbyhistroops.ThusduringhisshortstayatStrasburgtheEmperormightwithreasonprophesythesuccesswhichcrownedhiseffortsunderthewallsofVienna.
Rapp，whoaccompaniedhim，informedmethatonleavingStrasburgheobserved，inthepresenceofseveralpersons，"ItwillbesaidthatI
madeMack’splanofcampaignforhim.TheCaudineForksareatUlm."
——[ThisallusiontotheCaudineForkswasalwaysinNapoleon’smouthwhenhesawanenemy’sarmyconcentratedonapoint，andforesawitsdefeat——Bourrienne.]——
ExperienceprovedthatBonapartewasnotdeceived;butIoughtonthisoccasiontocontradictacalumniousreportcirculatedatthattime，andsincemaliciouslyrepeated.IthasbeensaidthatthereexistedanunderstandingbetweenMackandBonaparte，andthatthegeneralwasboughtovertodeliverupthegatesofUlm.Ihavereceivedpositiveproofthatthisassertionisascandalousfalsehood;andtheonlythingthatcouldgiveitweightwasNapoleon’sintercessionafterthecampaignthatMackmightnotbeputonhistrial.InthisintercessionNapoleonwasactuatedonlybyhumanity.
OntakingthefieldNapoleonplacedhimselfattheheadoftheBavarians，withwhombeopposedtheenemy’sarmybeforethearrivalofhisowntroops.Assoonastheywereassembledhepublishedthefollowingproclamation，whichstillfurtherexcitedtheardourofthetroops.
SOLDIERS——Thewarofthethirdcoalitioniscommenced.TheAustrianarmyhaspassedtheInn，violatedtreaties，attackedanddrivenourallyfromhiscapital.Youyourselveshavebeenobligedtohasten，byforcedmarches，tothedefenceofourfrontiers.ButyouhavenowpassedtheRhine;andwewillnotstoptillwehavesecuredtheindependenceoftheGermanicbody，succouredourallies，andhumbledtheprideofourunjustassailants.Wewillnotagainmakepeacewithoutasufficientguarantee！Ourgenerosityshallnotagainwrongourpolicy.Soldiers，yourEmperorisamongyou！Youarebuttheadvancedguardofthegreatpeople.Ifitbenecessarytheywillallriseatmycalltoconfoundanddissolvethisnewleague，whichhasbeencreatedbythemaliceandthegoldofEngland.
But，soldiers，weshallhaveforcedmarchestomake，fatiguesandprivationsofeverykindtoendure.Still，whateverobstaclesmaybeopposedtous，wewillconquerthem;andwewillneverrestuntilwehaveplantedoureaglesontheterritoryofourenemies！
Intheconfidentialnotesofhisdiplomaticagents，inhisspeeches，andinhisproclamations，Napoleonalwaysdescribedhimselfastheattackedparty，andperhapshisveryearnestnessinsodoingsufficedtorevealthetruthtoallthosewhohadlearnedtoreadhisthoughtsdifferentlyfromwhathiswordsexpressedthem.
AtthecommencementofthecampaignofAusterlitzacircumstanceoccurredfromwhichistobedatedthefortuneofaverymeritoriousman.WhiletheEmperorwasatStrasburgheaskedGeneralMarescot，thecommander—in—
chiefoftheengineers，whetherhecouldrecommendfromhiscorpsabrave，prudent，andintelligentyoungofficer，capableofbeingentrustedwithanimportantreconnoiteringmission.TheofficerselectedbyGeneralMarescotwasacaptainintheengineers，namedBernard，whohadbeeneducatedinthePolytechnicSchool.Hesetoffonhismission，advancedalmosttoVienna，andreturnedtotheheadquartersoftheEmperoratthecapitulationofUlm.
Bonaparteinterrogatedhimhimself，andwaswellsatisfiedwithhisreplies;but，notcontentwithansweringverballythequestionsputbyNapoleon，CaptainBernardhaddrawnupareportofwhatheobserved，andthedifferentrouteswhichmightbetaken.AmongotherthingsheobservedthatitwouldbeagreatadvantagetodirectthewholearmyuponVienna，withoutregardtothefortifiedplaces;forthat，oncemasterofthecapitalofAustria，theEmperormightdictatelawstoalltheAustrianmonarchy."Iwaspresent，"saidRapptome，"atthisyoungofficer’sinterviewwiththeEmperor.Afterreadingthereport，wouldyoubelievethattheEmperorflewintoafuriouspassion？’How！’criedhe，’youareverybold，verypresumptuous！Ayoungofficertotakethelibertyoftracingoutaplanofcampaignforme！Begone，andawaitmyorders.’"
This，andsomeothercircumstanceswhichIshallhavetoaddrespectingCaptainBernard，completelyrevealNapoleon’scharacter.RapptoldmethatassoonastheyoungofficerhadlefttheEmperorallatoncechangedhistone."That，"saidhe，"isacleveryoungman;hehastakenaproperviewofthings.Ishallnotexposehimtothechanceofbeingshot.PerhapsIshallsometimewanthisservices.TellBerthiertodespatchanorderforhisdepartureforElyria."
Thisorderwasdespatched，andCaptainBernard，who，likehiscomrades，wasardentlylookingforwardtotheapproachingcampaign，regardedasapunishmentwhatwas，ontheEmperor’spart，aprecautiontopreserveayoungmanwhosemeritheappreciated.Atthecloseofthecampaign，whentheEmperorpromotedthoseofficerswhohaddistinguishedthemselves，Bernard，whowasthoughttobeindisgrace，wasnotincludedinBerthier’slistamongthecaptainsofengineerswhomherecommendedtotherankofchefdebataillon;butNapoleonhimselfinscribedBernard’snamebeforealltherest.However，theEmperorforgothimforsometime;
anditwasonlyanaccidentalcircumstancethatbroughthimtohisrecollection.IneverhadanypersonalacquaintancewithBernard，butI
learnedfromRapp，howheafterwardsbecamehiscolleagueasaidedecamptotheEmperor;acircumstancewhichIshallnowrelate，thoughitreferstoalaterperiod.
BeforetheEmperorleftParisforthecampaignof1812hewishedtogainpreciseinformationrespectingRagusaandElyria.HesentforMarmont，butwasnotsatisfiedwithhisanswers.Hetheninterrogatedseveralothergenerals，buttheresultofhisinquiriesalwayswas，"Thisisallverywell;butitisnotwhatIwant.IdonotknowRagusa."HethensentforGeneralDejean，whohadsucceededM.deMarescotasfirstinspectoroftheEngineers.
"Haveyouanyoneamongyourofficers，"heasked，"whoiswellacquaintedwithRagusa？"Dejean，afteralittlereflection，replied，"Sire，thereisachefdebataillonwhohasbeenalongtimeforgotten，butwhoknowsElyriaperfectly."——"What’shisDame？"——"Bernard."——"Ah！stop
Bernard！Irememberthatname.Whereishe？"——"AtAntwerp，Sire，employedonthefortifications."——"Letatelegraphicdespatchbeimmediately，transmitted，——[bysemaphorearms.]——desiringhimtomounthishorseandcomewithallspeedtoParis."
ThepromptitudewithwhichtheEmperor’sorderswerealwaysexecutediswellknown.AfewdaysafterCaptainBernardwasintheEmperor’scabinetinParis.Napoleonreceivedhimverygraciously.Thefirstthinghesaidwas，"TalktomeaboutRagusa."Thiswasafavouritemodeofinterrogationwithhiminsimilarcases，andIhaveheardhimsaythatitwasasurewayofdrawingoutallthatamanhadobservedinanycountrythathehadvisited.Bethatasitmay，hewasperfectlysatisfiedwithM.Bernard’sinformationrespectingElyria;andwhenthechefdebataillonhadfinishedspeakingNapoleonsaid，"ColonelBernard，IamnowacquaintedwithRagusa."TheEmperorafterwardsconversedfamiliarlywithhim，enteredintodetailsrespectingthesystemoffortificationadoptedatAntwerp，referredtotheplanoftheworks，criticisedit，andshowedhowhewould，ifhebesiegedthetown，renderthemeansofdefenceunavailing.ThenewColonelexplainedsowellhowhewoulddefendthetownagainsttheEmperor’sattackthatBonapartewasdelighted，andimmediatelybestowedupon，theyoungofficeramarkofdistinctionwhich，asfarasIknow，henevergrantedbutuponthatsingleoccasion.TheEmperorwasgoingtopresideattheCouncilofState，anddesiredColonelBernardtoaccompanyhim，andmanytimesduringthesittingsbeaskedhimforhisopinionuponthepointswhichwereunderdiscussion.OnleavingtheCouncilNapoleonsaid，"Bernard，youareinfuturemyaidedecamp."AfterthecampaignhewasmadeGeneralofBrigade，soonafterGeneralofDivision，andnowheisacknowledgedtobeoneoftheablestengineerofficersinexistence.
Clarke’ssillyconductdeprivedFranceofthisdistinguishedman，whorefusedthebrilliantoffersofseveralsovereignsofEuropeforthesakeofretiringtotheUnitedStatesofAmerica，wherehecommandstheEngineers，andhasconstructedfortificationsonthecoastoftheFloridaswhichareconsideredbyengineerstobemasterpiecesofmilitaryart.
CHAPTERII.
1805.
RapidityofNapoleon’svictories——MuratatWertingen——ConquestofNey’sduchy——TheFrencharmybeforeUlm——ThePrinceofLiechtensteinattheImperialheadquarters——HisinterviewwithNapoleondescribedbyRapp——CapitulationofUlmsignedbyBerthierandMack——Napoleonbeforeandafteravictory——Hisaddresstothecaptivegenerals——
TheEmperor’sproclamation——TenthousandprisonerstakenbyMurat——
BattleofCaldieroinItaly——LetterfromDuroc——AttemptstoretardtheEmperor’sprogress——FruitlessmissionofM.deGiulay——ThefirstFrencheaglestakenbytheRussians——BoldadventureofLannesandMurat——TheFrenchenterVienna——Savary’smissiontotheEmperorAlexander.
Toconveyanideaofthebrilliantcampaignof1805fromanabstractofthereportsandlettersIreceivedatHamburgIshould，likethealmanac—
makers，beobligedtonotedownavictoryforeveryday.WasnottherapidityoftheEmperor’sfirstoperationsathinghithertounprecedented？HedepartedfromParisonthe24thofSeptember，andhostilitiescommencedonthe2dofOctober.Onthe6thand7ththeFrenchpassedtheDanube，andturnedtheenemy’sarmy.Onthe8thMurat，atthebattleofWertingen，ontheDanube，took2000Austrianprisoners，amongstwhom，besidesothergeneralofficers，wasCountAuffemberg.
NextdaytheAustriansfellbackuponGunsburg，retreatingbeforeourvictoriouslegions，who，pursuingtheirtriumphalcourse，enteredAugsburgonthe10th，andMunichonthe12th.WhenIreceivedmydespatchesIcouldhavefanciedIwasreadingafabulousnarrative.TwodaysaftertheFrenchenteredMunich——thatistosay，onthe14th——anAustriancorpsof6000mensurrenderedtoMarshalSoultatMemingen，whilstNeyconquered，swordinhand，hisfutureDuchyofElchingen.
Finally，onthe17thofOctober，camethefamouscapitulationofGeneralMackatUlm，’andonthesamedayhostilitiescommencedinItalybetweentheFrenchandAustrians，theformercommandedbyMassenaandthelatterbyPrinceCharles.
——[PrinceMauriceLiechtensteinwassentbyGeneralMackasaflagoftrucetotheImperialheadquartersbeforeUlm.Hewas，accordingtocustom，ledblindfoldonhorseback.Rapp，whowaspresent，togetherwithseveralofNapoleon’saidesdecamp，afterwardsspoketomeofthePrince’sinterviewwiththeEmperor.IthinkhetoldmethatBerthierwaspresentlikewise."Picturetoyourself，"saidRapp，"theastonishment，orratherconfusion，ofthepoorPrincewhenthebandagewasremovedfromhiseyes.Heknewnothingofwhathadbeengoingon，anddidnotevensuspectthattheEmperorhadyetjoinedthearmy.WhenheunderstoodthathewasinthepresenceofNapoleonhecouldnotsuppressanexclamationofsurprise，whichdidnotescapetheEmperor，andheingenuouslyacknowledgedthatGeneralMackhadnoideahewasbeforethewallsofUlm."PrinceLiechtensteinproposedtocapitulateonconditionthatthegarrisonofUlmshouldbeallowedtoreturnintoAustria.Thisproposal，inthesituationinwhichthegarrisonstood，Rappsaid，madetheEmperorsmile."Howcanyouexpect，"saidNapoleon，"thatIcanaccedetosuchaproposition？WhatshallIgainbyit？Eightdays.
Ineightdaysyouwillbeinmypowerwithoutanycondition.DoyousupposeIamnotacquaintedwitheverything？YouexpecttheRussians？"AtthenearesttheyareinBohemia.WereItoallowyoutomarchout，whatsecuritycanIhavethatyouwillnotjointhem，andafterwardsfightagainstme？Yourgeneralshavedeceivedmeoftenenough，andIwillnolongerbeduped.AtMarengoIwasweakenoughtoallowthetroopsofMelastomarchoutofAlessandria.Hepromisedtotreatforpeace.Whathappened？TwomonthsafterMoreauhadtofightwiththegarrisonofAlessandria.
Besides，thiswarisnotanordinarywar.AftertheconductofyourGovernmentIamnotboundtokeepanytermswithit.Ihavenofaithinitspromises.Youhaveattackedme.IfIshouldagreetowhatyouask，Mackwouldpledgehisword，Iknow.But，evenrelyingonhisgoodfaith，wouldbeheabletokeephispromise？Asfarasregardshimself——yes;butasregardshisarmy——no.IftheArchdukeFerdinandwerestillwithyouIcouldrelyuponhisword，becausehewouldberesponsiblefortheconditions，andhewouldnotdisgracehimself;butIknowhehasquittedUlmandpassedtheDanube.I
knowhowtoreachhim，however."
RappsaiditwasimpossibletoimaginetheembarrassmentofPrinceLiechtensteinwhilsttheEmperorwasspeaking.He，however，somewhatregainedhisself—possession，andobservedthat，unlesstheconditionswhichheproposedweregrantedthearmywouldnotcapitulate."Ifthatbethecase，"saidNapoleon."youmayaswellgobacktoMack，forIwillnevergrantsuchconditions.Areyoujestingwithme？Stay;hereisthecapitulationofMemingen——showittoyourGeneral——lethimsurrenderonthesameconditions——Iwillconsenttonoothers.YourofficersmayreturntoAustria，butthesoldiersmustbeprisoners.Tellhimtobespeedy，forIhavenotimetolose.Themorehedelaystheworsehewillrenderhisownconditionandyours.To—morrowIshallhaveherethecorpstowhichMemingencapitulated，andthenweshallseewhatistobedone.
MakeMackclearlyunderstandthathehasnoalternativebuttoconformtomywill."
TheimperioustoneswhichNapoleonemployedtowardshisenemiesalmostalwayssucceeded，anditproducedtheaccustomedeffectuponMack.OnthesamedaythatPrinceLiechtensteinhadbeenatourheadquartersMackwrotetotheEmperor，statingthathewouldnothavetreatedwithanyotheronsuchterms;butthatheyieldedtotheascendencyofNapoleon’sfortune;andonthefollowingdayBerthierwassentintoUlm，fromwhencehereturnedwiththecapitulationsigned.ThusNapoleonwasnotmistakenrespectingtheCaudineForksoftheAustrianarmy.ThegarrisonofUlmmarchedoutwithwhatarecalledthehonoursofwar，andwereledprisonersintoFrance.——Bourrienne.]——
Napoleon，whowassoviolentlyirritatedbyanyobstaclewhichopposedhim，andwhotreatedwithsomuchhauteureverybodywhoventuredtoresisthisinflexiblewill，wasnolongerthesamemanwhen，asaconqueror，hereceivedthevanquishedgeneralsatUlm.Hecondoledwiththemontheirmisfortune;andthis，Icanaffirm，wasnottheresultofafeelingofprideconcealedbeneathafeignedgenerosity.Althoughheprofitedbytheirdefeathepitiedthemsincerely.Howfrequentlyhasheobservedtome，"Howmuchtobepitiedisageneralonthedayafteralostbattle."HehadhimselfexperiencedthismisfortunewhenhewasobligedtoraisethesiegeofSt.Jeand’Acre.Atthatmomenthewould，Ibelieve，havestrangledDjezzar;butifDjezzarhadsurrendered，hewouldhavetreatedhimwiththesameattentionwhichheshowedtoMackandtheothergeneralsofthegarrisonofUlm.Thesegeneralswereseventeeninnumber，andamongthemwasPrinceLiechtenstein.TherewerealsoGeneralKlenau（BarondeGiulay），whohadacquiredconsiderablemilitaryreputationintheprecedingwars，andGeneralFresnel，whostoodinamorecriticalsituationthanhiscompanionsinmisfortune，forhewasaFrenchman，andanemigrant.
Rapptoldmethatitwasreallypainfultoseethesegenerals.TheybowedrespectfullytotheEmperor，havingMackattheirhead.Theypreservedamournfulsilence，andNapoleonwasthefirsttospeak，whichhedidinthefollowingterms："Gentlemen，IfeelsorrythatsuchbravemenasyouareshouldbethevictimsofthefolliesofaCabinetwhichcherishesinsaneprojects，andwhichdoesnothesitatetocommitthedignityoftheAustriannationbytraffickingwiththeservicesofitsgenerals.Yournamesareknowntome——theyarehonourablyknownwhereveryouhavefought.Examinetheconductofthosewhohavecommittedyou.
Whatcouldbemoreiniquitousthantoattackmewithoutadeclarationofwar？Isitnotcriminaltobringforeigninvasionuponacountry？IsitnotbetrayingEuropetointroduceAsiaticbarbaritiesintoherdisputes？
IfgoodpolicyhadbeenfollowedtheAulicCouncil，insteadofattackingme，wouldhavesoughtmyallianceinordertodrivebacktheRussianstothenorth.ThealliancewhichyourCabinethasformedwillappearmonstrousinhistory.Itistheallianceofdogs，shepherds，andwolvesagainstsheep——suchaschemecouldneverhavebeenplannedinthemindofastatesman.ItisfortunateforyouthatIhavenotbeendefeatedintheunjuststruggletowhichIhavebeenprovoked;ifIhad，theCabinetofViennawouldhavesoonperceiveditserror，forwhich，perhaps，itwillyetonedaypaydearly."
Whatachangefifteendaysofsuccess，crownedbythecaptureofUlm，hadmadeinaffairs！AtHamburgIknewthroughmyagentstowhatadegreeoffollythehopesofNapoleon’senemieshadrisenbeforehebeganthecampaign.ThesecurityoftheCabinetofViennawasreallyinexplicable;
notonlydidtheynotdreamoftheseriesofvictorieswhichmadeNapoleonmasterofalltheAustrianmonarchy，buttheassistantsofDrakeandalltheintriguersofthatsorttreatedFrancealreadyasaconqueredcountry，anddisposedofsomeofourprovinces.Intheexcessoftheirfolly，toonlygiveoneinstance，theypromisedthetownofLyonstotheKingofSardinia，torecompensehimforthetemporaryoccupationofPiedmont.
——[Inthetreatiesanddeclarations（seeMartensandThiers，tomev.
p.355）thereisratheratendencytoselltheskinofthebearbeforekillinghim.]——
WhileNapoleonflatteredhisprisonersattheexpenseoftheirGovernmenthewishedtoexpresssatisfactionattheconductofhisownarmy，andwiththisviewhepublishedaremarkableproclamation，whichinsomemeasurepresentedanabstractofallthathadtakenplacesincetheopeningofthecampaign.
Thisproclamationwasasfollows：——
SOLDIERSOFTHEGRANDARMY——Inafortnightwehavefinishedanentirecampaign.Whatweproposedtodohasbeendone.WehavedriventheAustriantroopsfromBavaria，andrestoredourallytothesovereigntyofhisdominions.
Thatarmy，which，withequalpresumptionandimprudence，marcheduponourfrontiers，isannihilated.
ButwhatdoesthissignifytoEngland？Shehasgainedherobject.
WearenolongeratBoulogne，andhersubsidywillbeneithermorenorless.
Ofahundredthousandmenwhocomposedthatarmy，sixtythousandareprisoners.Theywillreplaceourconscriptsinthelaboursofagriculture.
Twohundredpiecesofcannon，thewholeparkofartillery，ninetyflags，andalltheirgeneralsareinourpower.Fifteenthousandmenonlyhaveescaped.
Soldiers！Iannouncedtoyoutheresultofagreatbattle;but，thankstotheill—devisedschemesoftheenemy，Iwasenabledtosecurethewished—forresultwithoutincurringanydanger，and，whatisunexampledinthehistoryofnations，thatresulthasbeengainedatthesacrificeofscarcelyfifteenhundredmenkilledandwounded.
Soldiers！thissuccessisduetoyourunlimitedconfidenceinyourEmperor，toyourpatienceinenduringfatiguesandprivationsofeverykind，andtoyoursingularcourageandintrepidity.
Butwewillnotstophere.Youareimpatienttocommenceanothercampaign！
TheRussianarmy，whichEnglishgoldhasbroughtfromtheextremitiesoftheuniverse，shallexperiencethesamefateasthatwhichwehavejustdefeated.
IntheconflictinwhichweareabouttoengagethehonouroftheFrenchinfantryisespeciallyconcerned.WeshallnowseeanotherdecisionofthequestionwhichhasalreadybeendeterminedinSwitzerlandandHolland;namely，whethertheFrenchinfantryisthefirstorthesecondinEurope.
AmongtheRussianstherearenogeneralsincontendingagainstwhomIcanacquireanyglory.AllIwishistoobtainthevictorywiththeleastpossiblebloodshed.Mysoldiersare，mychildren.
Thisproclamationalwaysappearedtomeamasterpieceofmilitaryeloquence.Whilehelavishedpraisesonhistroops，heexcitedtheiremulationbyhintingthattheRussianswerecapableofdisputingwiththemthefirstrankamongtheinfantryofEurope，andheconcludedhisaddressbycallingthemhischildren.
Thesecondcampaign，towhichNapoleonallegedtheysoeagerlylookedforward，speedilyensued，andhostilitieswerecarriedonwithadegreeofvigourwhichfiredtheenthusiasmofthearmy.HeavenknowswhataccountswerecirculatedoftheRussians，who，asBonapartesolemnlystatedinhisproclamation，hadcomefromtheextremityoftheworld.
Theywererepresentedashalf—nakedsavages，pillaging，destroyingandburningwherevertheywent.Itwasevenassertedthattheywerecannibals，andhadbeenseentoeatchildren.Inshort，atthatperiodwasintroducedthedenominationofnorthernbarbarianswhichhassincebeensogenerallyappliedtotheRussians.TwodaysafterthecapitulationofUlmMuratobtainedthecapitulationofTrochtelfingenfromGeneralYarneck，andmade10，000prisoners，sothat，withoutcountingkilledandwounded，theAustrianarmyhadsustainedadiminutionof50，000menafteracampaignoftwentydays.Onthe27thofOctobertheFrencharmycrossedtheInn，andthuspenetratedintotheAustrianterritory.SalzburgandBrannanwereimmediatelytaken.ThearmyofItaly，underthecommandofMassena，wasalsoobtaininggreatadvantages.
Onthe30thofOctober，thatistosay，theverydayonwhichtheGrandArmytooktheabove—mentionedfortresses，thearmyofItaly，havingcrossedtheAdige，foughtasanguinarybattleatCaldiero，andtook5000
Austrianprisoners.
Intheextraordinarycampaign，whichhasbeendistinguishedbythenameof"theCampaignofAusterlitz，"theexploitsofourtroopssucceededeachotherwiththerapidityofthought.IconfessIwasequallyastonishedanddelightedwhenIreceivedanotefromDuroc，sentbyanextraordinarycourier，andcommencinglaconicallywiththewords，"WeareinVienna;theEmperoriswell."
Duroc’sletterwasdatedthe13thNovember，andthewords，"WeareinVienna，"seemedtometheresultofadream.ThecapitalofAustria，whichfromtimeimmemorialhadnotbeenoccupiedbyforeigners——thecitywhichSobieskihadsavedfromOttomanviolence，hadbecomethepreyoftheImperialeagleofFrance，which，afteralapseofthreecenturies，avengedthehumiliationsformerlyimposeduponFrancisI.bythe’AquilaGrifagna’ofCharlesV.DurochadlefttheEmperorbeforethecampofBoulognewasraised;hismissiontoBerlinbeingterminated，herejoinedtheEmperoratLintz.
——[AssoonasBonapartebecameEmperorheconstitutedhimselftheavengerofalltheinsultsgiventothesovereigns，whomhestyledhispredecessors.AllthatrelatedtothehonourofFrancewassacredtohim.ThusheremovedthecolumnofRosbachfromthePrussianterritory.——Bourrienne.]——
BeforeInoticedthesingularmissionofM.HaugwitztotheEmperorNapoleon，andtheresultofthatmission，whichcircumstancesrendereddiametricallythereverseofitsobject，IwillrelatewhatcametomyknowledgerespectingsomeothernegotiationsonthepartofAustria，theevidentintentofwhichwastoretardNapoleon’sprogress，andtherebytodupehim.M.deGiulay，oneofthegeneralsincludedinthecapitulationofUlm，hadreturnedhometoacquainthissovereignwiththedisastrousevent.Hedidnotconceal，eitherfromtheEmperorFrancisortheCabinetofVienna，thedestructionoftheAustrianarmy，andtheimpossibilityofarrestingtherapidadvanceoftheFrench.M.deGiulaywassentwithaflagoftrucetotheheadquartersofNapoleon，toassurehimofthepacificintentionsoftheEmperorofAustria，andtosolicitanarmistice.ThesnarewastooclumsynottobeimmediatelydiscoveredbysocraftyamanasNapoleon.
——[Metternich（tomeii.p.346，compareFrenchedition，tomeii.
p.287）says，"Letusholdalwaystheswordinonehandandtheolivebranchintheother;alwaysreadytonegotiate，butonlynegotiatingwhileadvancing.HereisNapoleonssystem.]——
Hehadalwayspretendedaloveforpeace，thoughbewasoverjoyedattheideaofcontinuingawarsosuccessfullycommenced，andhedirectedGeneralGiulaytoassuretheEmperorofAustriathathewasnotlessanxiousforpeacethanhe，andthathewasreadytotreatforit，butwithoutsuspendingthecourseofhisoperations.Bonaparte，indeed，couldnot，withoutadegreeofimprudenceofwhichhewasincapable，consenttoanarmistice;forM.deGiulay，thoughentrustedwithpowersfromAustria，hadreceivednonefromRussia.Russia，therefore，mightdisavowthearmisticeandarriveintimetodefendVienna，theoccupationofwhichwassoimportanttotheFrencharmy.TheRussians，indeed，wereadvancingtoopposeus，andthecorpsofourarmy，commandedbyMortierontheleftbankoftheDanube，experiencedinthefirstengagementacheckatDirnstein，whichnotalittlevexedtheEmperor.Thiswasthefirstreverseoffortunewehadsustainedthroughoutthecampaign.Itwastrivial，tobesure，butthecapturebytheRussiansofthreeFrencheagles，thefirstthathadfallenintothehandsoftheenemy，wasverymortifyingtoNapoleon，andcausedhimtoprolongforsomedayshisstaffatSt.Folten，wherehethenwas.
TherapidoccupationofViennawasduetothesuccessfultemerityofLannesandMurat，twomenalikedistinguishedforcourageanddaringspirit.AboldartificeofthesegeneralspreventedthedestructionoftheThaborbridgeatVienna，withoutwhichourarmywouldhaveexperiencedconsiderabledifficultyinpenetratingintotheAustriancapital.Thisactofcourageandpresenceofmind，whichhadsogreataninfluenceontheeventsofthecampaign，wasdescribedtomebyLannes，whotoldthestorywithanairofgaiety，unaccompaniedbyanyself—
complacency，andseemedratherpleasedwiththetrickplayedupontheAustriansthanproudofthebrilliantactionwhichhadbeenperformed.
BoldenterprisesweresonaturaltoLannesthathewasfrequentlytheonlypersonwhosawnothingextraordinaryinhisownexploits.Alas！
whatmenweresacrificedtoNapoleon’sambition！
ThefollowingisthestoryoftheBridgeofThaborasIhearditfromLannes：——
——[IwasonedaywalkingwithMurat，ontherightbankoftheDanube，andweobservedontheleftbank，whichwasoccupiedbytheAustrians，someworksgoingon，theevidentobjectofwhichwastoblowupthebridgeontheapproachofourtroops.Thefoolshadtheimpudencetomakethesepreparationsunderourverynoses;butwegavethemagoodlesson.Havingarrangedourplan，wereturnedtogiveorders，andIentrustedthecommandofmycolumnofgrenadierstoanofficeronwhosecourageandintelligenceIcouldrely.I
thenreturnedtothebridge，accompaniedbyMuratandtwoorthreeotherofficers.Weadvanced，unconcernedly，andenteredintoconversationwiththecommanderofapostinthemiddleofthebridge.Wespoketohimaboutanarmisticewhichwastobespeedilyconcluded：WhileconversingwiththeAustrianofficerswecontrivedtomakethemturntheireyestowardstheleftbank，andthen，agreeablytotheorderswehadgiven，mycolumnofgrenadiersadvancedonthebridge.TheAustriancannoneers，ontheleftbank，seeingtheirofficersinthemidstofus，didnotdaretofire，andmycolumnadvancedataquickstep.MuratandI，attheheadofit，gainedtheleftbank.Allthecombustiblespreparedforblowingupthebridgewerethrownintotheriver，andmymentookpossessionofthebatterieserectedforthedefenceofthebridgehead.ThepoordevilsofAustrianofficerswereperfectlyastoundedwhenItoldthemtheyweremyprisoners.
Such，aswellasIcanrecollect，wastheaccountgivenbyLannes，wholaughedimmoderatelyindescribingtheconsternationoftheAustrianofficerswhentheydiscoveredthetrickthathadbeenplayeduponthem.
WhenLannesperformedthisexploithehadlittleideaofthe，importantconsequenceswhichwouldattend，it.HehadnotonlysecuredtotheremainderoftheFrencharmyasureandeasyentrancetoVienna，but，withoutbeingawareofit，hecreatedaninsurmountableimpedimenttothejunctionoftheRussianarmywiththeAustriancorps，commandedbyPrinceCharles，who，beingpressedbyMassena，hastilyadvancedintotheheartoftheHereditaryStates，wherehefullyexpectedagreatbattlewouldtakeplace.
AssoonasthecorpsofMuratandLanneshadtakenpossessionofViennatheEmperororderedallthedivisionsofthearmytomarchuponthatcapital.
——[ThestorytotoldinmuchthesamewayinTheirs（tomevi，p.
260），Rupp（p.57），andSavory（tomeii.p.162），butasErreurs（tomei.p.814）pointsout，BourriennemakesanoddmistakeinbelievingtheThaborBridgegavetheFrenchaccesstoVienna.Thecapitalisontherightbank，andwasalreadyintheirpower.Thepossessionofthebridgeenabledthemtopassovertotheleftbank，andtoadvancetowardsAusterlitzbeforetheArchdukeCharles，comingfromItaly，couldmakehisjunctionwiththealliedarmy.
Seeplan48ofThiers’Atlas，or58ofAlison’s.TheimmediateresultofthesuccessofthisratherdoubtfulartificewouldhavebeenthedestructionofthecorpsofKutusoff;butMuratinhisturnwasdeceivedbyBagrationintobeliefinanarmistice.Infact，bothsidesatthistimefellintocuriouserrors.]——
NapoleonestablishedhisheadquartersatSchoenbrunn，whereheplannedhisoperationsforcompellingthecorpsofPrinceCharlestoretiretoHungary，andalsoforadvancinghisownforcestomeettheRussians.
MuratandLannesalwayscommandedtheadvancedguardduringtheforcedmarchesorderedbyNapoleon，whichwereexecutedinawaytrulymiraculous.
Tokeepuptheappearanceofwishingtoconcludepeaceassoonasreasonablepropositionsshouldbemadetohim，NapoleonsentforhisMinisterforforeignAffairs，whospeedilyarrivedatVienna，andGeneralSavarywassentonamissiontotheEmperorAlexander.ThedetailsofthismissionIhavelearnedonlyfromtheaccountofitgivenbytheDucdeRovigoinhisapologeticMemoirs.InspiteoftheDuke’seagernesstoinduceabeliefinNapoleon’spacificdisposition，theveryfactsonwhichhesupportshisargumentleadtothecontraryconclusion.NapoleonwishedtodictatehisconditionsbeforetheissueofabattlethesuccessofwhichmightappeardoubtfultotheyoungEmperorofRussia，andtheseconditionsweresuchashemightimposewhenvictoryshouldbedeclaredinfavourofoureagles.Itmustbecleartoeveryreflectingpersonthatbyalwaysproposingwhatheknewcouldnotbehonourablyaccededto，hekeptuptheappearanceofbeingapacificator，whileatthesametimeheensuredtohimselfthepleasureofcarryingonthewar.
CHAPTERIII.
1805.
MyfunctionsatHamburg——TheKingofSwedenatStralsund——
MybulletindescribingthesituationoftheRussianarmies——Duroc’srecallfromBerlin——GeneralDumouriez——RecruitingoftheEnglishinHanover——ThedaughterofM.deMarbeofandNapoleon——TreacheryoftheKingofNaples——TheSunofAusterlitz——PrinceDolgioroukiRapp’saccountofthebattleofAusterlitz——Gerard’spicture——
Eugene’smarriage.
Imustnowrelatehow，inconformitywithmyinstructions，IwasemployedinHamburginaidingthesuccessoftheFrencharmy.IhadsentanagenttoobservetheRussiantroops，whichwereadvancingbyforcedmarchestothebanksoftheElbe.ThisagenttransmittedtomefromGadbuschanaccountoftheroutestakenbythedifferentcolumns.ItwasthensupposedthattheywouldmarchuponHollandbythewayofBremenandOldenburg.OnthereceiptofthusintelligencetheElectorateofHanoverwasevacuatedbytheFrench，andGeneralBarbou，whohadcommandedthereconcentratedhisforcesinHamelin.
Onthe2dofNovember1805theKingofSwedenarrivedatStralsund.I
immediatelyintimatedtoourGovernmentthatthiscircumstancewouldprobablygiveanewturntotheoperationsofthecombinedarmy，forhithertotheuncertaintyofitsmovementsandthesuccessivecounter—
ordersaffordednopossibilityofascertaininganydeterminedplan.Theintentionseemedtobe，thatalltheSwedo—RussiantroopsshouldcrosstheElbeatthesamepoint;viz.，Lauenburg，sixmilesfromHamburg.
Therewasnotonthe5thofNovemberasingleRussianonthesouthernbankoftheElbe.
ThefirstcolumnofthegrandRussianarmypassedthroughWarsawonthe1stofNovember，andonthe2dtheGrand—DukeConstantinewasexpectedwiththeGuards.Thiscolumn，whichamountedto6000men，wasthefirstthatpassedthroughPrussianPoland.
AtthistimewemomentarilyexpectedtoseetheHanoverianarmylandedonthebanksoftheWeserortheElbe，augmentedbysomethousandsofEnglish.TheirdesignapparentlywaseithertoattackHolland，ortoattemptsomeoperationontherearofourGrandArmy.
TheFrenchGovernmentwasveryanxioustoreceiveaccurateaccountsofthemarchoftheSwedo—RussiantroopsthroughHanover，andoftheRussianarmythroughPoland.MyagentsatWarsawandStralsund，whowereexceedinglyactiveandintelligent，enabledmetosendoffabulletindescribingthestateofHanover，themovementsoftheRussiansandSwedes，togetherwithinformationofthearrivalofEnglishtroopsintheElbe，andastatementoftheforceofthecombinedarmyinHanover，whichconsistedof15，000Russians，8000Swedes，and12，000English;makinginall35，000men.
ItwasprobablyonaccountofthisbulletinthatNapoleonexpressedtoDurochissatisfactionwithmyservices.TheEmperoronrecallingDurocfromBerlindidnotmanifesttheleastapprehensionrespectingPrussia.
Durocwrotetomethefollowingletterontheoccasionofhisrecall：
MYDEARBOURRIENNE——TheEmperorhavingthoughtmyservicesnecessarytothearmyhasrecalledme.IyesterdayhadafarewellaudienceoftheKingandQueen，whotreatedmeverygraciously.HisMajestypresentedmewithhisportraitsetindiamonds.TheEmperorAlexanderwillprobablydeparttomorrow，andtheArchdukeAnthonyvaryspeedily.Wecannotbuthopethattheirpresenceherewillfacilitateagoodunderstanding.
（Signed）DUROC.
WheneverforeignarmieswereopposingFrancethehopesoftheemigrantsrevived.TheyfalselyimaginedthatthepowerscoalescedagainstNapoleonwerelabouringintheircause;andmanyofthementeredtheRussianandAustrianarmies.OfthisnumberwasGeneralDumouriez.
IreceivedinformationthathehadlandedatStadeonthe21stofNovember;butwhitherheintendedtoproceedwasnotknown.AmannamedSt.Martin，whosewifelivedwithDumouriez，andwhohadaccompaniedthegeneralfromEnglandtoStade，cametoHamburg，whereheobservedgreatprecautionsforconcealment，andboughttwocarriages，whichwereimmediatelyforwardedtoStade.St，Martinhimselfimmediatelyproceededtothelatterplace.Iwasblamedfornothavingarrestedthisman;buthehadacommissionattestingthathewasintheEnglishservice，and，asIhavebeforementioned;aforeigncommissionwasasafeguard;andtheonlyonewhichcouldnotbeviolatedinHamburg.
InDecember1805theEnglishrecruitinginHanoverwaskeptupwithoutinterruption，andattendedwithextraordinarysuccess.Sometimesahundredmenwereraisedinaday.ThemiseryprevailinginGermany，whichhadbeenravagedbythewar，thehatredagainsttheFrench，andthehighbountythatwasofferedenabledtheEnglishtoprocureasmanymenastheywished.
TheKingofSweden，meditatingonthestirheshouldmakeinHanover，tookwithhimacampprinting—presstopublishthebulletinsofthegrandSwedisharmy.——ThefirstofthesebulletinsannouncedtoEuropethathisSwedishMajestywasabouttoleaveStralsund;andthathisarmywouldtakeupitspositionpartlybetweenNelsenandHaarburg，andpartlybetweenDomitzandthefrontiersofHamburg.
AmongtheanecdotesofNapoleonconnectedwiththiscampaignIfindinmynotesthefollowing，whichwasrelatedtomebyRapp.SomedaysbeforehisentranceintoViennaNapoleon，whowasridingonhorsebackalongtheroad，dressedinhisusualuniformofthechasseursoftheGuard，metanopencarriage，inwhichwereseatedaladyandapriest.Theladywasintears，andNapoleoncouldnotrefrainfromstoppingtoaskherwhatwasthecauseofherdistress."Sir，"shereplied，forshedidnotknowtheEmperor，"Ihavebeenpillagedatmyestate，twoleaguesfromhence，byapartyofsoldiers，whohavemurderedmygardener.IamgoingtoseekyourEmperor，whoknowsmyfamily，towhomhewasonceundergreatobligations."——"Whatisyourname？"inquiredNapoleon.——"DeBunny，"
repliedthelady."IamthedaughterofMdeMarbeuf，formerlyGovernorofCorsica."——"Madame，"exclaimedNapoleon，"IamtheEmperor.Iamdelightedtohavetheopportunityofservingyou."——"Youcannotconceive，"continuedRapp，"theattentionwhichtheEmperorshowedMadamedeBunny.Heconsoledher，pitiedher，almostapologisedforthemisfortuneshehadsustained.’Willyouhavethegoodness，Madame，’saidhe，’togoandwaitformeatmyhead—quarters？Iwilljoinyouspeedily;everymemberofM.deMarbeuf’sfamilyhasaclaimonmyrespect.’TheEmperorimmediatelygaveherapicquetofchasseursofhisguardtoescorther.Hesawheragainduringtheday，whenheloadedherwithattentions，andliberallyindemnifiedherforthelossesshehadsustained."
ForsometimeprevioustothebattleofAusterlitzthedifferentcorpsofthearmyintersectedeverypartofGermanyandItaly，alltendingtowardsViennaasacentralpoint.AtthebeginningofNovemberthecorpscommandedbyMarshalBernadottearrivedatSaltzburgatthemomentwhentheEmperorhadadvancedhisheadquarterstoBraunau，wheretherewerenumerousmagazinesofartilleryandavastquantityofprovisionsofeverykind.ThejunctionofthecorpscommandedbyBernadotteinHanoverwiththeGrandArmywasapointofsuchhighimportancethatBonapartehaddirectedtheMarshaltocomeupwithhimasspeedilyaspossible，andtotaketheshortestroad.ThisorderobligedBernadottetopassthroughtheterritoryofthetwoMargravates.
AtthattimewewereatpeacewithNaples.InSeptembertheEmperorhadconcludedwithFerdinandIV.atreatyofneutrality.ThistreatyenabledCarraSt.Cyr，whooccupiedNaples，toevacuatethatcityandtojoinMassenainUpperItaly;bothreachedtheGrandArmyonthe28thofNovember.ButnosoonerhadthetroopscommandedbyCarraSt.CyrquittedtheNeapolitanterritorythantheKingofNaples，influencedbyhisMinisters，andaboveallbyQueenCaroline，brokethetreatyofneutrality，orderedhostilepreparationsagainstFrance，openedhisportstotheenemiesoftheEmperor，andreceivedintohisStates12，000
Russiansand8000English.ItwasonthereceiptofthisnewsthatBonaparte，inoneofhismostviolentbulletins，styledtheQueenofNaplesasecondFredegonda.ThevictoryofAusterlitzhavinggivenpowerfulsupporttohisthreats，thefallofNapleswasdecided，andshortlyafterhisbrotherJosephwasseatedontheNeapolitanthrone.
Atlengthcamethegranddaywhen，touseNapoleon’sexpression，theSunofAusterlitzrose.Allourforceswereconcentratedononepoint，atabout40leaguesbeyondVienna.ThereremainednothingbutthewreckoftheAustrianarmy，thecorpsofPrinceCharlesbeingbyscientificmanoeuvreskeptatadistancefromthelineofoperations;buttheRussiansaloneweresuperiortousinnumbers，andtheirarmywasalmostentirelycomposedoffreshtroops.Themostextraordinaryillusionprevailedintheenemy’scamp.ThenorthofEuropehasitsGasconsaswellasthesouthofFrance，andthejuniorportionoftheRussianarmyatthisperiodassumedanabsurdbraggadociotone.OntheveryeveofthebattletheEmperorAlexandersentoneofhisaidesdecamp，PrinceDolgorouki，asaflagoftrucetoNapoleon.ThePrincecouldnotrepresshisself—sufficiencyeveninthepresenceoftheEmperor，andRappinformedmethatondismissinghimtheEmperorsaid，"Ifyouwereon’theheightsofMontmartre，’Iwouldanswersuchimpertinenceonlybycannon—
balls."Thisobservationwasveryremarkable，inasmuchassubsequenteventsrendereditaprophecy.
Astothebattleitself，IcandescribeitalmostaswellasifIhadwitnessedit，forsometimeafterIhadthepleasureofseeingmyfriendRapp，whowassentanamissiontoPrussia.Hegavemethefollowingaccount：
"WhenwearrivedatAusterlitztheRussianswerenotawareofthescientificplanswhichtheEmperorhadlaidfordrawingthemuponthegroundhehadmarkedout;andseeingouradvancedguardsfallbackbeforetheirstheyalreadyconsideredthemselvesconquerors.
TheysupposedthattheirGuardalonewouldsecureaneasytriumph.
Buttheactioncommenced，andtheyexperiencedanenergeticresistanceonallpoints.Atoneo’clockthevictorywasyetuncertain，fortheyfoughtadmirably.Theywishedtomakealasteffortbydirectingclosemassesagainstourcentre.TheirImperialGuarddeployed;theirartillery，cavalry，andinfantrymarcheduponabridgewhichtheyattacked，andthismovement，whichwasconcealedbytherisingandfallingoftheground，wasnotobservedbyNapoleon.IwasatthatmomentneartheEmperor，awaitinghisorders.Weheardawell—maintainedfiringofmusketry.TheRussianswererepulsingoneofourbrigades.TheEmperororderedmetotakesomeoftheMamelukes，twosquadronsofchasseurs，andoneofgrenadiersoftheGuard，andtogoandreconnoitrethestateofthings.Isetoffatfullgallop，andsoondiscoveredthedisaster.
TheRussiancavalryhadpenetratedoursquares，andwassabringourmen.Iperceivedinthedistancesomemassesofcavalryandinfantry;whichformedthereserveoftheRussians.Atthatmomenttheenemyadvancedtomeetus，bringingwithhimfourpiecesofartillery，andrangedhimselfinorderofbattle.IhadthebraveMorlandonmyleft，andGeneralD’Allemagneonmyright.’Forward，mylads！’exclaimedItomytroop.’Seehowyourbrothersandfriendsarebeingcuttopieces.Avengethem！avengeourflag！
Forward！’Thesefewwordsrousedmymen.Weadvancedasswiftlyasourhorsescouldcarryusupontheartillery，whichwastaken.Theenemy’scavalry，whichawaitedusfirmly，wasrepulsedbythesameshock，andfledindisorder，gallopingaswedidoverthewrecksofoursquares.TheRussiansralliedbutasquadronofhorsegrenadierscameuptoreinforceme，andthusenabledmetoholdgroundagainstthereservesoftheRussianGuard.Wechargedagain，andthischargewasterrible.ThebraveMorlandwaskilledbymy，side.Itwasdownrightbutchery.Wewereopposedmantoman，andweresomingledtogetherthattheinfantryofneitheronenortheothersidecouldventuretofireforfearofkillingitsownmen.
Atlengththeintrepidityofourtroopsovercameeveryobstacle，andtheRussiansfledindisorder，insightofthetwoEmperorsofRussiaandAustria，whohadstationedthemselvesonaheightinordertowitnessthebattle.Theysawadesperateone，"saidRapp，"andItrusttheyweresatisfied.Formypart，mydearfriend，I
neverspentsogloriousaday.WhatareceptiontheEmperorgavemewhenIreturnedtoinformhimthatwehadwonthebattle！Myswordwasbroken，andawoundwhichIreceivedonmyheadwasbleedingcopiously，sothatIwascoveredwithblood！HemademeaGeneralofDivision.TheRussiansdidnotreturntothecharge;wehadtakenalltheircannonandbaggage，andPrinceRepninwasamongtheprisoners."
ThusitwasthatRapprelatedtomethisfamousbattleofwhichhewasthehero，asKellermanhadbeentheheroofMarengo.WhatnowremainsofAusterlitz？Therecollection，theglory，andthemagnificentpictureofGerard，theideaofwhichwassuggestedtotheEmperorbythesightofRappwiththebloodstreamingfromhiswound.
IcannotforbearrelatinghereafewparticularswhichIlearnedfromRapprespectinghismissionafterthecureofhiswound;andthemarriageofPrinceEugenetothePrincessAugustaofBavaria.ThefriendshipwhichRappcherishedformewasofthemostsincerekind.DuringmydisgracehedidnotevenconcealitfromNapoleon;andwhoeverknowsanythingoftheEmperor’sCourtwillacknowledgethatthatwasagreatermarkofcouragethanthecarryingofaredoubtormakingthemostbrilliantchargeofcavalry.Rapppossessedcourageofeverykind，anexcellentheart，andadownrightfrankness，whichforatimebroughthimintodisgracewithNapoleon.TheonlythingforwhichRappcouldbereproachedwashisextremeprejudiceagainstthenobility，whichIamconvincedwasthesolereasonwhyhewasnotcreatedaDuke.TheEmperormadehimaCountbecausehewishedthatallhisaidesdecampshouldhavetitles.
"HehadbeenafortnightatSchoenbrunn，"saidRapptome，andIhadnotyetresumedmyduties，whentheEmperorsentforme.HeaskedmewhetherIwasabletotravel，andonmyreplyingintheaffirmative，hesaid，’Gothen，andgiveanaccountofthebattleofAusterlitztoMarmont，andvexhimfornothavingbeenatit.’Isetoff，andinconformitywiththeinstructionsIhadreceivedfromtheEmperorIproceededtoGratz，whereIfoundMarmont，whowasindeeddeeplymortifiedatnothavinghadashareinthegreatbattle.
Itoldhim，astheEmperorhaddirectedme，thatthenegotiationswerecommenced，butthatnothingwasyetconcluded，andthattherefore，atallevents，hemustholdhimselfinreadiness.I
ascertainedthesituationofhisarmyinStyria，andtheamountoftheenemy’sforcebeforehim：TheEmperorwishedhimtosendanumberofspiesintoHungary，andtotransmittohimadetailedreportfromtheircommunications.InextproceededtoLaybach，whereIfoundMassenaattheheadoftheeighthcorps，andI
informedhimthattheEmperorwishedhimtomarchinallhasteuponVienna，incaseheshouldhearoftheruptureofthenegotiations.
IcontinuedtheitinerarymarkedoutformeuntilIreachedVenice，andthencetillImetthetroopsofCarraSt.Cyr，whohadreceivedorderstomarchbackuponNaplesassoonastheEmperorheardofthetreacheryoftheKingofNaplesandthelandingoftheEnglishandRussians.HavingfulfilledthesedifferentmissionsIproceededtoKlagenfurth，whereIsawMarshalNey，andIafterwardsrejoinedtheEmperoratMunich.ThereIhadthepleasureoffindingourfriendsassembled，andamongthemJosephine，stillasaffableandamiableasever.HowdelightedIwaswhen，anmyarrival，IlearnedthattheEmperorhadadoptedEugene.IwaspresentathismarriagewiththePrincessAugustaofBavaria.Astome，youknowIamnotveryfondoffetes，andtheEmperormighthavedispensedwithmyperformingthedutiesofChamberlain;EugenehadnoideaofwhatwasgoingonwhentheEmperorsenttodesirehispresenceatMunichwithallpossiblespeed.He，too，remainsunchanged;heisstillouroldcomrade.Atfirsthewasnotmuchpleasedwiththeideaofapoliticalmarriage;butwhenhesawhisbridehewasquiteenchanted;andnowonder，forIassureyousheisaverycharmingwoman."