TheComted’Artois，who，probablywisely，certainlycautiously，hadrefusedtogowithDeVitrollestostirupthesouthuntilhehadplacedtheKinginsafety，hadendedbygoingtoGhenttoo，whiletheDucdeBerrywasatAlost，closeby，withatinyarmycomposedoftheremainsoftheMaisonduRoi，ofwhichthemostwasmadeinreports.TheDucd’Orleans，alwaysanobjectofsuspiciontotheKing，hadleftFrancewiththeRoyalparty，buthadrefusedtostayinBelgium，asheallegedthatitwasanenemy’scountry.HecrossedtoEnglandwhereheremained，greatlyaddingtotheanxietyofLouisbyrefusingtojoinhim.
　　TheendofthesePrincesiswellknown.Louisdiedin1824，leavinghisthronetohisbrother;butCharlesonlyheldittill1830，whenaftertherisingcalled"thethreegloriousdaysofJuly，"hewascivillyescortedfromFrance，andtookshelterinEngland.TheDueAngou1emediedwithoutissue.TheDucdeBerrywasassassinatedin1820，buthiswidowgavebirthtoaposthumoussontheDucdeBordeaux，or，tofervidRoyalists，HenriV.，thoughbetterknowntousastheComtedeChambord，whodiedin1883withoutissue，thusendingthetheneldestlineofBourbons，andtransmittinghisclaimstotheOrleansfamily.OnthefallofCharlesX.
　　theDucd’OrleansbecameKingoftheFrench，buthewasunseatedbytheRevolutionof1848，anddiedarefugeeinEngland.AsthethreePrincesoftheHouseofConde，thePrincedeConde，hisson，theDucdeBourbon，andhis：grandson，theDued’Enghien，alldiedwithoutfurthermaleissue，thatnoblelineisextinct.
　　WhenthenewsoftheescapeofNapoleonfromElbareachedViennaonthe7thofMarch1815，thethreeheadsoftheAllies，theEmperorsofAustriaandRussia，andtheKingofPrussia，werestillthere.ThoughitwassaidthattheCongressdancedbutdidnotadvance，stillagreatdealofworkhadreallybeendone，andthenewsofNapoleon’slandingcreatedafreshbondofunionbetweentheAllieswhichstoppedallfurtherchancesofdisunion，andenabledthemtopracticallycompletetheirworkbythe9thofJune1815，thoughthetreatiesrequiredcobblingforsomeyearsafterwards.
　　France，Austria，andEnglandhadsnatchedthegreaterpartofSaxonyfromthejawsofPrussia，andAlexanderhadbeenforcedtoleavetheKingofSaxonytoreignoverhalfofhisformersubjects，without，ashewished，sparinghimthepainofsuchadegradationbytakingallfromhim.
　　RussiahadtobecontentedwithalargeincreaseofherPolishdominions，gettingmostoftheGrand—DuchyofWestphalia.Austriahad，probablyunwisely，withdrawnfromherformeroutlyingprovincesinSwabiaandtheNetherlands，whichhadbeforetheRevolutionmadehernecessarilytheguardianofEuropeagainstFrance，preferringtotakehergainsinItaly，gainswhichshehasgraduallylostinourdays;whilePrussia，byacceptingtheRhineprovinces，completelysteppedintotheformerpostofAustria.Indeed，fromthewayinwhichPrussiawas，after1815，asitwere，scatteredacrossGermany，itwasevidentthatherfatemustbe.
　　eithertobecrushedbyFrance，orelse，byannexingthestatesenclosedinherdominions，tobecomethepredominatingpowerinGermany.Itwasimpossibleforhertoremainasshewasleft.
　　TheAlliestightlyboundFrance.TheyhadnodesiretohaveagaintomarchonParistorestoreLouistothesubjectswhohadsuchunfortunateobjectionstobeingsubjectedtothatdesirablemonarch.BythesecondTreatyofParis，onthe20thofNovember1815，FrancewastobeoccupiedbyanAlliedforce，inmilitarypositionsonthefrontier，nottoexceed150，000men，tobetakenfromalltheAlliedarmies，underacommanderwhowaseventuallytheDukeofWellington.Originallytheoccupation.
　　wasnottoexceedfiveyears，butinFebruary1817thearmywasreducedby30，000men，one—fifthofeachcontingent;andbytheTreatyofAix—la—
　　Chapelleof9thOctober1818，Francewasto—beevacuatedbythe30thofNovember1818.
　　ThethreemonarchswereprobablynotsorrytogettheCongressoveronanyterms.AlexanderhadhadhisfillofdisplayinghimselfinthesalonsinhisfavouritepartofanAgamemnongeneroustowardsTroy，andhehadwornouthisfirstpopularity.HewasstungbyfindingsomeofhisfavouriteplansboldlyopposedbyTalleyrandandbyMetternich，and，indeed，wasanxioustomeetthelastinopencombat.FrancishadrequiredallthefirmnessofwhathecalledhisBohemianheadtoresistthethreats，entreaties，andcajoleriesemployedtogethimtoacquiesceinthedethronementoftheKingofSaxony，andthewipingoutoftheSaxonnationalitybytheveryalliancewhichprofessedtofightonlyfortherightsofnationsandoftheirlawfulsovereigns.
　　AllthreemonarchshadagainthesatisfactionofenteringParis，butwithoutenjoyingthefullgloriesof1814."Ourfriends，theenemies"
　　werenotsopopulartheninFrance，andthespoliationoftheLouvrewasnotpleasanteventotheRoyalists.TheforeignmonarchssoonreturnedtotheirowndrainedandimpoverishedStates.
　　TheEmperorFrancishadafterwardsaquietreigntohisdeathin1835，havingonlytoassisthisMinisterinsnuffingouttheoccasionalflashesofaloveoffreedominGermany.
　　TheKingofPrussiareturnedinatriumphwellwonbyhissturdysubjects，and，inthelightofhisnewhonours，theCountessVonVosstellsushewasreallyhandsome.Hewasnowatleisuretoresumethediscussionsonuniform，andtheworkoffasteningandunfasteningthenumerousbuttonsofhispantaloons，inwhichhehadbeensoroughlyinterruptedbyJena.ThefirstinstitutionoftheZollverein，orcommercialunionwithseveralStates，graduallyextended，wasameasurewhichdidmuchfortheunificationofGermany.WithhisbrothersovereignsherevisitedParisattheendofthemilitaryoccupationin1818，remainingtherelongerthantheothers，"because，"saidtheParisians，"hehaddiscoveredanactoratasmalltheatrewhoachievedthefeatofmakinghimlaugh."Hediedin1840.HisQueen——heartbroken，itwassaid——haddiedin1810.
　　Alexanderwasstillbrimmingoverwiththebestandmostbenevolentintentionstowardseveryone.Theworldwastobefree，happy，andreligious;buthehadrathervagueideasastohowhisplansweretobecarriedout.ThusitischaracteristicthatwhenhissuccessordesiredtohaveasolemncoronationasKingofPolanditwasfoundthatAlexanderhadnotforeseenthedifficultieswhichweremetwithintryingtoarrangeforthecoronationofaSovereignoftheGreekChurchasKingofaRomanCatholicState.Themuch—dreadedbutverymistyHolyAlliancewasoneofthefewfruitsofAlexander’svisions.Hismindisdescribedaspassingthrougharegularseriesofstageswitheachinfluenceunderwhichheacted.Heendedhislife，tiredout，disillusioned，"deceivedineverything，weigheddownwithregret;"obligedtocrushtheveryhopesofhispeoplehehadencouraged，dyingin1825atTaganrog，leavinghisnewPolishKingdomtobewipedoutby—hissuccessors.
　　Theminorsovereignsrequirelittlemention.TheyretainedanytitlestheyhadreceivedfromNapoleon，whiletheyexulted，atbeingfreefromhisheavyhandandsharpsuperintendence.Eachgotashare，smallorgreat，ofthespoilexceptthepoorKingofDenmark，who，beingassuredbyAlexanderonhisdeparturethathecarriedawayallhearts，answered，"Yes，butnotanysouls."
　　Thereintroductionofmuchthatwasbadintheoldsystem（onecountryevengoingsofarastore—establishtorture），thesteadyattackonlibertyandonallliberalideas，WurtembergbeingpracticallytheonlyStatewhichgrumbledatthetighteningofthereinssodeartoMetternich，——allformedafittingcommentaryontheproclamationsbywhichtheSovereignshadhoundedontheirpeopleagainstthemantheyrepresentedastheoneobstacletothefreedomandpeaceofEurope.
　　Ingloomanddisenchantmentthenationssatdowntolicktheirwounds：
　　Thecontemptshownbythemonarchsforeverythingbuttherightofconquest，themannerinwhichtheytreatedthelandswonfromNapoleonasagigantic"pool"whichwastobesharedamongstthem，somanysoulstoeach;theirtotalfailuretofulfiltheirpromisestotheirsubjectsofgrantingliberty，——alltheseslowlyboretheirfruitsinafteryears，andtheireffectsarenotevenyetexhausted.Therightofasovereigntoholdhislandswasnow，bythepubliclawofEurope，tobedecidedbyhisstrength，Therightsofthepeopleweretreatedasnotexisting.Truly，asourmostgiftedpoetesshassung——
　　TheKingscreptout—thepeoplessatathome，Andfindingthelonginvocatedpeace（ApallembroideredwithwornimagesOfrightsdivine）tooscanttocoverdoomSuchastheysuffered，nursedthecornthatgrewRanklytobitterbread，onWaterloo."
　　EndofTheMemoirsofNapoleon，V15，1815
　　MemoirsofNapoleonBonaparte，V16
　　byLouisAntoineFauveletdeBourrienneHisPrivateSecretaryEditedbyR.W.PhippsColonel，LateRoyalArtillery1891
　　CONTENTS：
　　CHAPTERXIII.toXIV.andAPPENDIX1815—1821
　　CHAPTERXIII
　　——[Thischapter;bytheeditorofthe1836edition，isbaseduponthe’Memorial’，andO’Meara’sandAntommarchi’sworks.]——
　　1815—1821.
　　VoyagetoSt.Helena——PersonaltraitsoftheEmperor——ArrivalatJamesTown——Napoleon’stemporaryresidenceatTheBriars——RemovaltoLongwood——Thedailyroutinethere—TheCampaignofItaly——ThearrivalofSirHudsonLowe——UnpleasantrelationsbetweentheEmperorandthenewGovernor——VisitorsatSt.Helena——CaptainBasilHall’sinterviewwithNapoleon——AnecdotesoftheEmperor——DepartureofLasCasesandO’Meara——ArrivalsfromEurope——PhysicalhabitsoftheEmperor——Dr.
　　Antommarchi——TheEmperor’stoilet——Creationofanewbishopric——
　　TheEmperor’senergywiththespade——Hisincreasingillness——
　　LastdaysofNapoleon——HisDeath——Lyinginstate——Militaryfuneral——
　　Marchand’saccountoftheEmperor’slastmoments——Napoleon’slastbequests——TheWatchofRivoli.
　　TheclosingscenesinthelifeofthegreatEmperoronlynowremaintobebrieflytouchedupon.InapreviouschapterwehavenarratedthesurrenderofNapoleon，hisvoyagetoEngland，andhistransferencefromtheBellerophontotheNorthumberland.Thelattervesselwasingreatconfusionfromtheshortnoticeatwhichshehadsailed，andforthetwofirstdaysthecrewwasemployedinrestoringorder.Thespaceabaftthemizenmastcontainedadining—roomabouttenfeetbroad，andextendingthewholewidthoftheship，asaloon，andtwocabins.TheEmperoroccupiedthecabinontheleft;inwhichhiscamp—bedsteadhadbeenputup;thatontherightwasappropriatedtotheAdmiral.Itwasperemptorilyenjoinedthatthesaloonshouldbeincommon.Theformofthedining—
　　tableresembledthatofthedining—room.Napoleonsatwithhisbacktothesaloon;onhisleftsatMadameBertrand，andonhisrighttheAdmiral，who，withMadamedeMontholon，filleduponesideofthetable.
　　Nextthatlady，butattheendofthetable，wasCaptainRoss，whocommandedtheship，andattheoppositeendM.deMontholon;MadameBertrand，andtheAdmiral’ssecretary.ThesideofthetablefacingtheEmperorwasoccupiedbytheGrand—Marshal，theColonelofthefieldRegiment，LasCases，andGourgaud.TheAdmiralinvitedoneortwooftheofficerstodinnereveryday，andthebandofthe53d，newly—formed，playedduringdinner—time.
　　Onthe10thofAugusttheNorthumberlandclearedtheChannel，andlostsightofland.ThecourseoftheshipwasshapedtocrosstheBayofBiscayanddoubleCapeFinisterre.Thewindwasfair，thoughlight，andtheheatexcessive.Napoleonbreakfastedinhisowncabinatirregularhours.Hesentforoneofhisattendantseverymorningtoknowthedistancerun，thestateofthewind，andotherparticularsconnectedwiththeirprogress.Hereadagreatdeal，dressedtowardsfouro’clock，andthencameintothepublicsaloon;hereheplayedatchesswithoneoftheparty;atfiveo’clocktheAdmiralannouncedthatdinnerwasonthetable.ItiswellknownthatNapoleonwasscarcelyevermorethanfifteenminutesatdinner;herethetwocoursesalonetookupnearlyanhourandahalf.Thiswasaseriousannoyancetohim，thoughhisfeaturesandmanneralwaysevincedperfectequanimity.Neitherthenewsystemofcookerynorthequalityofthedishesevermetwithhiscensure.Hewaswaitedonbytwovalets，whostoodbehindhischair.
　　AtfirsttheAdmiralwasinthehabitofofferingseveraldishestotheEmperor，buttheacknowledgmentofthelatterwasexpressedsocoldlythatthepracticewasgivenup.TheAdmiralthenceforthonlypointedouttotheservantswhatwaspreferable.Napoleonwasgenerallysilent，asifunacquaintedwiththelanguage，thoughitwasFrench.Ifhespoke，itwastoasksometechnicalorscientificquestion，ortoaddressafewwordstothosewhomtheAdmiraloccasionallyaskedtodinner.
　　TheEmperorroseimmediatelyaftercoffeehadbeenhandedround，andwentondeck，followedbytheGrand—MarshalandLasCases.ThisdisconcertedAdmiralCockburn，whoexpressedhissurprisetohisofficers;butMadameBertrand，whosematernallanguagewasEnglish，repliedwithspirit，"Donotforget，sir，thatyourguestisamanwhohasgovernedalargeportionoftheworld，andthatkingsoncecontendedforthehonourofbeingadmittedtohistable."——"Verytrue，"rejoinedtheAdmiral;andfromthattimehedidhisutmosttocomplywithNapoleon’shabits.Heshortenedthetimeofsittingattable，orderingcoffeeforNapoleonandthosewhoaccompaniedhimevenbeforetherestofthecompanyhadfinishedtheirdinner.TheEmperorremainedwalkingondecktilldark.
　　Onreturningtotheafter—cabinhesatdowntoplayvingtetunwithsomeofhissuite，andgenerallyretiredinabouthalfanhour.Onthemorningofthe15thofAugustallhissuiteaskedpermissiontobeadmittedtohispresence.Hewasnotawareofthecauseofthisvisit;
　　itwashisbirthday，whichseemedtohavealtogetherescapedhisrecollection.
　　OnthefollowingdaytheydoubledCapeFinisterre，anduptothe21st，passingofftheStraitsofGibraltar，continuedtheircoursealongthecoastofAfricatowardsMadeira.Napoleoncommonlyremainedinhiscabinthewholemorning，andfromtheextremeheatheworeaveryslightdress.
　　Hecouldnotsleepwell，andfrequentlyroseinthenight.Readingwashischiefoccupation.HeoftensentforCountLasCasestotranslatewhateverrelatedtoSt.Helenaorthecountriesbywhichtheyweresailing.Napoleonusedtostartasubjectofconversation;orrevivethatofsomeprecedingday，andwhenhehadtakeneightornineturnsthewholelengthofthedeckhewouldseathimselfonthesecondgunfromthegangwayonthelarboardside.Themidshipmensoonobservedthishabitualpredilection，sothatthecannonwasthenceforthcalledtheEmperor’sgun.ItwasherethatNapoleonoftenconversedforhourstogether.
　　Onthe22dofAugusttheycamewithinsightofMadeira，andatnightarrivedofftheport.Theystoppedforadayortwototakeinprovisions.Napoleonwasindisposed.AsuddengalearoseandtheairwasfilledwithsmallparticlesofsandandthesuffocatingexhalationsfromthedesertsofAfrica.Ontheeveningofthe24ththeygotunderweighagain，andprogressedsmoothlyandrapidly.TheEmperoraddedtohisamusementsagameatpiquet.Hewasbutan，indifferentchess—
　　player，andtherewasnoverygoodoneonboard.Heasked，jestingly，"Howitwasthathefrequentlybeatthosewhobeatbetterplayersthanhimself？"Vingtetunwasgivenup，astheyplayedtoohighatit;andNapoleonhadagreataversiontogaming.Onenightanegrothrewhimselfoverboardtoavoidaflogging，whichoccasionedagreatnoiseandbustle.
　　AyoungmidshipmanmeetingLasCasesdescendingintothecabin，andthinkinghewasgoingtoinformNapoleon，caughtholdofhiscoatandinatoneofgreatconcernexclaimed，"Ahsir，donotalarmtheEmperor！
　　Tellhimthenoiseisowingtoanaccident！"IngeneralthemidshipmenbehavedwithmarkedrespectandattentiontoBonaparte，andoftenbysignsorwordsdirectedthesailorstoavoidincommodinghim：Hesometimesnoticedthisconduct，andremarkedthatyouthfulheartswerealwayspronetogenerousinstincts.
　　Onthe1stofSeptembertheyfoundthemselvesinthelatitudeoftheCapedeVerdIslands.Everythingnowpromisedaprosperouspassage，butthetimehungheavily.LasCaseshadundertakentoteachhissonEnglish，andtheEmperoralsoexpressedawishtolearn.He，however，soongrewtiredandlaiditaside，norwasitresumeduntillongafterwards.Hismannersandhabitswerealwaysthesame;heinvariablyappearedcontented，patient，andgood—humoured.TheAdmiralgraduallylaidasidehisreserve，andtookaninterestinhisgreatcaptive.Hepointedoutthedangerincurredbycomingondeckafterdinner，owingtothedampoftheevening：theEmperor，wouldthensometimestakehisarmandprolongtheconversation，talkingsometimesonnavalaffairs，ontheFrenchresourcesinthesouth，andontheimprovementshehadcontemplatedintheportsandharboursoftheMediterranean，toallwhichtheAdmirallistenedwithdeepattention.
　　MeanwhileNapoleonobservedthatLasCaseswasbusilyemployed，andobtainedasightofhisjournal，withwhichhewasnotdispleased.He，however，noticedthatsomeofthemilitarydetailsandanecdotesgavebutameagreideaofthesubjectofwar：ThisfirstledtotheproposalofhiswritinghisownMemoirs.AtlengththeEmperorcametoadetermination，andonSaturday，the9thofSeptemberhecalledhissecretaryintohiscabinanddictatedtohimsomeparticularsofthesiegeofToulon.Onapproachingthelinetheyfellinwiththetrade—
　　winds，thatblowhereconstantlyfromtheeast.Onthe16ththerewasaconsiderablefallofrain，tothegreatjoyofthesailors，whowereinwantofwater.TherainbegantofallheavilyjustastheEmperorhadgotupondecktotakehisafternoonwalk.Butthisdidnotdisappointhimofhisusualexercise;hemerelycalledforhisfamousgraygreatcoat，whichthecrewregardedwithmuchinterest.
　　Onthe23dofSeptembertheypassedtheline.Thiswasadayofgreatmerrimentanddisorderamongthecrew：itwastheceremonywhichtheEnglishsailorscallthe"christening."Nooneisspared;andtheofficersaregenerallymoreroughlyhandledthananyoneelse.TheAdmiral，whohadpreviouslyamusedhimselfbygivinganalarmingdescriptionofthisceremony，nowverycourteouslyexemptedhisguestsfromtheinconvenienceandridiculeattendingit.NapoleonwasscrupulouslyrespectedthroughthewholeofthisSaturnalianfestivity.
　　OnbeinginformedofthedecorumwhichhadbeenobservedwithregardtohimheorderedahundredNapoleonstobepresentedtothegrotesque—
　　Neptuneandhiscrew;whichtheAdmiralopposed，perhapsfrommotivesofprudenceaswellaspoliteness.
　　OwingtothehastewithwhichtheyhadleftEnglandthepaintingoftheshiphadbeenonlylatelyfinished，andthiscircumstanceconfinedNapoleon，whosesenseofsmellwasveryacute，tohisroomfortwodays.
　　Theywerenow，inthebeginningofOctober，drivenintotheGulfofGuinea，wheretheymetaFrenchvesselboundfortheIsleofBourbon.
　　Theyspokewiththecaptain，whoexpressedhissurpriseandregretwhenhelearntthatNapoleonwasonboard.Thewindwasunfavourable，andtheshipmadelittleprogress.ThesailorsgrumbledattheAdmiral，whohadgoneoutoftheusualcourse.Atlengththeyapproachedtheterminationoftheirvoyage.Onthe14thofOctobertheAdmiralhadinformedthemthatheexpectedtocomewithinsightofSt.Helenathatday.Theyhadscarcelyrisenfromtablewhentheirearsweresalutedwiththecryof"land！"Thiswaswithinaquarterofanhourofthetimethathadbeenfixedon.TheEmperorwentontheforecastletoseetheisland;butitwasstillhardlydistinguishable.AtdaybreaknextmorningtheyhadatolerablyclearviewofitAtlength，aboutseventydaysafterhisdeparturefromEngland，andahundredandtenafterquittingParis，NapoleonreachedSt.Helena.Intheharbourwereseveralvesselsofthesquadronwhichhadseparatedfromthem，andwhichtheythoughttheyhadleftbehind.Napoleon，contrarytocustom，dressedearlyandwentupondeck：hewentforwardtothegangwaytoviewtheisland.Hebeheldakindofvillagesurroundedbynumerousbarrenhillstoweringtotheclouds.Everyplatform，everyaperture，thebrowofeveryhillwasplantedwithcannon.TheEmperorviewedtheprospectthroughhisglass.Hiscountenanceunderwentnochange.Hesoonleftthedeck;andsendingforLasCases，proceededtohisday’swork.TheAdmiral，whohadgoneashoreveryearly，returnedaboutsixmuchfatigued.Hehadbeenwalkingovervariouspartsoftheisland，andatlengththoughthehadfoundahabitationthatwouldsuithiscaptives.
　　Theplacestoodinneedofrepairs，whichmightoccupytwomonths.HisorderswerenottolettheFrenchquitthevesseltillahouseshouldbepreparedtoreceivethem.He，however，undertook，onhisownresponsibility，tosetthemonshorethenextday.
　　Onthe16th，afterdinner，Napoleon，accompaniedbytheAdmiralandtheGrand—Marshal，Bertrand，gotintoaboattogoashore.Ashepassed，theofficersassembledonthequarter—deck，andthegreaterpartofthecrewonthegangways.TheEmperor，beforehesteppedintotheboat，sentforthecaptainofthevessel，andtookleaveofhim，desiringhimatthesametimetoconveyhisthankstotheofficersandcrew.Thesewordsappearedtoproducetheliveliestsensationinallbywhomtheywereunderstood，ortowhomtheywereinterpreted.Theremainderofhissuitelandedabouteight.TheyfoundtheEmperorintheapartmentswhichhadbeenassignedtohim：，afewminutesafterhewentupstairstohischamber.HewaslodgedinasortofinninJamesTown，whichconsistsonly，ofoneshortstreet，orrowofhousesbuiltinanarrowvalleybetweentworockyhills.
　　ThenextdaytheEmperor，theGrand—Marshal，andtheAdmiral，ridingouttovisitLongwood，whichhadbeenchosenfortheEmperor’sresidence，ontheirreturnsawasmallvilla，withapavilionattachedtoit，abouttwomilesfromthetown，theresidenceofMr.Balcombe;amerchantoftheisland.ThisspotpleasedNapoleon，andtheAdmiralwasofopinionthatitwouldbebetterforhimtoremainherethantoreturntothetown，wherethesentinelsathisdoor，withthecrowdscollectedroundit，inamannerconfinedhimtohischamber.Thepavilionwasasortofsummer—
　　houseonapyramidaleminence，aboutthirtyorfortypacesfromthehouse，wherethefamilywereaccustomedtoresortinfineweather：thiswashiredforthetemporaryabodeoftheEmperor，andhetookpossessionofitimmediately.Therewasacarriage—roadfromthetown，andthevalleywasinthispartlessruggedinitsaspect.LasCaseswassoonsentfor.AsbeascendedthewindingpathleadingtothepavilionhesawNapoleonstandingatthethresholdofthedoor.Hisbodywasslightlybent，andhishandsbehindhisback：heworehisusualplainandsimpleuniformandthewell—knownhat.TheEmperorwasalone.Hetookafancytowalkalittle;buttherewasnolevelgroundonanysideofthepavilion，whichwassurroundedbyhugepiecesofrock.Takingthearmofhiscompanion，however，hebegantoconverseinacheerfulstrain.WhenNapoleonwasabouttoretiretoresttheservantsfoundthatoneofthewindowswasopenclosetothebed：theybarricadeditaswellastheycould，soastoexcludetheair，totheeffectsofwhichtheEmperorwasverysusceptible.LasCasesascendedtoanupperroom.Thevaletsdechambreslaystretchedintheircloaksacrossthethresholdofthedoor.
　　SuchwasthefirstnightNapoleonpassedattheBriars.
　　AnEnglishofficerwaslodgedwiththeminthehouseastheirguard，andtwonon—commissionedofficerswerestationednearthehousetowatchtheirmovements.Napoleonthenextdayproceededwithhisdictation，whichoccupiedhimforseveralhours，andthentookawalkinthegarden，wherehewasmetbythetwoMissesBalcombe，livelygirlsaboutfourteenyearsofage，whopresentedhimwithflowers，andoverwhelmedhimwithwhimsicalquestions.Napoleonwasamusedbytheirfamiliarity，towhichhehadbeenlittleaccustomed."Wehavebeentoamaskedball，"saidhe，whentheyoungladieshadtakentheirleave.
　　Thenextdayachickenwasbroughtforbreakfast，whichtheEmperorundertooktocarvehimself，andwassurprisedathissucceedingsowell，itbeingalongtimesincehehaddonesomuch.Thecoffeeheconsideredsobadthatontastingithethoughthimselfpoisoned，andsentitaway.
　　Themorningswerepassedinbusiness;intheeveningNapoleonsometimesstrolledtotheneighbouringvilla，wheretheyoungladiesmadehimplayatwhist.TheCampaignofItalywasnearlyfinished，andLasCasesproposedthattheotherfollowersofNapoleonwhowerelodgedinthetownshouldcomeupeverymorningtoassistintranscribingTheCampaignofEgypt，theHistoryoftheConsulate，etc.Thissuggestionpleasedtheex—Emperor，sothatfromthattimeoneortwoofhissuitecameregularlyeverydaytowritetohisdictation，andstayedtodinner.Atent，sentbytheColonelofthe53dRegiment，wasspreadoutsoastoformaprolongationofthepavillion.TheircooktookuphisabodeattheBriars.Thetablelinenwastakenfromthetrunks，theplatewassetforth，andthefirstdinnerafterthesenewarrangementswasasortoffete.
　　OnedayatdinnerNapoleon，castinghiseyeononeofthedishesofhisowncampaign—service，onwhichthe—armsoftheKinghadbeenengraved，"Howtheyhavespoiledthat！"heexclaimed;andhecouldnotrefrainfromobservingthattheKingwasingreathastetotakepossessionoftheImperialplate，whichcertainlydidnotbelongtohim.Amongstthebaggagewasalsoacabinetinwhichwereanumberofmedallions，givenhimbythePopeandotherpotentates，somelettersofLouisXVIII.whichhehadleftbehindhimonhiswriting—tableinthesuddennessofhisflightfromtheTuileriesonthe20thofMarch，andanumberofotherlettersfoundintheportfolioofDiaBlacasintendedtocalumniateNapoleon.
　　TheEmperorneverdresseduntilaboutfouro’clockhethenwalkedinthegarden，whichwasparticularlyagreeabletohimonaccountofitssolitude——theEnglishsoldiershavingbeenremovedatMr.Balcombe’srequest.Alittlearbourwascoveredwithcanvas;andachairandtableplacedinit，andhereNapoleondictatedagreatpartofhisMemoirs.
　　Intheevening，whenhedidnotgoout，hegenerallycontrivedtoprolongtheconversationtillelevenortwelveo’clock.
　　Thustimepassedwithlittlevarietyorinterruption.Theweatherinthewinterbecamedelightful.Oneday，hisusualtaskbeingdone;Napoleonstrolledouttowardsthetown，untilhecamewithinsightoftheroadandshipping.OnhisreturnhemetMrs.BalcombeandaMrs.Stuart，whowasonherwaybackfromBombaytoEngland.TheEmperorconversedwithheronthemannersandcustomsofIndia，andontheinconveniencesofalongvoyageatsea，particularlytoladies.HealludedtoScotland，Mrs.
　　Stuart’snativecountry，expatiatedonthegeniusofOssian，andcongratulatedhisfairinterlocutoronthepreservationofherclearnortherncomplexion.Whilethepartieswerethusengagedsomeheavilyburdenedslavespassedneartothem.Mrs.Balcombemotionedthemtomakeadetour;butNapoleoninterposed，exclaiming，"Respecttheburden，madam！"AshesaidthistheScotchlady，whohadbeenveryeagerlyscanningthefeaturesofNapoleon，whisperedtoherfriend，"Heavens！
　　whatacharacter，andwhatanexpressionofcountenance！HowdifferenttotheideaIhadformedofhim！"
　　Napoleonshortlyafterrepeatedthesamewalk，andwentintothehouseofMajorHudson.Thisvisitoccasionedconsiderablealarmtotheconstitutedauthorities.
　　TheGovernorgaveaball，towhichtheFrenchwereinvited;andLasCasesaboutthesametimerodeovertoLongwoodtoseewhatadvancehadbeenmadeinthepreparationsfortheirreception.Hisreportonhisreturnwasnotveryfavourable.TheyhadnowbeensixweeksattheBriars，duringwhichNapoleonhadbeennearlyasmuchconfinedasifonboardthevessel.Hishealthbegantobeimpairedbyit.LasCasesgaveitashisopinionthattheEmperordidnotpossessthatconstitutionofironwhichwasusuallyascribedtohim;andthatitwasthestrengthofhismind，notofhisbody，thatcarriedhimthroughthelaboursofthefieldandofthecabinet.InspeakingonthissubjectNapoleonhimselfobservedthat.
　　naturehadendowedhimwithtwopeculiarities：onewasthepowerofsleepingatanyhourorinanyplace;theother，hisbeingincapableofcommittinganyexcesseitherineatingordrinking："If，"saidhe，"Igotheleastbeyondmymarkmystomachinstantlyrevolts."Hewassubjecttonauseafromveryslightcauses，andtocoldsfromanychangeofair.
　　TheprisonersremovedtoLongwoodonthe10thofDecember1815.NapoleoninvitedMr.Balcombetobreakfastwithhimthatmorning，andconversedwithhiminaverycheerfulmanner.AbouttwoAdmiralCockburnwasannounced;heenteredwithanairofembarrassment.InconsequenceoftherestraintsimposeduponhimattheBriars，andthemannerinwhichthoseofhissuiteresidinginthetownhadbeentreated，BonapartehaddiscontinuedreceivingthevisitsoftheAdmiral;yetonthepresentoccasionhebehavedtowardshimasthoughnothinghadhappened.AtlengththeylefttheBriarsandsetoutforLongwood.Napoleonrodethehorse，asmall，sprightly，andtolerablyhandsomeanimal，whichhadbeenbroughtforhimfromtheCape.HeworehisuniformoftheChasseursoftheGuard，andhisgracefulmannerandhandsomecountenancewereparticularlyremarked.TheAdmiralwasveryattentivetohim.AttheentranceofLongwoodtheyfoundaguardunderarmswhorenderedtheprescribedhonourstotheirillustriouscaptive.Hishorse，unaccustomedtoparades，andfrightenedbytherollofthedram，refusedtopassthegatetillspurredonbyNapoleon，whileasignificantlookpassedamongtheescort.TheAdmiraltookgreatpainstopointouttheminutestdetailsatLongwood.Hehadhimselfsuperintendedallthearrangements，amongwhichwasabath—room.Bonapartewassatisfiedwitheverything，andtheAdmiralseemedhighlypleased.Hehadanticipatedpetulanceanddisdain，butNapoleonmanifestedperfectgood—humour.
　　Theentrancetothehousewasthrougharoomwhichhadbeenjustbuilttoanswerthedoublepurposeofanante—chamberandadining—room.Thisapartmentledtothedrawing—room;beyondthiswasathirdroomrunninginacrossdirectionandverydark.ThiswasintendedtobethedepositoryoftheEmperor’smapsandbooks，butitwasafterwardsconvertedintothedining—room.TheEmperor’schamberopenedintothisapartmentontherighthandside，andwasdividedintotwoequalparts，formingacabinetandsleeping—room;alittleexternalgalleryservedforabathing—room：OppositetheEmperor’schamber，attheotherextremityofthebuilding，weretheapartmentsofMadameMontholon，herhusband，andherson，afterwardusedastheEmperorslibrary.Detachedfromthispartofthehousewasalittlesquareroomonthegroundfloor，contiguoustothekitchen，whichwasassignedtoLasCases.Thewindowsandbedshadnocurtains.Thefurniturewasmeanandscanty.Bertrandandhisfamilyresidedatadistanceoftwomiles，ataplacecalledRut’sGate.
　　GeneralGourgaudsleptunderatent，aswellasMr.O’Meara，andtheofficercommandingtheguard.Thehousewassurroundedbyagarden.Infront，andseparatedbyatolerablydeepravine，wasencampedthe53dRegiment，differentpartiesofwhichwerestationedontheneighbouringheights.
　　ThedomesticestablishmentoftheEmperorconsistedofelevenpersons.
　　TotheGrand—Marshalwasconfidedthegeneralsuperintendence;toM.deMontholonthedomesticdetails;LasCaseswastotakecareofthefurnitureandproperty，andGeneralGourgaudtohavethemanagementofthestables.Thesearrangements，however，produceddiscontentamongNapoleon’sattendants.LasCasesadmitsthattheywerenolongerthemembersofonefamily，eachusinghisbesteffortstopromotetheadvantageofall.Theywerefarfrompractisingthatwhichnecessitydictated.Hesaysalso，"TheAdmiralhasmorethanonce，inthemidstofourdisputeswithhim，hastilyexclaimedthattheEmperorwasdecidedlythemostgood—natured，just，andreasonableofthewholeset."
　　OnhisfirstarrivalhewenttovisitthebarracksoccupiedbysomeChineselivingontheisland，andaplacecalledLongwoodFarm.HecomplainedtoLasCasesthattheyhadbeenidleoflate;butbydegreestheirhoursandtheemploymentofthembecamefixedandregular.TheCampaignofItalybeingnowfinished，Napoleoncorrectedit，anddictatedonothersubjects.Thiswastheirmorning’swork.Theydinedbetweeneightandnine，MadameMontholonbeingseatedonNapoleon’sright;LasCasesonhisleft，andGourgaud，Montholon，andLasCases’sonsittingopposite.Thesmellofthepaintnotbeingyetgoneoff，theyremainednotmorethantenminutesattable，andthedessertwaspreparedintheadjoiningapartment，wherecoffeewasservedupandconversationcommenced.SceneswerereadfromMoliere，Racine，andVoltaire;andregretwasalwaysexpressedattheirnothavingacopyofCorneille.
　　Theythenplayedat’reversis’，whichhadbeenBonaparte’sfavouritegameinhisyouth.Therecollectionwasagreeabletohim，andhethoughthecouldamusehimselfatitforanylengthoftime，butwassoonundeceived.Hisaimwasalwaystomakethe’reversis’，thatis，towineverytrick.Characterisdisplayedinthesmallestincidents.
　　Napoleonreadalibelonhimself，andcontrastedthecomplimentswhichhadpassedbetweenhimandtheQueenofPrussiawiththebrutal—
　　behaviourascribedtohimintheEnglishnewspapers.Ontheotherhand，twocommonsailorshadatdifferenttimes，whilehewasatLongwoodandattheBriars，inspiteofordersandatallrisks，madetheirwaythroughthesentinelstogainasightofNapoleon.Onseeingtheinteresttheytookinhimheexclaimed，"Thisisfanaticism！Yes，imaginationrulestheworld！"
　　TheinstructionsoftheEnglishMinisterswithregardtothetreatmentofNapoleonatSt.Helenahadbeenpreparedwiththeviewcompletelytosecurehisperson.AnEnglishofficerwastobeconstantlyathistable.
　　Thisorder，however，wasnotcarriedintoeffect.AnofficerwasalsotoaccompanyNapoleoninallhisrides;thisorderwasdispensedwithwithincertainprescribedlimits，becauseNapoleonhadrefusedtorideatallonsuchconditions.Almosteverydaybroughtwithitsomenewcauseofuneasinessandcomplaint.SentinelswerepostedbeneathNapoleon’swindowsandbeforehisdoors.Thisorderwas，however，doubtlessgiventopreventhisbeingannoyedbyimpertinentcuriosity.TheFrenchwerecertainlyprecludedfromallfreecommunicationwiththeinhabitantsoftheisland;butthisprecautionwasofunquestionablenecessityforthesecurityoftheEmperor’sperson.LasCasescomplainsthatthepasswordswereperpetuallychanged，sothattheylivedinconstantperplexityandapprehensionofbeingsubjectedtosomeunforeseeninsult."Napoleon，"
　　hecontinues，"addressedacomplainttotheAdmiral，whichobtainedforhimnoredress.InthemidstofthesecomplaintstheAdmiralwishedtointroducesomeladies（whohadarrivedintheDoric）toNapoleon;buthedeclined，notapprovingthisalternationofaffrontsandcivilities."
　　He，however，consented，attherequestoftheirColonel，toreceivetheofficersofthe53dRegiment.Afterthisofficertookhisleave.
　　Napoleonprolongedhiswalkinthegarden.Hestoppedawhiletolookataflowerinoneofthebeds，andaskedhiscompanionifitwasnotalily.Itwasindeedamagnificentone.Thethoughtthathehadinhismindwasobvious.Hethenspokeofthenumberoftimeshehadbeenwounded;andsaidithadbeenthoughthehadnevermetwiththeseaccidentsfromhishavingkeptthemsecretasmuchaspossible.’
　　ItwasneartheendofDecember.Oneday，afterawalkandatumbleinthemud，BonapartereturnedandfoundapacketofEnglishnewspapers，whichtheGrand—Marshaltranslatedtohim.Thisoccupiedhimtilllate，andheforgothisdinnerindiscussingtheircontents.AfterdinnerhadbeenservedLasCaseswishedtocontinuethetranslation，butNapoleonwouldnotsufferhimtoproceed，fromconsiderationfortheweakstateofhiseyes."Wemustwaittillto—morrow，"saidhe.AfewdaysafterwardstheAdmiralcameinpersontovisithim，andtheinterviewwasanagreeableone.AftersomeanimateddiscussionitwasarrangedthatNapoleonshouldhenceforthridefreelyabouttheisland;thattheofficershouldfollowhimonlyatadistance;andthatvisitorsshouldbeadmittedtohim，notwiththepermissionoftheAdmiralastheInspectorofLongwood，butwiththatoftheGrand—Marshal，whowastodothehonoursoftheestablishment.Theseconcessionswere，however，soonrecalled.Onthe30thofthismonthPiontkowsky，aPole;whohadbeenleftbehind，butwhoseentreatiesprevailedupontheEnglishGovernment，joinedBonaparte.OnNew—Year’sDayalltheirlittlepartywascollectedtogether，andNapoleon，enteringintothefeelingsoftheoccasion，beggedthattheymightbreakfastandpassittogether.Everydayfurnishedsomenewtraitofthiskind.
　　Onthe14thofApril1816SirHudsonLowe，thenewGovernor，arrivedatSt.Helena.Thisepochisimportant，asmakingthebeginningofacontinuedseriesofaccusations，andcounter—accusations，bywhichthelastfiveyearsofNapoleon’slifewereconstantlyoccupied，tothegreatannoyanceofhimselfandallconnectedwithhim，andpossiblytotheshorteningofhisownexistence.
　　Itwouldbetedioustodetailtheprogressofthispettywar，but，asasubjectwhichhasformedsogreataportionofthelifeofNapoleon，itmustnotbeomitted.ToavoidanythingwhichmayappearlikeabiasagainstNapoleon，thedetails，unlesswhenotherwisementioned，willbederivedfromLasCases，hisdevotedadmirer.
　　OnthefirstvisitofthenewGovernor;whichwasthe16thofApril，Napoleonrefusedtoadmithim，becausehehimselfwasill，andalsobecausetheGovernorhadnotaskedbeforehandforanaudience.OnthesecondvisittheGovernor，wasadmittedtoanaudience，andNapoleonseemstohavetakenaprejudiceatfirstsight，asheremarkedtohissuitethattheGovernorwas"hideous，andhadamostuglycountenance，"
　　thoughheallowedheoughtnottojudgetoohastily.Thespiritofthepartywasshownbyaremarkmade，thatthefirsttwodayshadbeendaysofbattle.
　　TheGovernorsawNapoleonagainonthe30thApril，andtheinterviewwasstormy.NapoleonarguedwiththeGovernorontheconductoftheAlliestowardshim，saidtheyhadnorighttodisposeofhim，whowastheirequalandsometimestheirmaster.HethendeclaimedontheeternaldisgracetheEnglishhadinflictedonthemselvesbysendinghimtoSt.
　　Helena;theywishedtokillhimbyalingeringdeath：theirconductwasworsethanthatoftheCalabriansinshootingMurat.Hetalkedofthecowardlinessofsuicide，complainedofthesmallextentandhorridclimateofSt.Helena，andsaiditwouldbeanactofkindnesstodeprivehimoflifeatonce.SirH.Lowesaidthatahouseofwood，fittedupwitheverypossibleaccommodation，wasthenonitswayfromEnglandforhisuse.Napoleonrefuseditatonce，andexclaimedthatitwasnotahousebutanexecutionerandacoffinthathewanted;thehousewasamockery，deathwouldbeafavour.AfewminutesafterNapoleontookupsomereportsofthecampaignsof1814，whichlayonthetable，andaskedSirH.Loweifhehadwrittenthem.LasCases，aftersayingthattheGovernorrepliedintheaffirmative，finisheshisaccountoftheinterview，butaccordingtoO’Meara，Napoleonsaidtheywerefulloffollyandfalsehood.TheGovernor，withamuchmilderreplythanmostmenwouldhavegiven，retired，andNapoleonharangueduponthesinisterexpressionofhiscountenance，abusedhiminthecoarsestmanner，andmadehisservantthrowacupofcoffeeoutofthewindowbecauseithadstoodamomentonatableneartheGovernor.
　　ItwasrequiredthatallpersonswhovisitedatLongwoodoratHut’sGateshouldmakeareporttotheGovernor，ortoSirThomasReade，oftheconversationstheyhadheldwiththeFrench.SeveraladditionalsentinelswerepostedaroundLongwoodHouseandgrounds.
　　DuringsomeextremelywetandfoggyweatherNapoleondidnotgooutforseveraldays.MessengersandletterscontinuallysucceededoneanotherfromPlantationHouse.TheGovernorappearedanxioustoseeNapoleon，andwasevidentlydistrustful，althoughtheresidentsatLongwoodwereassuredofhisactualpresencebythesoundofhisvoice.HehadsomecommunicationswithCountBertrandonthenecessitythatoneofhisofficersshouldseeNapoleondaily.HealsowenttoLongwoodfrequentlyhimself，andfinally，aftersomedifficulty，succeededinobtaininganinterviewwithNapoleoninhisbedchamber，whichlastedaboutaquarterofanhour.SomedaysbeforehesentforMr.O’Meara，askedavarietyofquestionsconcerningthecaptive，walkedroundthehouseseveraltimesandbeforethewindows，measuringandlayingdowntheplanofanewditch，whichhesaidhewouldhaveduginordertopreventthecattlefromtrespassing.
　　Onthemorningofthe5thofMayNapoleonsentforhissurgeonO’Mearatocometohim.HewasintroducedintoNapoleon’sbed—chamber，adescriptionofwhichisthusgiven："Itwasaboutfourteenfeetbytwelve，andtenorelevenfeetinheight.Thewallswerelinedwithbrownnankeen，borderedandedgedwithcommongreenborderingpaper，anddestituteofskirting.Twosmallwindowswithoutpulleys，oneofwhichwasthrownupandfastenedbyapieceofnotchedwood，lookedtowardsthecampofthe53dRegiment.Therewerewindow—curtainsofwhitelong—
　　cloth，asmallfire—place，ashabbygrateandfire—ironstomatch，withapaltrymantelpieceofwood，paintedwhite，uponwhichstoodasmallmarblebustofhisson.AbovethemantelpiecehungtheportraitofMariaLouisa，andfourorfiveofyoungNapoleon，oneofwhichwasembroideredbythehandsofhismother.AlittlemoretotherighthungalsotheportraitoftheEmpressJosephine;andtotheleftwassuspendedthealarmchamber—watchofFredericktheGreat，obtainedbyNapoleonatPotsdam;whileontherighttheConsularwatch，engravedwiththecipherB，hung，byachainoftheplaitedhairofMariaLouisa，fromapinstuckinthenankeenlining.Intheright—handcornerwasplacedthelittleplainironcamp—bedstead，withgreensilkcurtains，onwhichitsmasterhadreposedonthefieldsofMarengoandAusterlitz.Betweenthewindowstherewasachestofdrawers，andabookcasewithgreenblindsstoodontheleftofthedoorleadingtothenextapartment.Fourorfivecane—
　　bottomedchairspaintedgreenwerestandinghereandthereaboutthe.
　　room.Beforethebackdoortherewasascreencoveredwithnankeen，andbetweenthatandthefireplaceanold—fashionedsofacoveredwithwhitelong—cloth，onwhichNapoleonreclined，dressedinhiswhitemorning—
　　gown，whiteloosetrousersandstockingsallinone，achequeredredhandkerchiefuponhishead，andhisshirt—collaropenwithoutacravat.
　　Hissirwasmelancholyandtroubled.Beforehimstoodalittleroundtable，withsomebooks，atthefootofwhichlayinconfusionuponthecarpetaheapofthosewhichhehadalreadyperused，andattheoppositesideofthesofawassuspendedIsabey’sportraitoftheEmpressMariaLouisa，holdinghersoninherarms.InfrontofthefireplacestoodLasCaseswithhisarmsfoldedoverhisbreastandsomepapersinoneofhishands.OfalltheformermagnificenceoftheoncemightyEmperorofFrancenothingremainedbutasuperbwash—hand—standcontainingasilverbasinandwater—jugofthesamemetal，inthelefthandcorner."TheobjectofNapoleoninsendingforO’MearaonthisoccasionwastoquestionhimwhetherintheirfutureintercoursehewastoconsiderhiminthelightofaspyandatooloftheGovernororashisphysician？
　　Thedoctorgaveadecidedandsatisfactoryansweronthispoint.
　　"DuringtheshortinterviewthatthisGovernorhadwithmeinmybedchamber，oneofthefirstthingsheproposedwastosendyouaway，"
　　saidNapoleontoO’Meara，"andthatIshouldtakehisownsurgeoninyourplace.Thisherepeated，andsoearnestwashetogainhisobjectthat，thoughIgavehimaflatrefusal，whenhewasgoingoutheturnedaboutandagainproposedit."
　　Onthe11thaproclamationwasissuedbytheGovernor，"forbiddinganypersonsontheislandfromsendingletterstoorreceivingthemfromGeneralBonaparteorhissuite，onpainofbeingimmediatelyarrestedanddealtwithaccordingly."NothingescapedthevigilanceofSirHudsonLowe."TheGovernor，"saidNapoleon，"hasjustsentaninvitationtoBertrandforGeneralBonapartetocometoPlantationHousetomeetLadyMoira.ItoldBertrandtoreturnnoanswertoit.IfhereallywantedmetoseeherhewouldhaveputPlantationHousewithinthelimits，buttosendsuchaninvitation，knowingImustgoinchargeofaguardifI
　　wishedtoavailmyselfofit，wasaninsult."
　　SoonaftercametheDeclarationoftheAlliesandtheActsofParliamentauthorisingthedetentionofNapoleonBonaparteasaprisonerofwaranddisturberofthepeaceofEurope.AgainsttheBill，whenbroughtintotheHouseofLords，thereweretwoprotests，thoseofLordHollandandoftheDukeofSussex.TheseofficialdocumentsdidnottendtosoothethetemperorraisethespiritsoftheFrenchtoenduretheircaptivity.
　　Inadditiontothemiseryofhisowncaptivity，Napoleonhadtocontendwiththeunmanageablehumoursofhisownfollowers.Asoftenhappenswithmeninsuchcircumstances，theysometimesdisagreedamongthemselves，andpartoftheirpetulanceandill—temperfellupontheirChief.Hetooktheselittleincidentsdeeplytoheart.Ononeoccasionhesaidinbitterness，"IknowthatIamfallen;buttofeelthisamongyou！Iamawarethatmanisfrequentlyunreasonableandsusceptibleofoffence.Thus，whenIammistrustfulofmyselfIask，shouldIhavebeentreatedsoattheTuileries？Thisismytest."
　　AgreatdealofpainshasbeentakenbyNapoleon’sadherentsandotherstoblackenthecharacterofSirHudsonLowe，andtomakeitappearthathissoleobjectwastoharassNapoleonandtomakehislifemiserable.
　　Now，althoughitmaybequestionedwhetherSirHudsonLowewastheproperpersontobeplacedinthedelicatesituationofguardoverthefallenEmperor，thereisnodoubtthatquarrelsandcomplaintsbeganlongbeforethatofficerreachedtheisland;andthecharacterofthosecomplaintswillshowthatatbesttheprisonerswerepersonsverydifficulttosatisfy.TheirdetentionattheBriarswasoneofthefirstcausesofcomplaint.ItwasstatedthattheEmperorwasveryillthere，thathewasconfined"inacage"withnoattendance，thathissuitewaskeptfromhim，andthathewasdeprivedofexercise.AfewpagesfartherinthejournalofLasCaseswefindtheEmperoringoodhealth，andassoonasitwasannouncedthatLongwoodwasreadytoreceivehim，thenitwasurgedthatthegaolerswishedtocompelhimtogoagainsthiswill，thattheydesiredtopushtheirauthoritytotheutmost，thatthesmellofthepaintatLongwoodwasverydisagreeable，etc.Napoleonhimselfwasquitereadytogo，andseemedmuchvexedwhenCountBertrandandGeneralGourgaudarrivedfromLongwoodwiththeintelligencethattheplacewasasyetuninhabitable.Hisdispleasure，however，wasmuchmoreseriouslyexcitedbytheappearanceofCountMontholonwiththeinformationthatallwasreadyatLongwoodwithinafewminutesafterreceivingthecontraryaccountsfromBertrandandGourgaud.Heprobablyperceivedthathewastrifledwithbyhisattendants，whoendeavouredtomakehimbelievethatwhichsuitedtheirownconvenience.WemayalsoremarkthatthesystematicoppositionwhichwascarriedtosuchagreatlengthagainstSirHudsonLowehadbegunduringthestayofAdmiralCockburn.
　　Hisvisitswererefused;hewasaccusedofcaprice，arrogance，andimpertinence，andhewasnicknamed"theShark"byNapoleonhimself;hisowncalmnessaloneprobablypreventedmoreviolentebullitions.
　　Thewoodenhousearrivedatlast，andtheGovernorwaitedonNapoleontoconsultwithhimhowandwhereitshouldbeerected.LasCases，whoheardthedisputeinanadjoiningroom，saysthatitwaslongandclamorous.
　　HegivesthedetailsinNapoleon’sownwords，andwehaveheretheadvantageofcomparinghisstatementwiththeaccounttransmittedbySirHudsonLowetotheBritishGovernment，dated17thMay1816.Thetwoaccountsvarybutlittle.Napoleonadmitsthathewasthrownquiteoutoftemper，thathereceivedtheGovernorwithhisstormycountenance，lookedfuriouslyathim，andmadenoreplytohisinformationofthearrivalofthehousebutbyasignificantlook.Hetoldhimthathewantednothing，norwouldreceiveanythingathishands;thathesupposedhewastobeputtodeathbypoisonorthesword;thepoisonwouldbedifficulttoadminister，buthehadthemeansofdoingitwiththesword.
　　Thesanctuaryofhisabodeshouldnotbeviolated，andthetroopsshouldnotenterhishousebutbytramplingonhiscorpse.HethenalludedtoaninvitationsenttohimbySirHudsonLowstomeetLadyLoudonathishouse，andsaidtherecouldnotbeanactofmorerefinedcrueltythaninvitinghimtohistablebythetitleof"General，"tomakehimanobjectofridiculeoramusementtohisguests.Whatrighthadhetocallhim"General"Bonaparte？Hewouldnotbedeprivedofhisdignitybyhim，norbyanyoneintheworld.HecertainlyshouldhavecondescendedtovisitLadyLoudonhadshebeenwithinhislimits，ashedidnotstanduponstrictetiquettewithawoman，butheshouldhavedeemedthathewasconferringanhonouruponher.Hewouldnotconsiderhimselfaprisonerofwar，butwasplacedinhispresentpositionbythemosthorriblebreachoftrust.AfterafewmorewordshedismissedtheGovernorwithoutoncemorealludingtothehousewhichwastheobjectofthevisit.Thefateofthisunfortunatehousemaybementionedhere.Itwaserectedafteragreatmanydisputes，butwasunfortunatelysurroundedbyasunkfenceandornamentalrailing.ThiswasimmediatelyconnectedinNapoleon’smindwiththeideaofafortification;itwasimpossibletoremovetheimpressionthattheditchandpalisadewereintendedtosecurehisperson.Assoonastheobjectionwasmadeknown，SirHudsonLoweorderedthegroundtobelevelledandtherailstakenaway.ButbeforethiswasquitecompletedNapoleon’shealthwastoomuchdestroyedtopermithisremoval，andthehousewasneveroccupied.
　　Napoleonseemstohavefeltthathehadbeentooviolentinhisconduct.
　　Headmitted，whenattablewithhissuiteafewdaysafter，thathehadbehavedveryill，andthatinanyothersituationheshouldblushforwhathehaddone."Icouldhavewished，forhissake，"hesaid，"toseehimevincealittleanger，orpullthedoorviolentlyafterhimwhenhewentaway."ThesefewwordsletusintoagooddealofNapoleon’scharacter：helikedtointimidate，buthisvehementlanguagewasreceivedwithacalmnessandresoluteforbearancetowhichhewasquiteunaccustomed，andheconsequentlygrewmoreangryashisangerwaslessregarded.
　　ThespecimensheregivenofthedisputeswithSirHudsonLowemayprobablysuffice：agreatmanymorearefurnishedbyLasCases，O’Meara，andotherpartisansofNapoleon，andeventheyalwaysmakehimtheaggressor.Napoleonhimselfinhiscoolermomentsseemedtoadmitthis;
　　afterthemostviolentquarrelwiththeGovernor，thatofthe18thofAugust1816，whichutterlyputanendtoanythinglikedecentcivilitybetweentheparties;heallowedthathehadusedtheGovernorveryill，thatherepeatedlyandpurposelyoffendedhim，andthatSirHudsonLowehadnotinasingleinstanceshownawantofrespect，exceptperhapsthatheretiredtooabruptly.
　　Greatcomplaintsweremadeofthescantywayinwhichthetableoftheexileswassupplied;anditwasagainandagainallegedbythemthattheyhadscarcelyanythingtoeat.Thewine，too，wassaidtobeexecrable，sobadthatinfactitcouldnotbedrunk;and，ofsuchstuffasitwas，onlyonebottleadaywasallowedtoeachperson——anallowancewhichLasCasescallsridiculouslysmall.Thuspressed，butpartlyforeffect，Napoleonresolvedtodisposeofhisplateinmonthlyproportions;andasheknewthatsomeEastIndiacaptainshadofferedasmuchasahundredguineasforasingleplate，inordertopreserveamemorialofhim，hedeterminedthatwhatwassoldshouldbebrokenup，thearmserased，andnotraceleftwhichcouldshowthattheyhadeverbeenhis.Theonlyportionsleftuninjuredwerethelittleeagleswithwhichsomeofthedish—coversweremounted.TheselastfragmentswereobjectsofvenerationfortheattendantsofNapoleontheywerelookeduponasrelics，withafeelingatoncemelancholyandreligious.WhenthemomentcameforbreakinguptheplateLasCasesbearstestimonytothepainfulemotionsandrealgriefproducedamongtheservants.Theycouldnot，withouttheutmostreluctance，bringthemselvestoapplythehammertothoseobjectsoftheirveneration.
　　TheislandofSt.HelenawasregularlyvisitedbyEastIndiashipsonthereturnvoyage，whichtouchedtheretotakeinwater，andtoleavegunpowderfortheuseofthegarrison.Onsuchoccasionstherewerealwayspersonsanxioustopayavisittotherenownedcaptive.TheregulationofthosevisitswascalculatedtoprotectNapoleonfrombeingannoyedbytheidlecuriosityofstrangers，towhichheprofessedagreataversion.Suchpersonsaswishedtowaituponhimwere，inthefirstplace，obligedtoapplytotheGovernor，bywhomtheirnameswereforwardedtoCountBertrand.Thisgentleman，asGrand—Marshalofthehousehold，communicatedthewishesofthosepersonstoNapoleon，andincaseofafavourablereplyfixedthehourforaninterview.
　　ThosevisitorswhomNapoleonadmittedwerechieflypersonsofrankanddistinction，travellersfromdistantcountries，ormenwhohaddistinguishedthemselvesinthescientificworld，andwhocouldcommunicateinterestinginformationinexchangeforthegratificationtheyreceived.Someofthosepersonswhowereadmittedtointerviewswithhimhavepublishednarrativesoftheirconversation，andallagreeinextollingtheextremegrace，propriety，andappearanceofbenevolencemanifestedbyBonapartewhileholdingtheselevees.Hisquestionswerealwaysputwithgreattact，andonsomesubjectwithwhichthepersoninterrogatedwaswellacquainted，soastoinducehimtobringforthanyneworcuriousinformationofwhichhemightbepossessed.
　　CaptainBasilHall，inAugust1817，whenincommandoftheLyra，hadaninterviewwiththeEmperor，ofwhomhesays："Bonapartestruckmeasdifferingconsiderablyfromthepicturesandbusts’Ihadseenofhim.
　　Hisfaceandfigurelookedmuchbroaderandmoresquare——larger，indeed，ineverywaythananyrepresentationIhadmetwith.Hiscorpulency，atthistimeuniversallyreportedtobeexcessive，wasbynomeansremarkable.Hisfleshlooked，onthecontrary，firmandmuscular.Therewasnottheleasttraceofcolourinhischeeks;infacthisskinwasmorelikemarblethanordinaryflesh.Notthesmallesttraceofawrinklewasdiscernibleonhisbrow，noranapproachtoafurrowonanypartofhiscountenance.Hishealthandspirits，judgingfromappearances，wereexcellent，thoughatthisperioditwasgenerallybelievedinEnglandthathewasfastsinkingunderacomplicationofdiseases，andthathisspiritswereentirelygone.Hismannerofspeakingwasratherslowthanotherwise，andperfectlydistinct;hewaitedwithgreatpatienceandkindnessformyanswerstohisquestions，andareferencetoCountBertrandwasnecessaryonlyonceduringthewholeconversation.Thebrilliantandsometimesdazzlingexpressionofhiseyecouldnotbeoverlooked.Itwasnot，however，apermanentlustre，foritwasonlyremarkablewhenhewasexcitedbysomepointofparticularinterest.Itisimpossibletoimagineanexpressionofmoreentiremildness，Imayalmostcallitofbenignityandkindness，thanthatwhichplayedoverhisfeaturesduringthewholeinterview.If，thereforehewereatthistimeoutofhealthandinlowspirits，hispowerofself—commandmusthavebeenevenmoreextraordinarythanisgenerallysupposed，forhiswholedeportment，hisconversation，andtheexpressionofhiscountenanceindicatedaframeinperfecthealthandamindatease."
　　ThemannerassumedbyNapoleonintheoccasionalinterviewshehadwithsuchvisitorswassoveryoppositetothatwhichheconstantlymaintainedtowardstheauthoritiesinwhosecustodyhewasplaced，thatwecanscarcelydoubthewasactingapartinoneofthosesituations.ItwassuggestedbyMr.Ellisthatheeitherwished，bymeansofhiscontinualcomplaints，tokeepalivehisinterestinEngland，whereheflatteredhimselftherewasapartyfavourabletohim，orthathistroubledmindfoundanoccupationintheannoyancewhichhecausedtotheGovernor.
　　EveryattemptatconciliationonthepartofSirHudsonLowefurnishedfreshcausesforirritation.Hesentfowling—piecestoLongwood，andthethanksreturnedwereareplyfromNapoleonthatitwasaninsulttosendfowling—pieceswheretherewasnogame.Aninvitationtoaballwasresentedvehemently，anddescanteduponbytheFrenchpartyasagreatoffence.SirHudsonLoweatonetimesentavarietyofclothesandotherarticlesreceivedfromEnglandwhichheimaginedmightbeusefulatLongwood.Greatoffencewastakenatthis;theyweretreated，theysaid，likepaupers;thearticles，oughttohavebeenleftattheGovernor’shouse，andalistsentrespectfullytothehousehold，statingthatsuchthingswereattheircommandiftheywantedthem.
　　AnopinionhasalreadybeenexpressedthatmuchofthisannoyancewasduetotheoffendedprideofNapoleon’sattendants，whowereatfirstcertainlyfarmorecaptiousthanhimself.HeadmittedasmuchhimselfononeoccasioninaconversationwithO’Meara.Hesaid，"LasCasescertainlywasgreatlyirritatedagainstSirHudson，andcontributedmateriallytowardsformingtheimpressionsexistinginmymind."HeattributedthistothesensitivemindofLasCases，whichhesaidwaspeculiarlyalivetotheill—treatmentNapoleonandhimselfhadbeensubjectedto.SirHudsonLowealsofeltthis，andremarked，likeSirGeorgeCockburn，onmorethanoneoccasion，thathealwaysfoundNapoleonhimselfmorereasonablethanthepersonsabouthim.
　　AfertilesourceofannoyancewastheresolutionofNapoleonnotuponanytermstoacknowledgehimselfaprisoner，andhisrefusaltosubmittosuchregulationsaswouldrenderhiscaptivitylessburdensome.Morethanoncetheattendanceofanofficerwasofferedtobediscontinuedifhewouldallowhimselftobeseenonceeveryday，andpromisetotakenomeansofescaping."Ifheweretogivemethewholeoftheisland，"saidNapoleon，"onconditionthatIwouldpledgemywordnottoattemptanescape，Iwouldnotacceptit;becauseitwouldbeequivalenttoacknowledgingmyselfaprisoner，althoughatthesametimeIwouldnotmaketheattempt.Iamherebyforce，andnotbyright.IfIhadbeentakenatWaterlooperhapsImighthavehadnohesitationinacceptingit，althougheveninthatcaseitwouldbecontrarytothelawofnations，asnowthereisnowar.IftheyweretooffermepermissiontoresideinEnglandonsimilarconditionsIwouldrefuseit."Theveryideaofexhibitinghimselftoanofficereveryday，thoughbutforamoment，wasrepelledwithindignation.Heevenkeptloadedpistolstoshootanypersonwhoshouldattemptanintrusiononhisprivacy.ItisstatedinanoteinO’Meara’sjournalthat"theEmperorwassofirmlyimpressedwiththeideathatanattemptwouldbemadeforciblytointrudeonhisprivacy，thatfromashorttimeafterthedepartureofSirGeorgeCockburnhealwayskeptfourorfivepairsofloadedpistolsandsomeswordsinhisapartment，withwhichhewasdeterminedtodespatchthefirstwhoenteredagainsthiswill."Itseemsthispracticewascontinuedtohisdeath.
　　NapoleoncontinuedtopassthemorningsindictatinghisMemoirsandtheeveningsinreadingorconversation.HegrewfonderofRacine，buthisfavouritewasCorneille.Herepeatedthat，hadhelivedinhistime，hewouldhavemadehimaprince.HehadadistastetoVoltaire，andfoundconsiderablefaultwithhisdramas，perhapsjustly，asconveyingopinionsratherthansentiments.HecriticisedhisMahomet，andsaidhehadmadehimmerelyanimpostorandatyrant，withoutrepresentinghimasagreatman.ThiswasowingtoVoltaire’sreligiousandpoliticalantipathies;
　　forthosewhoarefreefromcommonprejudicesacquireothersoftheirownintheirstead，towhichtheyareequallybigoted，andwhichtheybringforwardonalloccasions.Whentheeveningpassedoffinconversationwithouthavingrecoursetobooksheconsidereditapointgained.
　　SomeonehavingaskedtheEmperorwhichwasthegreatestbattlethathehadfought，hereplieditwasdifficulttoanswerthatquestionwithoutinquiringwhatwasimpliedbythegreatestbattle."Mine，"continuedhe，"cannotbejudgedofseparately：theyformedaportionofextensiveplans.Theymustthereforebeestimatedbytheirconsequences.ThebattleofMarengo，whichwassolongundecided，procuredforusthecommandofallItaly.Ulmannihilatedawholearmy;JenalaidthewholePrussianmonarchyatourfeet;FriedlandopenedtheRussianempiretous;
　　andEckmuhldecidedthefateofawar.ThebattleoftheMoskwawasthatinwhichthegreatesttalentwasdisplayed，andbywhichweobtainedthefewestadvantages.Waterloo，whereeverythingfailed，would，hadvictorycrownedourefforts，havesavedFranceandgivenpeacetoEurope."
　　MadameMontholonhavinginquiredwhattroopsheconsideredthebest，"Thosewhicharevictorious，madam，"repliedtheEmperor."But，"addedhe，soldiersarecapriciousandinconstant，likeyouladies.ThebesttroopsweretheCarthaginiansunderHannibal，theRomansundertheScipios，theMacedoniansunderAlexander，andthePrussiansunderFrederick."Hethought，however，thattheFrenchsoldierswereofallothersthosewhichcouldmosteasilyberenderedthebest，andpreservedso.Withmycompleteguardof40，000or50，000menIwouldhaveundertakentomarchthroughEurope.ItisperhapspossibletoproducetroopsasgoodasthosethatcomposedmyarmyofItalyandAusterlitz，butcertainlynonecaneversurpassthem."
　　TheanniversaryofthebattleofWaterlooproducedavisibleimpressionontheEmperor."Incomprehensibleday！"saidhe，dejectedly;
　　"concurrenceofunheard—offatalities！Grouchy，Ney，D’Erlon——wastheretreacheryorwasitmerelymisfortune？Alas！poorFrance！"Herehecoveredhiseyeswithhishands."Andyet，"saidhe，"allthathumanskillcoulddowasaccomplished！Allwasnotlostuntilthemomentwhenallhadsucceeded."Ashorttimeafterwards，resumingthesubject，heexclaimed，"Inthatextraordinarycampaign，thrice，inlessthanaweek，IsawthecertaintriumphofFranceslipthroughmyfingers.HaditnotbeenforatraitorIshouldhaveannihilatedtheenemyattheoutsetofthecampaign.IshouldhavedestroyedhimatLignyifmyleftwinghadonlydoneitsduty.IshouldhavedestroyedhimagainatWaterlooifmyrighthadsecondedme.Singulardefeat，bywhich，notwithstandingthemostfatalcatastrophe，thegloryoftheconqueredhasnotsuffered."
　　WeshallheregiveNapoleon’sownopinionofthebattleofWaterloo.
　　"Theplanofthebattle，"saidhe，"willnotintheeyesofthehistorianreflectanycreditonLordWellingtonasageneral.Inthefirstplace，heoughtnottohavegivenbattlewiththearmiesdivided.
　　Theyoughttohavebeenunitedandencampedbeforethe15th.Inthenext，thechoiceofgroundwasbad;becauseifhehadbeenbeatenhecouldnothaveretreated，astherewasonlyoneroadleadingthroughtheforestinhisrear.Healsocommittedafaultwhichmighthaveprovedthedestructionofallhisarmy，withoutitseverhavingcommencedthecampaign，orbeingdrawnoutinbattle;heallowedhimselftobesurprised.Onthe15thIwasatCharleroi，andhadbeatenthePrussianswithouthisknowinganythingaboutit.Ihadgainedforty—eighthoursofmanoeuvresuponhim，whichwasagreatobject;andifsomeofmygeneralshadshownthatvigourandgeniuswhichtheyhaddisplayedonotheroccasions，Ishouldhavetakenhisarmyincantonmentswithouteverfightingabattle.Buttheywerediscouraged，andfanciedthattheysawanarmyof100，000meneverywhereopposedtothem.Ihadnottimeenoughmyselftoattendtotheminutiaeofthearmy.IcounteduponsurprisingandcuttingWellingtonupindetail.IknewofBulow’sarrivalateleveno’clock，butIdidnotregardit.Ihadstilleightychancesoutofahundredinmyfavour.NotwithstandingthegreatsuperiorityofforceagainstmeIwasconvincedthatIshouldobtainthevictory，Ihadabout70，000men，ofwhom15，000werecavalry.Ihadalso260piecesofcannon;butmytroopsweresogoodthatIesteemedthemsufficienttobeat120，000.Ofallthosetroops，however，IonlyreckonedtheEnglishasbeingabletocopewithmyown.TheothersIthoughtlittleof.
　　IbelievethatofEnglishtherewerefrom35，000to40，000.TheseI
　　esteemedtobeasbraveandasgoodasmyowntroops;theEnglisharmywaswellknownlatterlyontheContinent，andbesides，yournationpossessescourageandenergy.AstothePrussians，Belgians，andothers，halfthenumberofmytroops，weresufficienttobeatthem.Ionlyleft34，000mentotakecareofthePrussians.Thechiefcausesofthelossofthatbattlewere，firstofall，Grouchy’sgreattardinessandneglectinexecutinghisorders;next，the’grenadiersacheval’andthecavalryunderGeneralGuyot，whichIhadinreserve，andwhichwerenevertoleaveme，engagedwithoutordersandwithoutmyknowledge;sothatafterthelastcharge，whenthetroopswerebeatenandtheEnglishcavalryadvanced，Ihadnotasinglecorpsofcavalryinreservetoresistthem，insteadofonewhichIesteemedtobeequaltodoubletheirownnumber.
　　InconsequenceofthistheEnglishattacked，succeeded，andallwaslost.
　　Therewasnomeansofrallying.Theyoungestgeneralwouldnothavecommittedthefaultofleavinganarmyentirelywithoutreserve，which，however，occurredhere，whetherinconsequenceoftreasonornotIcannotsay.ThesewerethetwoprincipalcausesofthelossofthebattleofWaterloo."
　　"IfLordWellingtonhadintrenchedhimself，"continuedNapoleon，"Iwouldnothaveattackedhim.Asageneral，hisplandidnotshowtalent.
　　Hecertainlydisplayedgreatcourageandobstinacy;butalittlemustbetakenawayevenfromthatwhenyouconsiderthathehadnomeansofretreat，andthathadhemadetheattemptnotamanofhisarmywouldhaveescaped.First，tothefirmnessandbraveryofhistroops，fortheEnglishfoughtwiththegreatestcourageandobstinacy，heisprincipallyindebtedforthevictory，andnottohisownconductasageneral;andnext，tothearrivalofBlucher，towhomthevictoryismoretobeattributedthantoWellington，andmorecreditisdueasageneral;
　　becausehe，althoughbeatenthedaybefore，assembledhistroops，andbroughtthemintoactionintheevening.Ibelieve，however，"continuedNapoleon，"thatWellingtonisamanofgreatfirmness.Thegloryofsuchavictoryisagreatthing;butintheeyeofthehistorianhismilitaryreputationwillgainnothingbyit."
　　"Ialwayshadahighopinionofyourseamen，"saidNapoleononedaytoO’Meara，inaconversationarisingoutoftheexpeditiontoAlgiers.
　　"WhenIwasreturningfromHollandalongwiththeEmpressMariaLouisawestoppedtorestatGivet.Duringthenightaviolentstormofwindandraincameon，whichswelledtheMeusesomuchthatthebridgeofboatsoveritwascarriedaway.Iwasveryanxioustodepart，andorderedalltheboatmenintheplacetobeassembledthatImightbeenabledtocrosstheriver.Theysaidthatthewatersweresohighthatitwouldbeimpossibletopassbeforetwoorthreedays.Iquestionedsomeofthem，andsoondiscoveredthattheywerefresh—waterseamen.IthenrecollectedthattherewereEnglishprisonersinthebarracks，andorderedthatsomeoftheoldestandbestseamenamongthemshouldbebroughtbeforemetothebanksoftheriver.Thewaterswereveryhigh，andthecurrentrapidanddangerous.IaskedthemiftheycouldjoinanumberofboatstogethersothatImightpassover.Theyansweredthatitwaspossible，buthazardous.Idesiredthemtosetaboutitinstantly.Inthecourseofafewhourstheysucceededineffectingwhattheothershadpronouncedtobeimpossible，andIcrossedbeforetheeveningwasover.Iorderedthosewhohadworkedatittoreceiveasumofmoneyeach，asuitofclothes，andtheirliberty.Marchandwaswithmeatthetime."
　　InDecember1816LasCaseswascompelledtoleaveSt.Helena.HehadwrittenalettertoLucienBonaparte，andentrustedittoamulattoservanttobeforwardedtoEurope.Hewasdetected;andashewasthusendeavouringtocarryon（contrarytotheregulationsoftheisland）aclandestinecorrespondencewithEurope，LasCasesandhissonweresentoff，firsttotheCapeandthentoEngland，wheretheywereonlyallowedtolandtobesenttoDoverandshippedofftoOstend.
　　NotlongaftertheirarrivalatSt.Helena，MadameBertrandgavebirthtoason，andwhenNapoleonwenttovisithershesaid，"IhavethehonourofpresentingtoyourMajestythefirstFrenchsubjectwhohasenteredLongwoodwithoutthepermissionofLordBathurst."