YouyoungmenwhoarefollowingthehospitalshardlyknowhowmuchyouareindebtedtoLouis。IsaynothingofhisResearchesonPhthisisorhisgreatworkonTyphoidFever。ButIconsiderhismodestandbriefEssayonBleedinginsomeInflammatoryDiseases，basedoncasescarefullyobservedandnumericallyanalyzed，oneofthemostimportantwrittencontributionstopracticalmedicine，tothetreatmentofinternaldisease，ofthiscentury，ifnotsincethedaysofSydenham。Thelancetwasthemagician’swandofthedarkagesofmedicine。Theoldphysiciansnotonlybelievedinitsgeneralefficacyasawonder-workerindisease，buttheybelievedthateachmaladycouldbesuccessfullyattackedfromsomespecialpartofthebody，——thestrategicpointwhichcommandedtheseatofthemorbidaffection。OnafiguregiveninthecuriousoldworkofJohndeKetam，nolessthanthirty-eightseparateplacesaremarkedastheproperonestobleedfrom，indifferentdiseases。EvenLouis，whohadnotwhollygivenupvenesection，usednowandthentoorderthatapatientsufferingfromheadacheshouldbebledinthefoot，inpreferencetoanyotherpart。
　　ButwhatLouisdidwasthis：heshowedbyastrictanalysisofnumerouscasesthatbleedingdidnotstrangle，——jugulatewasthewordthenused，——acutediseases，moreespeciallypneumonia。Thiswasnotareform，——itwasarevolution。ItwasfollowedupinthiscountrybytheremarkableDiscourseofDr。JacobBigelowuponSelf-LimitedDiseases，whichhas，Ibelieve，donemorethananyotherworkoressayinourownlanguagetorescuethepracticeofmedicinefromtheslaverytothedruggingsystemwhichwasapartoftheinheritanceoftheprofession。
　　Yes，Isay，asIlookbackonthelonghoursofthemanydaysIspentinthewardsandintheautopsyroomofLaPitie，whereLouiswasoneoftheattendingphysicians，——yes，Louisdidagreatworkforpracticalmedicine。Modestinthepresenceofnature，fearlessinthefaceofauthority，unwearyinginthepursuitoftruth，hewasamanwhomanystudentmightbehappyandproudtoclaimashisteacherandhisfriend，andyet，asIlookbackonthedayswhenIfollowedhisteachings，IfeelthatIgavemyselfuptooexclusivelytohismethodsofthoughtandstudy。
　　Thereisonepartoftheirbusinesswhichcertainmedicalpractitionersaretooapttoforget；namely，thatwhattheyshouldmostofalltrytodoistowardoffdisease，toalleviatesuffering，topreservelife，oratleasttoprolongitifpossible。Itisnotoftheslightestinteresttothepatienttoknowwhetherthreeorthreeandaquartercubicinchesofhislungarehepatized。Hismindisnotoccupiedwiththinkingofthecuriousproblemswhicharetobesolvedbyhisownautopsy，——whetherthisorthatstrandofthespinalmarrowistheseatofthisorthatformofdegeneration。Hewantssomethingtorelievehispain，tomitigatetheanguishofdyspnea，tobringbackmotionandsensibilitytothedeadlimb，tostillthetorturesofneuralgia。Whatisittohimthatyoucanlocalizeandnamebysomeuncouthtermthediseasewhichyoucouldnotpreventandwhichyoucannotcure？Anoldwomanwhoknowshowtomakeapoulticeandhowtoputiton，anddoesittuto，eito，jucunde，justwhenandwhereitiswanted，isbetter，——athousandtimesbetterinmanycases，——thanastaringpathologist，whoexploresandthumpsanddoubtsandguesses，andtellshispatientbewillbebettertomorrow，andsogoeshometotumblehisbooksoverandmakeoutadiagnosis。
　　Butinthosedays，I，likemostofmyfellowstudents，wasthinkingmuchmoreof“science“thanofpracticalmedicine，andIbelieveifwehadnotclungsocloselytotheskirtsofLouisandhadfollowedsomeofthecoursesofmenlikeTrousseau，——therapeutists，whogavespecialattentiontocurativemethods，andnotchieflytodiagnosis，——itwouldhavebeenbetterformeandothers。Onething，atanyrate，wedidlearninthewardsofLouis。Welearnedthataverylargeproportionofdiseasesgetwellofthemselves，withoutanyspecialmedication，——thegreatfactformulated，enforced，andpopularizedbyDr。JacobBigelowintheDiscoursereferredto。Weunlearnedthehabitofdruggingforitsownsake。Thisdetestablepractice，whichIwasalmostproscribedforcondemningsomewhattooepigrammaticallyalittlemorethantwentyyearsago，cametous，I
　　suspect，inaconsiderablemeasurefromtheEnglish“generalpractitioners，“asortofprescribingapothecaries。Yourememberhow，whenthecitywasbesieged，eachartisanwhowascalleduponincounciltosuggestthebestmeansofdefencerecommendedthearticleshedealtin：thecarpenter，wood；theblacksmith，iron；themason，brick；untilitcametobeapuzzletoknowwhichtoadopt。Thentheshoemakersaid，“Hangyourwallswithnewboots，“andgavegoodreasonswhytheseshouldbethebestofallpossibledefences。Nowthe“generalpractitioner“charged，asIunderstand，forhismedicine，andinthatwaygotpaidforhisvisit。Whereverthisisthepractice，medicineissuretobecomeatrade，andthepeoplelearntoexpectdrugging，andtoconsideritnecessary，becausedrugsaresouniversallygiventothepatientsofthemanwhogetshislivingbythem。
　　Itwassomethingtohaveunlearnedthepernicioushabitofconstantlygivingpoisonstoapatient，asiftheyweregoodinthemselves，ofdrawingoffthebloodwhichhewouldwantinhisstrugglewithdisease，ofmakinghimsoreandwretchedwithneedlessblisters，ofturninghisstomachwithunnecessarynauseousdraughtandmixtures，——onlybecausehewassickandsomethingmustbedone。Buttherewerepositiveaswellasnegativefactstobelearned，andsomeofus，Ifear，camehomerichinthenegativesoftheexpectantpractice，poorintheresourceswhichmanyaplaincountrypractitionerhadreadyinabundanceforthereliefandthecureofdisease。Nooneinstructorcanbeexpectedtodoallforastudentwhichherequires。Louistaughtuswhofollowedhimtheloveoftruth，thehabitofpassionlesslisteningtotheteachingsofnature，themostcarefulandsearchingmethodsofobservation，andthesuremeansofgettingattheresultstobeobtainedfromthemintheconstantemploymentofaccuratetabulation。Hewasnotashowy，oreloquent，or，Ishouldsay，averygenerallypopularman，thoughthefavorite，almosttheidol，ofmanystudents，especiallyGeneveseandBostonians。Buthewasamanofloftyandadmirablescientificcharacter，andhisworkwillendureinitsinfluenceslongafterhisnameislostsightofsavetothefadedeyesofthestudentofmedicalliterature。
　　Manyothernamesofmenmoreorlessfamousintheirday，andwhowereteachingwhileIwasinParis，comeupbeforeme。Theyarebutemptysoundsforthemostpartintheearsofpersonsofnotmorethanmiddleage。WhoofyouknowsanythingofRicherand，authorofaverypopularworkonPhysiology，commonlyputintothestudent’shandswhenIfirstbegantoaskformedicaltext-books？Iheardhimlectureonce，andhavehadhisimagewithmeeversinceasthatofanold，worn-outman，——avenerablebutdilapidatedrelicofaneffeteantiquity。ToverifythisimpressionIhavejustlookedoutthedatesofhisbirthanddeath，andfindthathewaseighteenyearsyoungerthanthespeakerwhoisnowaddressingyou。Thereisaterribleparallaxbetweentheperiodbeforethirtyandthatafterthreescoreandten，astwomenofthoseageslook，onewithnakedeyes，onethroughhisspectacles，atthemanoffiftyandthereabout。
　　Magendie，Idoubtnotyouhaveallheardof。Iattendedbutoneofhislectures。Iquestionifonehere，unlesssomecontemporaryofmyownhasstrayedintotheamphitheatre，——knowsanythingaboutMarjolin。Iremembertwothingsabouthislecturesonsurgery，thedeeptonesofhisvoiceashereferredtohisoracle，——theearlierwriter，JeanLouisPetit，——andhisformidablesnuffbox。Whathetaughtmeliesfardown，Idoubtnot，amongtherootsofmyknowledge，butitdoesnotfloweroutinanynoticeableblossoms，oroffermeanyveryobviousfruits。WherenowisthefameofBouillaud，ProfessorandDeputy，theSangradoofhistime？WhereistherenownofPiorry，percussionistandpoet，expertalikeintheresonancesofthethoraciccavityandthoseoftherhymingvocabulary？——IthinklifehasnotyetdonewiththevivaciousRicord，whomIremembercallingtheVoltaireofpelvicliterature，——ascepticastothemoralityoftheraceingeneral，whowouldhavesubmittedDianatotreatmentwithhismineralspecifics，andorderedacourseofbluepillsforthevestalvirgins。
　　Ricordwasbornatthebeginningofthecentury，andPiorrysomeyearsearlier。Cruveilhier，whodiedin1874，isstillrememberedbyhisgreatworkonpathologicalanatomy；hisworkondescriptiveanatomyhassomethingswhichIlookinvainforelsewhere。ButwhereisCiviale，——whereareOrfila，Gendrin，Rostan，Biett，Alibert，——jollyoldBaronAlibert，whomIremembersowellinhisbroad-
　　brimmedhat，wornalittlejauntilyononeside，callingouttothestudentsinthecourt-yardoftheHospitalSt。Louis，“Enfansdelamethodenaturelle，etes-voustousici？““Childrenofthenaturalmethod[hisownmethodofclassificationofskindiseases，]areyouallhere？“Allhere，then，perhaps；allwhere，now？
　　Myshowofghostsisover。Itisalwaysthesamestorythatoldmentelltoyoungerones，somefewofwhomwillintheirturnrepeatthetale，onlywithalterednames，totheirchildren’schildren。
　　Likephantomspaintedonthemagicslide，Forthfromthedarknessofthepastweglide，AslivingshadowsforamomentseenInairypageantontheeternalscreen，Tracedbyarayfromoneunchangingflame，Thenseekthedustandstillnesswhencewecame。
　　Dr。BenjaminWaterhouse，whomIwellremember，camebackfromLeyden，wherehehadwrittenhisLatingraduatingthesis，talkingofthelearnedGaubiusandthelateillustriousBoerhaaveandotherdeadDutchmen，ofwhomyouknowasmuch，mostofyou，asyoudoofNoah’sapothecaryandthefamilyphysicianofMethuselah，whoseprescriptionsseemtohavebeenlosttoposterity。Dr。LloydcamebacktoBostonfulloftheteachingsofCheseldenandSharpe，WilliamHunter，Smellie，andWarner；Dr。JamesJacksonlovedtotellofMr。
　　ClineandtotalkofMr。JohnHunter；Dr。ReynoldswouldgiveyouhisrecollectionsofSirAstleyCooperandMr。Abernethy；IhavenamedthefamousFrenchmenofmystudentdays；Leyden，Edinburgh，London，Paris，wereeachinturntheMeccaofmedicalstudents，justasatthepresentdayViennaandBerlinarethecentreswhereouryoungmencrowdforinstruction。Thesealsomustsoonerorlateryieldtheirprecedenceandpassthetorchtheyholdtootherhands。Whereshallitnextflameattheheadofthelongprocession？ShallitfinditsoldplaceontheshoresoftheGulfofSalerno，orshallitmingleitsrayswiththenorthernauroraupamongthefiordsofNorway，——orshallitbeborneacrosstheAtlanticandreachthebanksoftheCharles，whereAgassizandWymanhavetaught，whereHagenstillteaches，glowinglikehisownLampyrissplendidula，withenthusiasm，wherethefirstofAmericanbotanistsandtheablestofAmericansurgeonsarestillcountedintherollofhonorofourgreatUniversity？
　　Letmeaddafewwordswhichshallnotbeotherthancheerful，asI
　　bidfarewelltothisedificewhichIhaveknownsolong。Iamgratefultotheroofwhichhasshelteredme，tothefloorswhichhavesustainedme，thoughIhavethoughtitsafestalwaystoabstainfromanythinglikeeloquence，lestaburstoftooemphaticapplausemightlandmyclassandmyselfinthecellarofthecollapsingstructure，andburyusinthefateofKorah，Dathan，andAbiram。Ihavehelpedtowearthesestairsintohollows，——stairswhichItrodwhentheyweresmoothandlevel，freshfromtheplane。Therearejustthirty-
　　twoofthem，astherewerefiveandthirtyyearsago，buttheyaresteeperandhardertoclimb，itseemstome，thantheywerethen。I
　　rememberthatintheearlyyouthofthisbuilding，thelateDr。JohnK。Mitchell，fatherofourfamousDr。WeirMitchell，saidtomeaswecameoutoftheDemonstrator’sroom，thatsomedayorotherawholeclasswouldgoheelsoverheaddownthisgradedprecipice，liketheherdtoldofinScripturestory。Thishasneverhappenedasyet；
　　Itrustitneverwill。Ihaveneverbeenproudoftheapartmentbeneaththeseats，inwhichmypreparationsforlectureweremade。
　　ButIchoseitbecauseIcouldhaveittomyself，andIresignit，withawishthatitweremoreworthyofregret，intothehandsofmysuccessor，withmypartingbenediction。WithinitstwilightprecinctsIhaveoftenprayedforlight，likeAjax，forthedaylightfoundscantyentrance，andthegaslightneverilluminateditsdarkrecesses。MayitprovetohimwhocomesaftermelikethecaveoftheSibyl，outofthegloomydepthsofwhichcametheoracleswhichshonewiththeraysoftruthandwisdom！
　　Thistempleoflearningisnotsurroundedbythemansionsofthegreatandthewealthy。Nostatelyavenuesleaduptoitsfacadesandporticoes。Ihavesometimesfelt，whenconvoyingadistinguishedstrangerthroughitsprecinctstoitsdoor，thathemightquestionwhetherstar-eyedSciencehadnotmissedherwaywhenshefoundherselfinthisnottooattractivelocality。Icannotregretthatwe——you，Ishouldsay——aresoontomigratetoamorefavoredregion，andcarryonyourworkasteachersandaslearnersinamplerhallsandunderfarmorefavorableconditions。
　　IhopethatImayhavetheprivilegeofmeetingyouthere，possiblymaybeallowedtoaddmywordsofwelcometothoseofmyformercolleagues，andinthatpleasinganticipationIbidgood-bytothissceneofmylonglabors，and，forthepresentatleast，tothefriendswithwhomIhavebeenassociated。
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