Imayalsoadd，thatitappearsbysomepapersinmypossession，thattheofficersorCountryKeepersontheborder，wereaccustomedtotormenttheirprisonersbybindingthemtotheironbarsoftheirchimneys，toextortconfession。
　　NOTETOCHAPTERXXXI
　　NoteF——Ulrica’sDeathsong。
　　Itwillreadilyoccurtotheantiquary，thattheseversesareintendedtoimitatetheantiquepoetryoftheScalds——theminstrelsoftheoldScandinavians——therace，astheLaureatesohappilytermsthem，``Sterntoinflict，andstubborntoendure，Whosmiledindeath。’’
　　ThepoetryoftheAnglo-Saxons，aftertheircivilisationandconversion，wasofadifferentandsoftercharacter；butinthecircumstancesofUlrica，shemaybenotunnaturallysupposedtoreturntothewildstrainswhichanimatedherforefathersduringthetimeofPaganismanduntamedferocity。
　　NOTETOCHAPTERXXXII
　　NoteG——RichardCur-de-Lion。
　　TheinterchangeofacuffwiththejollypriestisnotentirelyoutofcharacterwithRichardI。，ifromancesreadhimaright。
　　IntheverycuriousromanceonthesubjectofhisadventuresintheHolyLand，andhisreturnfromthence，itisrecordedhowheexchangedapugilisticfavourofthisnature，whileaprisonerinGermany。Hisopponentwasthesonofhisprincipalwarder，andwassoimprudentastogivethechallengetothisbarterofbuffets。TheKingstoodforthlikeatrueman，andreceivedablowwhichstaggeredhim。Inrequital，havingpreviouslywaxedhishand，apracticeunknown，Ibelieve，tothegentlemenofthemodernfancy，hereturnedtheboxontheearwithsuchinterestastokillhisantagonistonthespot——_See，inEllis’sSpecimensofEnglishRomance，thatofCur-de-Lion_。
　　NOTETOCHAPTERXXXIII
　　NoteH——Hedge-Priests。
　　Itiscurioustoobserve，thatineverystateofsociety，somesortofghostlyconsolationisprovidedforthemembersofthecommunity，thoughassembledforpurposesdiametricallyoppositetoreligion。AgangofbeggarshavetheirPatrico，andthebandittioftheApennineshaveamongthempersonsactingasmonksandpriests，bywhomtheyareconfessed，andwhoperformmassbeforethem。Unquestionably，suchreverendpersons，insuchasociety，mustaccommodatetheirmannersandtheirmoralstothecommunityinwhichtheylive；andiftheycanoccasionallyobtainadegreeofreverencefortheirsupposedspiritualgifts，are，onmostoccasions，loadedwithunmercifulridicule，aspossessingacharacterinconsistentwithallaroundthem。
　　HencethefightingparsonintheoldplayofSirJohnOldcastle，andthefamousfriarofRobinHood’sband。Norweresuchcharactersideal。ThereexistsamonitionoftheBishopofDurhamagainstirregularchurchmenofthisclass，whoassociatedthemselveswithBorderrobbers，anddesecratedtheholiestofficesofthepriestlyfunction，bycelebratingthemforthebenefitofthieves，robbers，andmurderers，amongstruinsandincavernsoftheearth，withoutregardtocanonicalform，andwithtornanddirtyattire，andmaimedrites，altogetherimproperfortheoccasion。
　　NOTETOCHAPTERXLI。
　　NoteI——CastleofConingsburgh。
　　WhenIlastsawthisinterestingruinofancientdays，oneoftheveryfewremainingexamplesofSaxonfortification，I
　　wasstronglyimpressedwiththedesireoftracingoutasortoftheoryonthesubject，which，fromsomerecentacquaintancewiththearchitectureoftheancientScandinavians，seemedtomepeculiarlyinteresting。Iwas，however，obligedbycircumstancestoproceedonmyjourney，withoutleisuretotakemorethanatransientviewofConingsburgh。Yettheideadwellssostronglyinmymind，thatIfeelconsiderablytemptedtowriteapageortwoindetailingatleasttheoutlineofmyhypothesis，leavingbetterantiquariestocorrectorrefuteconclusionswhichareperhapstoohastilydrawn。
　　ThosewhohavevisitedtheZetlandIslands，arefamiliarwiththedescriptionofcastlescalledbytheinhabitantsBurghs；andbytheHighlanders——fortheyarealsotobefoundbothintheWesternIslesandonthemainland——Duns。PennanthasengravedaviewofthefamousDun-DornadillainGlenelg；andtherearemanyothers，allofthembuiltafterapeculiarmodeofarchitecture，whicharguesapeopleinthemostprimitivestateofsociety。
　　ThemostperfectspecimenisthatupontheislandofMousa，neartothemainlandofZetland，whichisprobablyinthesamestateaswheninhabited。
　　Itisasingleroundtower，thewallcurvinginslightly，andthenturningoutwardagainintheformofadice-box，sothatthedefendersonthetopmightthebetterprotectthebase。
　　Itisformedofroughstones，selectedwithcare，andlaidincoursesorcircles，withmuchcompactness，butwithoutcementofanykind。Thetowerhasnever，toappearance，hadroofingofanysort；afirewasmadeinthecentreofthespacewhichitencloses，andoriginallythebuildingwasprobablylittlemorethanawalldrawnasasortofscreenaroundthegreatcouncilfireofthetribe。But，althoughthemeansoringenuityofthebuildersdidnotextendsofarastoprovidearoof，theysuppliedthewantbyconstructingapartmentsintheinteriorofthewallsofthetoweritself。Thecircumvallationformedadoubleenclosure，theinnersideofwhichwas，infact，twofeetorthreefeetdistantfromtheother，andconnectedbyaconcentricrangeoflongflatstones，thusformingaseriesofconcentricringsorstoriesofvariousheights，risingtothetopofthetower。
　　Eachofthesestoriesorgallerieshasfourwindows，facingdirectlytothepointsofthecompass，andrisingofcourseregularlyaboveeachother。Thesefourperpendicularrangesofwindowsadmittedair，and，thefirebeingkindled，heat，orsmokeatleast，toeachofthegalleries。Theaccessfromgallerytogalleryisequallyprimitive。Apath，ontheprincipleofaninclinedplane，turnsroundandroundthebuildinglikeascrew，andgivesaccesstothedifferentstories，intersectingeachoftheminitsturn，andthusgraduallyrisingtothetopofthewallofthetower。Ontheoutsidetherearenowindows；andImayadd，thatanenclosureofasquare，orsometimesaroundform，gavetheinhabitantsoftheBurghanopportunitytosecureanysheeporcattlewhichtheymightpossess。
　　SuchisthegeneralarchitectureofthatveryearlyperiodwhentheNorthmenswepttheseas，andbroughttotheirrudehouses，suchasIhavedescribedthem，theplunderofpolishednations。InZetlandthereareseveralscoresoftheseBurghs，occupyingineverycase，capes，headlands，islets，andsimilarplacesofadvantagesingularlywellchosen。IremembertheremainsofoneuponanislandinasmalllakenearLerwick，whichathightidecommunicateswiththesea，theaccesstowhichisveryingenious，bymeansofacausewayordike，aboutthreeorfourinchesunderthesurfaceofthewater。ThiscausewaymakesasharpangleinitsapproachtotheBurgh。
　　Theinhabitants，doubtless，werewellacquaintedwiththis，butstrangers，whomightapproachinahostilemanner，andwereignorantofthecurveofthecauseway，wouldprobablyplungeintothelake，whichissixorsevenfeetindepthattheleast。
　　ThismusthavebeenthedeviceofsomeVaubanorCohornofthoseearlytimes。
　　Thestyleofthesebuildingsevincesthatthearchitectpossessedneithertheartofusinglimeorcementofanykind，northeskilltothrowanarch，constructaroof，orerectastair；
　　andyet，withallthisignorance，showedgreatingenuityinselectingthesituationofBurghs，andregulatingtheaccesstothem，aswellasneatnessandregularityintheerection，sincethebuildingsthemselvesshowastyleofadvanceintheartsscarcelyconsistentwiththeignoranceofsomanyoftheprincipalbranchesofarchitecturalknowledge。
　　Ihavealwaysthought，thatoneofthemostcuriousandvaluableobjectsofantiquarieshasbeentotracetheprogressofsociety，bytheeffortsmadeinearlyagestoimprovetherudenessoftheirfirstexpedients，untiltheyeitherapproachexcellence，or，asismorefrequentlythecase，aresuppliedbynewandfundamentaldiscoveries，whichsupersedeboththeearlierandrudersystem，andtheimprovementswhichhavebeeningrafteduponit。Forexample，ifweconceivetherecentdiscoveryofgastobesomuchimprovedandadaptedtodomesticuse，astosupersedeallothermodesofproducingdomesticlight；wecanalreadysuppose，somecenturiesafterwards，theheadsofawholeSocietyofAntiquarieshalfturnedbythediscoveryofapairofpatentsnuffers，andbythelearnedtheorieswhichwouldbebroughtforwardtoaccountfortheformandpurposeofsosingularanimplement。
　　Followingsomesuchprinciple，IaminclinedtoregardthesingularCastleofConingsburgh——ImeantheSaxonpartofit——
　　asastepinadvancefromtherudearchitecture，ifitdeservesthename，whichmusthavebeencommontotheSaxonsastootherNorthmen。Thebuildershadattainedtheartofusingcement，andofroofingabuilding，——greatimprovementsontheoriginalBurgh。Butintheroundkeep，ashapeonlyseeninthemostancientcastles——thechambersexcavatedinthethicknessofthewallsandbuttresses——thedifficultybywhichaccessisgainedfromonestorytothoseaboveit，Coningsburghstillretainsthesimplicityofitsorigin，andshowsbywhatslowdegreesmanproceededfromoccupyingsuchrudeandinconvenientlodgings，aswereaffordedbythegalleriesoftheCastleofMousa，tothemoresplendidaccommodationsoftheNormancastles，withalltheirsternandGothicgraces。
　　Iamignorantiftheseremarksarenew，oriftheywillbeconfirmedbycloserexamination；butIthink，that，onahastyobservation，ConingsburghoffersmeansofcuriousstudytothosewhomaywishtotracethehistoryofarchitecturebacktothetimesprecedingtheNormanConquest。
　　ItwouldbehighlydesirablethatacorkmodelshouldbetakenoftheCastleofMousa，asitcannotbewellunderstoodbyaplan。
　　TheCastleofConingsburghisthusdescribed：——
　　``Thecastleislarge，theouterwallsstandingonapleasantascentfromtheriver，butmuchovertoptbyahighhill，onwhichthetownstands，situatedattheheadofarichandmagnificentvale，formedbyanamphitheatreofwoodyhills，inwhichflowsthegentleDon。Nearthecastleisabarrow，saidtobeHengist’stomb。Theentranceisflankedtotheleftbyaroundtower，withaslopingbase，andthereareseveralsimilarintheouterwalltheentrancehaspiersofagate，andontheeastsidetheditchandbankaredoubleandverysteep。Onthetopofthechurchyardwallisatombstone，onwhicharecutinhighrelief，tworavens，orsuch-likebirds。Onthesouthsideofthechurchyardliesanancientstone，ridgedlikeacoffin，onwhichiscarvedamanonhorseback；andanothermanwithashieldencounteringavastwingedserpent，andamanbearingashieldbehindhim。Itwasprobablyoneoftherudecrossesnotuncommoninchurchyardsinthiscounty。Seeitengravedontheplateofcrossesforthisvolume，plate14。fig。1。ThenameofConingsburgh，bywhichthiscastlegoesintheoldeditionsoftheBritannia，wouldleadonetosupposeittheresidenceoftheSaxonkings。ItafterwardsbelongedtoKingHarold。TheConquerorbestoweditonWilliamdeWarren，withallitsprivilegesandjurisdiction，whicharesaidtohaveextendedovertwenty-eighttowns。Atthecornerofthearea，whichisofanirregularform，standsthegreattower，orkeep，placedonasmallhillofitsowndimensions，onwhichliessixvastprojectingbuttresses，ascendinginasteepdirectiontopropandsupportthebuilding，andcontinuedupwardsupthesideasturrets。Thetowerwithinformsacompletecircle，twenty-onefeetindiameter，thewallsfourteenfeetthick。Theascentintothetowerisbyanexceedingdeepflightofsteepsteps，fourfeetandahalfwide，onthesouthsideleadingtoalowdoorway，overwhichisacirculararchcrossedbyagreattransomstone。Withinthisdooristhestaircasewhichascendsstraightthroughthethicknessofthewall，notcommunicatingwiththeroomonthefirstfloor，inwhosecentreistheopeningtothedungeon。Neitheroftheselowerroomsislightedexceptfromaholeinthefloorofthethirdstory；theroominwhich，aswellasinthataboveit，isfinishedwithcompactsmoothstonework，bothhavingchimney-pieces，withanarchrestingontripleclusteredpillars。Inthethirdstory，orguard-chamber，isasmallrecesswithaloop-hole，probablyabedchamber，andinthatflooraboveanicheforasaintorholy-waterpot。MrKingimaginesthisaSaxoncastleofthefirstagesoftheHeptarchy。MrWatsonthusdescribesit。Fromthefirstfloortothesecondstory，thirdfromtheground，isawaybyastairinthewallfivefeetwide。
　　Thenextstaircaseisapproachedbyaladder，andendsatthefourthstoryfromtheground。Twoyardsfromthedoor，attheheadofthisstair，isanopeningnearlyeast，accessiblebytreadingontheledgeofthewall，whichdiminisheseightincheseachstory；andthislastopeningleadsintoaroomorchapeltenfeetbytwelve，andfifteenorsixteenhigh，archedwithfree-stone，andsupportedbysmallcircularcolumnsofthesame，thecapitalsandarchesSaxon。Ithasaneastwindow，andoneachsideinthewall，aboutfourfeetfromtheground，astonebasinwithaholeandironpipetoconveythewaterintoorthroughthewall。Thischapelisoneofthebuttresses，butnosignofitwithout，foreventhewindow，thoughlargewithin，isonlyalongnarrowloop-hole，scarcelytobeseenwithout。Ontheleftsideofthischapelisasmalloratory，eightbysixinthethicknessofthewall，withanicheinthewall，andenlightenedbyalikeloop-hole。Thefourthstairfromtheground，tenfeetwestfromthechapeldoor，leadstothetopofthetowerthroughthethicknessofthewall，whichattopisbutthreeyards。Eachstoryisaboutfifteenfeethigh，sothatthetowerwillbeseventy-fivefeetfromtheground。Theinsideformsacircle，whosediametermaybeabouttwelvefeet。Thewellatthebottomofthedungeonispiledwithstones。’’——Gough’s_EditionOfCamden’sBritannia_。SecondEdition，vol。iii。p。267。