believe，aswellasmyself，acopyofhistreatiseontheEnglishandGermanlanguages，aspreliminarytoanEtymologicaldictionaryhemeditatedIwentintoexplanationswithhimofaneasyprocessforsimplifyingthestudyoftheAnglo-Saxon，andlesseningtheterrors，anddifficultiespresentedbyit’srudeAlphabet，andunformedorthography。Butthisisasubjectbeyondtheboundsofaletter，asitwasbeyondtheboundsofaReporttothelegislature。Mr。Croftsdied，Ibelieve，beforeanyprogresswasmadeintheworkhehadprojected。
　　Thereviewerexpressesdoubt，ratherthandecision，onourplacingMilitaryandNavalarchitectureinthedepartmentofPureMathematics。Militaryarchitectureembracesfortificationandfieldworks，whichwiththeirbastions，curtains，hornworks，redoubtsetc。
　　arebasedonatechnicalcombinationoflinesandangles。Theseareadaptedtooffenceanddefence，withandagainsttheeffectsofbombs，balls，escaladesetc。Butlinesandanglesmakethesumofelementarygeometry，abranchofPureMathematics：andthedirectionofthebombs，balls，andotherprojectiles，thenecessaryappendagesofmilitaryworks，altho’nopartoftheirarchitecture，belongtotheconicsections，abranchoftranscendentalgeometry。DiderotandDalemberttherefore，intheirArborscientiae，haveplacedmilitaryarchitectureinthedepartmentofelementarygeometry。Navalarchitectureteachesthebestformandconstructionofvessels；forwhichbestformithasrecoursetothequestionoftheSolidofleastresistance，aproblemoftranscendentalgeometry。Andit’sappurtenantprojectilesbelongtothesamebranch，asintheprecedingcase。Itistruethatsofarasrespectstheactionofthewaterontherudderandoars，andofthewindonthesails，itmaybeplacedinthedepartmentofmechanics，asDiderotandDalamberthavedone：butbelongingquiteasmuchtogeometry，andalliedinit’smilitarycharacter，tomilitaryarchitecture，itsimplifiedourplantoplacebothunderthesamehead。TheseviewsaresoobviousthatI
　　amsuretheywouldhaverequiredbutasecondthoughttoreconcilethereviewertotheir_location_undertheheadofPureMathematics。
　　Forthisword_Location_，seeBailey，Johnson，Sheridan，Walkeretc。
　　ButifDictionariesaretobetheArbitersoflanguage，inwhichofthemshallwefind_neologism_。Nomatter。Itisagoodword，wellsounding，obvious，andexpressesanideawhichwouldotherwiserequirecircumlocution。TheReviewerwasjustifiablethereforeinusingit；altho’henotedatthesametime，asunauthoritative，_centrality_，_grade_，_sparse_；allwhichhavebeenlongusedincommonspeechandwriting。Iamafriendto_neology_。Itistheonlywaytogivetoalanguagecopiousnessandeuphony。WithoutitweshouldstillbeheldtothevocabularyofAlfredorofUlphilas；
　　andheldtotheirstateofsciencealso：forIamsuretheyhadnowordswhichcouldhaveconveyedtheideasofOxigen，cotyledons，zoophytes，magnetism，electricity，hyaline，andthousandsofothersexpressingideasnotthenexisting，norofpossiblecommunicationinthestateoftheirlanguage。WhatalanguagehastheFrenchbecomesincethedateoftheirrevolution，bythefreeintroductionofnewwords！Themostcopiousandeloquentinthelivingworld；andequaltotheGreek，hadnotthatbeenregularlymodifiablealmostadinfinitum。Theirrulewasthatwhenevertheirlanguagefurnishedoradoptedaroot，allit’sbranches，ineverypartofspeechwerelegitimatedbygivingthemtheirappropriateterminations。
　　{adelphos}[”brother”]，{adelphe}[”sister”]，{adelphidion}[”littlebrother”]，{adelphotes}[”brotherlyaffection”]，{adelphixis}
　　[”brotherhood”]，{adelphidoys}[”nephew”]，{adelphikos}[”brotherly，”
　　adj。]，{adelphizo}[”toadoptasabrother”]，{adelphikos}
　　[”brotherly，”adv。]。Andthisshouldbethelawofeverylanguage。
　　Thus，havingadoptedtheadjective_fraternal_，itisaroot，whichshouldlegitimatefraternity，fraternation，fraternisation，fraternism，tofraternate，fraternise，fraternally。Andgivethewordneologismtoourlanguage，asaroot，anditshouldgiveusit’sfellowsubstantives，neology，neologist，neologisation；it’sadjectivesneologous，neological，neologistical，it’sverbneologise，andadverbneologically。Dictionariesarebutthedepositoriesofwordsalreadylegitimatedbyusage。Societyisthework-shopinwhichnewonesareelaborated。Whenanindividualusesanewword，ifillformeditisrejectedinsociety，ifwellformed，adopted，and，afterduetime，laidupinthedepositoryofdictionaries。Andif，inthisprocessofsoundneologisation，ourtransatlanticbrethrenshallnotchoosetoaccompanyus，wemayfurnish，aftertheIonians，asecondexampleofacolonialdialectimprovingonit’sprimitive。
　　Butenoughofcriticism：letmeturntoyourpuzzlingletterofMay12。onmatter，spirit，motionetc。It’scroudofscepticismskeptmefromsleep。Ireadit，andlaiditdown：readit，andlaiditdown，againandagain：andtogiveresttomymind，Iwasobligedtorecurultimatelytomyhabitualanodyne，`Ifeel：thereforeI
　　exist。’Ifeelbodieswhicharenotmyself：thereareotherexistenciesthen。Icallthem_matter_。Ifeelthemchangingplace。
　　Thisgivesme_motion_。Wherethereisanabsenceofmatter，Icallit_void_，or_nothing_，or_immaterialspace_。Onthebasisofsensation，ofmatterandmotion，wemayerectthefabricofallthecertaintieswecanhaveorneed。Icanconcieve_thought_tobeanactionofaparticularorganisationofmatter，formedforthatpurposebyit’screator，aswellasthat_attraction_inanactionofmatter，or_magnetism_ofloadstone。WhenhewhodeniestotheCreatorthepowerofendowingmatterwiththemodeofactioncalled_thinking_shallshewhowhecouldendowtheSunwiththemodeofactioncalled_attraction_，whichreinstheplanetsinthetractoftheirorbits，orhowanabsenceofmattercanhaveawill，and，bythatwill，putmatterintomotion，thenthematerialistmaybelawfullyrequiredtoexplaintheprocessbywhichmatterexercisesthefacultyofthinking。Whenoncewequitthebasisofsensation，allisinthewind。Totalkof_immaterial_existencesistotalkof_nothings_。Tosaythatthehumansoul，angels，god，areimmaterial，istosaytheyare_nothings_，orthatthereisnogod，noangels，nosoul。Icannotreasonotherwise：butIbelieveIamsupportedinmycreedofmaterialismbyLocke，Tracy，andStewart。AtwhatageoftheChristianchurchthisheresyof_immaterialism_，thismaskedatheism，creptin，Idonotknow。Butaheresyitcertainlyis。
　　Jesustaughtnothingofit。Hetoldusindeedthat`Godisaspirit，’buthehasnotdefinedwhataspiritis，norsaidthatitisnot_matter_。Andtheantientfathersgenerally，ifnotuniversally，heldittobematter：lightandthinindeed，anetherialgas；butstillmatter。Origensays`Deusreapsecorporalisest；sedgraviorumtantumcorporumratione，incorporeus。’Tertullian`quidenimdeusnisicorpus?’andagain`quisnegabitdeumessecorpus?Etsideusspiritus，spiritusetiamcorpusest，suigeneris，insuaeffigie。’
　　St。JustinMartyr`{toTheionphameneinaiasomatonoykotiasomaton——epeidedetomekrateisthaiypotinos，toykrateisthaitimioteronesti，diatoytokaloymenaytonasomaton。}’AndSt。Macarius，speakingofangelssays`quamvisenimsubtiliasint，tameninsubstantia，formaetfigura，secundumtenuitatemnaturaeeorum，corporasunttenuia。’AndSt。Austin，St。Basil，Lactantius，Tatian，Athenagorasandothers，withwhosewritingsIpretendnotafamiliarity，aresaidbythosewhoare，todeliverthesamedoctrine。TurntoyourOcellusd’Argens97。105。andtohisTimaeus17。forthesequotations。InEnglandtheseImmaterialistsmighthavebeenburntuntilthe29。Car。
　　2。whenthewritdehaereticocomburendowasabolished：andhereuntiltherevolution，thatstatutenothavingextendedtous。Allheresiesbeingnowdoneawaywithus，theseschismatistsaremerelyatheists，differingfromthematerialAtheistonlyintheirbeliefthat`nothingmadesomething，’andfromthematerialdeistwhobelievesthatmatteralonecanoperateonmatter。
　　Rejectingallorgansofinformationthereforebutmysenses，I
　　ridmyselfofthePyrrhonismswithwhichanindulgenceinspeculationshyperphysicalandantiphysicalsouselesslyoccupyanddisquietthemind。Asinglesensemayindeedbesometimesdecieved，butrarely：andneveralloursensestogether，withtheirfacultyofreasoning。Theyevidencerealities；andthereareenoughoftheseforallthepurposesoflife，withoutplungingintothefathomlessabyssofdreamsandphantasms。Iamsatisfied，andsufficientlyoccupiedwiththethingswhichare，withouttormentingortroublingmyselfaboutthosewhichmayindeedbe，butofwhichIhavenoevidence。IamsurethatIreallyknowmany，many，things，andnonemoresurelythanthatIloveyouwithallmyheart，andprayforthecontinuanceofyourlifeuntilyoushallbetiredofityourself。
　　JUDICIALSUBVERSION
　　_ToThomasRitchie_
　　_Monticello，December25，1820_
　　DEARSIR，——Onmyreturnhomeafteralongabsence，IfindhereyourfavorofNovemberthe23d，withColonelTaylor’s”ConstructionConstrued，”whichyouhavebeensokindastosendme，inthenameoftheauthoraswellasyourself。Permitme，ifyouplease，tousethesamechannelforconveyingtohimthethanksI
　　renderyoualsoforthismarkofattention。Ishallreadit，Iknow，withedification，asIdidhisInquiry，towhichIacknowledgemyselfindebtedformanyvaluableideas，andforthecorrectionofsomeerrorsofearlyopinion，neverseeninacorrectlightuntilpresentedtomeinthatwork。Thatthepresentvolumeisequallyorthodox，Iknowbeforereadingit，becauseIknowthatColonelTaylorandmyselfhaverarely，ifever，differedinanypoliticalprincipleofimportance。Everyactofhislife，andeverywordheeverwrote，satisfiesmeofthis。So，also，astothetwoPresidents，lateandnowinoffice，Iknowthembothtobeofprinciplesastrulyrepublicanasanymenliving。Iftherebeanythingamiss，therefore，inthepresentstateofouraffairs，astheformidabledeficitlatelyunfoldedtousindicates，IascribeittotheinattentionofCongresstotheirduties，totheirunwisedissipationandwasteofthepubliccontributions。Theyseemed，somelittlewhileago，tobeatalossforobjectswhereontothrowawaythesupposedfathomlessfundsofthetreasury。Ihadfearedtheresult，becauseIsawamongthemsomeofmyoldfellowlaborers，oftriedandknownprinciples，yetoftenintheirminorities。Iamawarethatinoneoftheirmostruinousvagaries，thepeoplewerethemselvesbetrayedintothesamephrenzywiththeirRepresentatives。
　　Thedeficitproduced，andaheavytaxtosupplyit，will，Itrust，bringbothtotheirsobersenses。
　　Butitisnotfromthisbranchofgovernmentwehavemosttofear。Taxesandshortelectionswillkeepthemright。ThejudiciaryoftheUnitedStatesisthesubtlecorpsofsappersandminersconstantlyworkingundergroundtounderminethefoundationsofourconfederatedfabric。Theyareconstruingourconstitutionfromaco-ordinationofageneralandspecialgovernmenttoageneralandsupremeonealone。Thiswilllayallthingsattheirfeet，andtheyaretoowellversedinEnglishlawtoforgetthemaxim，_”bonijudicisestampliarejuris-dictionem。”_Weshallseeiftheyareboldenoughtotakethedaringstridetheirfivelawyershavelatelytaken。Iftheydo，then，withtheeditorofourbook，inhisaddresstothepublic，Iwillsay，that”againstthiseverymanshouldraisehisvoice，”andmore，shoulduplifthisarm。Whowrotethisadmirableaddress?Sound，luminous，strong，notawordtoomuch，noronewhichcanbechangedbutfortheworse。Thatpenshouldgoon，laybarethesewoundsofourconstitution，exposethedecisions_seriatim_，andarouse，asitisable，theattentionofthenationtotheseboldspeculatorsonitspatience。Havingfound，fromexperience，thatimpeachmentisanimpracticablething，amerescare-crow，theyconsiderthemselvessecureforlife；theysculkfromresponsibilitytopublicopinion，theonlyremainingholdonthem，underapracticefirstintroducedintoEnglandbyLordMansfield。Anopinionishuddledupinconclave，perhapsbyamajorityofone，deliveredasifunanimous，andwiththesilentacquiescenceoflazyortimidassociates，byacraftychiefjudge，whosophisticatesthelawtohismind，bytheturnofhisownreasoning。AjudiciarylawwasoncereportedbytheAttorneyGeneraltoCongress，requiringeachjudgetodeliverhisopinion_seriatim_andopenly，andthentogiveitinwritingtotheclerktobeenteredintherecord。Ajudiciaryindependentofakingorexecutivealone，isagoodthing；butindependenceofthewillofthenationisasolecism，atleastinarepublicangovernment。
　　Buttoreturntoyourletter；youaskformyopinionoftheworkyousendme，andtoletitgoouttothepublic。ThisIhaveevermadeapointofdeclining，oneortwoinstancesonlyexcepted。