DEARSIR——SinceyourfavorofJuly10。minehavebeenofJuly17。23and28。ThelastinclosedabillofexchangefromMr。GrandonTessierforpound46-17-10sterl。toanswerGenl。Sullivan’sbillforthatsum。Ihopeitgotsafetohand，tho’Ihavebeenanxiousaboutitasitwentbypostandmylettersthro’thatchannelsometimesmiscarry。
　　FromtheseparationoftheNotablestothepresentmomenthasbeenperhapsthemostinterestingintervaleverknowninthiscountry。ThepropositionsoftheGovernment，approvedbytheNotables，wereprecioustothenationandhavebeeninanhonestcourseofexecution，someofthembeingcarriedintoeffect，andotherspreparing。AbovealltheestablishmentoftheProvincialassemblies，someofwhichhavebeguntheirsessions，bidfairtobetheinstrumentforcircumscribingthepowerofthecrownandraisingthepeopleintoconsideration。Theelectiongiventothemiswhatwilldothis。Tho’theministerwhoproposedtheseimprovementsseemstohavemeantthemasthepriceofthenewsupplies，thegamehasbeensoplayedastosecuretheimprovementstothenationwithoutsecuringtheprice。TheNotablesspokesoftlyonthesubjectoftheadditionalsupplies，buttheparliamenttookthemuproundly，refusedtoregistertheedictsforthenewtaxes，tillcompelledinabedofjusticeandpreferedthemselvestobetransferredtoTroyesratherthanwithdrawtheiropposition。Itisurgedprincipallyagainsttheking，thathisrevenueis130。millionsmorethanthatofhispredecessorwas，andyethedemands120。millionsfurther。Youwillseethiswellexplainedinthe`Conferenceentreunministred’etatetunConseillerauparlement’whichIsendyouwithsomeothersmallpamphlets。InthemeantimealltonguesinParisandinFranceasitissaidhavebeenletloose，andneverwasalicenseofspeakingagainstthegovernmentexercisedinLondonmorefreelyormoreuniversally。Caracatures，placards，bonmots，havebeenindulgedinbyallranksofpeople，andIknowofnowellattestedinstanceofasinglepunishment。Forsometimemobsof10；20；
　　30，000peoplecollecteddaily，surroundedtheparliamenthouse，huzzaedthemembers，evenenteredthedoorsandexaminedintotheirconduct，tookthehorsesoutofthecarriagesofthosewhodidwell，anddrewthemhome。Thegovernmentthoughtitprudenttopreventthese，drewsomeregimentsintotheneighborhood，multipliedtheguards，hadthestreetsconstantlypatrolledbystrongparties，suspendedprivilegedplaces，forbadallclubs，etc。Themobshaveceased：perhapsthismaybepartlyowingtotheabsenceofparliament。TheCountd’Artois，senttoholdabedofjusticeintheCourdesAides，washissedandhootedwithoutreservebythepopulace；thecarriageofMadamedeIforgetthenameinthequeen’sliverywasstoppedbythepopulaceunderabeliefthatitwasMadamedePolignac’swhomtheywouldhaveinsulted，thequeengoingtothetheateratVersailleswithMadamedePolignacwasreceivedwithageneralhiss。Theking，longinthehabitofdrowninghiscaresinwine，plungesdeeperanddeeper；thequeencriesbutsinson。TheCountd’Artoisisdetested，andMonsieur[Louis，ComtedeProvence]thegeneralfavorite。TheArchbishopofThoulouseismadeMinistreprincipale，avirtuous，patrioticandablecharacter。TheMarechaldeCastriesretiredyesterdaynotwithstandingstrongsollicitationstoremaininoffice。TheMarechaldeSegurretiredatthesametime，promptedtoitbythecourt。Theirsuccessorsarenotyetknown。M。deSt。PristgoesAmbassadortoHollandintheroomofVeractransferredtoSwitzerland，andtheCountdeMoustiergoestoAmericaintheroomoftheChevalierdelaLuzernewhohasapromiseofthefirstvacancy。Thesenominationsarenotyetmadeformally，buttheyaredecidedonandthepartiesareorderedtopreparefortheirdestination。AsithasbeenlongsinceIhavehadaconfidentialconveiancetoyou，IhavebroughttogethertheprincipalfactsfromtheadjournmentoftheNotablestothepresentmomentwhich，asyouwillperceivefromtheirnature，requiredaconfidentialconveyance。Ihavedoneittheratherbecause，tho’youwillhaveheardmanyofthemandseentheminthepublicpapers，yetfloatinginthemassoflieswhichconstitutetheatmospheresofLondonandParis，youmaynothavebeensureoftheirtruth：andI
　　havementionedeverytruthofanyconsequencetoenableyoutostampasfalsethefactspretermitted。Ithinkthatinthecourseofthreemonthstheroyalauthorityhaslost，andtherightsofthenationgained，asmuchground，byarevolutionofpublicopiniononly，asEnglandgainedinallhercivilwarsundertheStuarts。Iratherbelievetootheywillretainthegroundgained，becauseitisdefendedbytheyoungandthemiddleaged，inoppositiontotheoldonly。Thefirstpartyincreases，andthelatterdiminishesdailyfromthecourseofnature。Youmaysupposethatunderthissituation，warwouldbeunwelcometoFrance。ShewillsurelyavoiditifnotforcedbythecourtsofLondonandBerlin。Ifforced，itisprobableshewillchangethesystemofEuropetotallybyanalliancewiththetwoempires，towhomnothingwouldbemoredesireable。Intheeventofsuchacoalition，notonlyPrussiabutthewholeEuropeanworldmustreceivefromthemtheirlaws。ButFrancewillprobablyendeavortopreservethepresentsystemifitcanbedonebysacrifisingtoacertaindegreethepretensionsofthepatrioticpartyinHolland。Butofallthesemattersyoucanjudge，inyourposition，wherelesssecrecyisobserved，betterthanIcan。
　　IhavenewsfromAmericaaslateasJuly19。NothinghadthentranspiredfromtheFederalconvention。Iamsorrytheybegantheirdeliberationsbysoabominableaprecedentasthatoftyingupthetonguesoftheirmembers。Nothingcanjustifythisexamplebuttheinnocenceoftheirintentions，andignoranceofthevalueofpublicdiscussions。Ihavenodoubtthatalltheirothermeasureswillbegoodandwise。Itisreallyanassemblyofdemigods。Genl。
　　WashingtonwasofopiniontheyshouldnotseparatetillOctober。I
　　havethehonourtobewitheverysentimentoffriendshipandrespectDearSirYourmostobedientandmosthumbleservant，AMOOSEFROMNEWHAMPSHIRE
　　_ToBuffon_
　　_Paris，Octob。1，1787_
　　SIR，——IhadthehonourofinformingyousometimeagothatI
　　hadwrittentosomeofmyfriendsinAmerica，desiringtheywouldsendmesuchofthespoilsoftheMoose，Caribou，Elk&deerasmightthrowlightonthatclassofanimals；butmoreparticularlytosendmethecompleteskeleton，skin，&hornsoftheMoose，insuchconditionasthattheskinmightbesewedup&stuffedonit’sarrivalhere。Iamhappytobeabletopresenttoyouatthismomentthebones&skinofaMoose，thehornsoftheCaribou，theelk，thedeer，thespikedhornedbuck，&theRoebuckofAmerica。TheyallcomefromNewHampshire&Massachusetts。Igiveyoutheirpopularnames，asitrestswithyourselftodecidetheirrealnames。TheskinoftheMoosewasdrestwiththehairon，butagreatdealofithascomeoff，andtherestisreadytodropoff。Thehornsoftheelkareremarkablysmall。Ihavecertainlyseenofthemwhichwouldhaveweighedfiveorsixtimesasmuch。ThisistheanimalwhichwecallelkintheSouthernpartsofAmerica，andofwhichIhavegivensomedescriptionintheNotesonVirginia，ofwhichIhadthehonourofpresentingyouacopy。Ireallydoubtwhethertheflat-hornedelkexistsinAmerica；andIthinkthismaybeproperlyclassedwiththeelk，theprincipaldifferencebeinginthehorns。IhaveseentheDaim，theCerf，theChevreuilofEurope。ButtheanimalwecallElk，andwhichmaybedistinguishedastheRound-hornedelk，isverydifferentfromthem。IhaveneverseentheBrand-hirtzorCerfd’Ardennes，northeEuropeanelk。CouldIgetasightofthemI
　　thinkIshouldbeabletosaytowhichofthemtheAmericanelkresemblesmost，asIamtolerablywellacquaintedwiththatanimal。
　　ImustobservealsothatthehornsoftheDeer，whichaccompanythesespoils，arenotofthefifthorsixthpartoftheweightofsomethatIhaveseen。Thisindividualhasbeenofage，accordingtoourmethodofjudging。Ihavetakenmeasuresparticularlytobefurnishedwithlargehornsofourelk&ourdeer，&thereforebegofyounottoconsiderthosenowsentasfurnishingaspecimenoftheirordinarysize。IreallysuspectyouwillfindthattheMoose，theRoundhornedelk，&theAmericandeerarespeciesnotexistinginEurope。TheMooseisperhapsofanewclass。Iwishthesespoils，Sir，mayhavethemeritofaddinganythingnewtothetreasuresofnaturewhichhavesofortunatelycomeunderyourobservation，&ofwhichsheseemstohavegivenyouthekey：theywillinthatcasebesomegratificationtoyou，whichitwillalwaysbepleasingtometohaveprocured，havingthehonortobewithsentimentsofthemostperfectesteem&respect，Sir，yourmostobedient，&mosthumbleservant。
　　THENEWCONSTITUTION
　　_ToWilliamS。Smith_
　　_Paris，Nov。13，1787_
　　DEARSIR，——IamnowtoacknoledgethereceiptofyourfavorsofOctoberthe4th，8th，&26th。InthelastyouapologiseforyourlettersofintroductiontoAmericanscominghere。Itissofarfromneedingapologyonyourpart，thatitcallsforthanksonmine。I
　　endeavortoshewcivilitiestoalltheAmericanswhocomehere，&
　　willgivemeopportunitiesofdoingit：anditisamatterofcomforttoknowfromagoodquarterwhattheyare，&howfarImaygoinmyattentionstothem。CanyousendmeWoodmason’sbillsforthetwocopyingpressesfortheM。delaFayette，&theM。deChastellux?
　　Thelattermakesonearticleinaconsiderableaccount，ofoldstanding，andwhichIcannotpresentforwantofthisarticle——I
　　donotknowwhetheritistoyourselforMr。AdamsIamtogivemythanksforthecopyofthenewconstitution。Ibegleavethroughyoutoplacethemwheredue。ItwillbeyetthreeweeksbeforeIshallreceivethemfromAmerica。Thereareverygoodarticlesinit：&
　　verybad。Idonotknowwhichpreponderate。WhatwehavelatelyreadinthehistoryofHolland，inthechapterontheStadtholder，wouldhavesufficedtosetmeagainstachiefmagistrateeligibleforalongduration，ifIhadeverbeendisposedtowardsone：&whatwehavealwaysreadoftheelectionsofPolishkingsshouldhaveforeverexcludedtheideaofonecontinuableforlife。Wonderfulistheeffectofimpudent&perseveringlying。TheBritishministryhavesolonghiredtheirgazetteerstorepeatandmodelintoeveryformliesaboutourbeinginanarchy，thattheworldhasatlengthbelievedthem，theEnglishnationhasbelievedthem，theministersthemselveshavecometobelievethem，&whatismorewonderful，wehavebelievedthemourselves。Yetwheredoesthisanarchyexist?Wherediditeverexist，exceptinthesingleinstanceofMassachusetts?Andcanhistoryproduceaninstanceofrebellionsohonourablyconducted?I
　　saynothingofit’smotives。Theywerefoundedinignorance，notwickedness。Godforbidweshouldeverbe20yearswithoutsucharebellion。Thepeoplecannotbeall，&always，wellinformed。Thepartwhichiswrongwillbediscontentedinproportiontotheimportanceofthefactstheymisconceive。Iftheyremainquietundersuchmisconceptionsitisalethargy，theforerunnerofdeathtothepublicliberty。Wehavehad13。statesindependent11。years。Therehasbeenonerebellion。Thatcomestoonerebellioninacentury&ahalfforeachstate。Whatcountrybeforeeverexistedacentury&
　　halfwithoutarebellion?&whatcountrycanpreserveit’slibertiesiftheirrulersarenotwarnedfromtimetotimethattheirpeoplepreservethespiritofresistance?Letthemtakearms。Theremedyistosetthemrightastofacts，pardon&pacifythem。Whatsignifyafewliveslostinacenturyortwo?Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriots&tyrants。Itisit’snaturalmanure。OurConventionhasbeentoomuchimpressedbytheinsurrectionofMassachusetts：andinthespurofthemomenttheyaresettingupakitetokeepthehen-yardinorder。IhopeinGodthisarticlewillberectifiedbeforethenewconstitutionisaccepted——YouaskmeifanythingtranspireshereonthesubjectofS。America?Notaword。Iknowthattherearecombustiblematerialsthere，andthattheywaitthetorchonly。Butthiscountryprobablywilljointheextinguishers——Thewantoffactsworthcommunicatingtoyouhasoccasionedmetogivealittleloosetodissertation。Wemustbecontentedtoamuse，whenwecannotinform。
　　MOREONTHECONSTITUTION
　　_ToJohnAdams_
　　_Paris，Nov。13，1787_
　　DEARSIR——ThiswillbedeliveredyoubyyoungMr。Rutledge。
　　Yourknowledgeofhisfatherwillintroducehimtoyournotice。Hemeritsitmoreoveronhisownaccount。
　　IamnowtoacknolegeyourfavorsofOct。8and26。ThatofAugust25。wasdulyreceived，norcanIrecollectbywhataccidentI
　　waspreventedfromacknolegingitinmineofSep。28。Ithasbeenthesourceofmysubsistencehitherto，andmustcontinuetobesotillIreceivelettersontheaffairsofmoneyfromAmerica。VanStaphorsts&Willinkshaveansweredmydraughts——YourbooksforM。
　　delaFayettearereceivedhere。Iwillnotifyittohim，whoisatpresentwithhisprovincialassemblyinAuvergne。
　　LittleissaidlatelyoftheprogressofthenegociationsbetweenthecourtsofPetersburg，Vienna，andVersailles。Thedistanceoftheformerandthecautious，unassumingcharacterofit’sministerhereisonecauseofdelays：agreateroneisthegreedinessandinstablecharacteroftheemperor。NordoIthinkthatthePrincipalhere[Brienne]willbeeasilyinducedtolendhimselftoanyconnectionwhichshallthreatenawarwithinaconsiderablenumberofyears。Hisownreignwillbethatofpeaceonly，inallprobability；andwereanyaccidenttotumblehimdown，thiscountrywouldimmediatelygirdonit’sswordandbuckler，andtrusttooccurrencesforsuppliesofmoney。Thewoundtheirhonourhassustainedfestersintheirhearts，anditmaybesaidwithtruththattheArchbishopandafewpriests，determinedtosupporthismeasuresbecauseproudtoseetheirordercomeagainintopower，aretheonlyadvocatesforthelineofconductwhichhasbeenpursued。Itissaidandbelievedthro’ParisliterallythattheCountdeMonmorin`pleuroitcommeunenfant[”weptlikeachild”]’whenobligedtosignthecounterdeclaration。Consideringthephraseasfigurative，I
　　believeitexpressesthedistressofhisheart。Indeedhehasmadenosecretofhisindividualopinion。InthemeantimethePrincipalgoesonwithafirmandpatrioticspirit，inreformingthecruelabusesofthegovernmentandpreparinganewconstitutionwhichwillgivetothispeopleasmuchlibertyastheyarecapableofmanaging。
　　ThisIthinkwillbethegloryofhisadministration，because，tho’agoodtheoristinfinance，heisthoughttoexecutebadly。Theyareabouttoopenaloanof100。millionstosupplypresentwants，anditissaidtheprefaceoftheArretwillcontainapromiseoftheConvocationoftheStatesgeneralduringtheensuingyear。12。or15。
　　provincialassembliesarealreadyinaction，andaregoingonwell；
　　andIthinkthattho’thenationsuffersinreputation，itwillgaininfinitelyinhappinessunderthepresentadministration。IinclosetoMr。JayapamphletwhichIwillbegofyoutoforward。Ileaveitopenforyourperusal。Whenyoushallhavereadit，besogoodastostickawaferinit。Itisnotyetpublished，norwillbeforsomedays。Thiscopyhasbeencededtomeasafavor。
　　Howdoyoulikeournewconstitution?Iconfesstherearethingsinitwhichstaggerallmydispositionstosubscribetowhatsuchanassemblyhasproposed。Thehouseoffederalrepresentativeswillnotbeadequatetothemanagementofaffairseitherforeignorfederal。TheirPresidentseemsabadeditionofaPolishking。Hemaybereelectedfrom4。yearsto4。yearsforlife。Reasonandexperienceprovetousthatachiefmagistrate，socontinuable，isanofficerforlife。Whenoneortwogenerationsshallhaveprovedthatthisisanofficeforlife，itbecomesoneverysuccessionworthyofintrigue，ofbribery，offorce，andevenofforeigninterference。ItwillbeofgreatconsequencetoFranceandEnglandtohaveAmericagovernedbyaGallomanorAngloman。Onceinoffice，andpossessingthemilitaryforceoftheunion，withouteithertheaidorcheckofacouncil，hewouldnotbeeasilydethroned，evenifthepeoplecouldbeinducedtowithdrawtheirvotesfromhim。Iwishthatattheendofthe4。yearstheyhadmadehimforeverineligibleasecondtime。
　　IndeedIthinkallthegoodofthisnewconstitutionmighthavebeencouchedinthreeorfournewarticlestobeaddedtothegood，old，andvenerablefabrick，whichshouldhavebeenpreservedevenasareligiousrelique——PresentmeandmydaughtersaffectionatelytoMrs。Adams。Theyoungeronecontinuestospeakofherwarmly。