problematicalevent，isnownear，&certain，&determinedinthemindofeveryman。Iexpectedtohaveseensomejustificationofarmingonepartofthesocietyagainstanother；ofdeclaringacivilwarthemomentbeforethemeetingofthatbodywhichhasthesolerightofdeclaringwar；ofbeingsopatientofthekicks&scoffsofourenemies，&risingatafeatheragainstourfriends；ofaddingamilliontothepublicdebt&deridinguswithrecommendationstopayitifwecan&c。，&c。Butthepartofthespeechwhichwastobetakenasajustificationofthearmament，remindedmeofparsonSaunders’demonstrationwhyminusintominusmakeplus。AfteraparcelofshredsofstufffromAesop’sfables，andTomThumb，hejumpsallatonceintohisErgo，minusmultipliedintominusmakeplus。Justsothe15，000menenterafterthefables，inthespeech——
　　However，thetimeiscomingwhenweshallfetchuptheleewayofourvessel。Thechangesinyourhouse，Isee，aregoingonforthebetter，andeventheAugeanherdoveryourheadsareslowlypurgingofftheirimpurities。Holdonthen，mydearfriend，thatwemaynotshipwreckinthemeanwhile。Idonotsee，inthemindsofthosewithwhomIconverse，agreaterafflictionthanthefearofyourretirement；butthismustnotbe，unlesstoamoresplendid&amoreefficaciouspost。ThereIshouldrejoicetoseeyou；IhopeImaysay，Ishallrejoicetoseeyou。Ihavelonghadmuchinmymindtosaytoyouonthatsubject。Butdoubledelicacieshavekeptmesilent。Ioughtperhapstosay，whileIwouldnotgiveupmyownretirementfortheempireoftheuniverse，howIcanjustifywishingonewhosehappinesssIhavesomuchatheartasyours，totakethefrontofthebattlewhichisfightingformysecurity。Thiswouldbeeasyenoughtobedone，butnotattheheelofalengthyepistle。
　　Letusquitthis，andturntothefineweatherwearebaskingin。Wehavehadoneofourtropicalwinters。Onceonlyasnowof3。
　　inchesdeep，whichwentoffthenextday，andneverasmuchiceaswouldhavecooledabottleofwine。Andwehavenowbutamonthtogothroughofwinterweather。ForFebruaryalwaysgivesusagoodsampleofthespringofwhichitistheharbinger。Irecollectnosmallnewsinterestingtoyou。Youwillhaveheard，Isuppose，thatWilsonNicholashasboughtCarr’sCarrsgroveandHarvey’sbarracks。
　　Irejoiceintheprosperityofavirtuousman，andhopehisprosperitywillnottainthisvirtue。PresentmerespectfullytoMrs。Madison，andprayhertokeepyouwhereyouareforherownsatisfactionandthepublicgood；andacceptthecordialaffectionsofall。Adieu。
　　FARMING
　　_ToJohnTaylor_
　　_Monticello，Dec。29，1794_
　　DEARSIR，——Ihavelongowedyoualetter，forwhichmyconsciencewouldnothaveletmerestinquietbutontheconsiderationthatthepaimentwouldnotbeworthyouracceptance。
　　Thedebtisnotmerelyforaletterthecommontrafficofeveryday，butforvaluableideas，whichinstructedme，whichIhaveadopted，&
　　amactingonthem。Iamsensibleofthetruthofyourobservationsthattheatmosphereisthegreatstorehouseofmatterforrecruitingourlands，thattho’efficacious，itisslowinit’soperation，andwemustthereforegivethemtimeinsteadoftheloadsofquickermanuregiveninothercountries，thatforthispurposewemustavailourselvesofthegreatquantitiesoflandwepossessinproportiontoourlabour，andthatwhileputtingthemtonursewiththeatmosphere，wemustprotectthemfromthebite&treadofanimals，whicharenearlyacounterpoiseforthebenefitsoftheatmosphere。Asgoodthings，aswellasevil，goinatrain，thisrelievesusfromthelabor&expenceofcrossfences，nowverysensiblyfeltonaccountofthescarcity&distanceoftimber。Iamaccordinglynowengagedinapplyingmycrossfencestotherepairoftheouteronesandsubstitutingrowsofpeachtreestopreservetheboundariesofthefields。AndthoughIobserveyourstricturesonrotationsofcrops，yetitappearsthatinthisIdifferfromyouonlyinwords。Youkeephalfyourlandsinculture，theotherhalfatnurse；soI
　　proposetodo。Yourschemeindeedrequiresonlyfouryears&minesix；buttheproportionoflabour&restisthesame。Myyearsofrest，however，areemployed，twooftheminproducingclover，yoursinvolunteerherbage。ButIstillunderstandittobeyouropinionthatcloverisbestwherelandswillproducethem。IndeedIthinkthattheimportantimprovementforwhichtheworldisindebtedtoYoungisthesubstitutionofclovercropsinsteadofunproductivefallows；&thedemonstrationthatlandsaremoreenrichedbycloverthanbyvolunteerherbageorfallows；andtheclovercropsarehighlyvaluable。ThatourredlandswhicharestillintolerableheartwillproducefinecloverIknowfromtheexperienceofthelastyear；andindeedthatofmyneighborshadestablishedthefact。Andfromobservationsonaccidentalplantsinthefeildswhichhavebeenconsiderablyharrassedwithcorn，Ibelievethateventhesewillproducecloverfitforsoilingofanimalsgreen。Ithink，therefore，Icancountonthesuccessofthatimprover。Mythirdyearofrestwillbedevotedtocowpenning，&toatrialofthebuckwheatdressing。AfurtherprogressinsurveyingmyopenarablelandshasshewnmethatIcanhave7fieldsineachofmyfarmswhereI
　　expectedonlysix；consequentlythatIcanaddmoretotheportionofrest&amelioratingcrops。IhavedoubtedonaquestiononwhichI
　　amsureyoucanadvisemewell，whetherIhadbettergivethisnewlyacquiredyearasanadditiontothecontinuanceofmyclover，orthrowitwithsomeimprovingcropbetweentwoofmycropsofgrain，asforinstancebetweenmycorn&rye。Istronglyinclinetothelatter，becauseIamnotsatisfiedthatonecleansingcropinsevenyearswillbesufficient；andindeedIthinkitimportanttoseparatemyexhaustingcropsbyalternationsofamelioraters。WiththisviewIthinktotryanexperimentofwhatJudgeParkerinformsmehepractises。Thatis，toturninmywheatstubbletheinstantthegrainisoff，andsowturnepstobefedoutbythesheep。Butwhetherthiswillanswerinourfieldswhichareharrassed，Idonotknow。Wehavebeeninthehabitofsowingonlyourfreshestlandsinturneps，henceapresumptionthatweariedlandswillnotbringthem。
　　ButYoung’smakingturnepstobefedonbysheepthebasisofhisimprovementofpoorlands，affordsevidencethatthotheymaynotbringgreatcrops，theywillbringtheminasufficientdegreetoimprovethelands。Iwilltrythatexperiment，however，thisyear，aswellastheoneofbuckwheat。Ihavealsoattendedtoanotherimprovermentionedbyyou，thewinter-vetch，&havetakenmeasurestogettheseedofitfromEngland，asalsooftheSiberianvetchwhichMillargreatlycommends，&beingabiennialmightperhapstaketheplaceofcloverinlandswhichdonotsuitthat。ThewintervetchI
　　suspectmaybeadvantageouslythrowninbetweencrops，asitgivesachoicetouseitasgreenfeedinthespringiffodderberunshort，ortoturnitinasagreen-dressing。Myrotation，withtheseamendments，isasfollows：——
　　1。Wheat，followedthesameyearbyturneps，tobefedonbythesheep。
　　2。Corn&potatoesmixed，&inautumnthevetchtobeusedasfodderinthespringifwanted，ortobeturnedinasadressing。
　　3。Peasorpotatoes，orbothaccordingtothequalityofthefield。
　　4。Ryeandcloversownonitinthespring。Wheatmaybesubstitutedhereforrye，whenitshallbefoundthatthe2’d。，3’d。，5’th。，&6’th。fieldswillsubsistthefarm。
　　5。Clover。
　　6。Clover，&inautumnturnitin&sowthevetch。
　　7。Turninthevetchinthespring，thensowbuckwheat&turnthatin，havinghurdledoffthepoorestspotsforcow-penning。Inautumnsowwheattobeginthecircleagain。
　　Iamforthrowingthewholeforceofmyhusbandryonthewheat-field，becauseitistheonlyonewhichistogotomarkettoproducemoney。Perhapstheclovermaybringinsomethingintheformofstock。Theotherfeildsaremerelyfortheconsumptionofthefarm。Melilot，mentionedbyyou，Ineverheardof。ThehorsebeanI
　　triedthislastyear。Itturnedoutnothing。ThePresidenthastrieditwithoutsuccess。AnoldEnglishfarmerofthenameofSpuryear，settledinDelaware，hastriedittherewithgoodsuccess；
　　buthetoldmeitwouldnotdowithoutbeingwellshaded，andIthinkheplanteditamonghiscornforthatreason。Butheacknolegedourpeawasasgoodanameliorater&amorevaluablepulse，asbeingfoodformanaswellashorse。ThesuccoryiswhatYoungcallsChicoriaIntubus。HesentsomeseedtothePresident，whogavemesome，&I
　　gaveittomyneighborstokeepuptillIshouldcomehome。Oneofthemhascultivateditwithgreatsuccess，isveryfondofit，andgavemesomeseedwhichIsowedlastspring。Tho’thesummerwasfavorableitcameonslowlyatfirst，butbyautumnbecamelarge&
　　strong。Itdidnotseedthatyear，butwillthenext，&youshallbefurnishedwithseed。Isuspectitrequiresrichground，&thenproducesaheavycropforgreenfeedforhorses&cattle。Ihadpoorsuccesswithmypotatoeslastyear，nothavingmademorethan60or70bushelstotheacre。Butmyneighborshavingmadegoodcrops，I
　　amnotdisheartened。Thefirststeptowardstherecoveryofourlandsistofindsubstitutesforcorn&bacon。Icountonpotatoes，clover，&sheep。Thetwoformertofeedeveryanimalonthefarmexceptmynegroes，&thelattertofeedthem，diversifiedwithrationsofsaltedfish&molasses，bothofthemwholesome，agreeable，&cheaparticlesoffood。
　　ForpastureIrelyontheforestsbyday，&soilingintheevening。Whycouldwenothaveamoveableairycowhouse，tobesetupinthemiddleofthefeildwhichistobedunged，&soilourcattleinthatthro’thesummeraswellaswinter，keepingthemconstantlyup&welllittered?This，withme，wouldbeinthecloverfeildofthe1’st。year，becauseduringthe2’d。yearitwouldberotting，andwouldbespreadonitinfallowthebeginningofthe3’d。，butsuchaneffortwouldbefarabovethepresenttyrostateofmyfarming。ThegrosserbarbarismsinculturewhichIhavetoencounter，aremorethanenoughforallmyattentionsatpresent。
　　Thedung-yardmustbemylasteffortbutone。Thelastwouldbeirrigation。Itmightbethoughtatfirstview，thattheinterpositionoftheseameliorationsordressingsbetweenmycropswillbetoolaborious，butobservethattheturneps&twodressingsofvetchdonotcostasingleploughing。Theturninginthewheat-stubblefortheturnepsisthefallowforthecornofthesucceedingyear。The1’st。sowingofvetchesisonthecornasisnowpractisedforwheat，andtheturningitinistheflush-ploughingforthecropofpotatoes&peas。The2’d。sowingofthevetchisonthewheatfallow，&theturningitinistheploughingnecessaryforsowingthebuckwheat。Thesethreeameliorations，then，willcostbutaharrowingeach。Onthesubjectofthedrilledhusbandry，Ithinkexperiencehasestablishedit’spreferenceforsomeplants，astheturnep，pea，bean，cabbage，corn，&c。，andthatofthebroadcastforotherplantsasallthebreadgrains&grasses，exceptperhapslucerne&S’t。foininsoils&
　　climatesveryproductiveofweeds。Indrysoils&climatesthebroadcastisbetterforlucerne&S’t。foin，asallthesouthofFrancecantestify。
　　Ihaveimaginedandexecutedamould-boardwhichmaybemathematicallydemonstratedtobeperfect，asfarasperfectiondependsonmathematicalprinciples，andonegreatcircumstanceinit’sfavoristhatitmaybemadebythemostbunglingcarpenter，&
　　cannotpossiblyvaryahair’sbreadthinit’sform，butbygrossnegligence。Youhaveseenthemusicalinstrumentcalledasticcado。
　　Supposeallit’ssticksofequallength，holdthefore-endhorizontallyonthefloortoreceivetheturfwhichpresentsitselfhorizontally，andwiththerighthandtwistthehind-endtotheperpendicular，orratherasmuchbeyondtheperpendicularaswillbenecessarytocastovertheturfcompletely。Thisgivesanideathonotabsolutelyexactofmymould-board。Itisontheprincipleoftwowedgescombinedatrightangles，thefirstinthedirectlineofthefurrowtoraisetheturfgradually，theotheracrossthefurrowtoturnitovergradually。Forboththesepurposesthewedgeistheinstrumentoftheleastresistance。Iwillmakeamodelofthemould-board&lodgeitwithCol’o。HarvieinRichmondforyou。Thisbringsmetomythanksforthedrillploughlodgedwithhimforme，whichInowexpecteveryhourtoreceive，andthepriceofwhichI
　　havedepositedinhishandstobecalledforwhenyouplease。Agoodinstrumentofthiskindisalmostthegreatestdesideratuminhusbandry。Iamanxioustoconjecturebeforehandwhatmaybeexpectedfromthesowingturnepsinjadedground，howmuchfromtheacre，&howlargetheywillbe?Willyourexperienceenableyoutogivemeaprobableconjecture?Alsowhatistheproduceofpotatoes，&whatofpeasinthesamekindofground?Itmustnowhavebeenseveralpagessinceyoubegantocryout`mercy。’InmercythenI
　　willherefinishwithmyaffectionateremembrancetomyoldfriend。
　　Mr。Pendleton，&respectstoyourfireside，&toyourselfassurancesofthesincereesteemof，dearSir，Yourfriend&serv’t，THEGENEVAACADEMY
　　_ToFransoisD’Ivernois_
　　_Monticello，inVirginia，Feb。6，1795_
　　DEARSIR，——YourseveralfavorsontheaffairsofGenevafoundmehere，inthemonthofDecemberlast。ItisnowmorethanayearthatIhavewithdrawnmyselffrompublicaffairs，whichIneverlikedinmylife，butwasdrawnintobyemergencieswhichthreatenedourcountrywithslavery，butendedinestablishingitfree。Ihavereturned，withinfiniteappetite，totheenjoymentofmyfarm，myfamily&mybooks，andhaddeterminedtomeddleinnothingbeyondtheirlimits。Yourproposition，however，fortransplantingthecollegeofGenevatomyowncountry，wastooanalogoustoallmyattachmentstoscience，&freedom，thefirst-borndaughterofscience，nottoexcitealivelyinterestinmymind，andtheessayswhichwerenecessarytotryit’spracticability。Thisdependedaltogetherontheopinions&dispositionsofourStatelegislature，whichwastheninsession。Iimmediatelycommunicatedyourpaperstoamemberofthelegislature，whoseabilities&zealpointedhimoutasproperforit，urginghimtosoundasmanyoftheleadingmembersofthelegislatureashecould，&ifhefoundtheiropinionsfavorable，tobringforwardtheproposition；butifheshouldfinditdesperate，nottohazardit；becauseIthoughtitbestnottocommitthehonoreitherofourStateorofyourcollege，byanuselessactofeclat。ItwasnottillwithinthesethreedaysthatIhavehadaninterviewwithhim，andanaccountofhisproceedings。Hecommunicatedthepaperstoagreatnumberofthemembers，anddiscussedthemmaturely，butprivately，withthem。Theyweregenerallywell-disposedtotheproposition，andsomeofthemwarmly；