knowtheyarenotlessened，andIpityyou。
　　Itisablessing，however，thatourpeoplearereasonable；thattheyarekeptsowellinformedofthestateofthingsastojudgeforthemselves，toseethetruesourcesoftheirdifficulties，andtomaintaintheirconfidenceundiminishedinthewisdomandintegrityoftheirfunctionaries。_Mactevirtute_therefore。Continuetogostraightforward，pursuingalwaysthatwhichisright，astheonlycluewhichcanleadusoutofthelabyrinth。Letnothingbesparedofeitherreasonorpassion，topreservethepublicconfidenceentire，astheonlyrockofoursafety。Intimesofpeacethepeoplelookmosttotheirrepresentatives；butinwar，totheexecutivesolely。Itisvisiblethattheirconfidenceisevennowveeringinthatdirection；thattheyarelookingtotheexecutivetogivetheproperdirectiontotheiraffairs，withaconfidenceasauspiciousasitiswellfounded。
　　Iavailmyselfofthis，thefirstoccasionofwritingtoyou，toexpressallthedepthofmyaffectionforyou；thesenseI
　　entertainofyourfaithfulco-operationinmylatelabors，andthedebtIoweforthevaluableaidIreceivedfromyou。Thoughseparatedfrommyfellowlaborersinplaceandpursuit，myaffectionsarewithyouall，andIofferdailyprayersthatyeloveoneanother，asIloveyou。Godblessyou。”THEBOOKOFKINGS”
　　_ToGovernorJohnLangdon_
　　_Monticello，March5，1810_
　　Yourletter，mydearfriend，ofthe18thultimo，comesliketherefreshingdewsoftheeveningonathirstysoil。Itrecallsantientaswellasrecentrecollections，verydeartomyheart。Forfiveandthirtyyearswehavewalkedtogetherthroughalandoftribulations。
　　Yetthesehavepassedaway，andso，Itrust，willthoseofthepresentday。Thetoryismwithwhichwestruggledin’77，differedbutinnamefromthefederalismof’99，withwhichwestruggledalso；
　　andtheAnglicismof1808，againstwhichwearenowstruggling，isbutthesamethingstill，inanotherform。ItisalongingforaKing，andanEnglishKingratherthananyother。Thisisthetruesourceoftheirsorrowsandwailings。
　　ThefearthatBuonapartewillcomeovertousandconquerusalso，istoochimericaltobegenuine。SupposinghimtohavefinishedSpainandPortugal，hehasyetEnglandandRussiatosubdue。
　　Themaximofwarwasneversounderthaninthiscase，nottoleaveanenemyintherear；andespeciallywhereaninsurrectionaryflameisknowntobeundertheembers，merelysmothered，andreadytoburstateverypoint。Thesetwosubdued，andsurelytheAnglomenwillnotthinktheconquestofEnglandaloneashortworkantientGreeceandMacedonia，thecradleofAlexander，hisprototype，andConstantinople，theseatofempirefortheworld，wouldglittermoreinhiseyethanourbleakmountainsandruggedforests。Egypt，too，andthegoldenapplesofMauritania，haveformorethanhalfacenturyfixedthelongingeyesofFrance；andwithSyria，youknow，hehasanoldaffronttowipeout。Thencome`PontusandGalatia，Cappadocia，AsiaandBithynia，’thefinecountriesontheEuphratesandTigris，theOxusandIndus，andallbeyondtheHyphasis，whichboundedthegloriesofhisMacedonianrival；withtheinvitationsofhisnewBritishsubjectsonthebanksoftheGanges，whom，afterreceivingunderhisprotectionthemothercountry，hecannotrefusetovisit。Whenallthisisdoneandsettled，andnothingoftheoldworldremainsunsubdued，hemayturntothenewone。Butwillheattackusfirst，fromwhomhewillgetbuthardknocksandnomoney?
　　OrwillhefirstlayholdofthegoldandsilverofMexicoandPeru，andthediamondsofBrazil?A_republican_Emperor，fromhisaffectiontorepublics，independentofmotivesofexpediency，mustgranttoourstheCyclop’sboonofbeingthelastdevoured。Whileallthisisdoing，wearetosupposethechapterofaccidentsreadout，andthatnothingcanhappentocutshortortodisturbhisenterprises。
　　ButtheAnglomen，itseems，havefoundoutamuchsaferdependance，thanallthesechancesofdeathordisappointment。Thatis，thatweshouldfirstletEnglandplunderus，asshehasbeendoingforyears，forfearBuonaparteshoulddoit；andthenallyourselveswithher，andenterintothewar。Aconqueror，whosecareerEnglandcouldnotarrestwhenaidedbyRussia，Austria，Prussia，Sweden，SpainandPortugal，sheisnowtodestroy，withalltheseonhisside，bytheaidoftheUnitedStatesalone。This，indeed，ismakingusamightypeople。Andwhatistobeoursecurity，thatwhenembarkedforherinthewar，shewillnotmakeaseparatepeace，andleaveusinthelurch?Hergoodfaith！Thefaithofanationofmerchants！The_Punicafides_ofmodernCarthage！OfthefriendandprotectressofCopenhagen！Ofthenationwhoneveradmittedachapterofmoralityintoherpoliticalcode！Andisnowboldlyavowing，thatwhateverpowercanmakehers，ishersofright。Money，andnotmorality，istheprincipleofcommerceandcommercialnations。But，inadditiontothis，thenatureoftheEnglishgovernmentforbids，ofitself，relianceonherengagements；anditiswellknownshehasbeentheleastfaithfultoheralliancesofanynationofEurope，sincetheperiodofherhistorywhereinshehasbeendistinguishedforhercommerceandcorruption，thatistosay，underthehousesofStuartandBrunswick。
　　ToPortugalaloneshehassteadilyadhered，because，byherMethuintreatyshehadmadeitacolony，andoneofthemostvaluabletoher。
　　Itmaybeasked，what，inthenatureofhergovernment，unfitsEnglandfortheobservationofmoralduties?Inthefirstplace，herKingisacypher；hisonlyfunctionbeingtonametheoligarchywhichistogovernher。Theparliamentis，bycorruption，themereinstrumentofthewilloftheadministration。Therealpowerandpropertyinthegovernmentisinthegreataristocraticalfamiliesofthenation。Thenestofofficebeingtoosmallforallofthemtocuddleintoatonce，thecontestiseternal，whichshallcrowdtheotherout。Forthispurpose，theyaredividedintotwoparties，theInsandtheOuts，soequalinweightthatasmallmatterturnsthebalance。Tokeepthemselvesin，whentheyarein，everystratagemmustbepractised，everyartificeusedwhichmayflatterthepride，thepassionsorpowerofthenation。Justice，honor，faith，mustyieldtothenecessityofkeepingthemselvesinplace。Thequestionwhetherameasureismoral，isneverasked；butwhetheritwillnourishtheavariceoftheirmerchants，orthepiraticalspiritoftheirnavy，orproduceanyothereffectwhichmaystrengthenthemintheirplaces。Astoengagements，howeverpositive，enteredintobythepredecessorsoftheIns，why，theyweretheirenemies；theydideverythingwhichwaswrong；andtoreverseeverythingtheydid，must，therefore，beright。ThisisthetruecharacteroftheEnglishgovernmentinpractice，howeverdifferentitstheory；anditpresentsthesingularphenomenonofanation，theindividualsofwhichareasfaithfultotheirprivateengagementsandduties，ashonorable，asworthy，asthoseofanynationonearth，andwhosegovernmentisyetthemostunprincipledatthisdayknown。Inanabsolutegovernmenttherecanbenosuchequiponderantparties。Thedespotisthegovernment。Hispowersuppressingallopposition，maintainshisministersfirmintheirplaces。Whathehascontracted，therefore，throughthem，hehasthepowertoobservewithgoodfaith；andheidentifieshisownhonorandfaithwiththatofhisnation。
　　WhenIobserved，however，thattheKingofEnglandwasacypher，Ididnotmeantoconfinetheobservationtothemereindividualnowonthatthrone。ThepracticeofKingsmarryingonlyintothefamiliesofKings，hasbeenthatofEuropeforsomecenturies。Now，takeanyraceofanimals，confinetheminidlenessandinaction，whetherinastye，astable，orastateroom，pamperthemwithhighdiet，gratifyalltheirsexualappetites，immersetheminsensualities，nourishtheirpassions，leteverythingbendbeforethem，andbanishwhatevermightleadthemtothink，andinafewgenerationstheybecomeallbodyandnomind：andthis，too，byalawofnature，bythatverylawbywhichweareintheconstantpracticeofchangingthecharactersandpropensitiesoftheanimalsweraiseforourownpurposes。SuchistheregimeninraisingKings，andinthiswaytheyhavegoneonforcenturies。WhileinEurope，IoftenamusedmyselfwithcontemplatingthecharactersofthethenreigningsovereignsofEurope。LouistheXVI。wasafool，ofmyownknowledge，andindespiteoftheanswersmadeforhimathistrial。
　　TheKingofSpainwasafool，andofNaplesthesame。Theypassedtheirlivesinhunting，anddespatchedtwocouriersaweek，onethousandmiles，toleteachotherknowwhatgametheyhadkilledtheprecedingdays。TheKingofSardiniawasafool。AllthesewereBourbons。TheQueenofPortugal，aBraganza，wasanidiotbynature。
　　AndsowastheKingofDenmark。Theirsons，asregents，exercisedthepowersofgovernment。TheKingofPrussia，successortothegreatFrederick，wasamerehoginbodyaswellasinmind。GustavusofSweden，andJosephofAustria，werereallycrazy，andGeorgeofEnglandyouknowwasinastraightwaistcoat。Thereremained，then，nonebutoldCatherine，whohadbeentoolatelypickeduptohavelosthercommonsense。InthisstateBuonapartefoundEurope；anditwasthisstateofitsrulerswhichlostitwithscarceastruggle。
　　Theseanimalshadbecomewithoutmindandpowerless；andsowilleveryhereditarymonarchbeafterafewgenerations。Alexander，thegrandsonofCatherine，isasyetanexception。Heisabletoholdhisown。Butheisonlyofthethirdgeneration。Hisraceisnotyetwornout。AndsoendeththebookofKings，fromallofwhomtheLorddeliverus，andhaveyou，myfriend，andallsuchgoodmenandtrue，inhisholykeeping。”ANACADEMICALVILLAGE”
　　_ToMessrs。HughL。WhiteandOthers_
　　_Monticello，May6，1810_
　　GENTLEMEN，——Ireceived，sometimeago，yourletterofFebruary28th，coveringaprintedschemeofalotteryforthebenefitoftheEastTennesseeCollege，andproposingtosendticketstometobedisposedof。Itwouldbeimpossibleforthemtocometoamoreinefficienthand。Irarelygofromhome，andconsequentlyseebutafewneighborsandfriends，whooccasionallycallonme。Andhavingmyselfmadeitarulenevertoengageinalotteryoranyotheradventureofmerechance，Ican，withthelesscandororeffect，urgeitonothers，howeverlaudableordesirableitsobjectmaybe。NoonemoresincerelywishesthespreadofinformationamongmankindthanIdo，andnonehasgreaterconfidenceinitseffecttowardssupportingfreeandgoodgovernment。Iamsincerelyrejoiced，therefore，tofindthatsoexcellentafundhasbeenprovidedforthisnoblepurposeinTennessee。Fifty-thousanddollarsplacedinasafebank，willgivefourthousanddollarsayear，andevenwithoutotheraid，mustsoonaccomplishbuildingssufficientfortheobjectinitsearlystage。Iconsiderthecommonplanfollowedinthiscountry，butnotinothers，ofmakingonelargeandexpensivebuilding，asunfortunatelyerroneous。Itisinfinitelybettertoerectasmallandseparatelodgeforeachseparateprofessorship，withonlyahallbelowforhisclass，andtwochambersaboveforhimself；joiningtheselodgesbybarracksforacertainportionofthestudents，openingintoacoveredwaytogiveadrycommunicationbetweenalltheschools。Thewholeofthesearrangedaroundanopensquareofgrassandtrees，wouldmakeit，whatitshouldbeinfact，anacademicalvillage，insteadofalargeandcommondenofnoise，offilthandoffetidair。Itwouldaffordthatquietretirementsofriendlytostudy，andlessenthedangersoffire，infectionandtumult。Everyprofessorwouldbethepoliceofficerofthestudentsadjacenttohisownlodge，whichshouldincludethoseofhisownclassofpreference，andmightbeattheheadoftheirtable，if，asIsuppose，itcanbereconciledwiththenecessaryeconomytodinetheminsmallerandseparateparties，ratherthaninalargeandcommonmess。Theseseparatebuildings，too，mightbeerectedsuccessivelyandoccasionally，asthenumberofprofessorshipsandstudentsshouldbeincreased，orthefundsbecomecompetent。
　　IprayyoutopardonmeifIhavesteppedasideintotheprovinceofcounsel；butmuchobservationandreflectionontheseinstitutionshavelongconvincedmethatthelargeandcrowdedbuildingsinwhichyouthsarepentup，areequallyunfriendlytohealth，tostudy，tomanners，moralsandorder；and，believingtheplanIsuggesttobemorepromotiveofthese，andpeculiarlyadaptedtotheslenderbeginningsandprogressivegrowthofourinstitutions，Ihopedyouwouldpardonthepresumption，inconsiderationofthemotivewhichwassuggestedbythedifficultyexpressedinyourletter，ofprocuringfundsforerectingthebuilding。But，onwhateverplanyouproceed，Iwishiteverypossiblesuccess，andtoyourselvestherewardofesteem，respectandgratitudeduetothosewhodevotetheirtimeandeffortstorendertheyouthsofeverysuccessiveagefitgovernorsforthenext。Totheseaccept，inaddition，theassurancesofmine。
　　APLANFORTHEMERINOS
　　_TothePresidentoftheUnitedStates_
　　JamesMadison
　　_Monticello，May13，1810_
　　DEARSIR，——IthankyouforyourpromisedattentiontomyportionoftheMerinos，andiftherebeanyexpensesoftransportation，&c。，andyouwillbesogoodastoadvancemyportionofthemwithyoursandnotifytheamount，itshallbepromptlyremitted。Whatshallwedowiththem?Ihavebeensodisgustedwiththescandalousextortionslatelypractisedinthesaleoftheseanimals，andwiththedescriptionofpatriotismandpraisetothesellers，asifthethousandsofdollarsapiecetheyhavenotbeenashamedtoreceivewerenotrewardenough，thatIamdisposedtoconsiderasright，whateveristhereverseofwhattheyhavedone。
　　Sincefortunehasputtheoccasionuponus，isitnotincumbentuponussotodispensethisbenefittothefarmersofourcountry，astoputtoshamethosewho，forgettingtheirownwealthandthehonestsimplicityofthefarmers，havethoughtthemfitobjectsoftheshavingart，andtoexcite，byabetterexample，thecondemnationduetotheirs?NosentimentismoreacknowledgedinthefamilyofAgriculturiststhanthatthefewwhocanafforditshouldincurtheriskandexpenseofallnewimprovements，andgivethebenefitfreelytothemanyofmorerestrictedcircumstances。Thequestionthenrecurs，Whatarewetodowiththem?Ishallbewillingtoconcurwithyouinanyplanyoushallapprove，andinorderthatwemayhavesomepropositiontobeginupon，Iwillthrowoutafirstidea，tobemodifiedorpostponedtowhateveryoushallthinkbetter。
　　Giveallthefull-bloodedmaleswecanraisetothedifferentcountiesofourState，onetoeach，asfastaswecanfurnishthem。