85。ThispointpuzzlesDestuttdeTracy。Allerror,hesays,arisesinjudgments:’Cependantlesjugements,lesperceptionsderapports,entantqueperceptionsquenousavonsactuellement,sontaussicertainesetaussiré;ellesquetouteslesautres。’-É;lé;mentsd’Idé;ologie1865,iii,449。
  86。Analysis,ii,6,7。
  87。Analysis,ii,18n。
  88。Analysis,ii,24n。
  89。Ibid。,ii,132-33。
  90。Analysis,ii,67-69。
  91。Analysis,ii,113n。
  92。Ibid。,i,97n。
  93。ProfessorBainpointsoutthatMillisoccasionallyconfusedbyhisignoranceofthetripledivision,intellect,feelings:andwill,introducedinthenextgeneration-Analysis,ii,180n。
  94。Analysis,ii,181-83。
  95。Analysis,ii,351。
  96。Alsoprivatelyprintedin1830。Latereditions,editedbyWhewell,appearedin1836,1862,1873。
  Iquotethelast。M。Napier’sCorrespondence,pp。57-59,forthecomposition。
  97。Mill’sFragmentPreface。
  98。SeeBain’sJamesMill,pp。374,415-18。
  99。Fragment,pp。
  190,192,213,298,307,326。
  100。Ibid。,p。210。
  101。EthicalPhilosophy1873,pp。188,193。
  102。M。Napier’sCorrespondence,p。25。
  103。EssayonSirJ。Mackintosh。
  104。EssayonLordHolland。
  105。Lectures,p。
  500Lect。lxxv。
  106。Ibid。,p。519Lect。
  lxxvii。
  107。Ibid。,p。522Lect。
  lxxviii。
  108。EthicalPhilosophyHobbes,pp。62-64。
  109。Ibid。,p。85。
  110。Ibid。,p。145。
  111。Ibid。,p。9。
  112。Ibid。,p。120。
  113。EthicalPhilosophy,pp。14,170。
  114。Ibid。,p。197。
  115。Ibid。,p。248。
  116。Ibid。,p。204。
  117。EthicalPhilosophy,p。242。
  118。Ibid。,p。251。
  119。Ibid。,p。262。
  120。Ibid。,p。264。
  121。Ibid。,p。169。
  122。Fragment,p。
  173。
  123。Ibid。,p。323。
  124。Ibid。,p。221。
  125。Fragment,p。
  247。MackintoshquotesMill’sAnalysisatp。197。Ithadonlyjustappeared。
  126。Fragment,p。
  11。
  127。Fragment,p。
  246,etc。
  128。Ibid。,p。246。
  129。Ibid。,p。269,270。
  130。Cf。Newman’sApologia。
  ’TheCatholicChurchholdsitbetterforthesunandmoontodropfromheaven,fortheearthtofail,andforallthemillionsonittodieofstarvationinextremestagony,sofarastemporalafflictiongoes,thanthatonesoul,-Iwillnotsayshouldbelost,butshouldcommitonsinglevenialsin,tellonewilfuluntruth,orshouldstealonepoorfarthingwithoutexcuse。’Ishouldstealthefarthingandassumethe’excuse。’I
  confessthatIwouldnotonlylie,butshouldthinklyingrightunderthesupposedcircumstances。
  131。Autobiography,p。51。
  132。Fragment,p。
  251。
  133。Vol。i,p。257。
  134。Fragment,p。
  161。
  135。Fragment,pp。
  315-16。
  136。Ibid。,p。164。
  137。Ibid。,pp。320-22。
  138。Fragment,p。
  102。
  139。Ibid。,p。162。
  140。Analysis,p。
  73。
  141。Fragment,p。
  209。
  142。Fragment,p。
  316。
  143。Atonepoint,asJ。
  S。Millnotes,hespeaksofan’unsatisfieddesire’asamotive,whichseemstoindicateapresentfeeling;butthisisnothisusualview-Analysis,ii,361,377n。
  144。Analysis,ii,233n。Milladdsthatthoughhisfatherexplainsthe’intellectual,’hedoesnotexplainthe’animal’elementintheaffections。This,however,isirrelevantformypurpose。
  145。Fragment,pp。
  51-52。
  146。Analysis,ii,292-300;Fragment,pp。247-65。NoteMill’sinterpretationofthistheoryof’praiseworthiness。’-Analysis,ii,298。
  Chapter8:ReligionI。PhilipBeauchampTheapplicationofMill’sAnalysistotheviewsoforthodoxtheologiansrequired,onemighthavesupposed,aslittleinterpretationasaslapintheface。Butarespectablephilosophermaylaydownwhatpremiseshepleasesifhedoesnotavowedlydrawhisconclusions。Millcouldargueinperfectsafetyagainstthefoundationsoftheology,whileRichardCarlilewasbeingsenttogaolagainandagainforattackingthesuperstructure。TheUtilitariansthoughtthemselvesjustifiedintakingadvantageoftheillogicalityofmankind。Whetheritwasthattherulingpowershadnophilosophicalprinciplesthemselves,orthattheydidnotseewhatinferenceswouldfollow,orthattheythoughtthattheaveragepersonwasincapableofdrawinginferences,theydrewthelineatthispoint。Youmayopenlymaintaindoctrinesinconsistentwithalltheology,butyoumustnotpointouttheinconsistency。TheUtilitarianscontentedthemselveswithsappingthefortinsteadofriskinganopenassault。
  Ifitsdefenderswereblindtotheobviousconsequencesoftheprocedure,somuchthebetter。Inprivate,therewasobviouslynowantofplainspeaking。
  InBentham’sMSS。TheChristianreligionisnicknamed’Jug’astheshortfor’Juggernaut。’HeandhisfriendswereasanxiousasVoltairetocrushthe’infamous,’buttheywoulddoitbyindirectmeans。Theyarguedresolutelyformorefreedom;andSamuelBailey’sessayupontheformationofopinions——avigorousargumentonbehalfofthewidestpossibletoleration——wasenthusiasticallypraisedbyJamesMillintheWestminsterReview。Forthepresenttheycarefullyabstainedfromthedirectavowalofobnoxiousopinions,whichwerestilllegallypunishable,andwhichwouldundoubtedlyexcitethestrongesthostility。Bentham,aswehaveseen,hadventured,thoughanonymously,toassailthechurchcatechismandtocross-examineSt。Paul。
  Oneremarkablemanifestogaveafullerutterancetohisopinions。AbookcalledTheAnalysisoftheInfluenceofNaturalReligionontheTemporalHappinessofMankind,by’PhilipBeauchamp,’appearedin1822。ThepublisherwasRichardCarlile,whowasthen’safeinDorchestergaol。’
  Nolegalnoticewastakenof’PhilipBeauchamp。’Thereasonmayhavebeenthatthebookexcitedverylittleattentioningeneral。Yetitisprobablyasforcibleanattackashasoftenbeenwrittenuponthepopulartheology。
  Thenameof’PhilipBeauchamp’coveredacombinationofBenthamandGeorgeGrote。1Thebook,therefore,representstheviewofrepresentativeUtilitariansofthefirstandthirdgeneration,andclearlyexpressedtherealopinionsofthewholeparty。InhisposthumousessaysJ。S。Millspeaksofitastheonlyexplicitdiscussionknowntohimofthequestionoftheutility,asdistinguishedfromthequestionofthetruth,ofreligion。
  Obviously,itwasdesirabletoapplytheuniversaltesttoreligiousbelief,andthisverypithyandcondensedstatementshowstheresult。
  Ashortsummarymayindicatetheessenceoftheargument。Itisonlynecessarytoobservethatthephrase’naturalreligion’ispartofthedisguise。Itenablestheauthortoavoidanexplicitattackuponrevelation;butitissuperabundantlyobviousthattheword’natural’issuperfluous。Revelationisreallyafiction,andallreligionsare’natural。’Areligioniscalleda’superstition,’as’PhilipBeauchamp’remarksatstarting,whenitsresultsarethoughttobebad;andallowedtobeareligiononlywhentheyarethoughttobegood。2Thatdevicecoversthefamiliarfallacyofdistinguishingbetweenusesandabuses,and,uponthatpretence,omittingtotakebadconsequencesintoaccount。Wemustavoiditbydefiningreligionandthentracingalltheconsequences,goodorbad。Religionisaccordinglytakentomeanthebeliefintheexistenceof’anAlmightyBeing,bywhompainsandpleasureswillbedispensedtomankindduringaninfiniteandfuturestateofexistence。’
  Thedefinitionisalreadycharacteristic。’Religion’maybeusedinafarwidersense,correspondingtoaphilosophyoftheuniverse,whetherthatphilosophydoesordoesnotincludethisparticulardoctrine。But’PhilipBeauchamp’s’assumptionisconvenientbecauseitgivesarationalreasoningtotheproblemofutility。Religionistakentobesomethingadventitiousorsuperimposeduponotherbeliefs,andwecanthereforeintelligiblyaskwhetheritdoesgoodorharm。Takingthisdefinitionforgranted,letusconsidertheresults。